51
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Whelan KA, Merves JF, Giroux V, Tanaka K, Guo A, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Benitez AJ, Dods K, Que J, Masterson JC, Fernando SD, Godwin BC, Klein-Szanto AJ, Chikwava K, Ruchelli ED, Hamilton KE, Muir AB, Wang ML, Furuta GT, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Nakagawa H. Autophagy mediates epithelial cytoprotection in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 2017; 66:1197-1207. [PMID: 26884425 PMCID: PMC4987278 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The influence of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE)-associated inflammation upon oesophageal epithelial biology remains poorly understood. We investigated the functional role of autophagy in oesophageal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) exposed to the inflammatory EoE milieu. DESIGN Functional consequences of genetic or pharmacological autophagy inhibition were assessed in endoscopic oesophageal biopsies, human oesophageal keratinocytes, single cell-derived ex vivo murine oesophageal organoids as well as a murine model recapitulating EoE-like inflammation and basal cell hyperplasia. Gene expression, morphological and functional characterisation of autophagy and oxidative stress were performed by transmission electron microscopy, immunostaining, immunoblotting, live cell imaging and flow cytometry. RESULTS EoE-relevant inflammatory conditions promoted autophagy and basal cell hyperplasia in three independent murine EoE models and oesophageal organoids. Inhibition of autophagic flux via chloroquine treatment augmented basal cell hyperplasia in these model systems. Oesophageal keratinocytes stimulated with EoE-relevant cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-13 exhibited activation of autophagic flux in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Autophagy inhibition via chloroquine treatment or depletion of Beclin-1 or ATG-7, augmented oxidative stress induced by EoE-relevant stimuli in murine EoE, oesophageal organoids and human oesophageal keratinocytes. Oesophageal epithelia of paediatric EoE patients with active inflammation displayed increased autophagic vesicle content compared with normal and EoE remission subjects. Functional flow cytometric analysis revealed autophagic flux in human oesophageal biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal for the first time that autophagy may function as a cytoprotective mechanism to maintain epithelial redox balance and homeostasis under EoE inflammation-associated stress, providing mechanistic insights into the role of autophagy in EoE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Whelan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jamie F. Merves
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andy Guo
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kara Dods
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Center for Human Development and Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joanne C. Masterson
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shahan D. Fernando
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bridget C. Godwin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kudakwashe Chikwava
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eduardo D. Ruchelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mei-Lun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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52
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Whelan KA, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Tanaka K, Natsuizaka M, Guha M, Srinivasan S, Darling DS, Kita Y, Natsugoe S, Winkler JD, Klein-Szanto AJ, Amaravadi RK, Avadhani NG, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H. Autophagy supports generation of cells with high CD44 expression via modulation of oxidative stress and Parkin-mediated mitochondrial clearance. Oncogene 2017; 36:4843-4858. [PMID: 28414310 PMCID: PMC5570661 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High CD44 expression is associated with enhanced malignant potential in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), amongst the deadliest of all human carcinomas. Although alterations in autophagy and CD44 expression are associated with poor patient outcomes in various cancer types, the relationship between autophagy and cells with high CD44 expression remains incompletely understood. In transformed esophageal keratinocytes, CD44Low-CD24High (CD44L) cells give rise to CD44High-CD24−/Low (CD44H) cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. We couple patient samples and xenotransplantation studies with this tractable in vitro system of CD44L to CD44H cell conversion to investigate the functional role of autophagy in generation of cells with high CD44 expression. We report that high expression of the autophagy marker cleaved LC3 expression correlates with poor clinical outcome in ESCC. In ESCC xenograft tumors, pharmacological autophagy inhibition with chloroquine derivatives depletes cells with high CD44 expression while promoting oxidative stress. Autophagic flux impairment during EMT-mediated CD44L to CD44H cell conversion in vitro induces mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and cell death. During CD44H cell generation, transformed keratinocytes display evidence of mitophagy, including mitochondrial fragmentation, decreased mitochondrial content and mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, essential in mitophagy. RNA interference-mediated Parkin depletion attenuates CD44H cell generation. These data suggest that autophagy facilitates EMT-mediated CD44H generation via modulation of redox homeostasis and Parkin-dependent mitochondrial clearance. This is the first report to implicate mitophagy in regulation of tumor cells with high CD44 expression, representing a potential novel therapeutic avenue in cancers where EMT and CD44H cells have been implicated, including ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - P M Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - K Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Natsuizaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M Guha
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - D S Darling
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Y Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J D Winkler
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - A J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - R K Amaravadi
- University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - N G Avadhani
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - A K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - H Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA.,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA
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53
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The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:201-218. [PMID: 28336424 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized, unique epithelial cell that interacts with photoreceptors on its apical side and with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris on its basal side. Due to vital functions that keep photoreceptors healthy, the RPE is essential for maintaining vision. With aging and the accumulated effects of environmental stresses, the RPE can become dysfunctional and die. This degeneration plays a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathobiology, the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies. Oxidative stress and inflammation have both physiological and potentially pathological roles in RPE degeneration. Given the central role of the RPE, this review will focus on the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on the RPE with AMD pathobiology. Physiological sources of oxidative stress as well as unique sources from photo-oxidative stress, the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, and modifiable factors such as cigarette smoking and high fat diet ingestion that can convert oxidative stress into a pathological role, and the negative impact of impairing the cytoprotective roles of mitochondrial dynamics and the Nrf2 signaling system on RPE health in AMD will be discussed. Likewise, the response by the innate immune system to an inciting trigger, and the potential role of local RPE production of inflammation, as well as a potential role for damage by inflammation with chronicity if the inciting trigger is not neutralized, will be debated.
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54
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Morandi A, Taddei ML, Chiarugi P, Giannoni E. Targeting the Metabolic Reprogramming That Controls Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Aggressive Tumors. Front Oncol 2017; 7:40. [PMID: 28352611 PMCID: PMC5348536 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process allows the trans-differentiation of a cell with epithelial features into a cell with mesenchymal characteristics. This process has been reported to be a key priming event for tumor development and therefore EMT activation is now considered an established trait of malignancy. The transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming that governs EMT has been extensively characterized and reviewed in the last decade. However, increasing evidence demonstrates a correlation between metabolic reprogramming and EMT execution. The aim of the current review is to gather the recent findings that illustrate this correlation to help deciphering whether metabolic changes are causative or just a bystander effect of EMT activation. The review is divided accordingly to the catabolic and anabolic pathways that characterize carbohydrate, aminoacid, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, at the end of each part, we have discussed a series of potential metabolic targets involved in EMT promotion and execution for which drugs are either available or that could be further investigated for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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55
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Liu R, Tang J, Ding C, Liang W, Zhang L, Chen T, Xiong Y, Dai X, Li W, Xu Y, Hu J, Lu L, Liao W, Lu X. The depletion of ATM inhibits colon cancer proliferation and migration via B56γ2-mediated Chk1/p53/CD44 cascades. Cancer Lett 2017; 390:48-57. [PMID: 28093285 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is a major guardian of genomic stability, and its well-established function in cancer is tumor suppression. Here, we report an oncogenic role of ATM. Using two isogenic sets of human colon cancer cell lines that differed only in their ATM status, we demonstrated that ATM deficiency significantly inhibits cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The tumor-suppressive function of ATM depletion is not modulated by the compensatory activation of ATR, but it is associated with B56γ2-mediated Chk1/p53/CD44 signaling pathways. Under normal growth conditions, the depletion of ATM prevents B56γ2 ubiquitination and degradation, which activates PP2A-mediated Chk1/p53/p21 signaling pathways, leading to senescence and cell cycle arrest. CD44 was validated as a novel ATM target based on its ability to rescue cell migration and invasion defects in ATM-depleted cells. The activation of p53 induced by ATM depletion suppresses CD44 transcription, thus resulting in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration suppression. Our study suggests that ATM has tumorigenic potential in post-formed colon neoplasia, and it supports ATM as an appealing target for improving cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jiajia Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chaodong Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Weicheng Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Tianke Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaowei Dai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jin Hu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Liting Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wanqin Liao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xincheng Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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56
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Tanaka K, Whelan KA, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Kagawa S, Rustgi SL, Noguchi C, Guha M, Srinivasan S, Amanuma Y, Ohashi S, Muto M, Klein-Szanto AJ, Noguchi E, Avadhani NG, Nakagawa H. ALDH2 modulates autophagy flux to regulate acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity thresholds. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:781-96. [PMID: 27186430 PMCID: PMC4859883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A polymorphic mutation in the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene has been epidemiologically linked to the high susceptibility to esophageal carcinogenesis for individuals with alcohol use disorders. Mice subjected to alcohol drinking show increased oxidative stress and DNA adduct formation in esophageal epithelia where Aldh2 loss augments alcohol-induced genotoxic effects; however, it remains elusive as to how esophageal epithelial cells with dysfunctional Aldh2 cope with oxidative stress related to alcohol metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of autophagy in murine esophageal epithelial cells (keratinocytes) exposed to ethanol and acetaldehyde. We find that ethanol and acetaldehyde trigger oxidative stress via mitochondrial superoxide in esophageal keratinocytes. Aldh2-deficient cells appeared to be highly susceptible to ethanol- or acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity. Alcohol dehydrogenase-mediated acetaldehyde production was implicated in ethanol-induced cell injury in Aldh2 deficient cells as ethanol-induced oxidative stress and cell death was partially inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole. Acetaldehyde activated autophagy flux in esophageal keratinocytes where Aldh2 deficiency increased dependence on autophagy to cope with ethanol-induced acetaldehyde-mediated oxidative stress. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy flux by chloroquine stabilized p62/SQSTM1, and increased basal and acetaldehyde-mediate oxidative stress in Aldh2 deficient cells as documented in monolayer culture as well as single-cell derived three-dimensional esophageal organoids, recapitulating a physiological esophageal epithelial proliferation-differentiation gradient. Our innovative approach indicates, for the first time, that autophagy may provide cytoprotection to esophageal epithelial cells responding to oxidative stress that is induced by ethanol and its major metabolite acetaldehyde. Defining autophagymediated cytoprotection against alcohol-induced genotoxicity in the context of Aldh2 deficiency, our study provides mechanistic insights into the tumor suppressor functions of ALDH2 and autophagy in alcohol-related esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanaka
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna M Chandramouleeswaran
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shingo Kagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sabrina L Rustgi
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chiaki Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manti Guha
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yusuke Amanuma
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohashi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Animal Biology, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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57
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Nimbolide inhibits pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis through ROS-mediated apoptosis and inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19819. [PMID: 26804739 PMCID: PMC4726267 DOI: 10.1038/srep19819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality and morbidity rates of pancreatic cancer are high because of its extremely invasive and metastatic nature. Its lack of symptoms, late diagnosis and chemo–resistance and the ineffective treatment modalities warrant the development of new chemo–therapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer. Agents from medicinal plants have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in various human cancers. Nimbolide, an active molecule isolated from Azadirachta indica, has been reported to exhibit several medicinal properties. This study assessed the anticancer properties of nimbolide against pancreatic cancer. Our data reveal that nimbolide induces excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby regulating both apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Experiments with the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and chloroquine diphosphate salt and the apoptosis inhibitor z-VAD-fmk demonstrated that nimbolide-mediated ROS generation inhibited proliferation (through reduced PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling) and metastasis (through decreased EMT, invasion, migration and colony forming abilities) via mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic cell death but not via autophagy. In vivo experiments also demonstrated that nimbolide was effective in inhibiting pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis. Overall, our data suggest that nimbolide can serve as a potential chemo–therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
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58
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Jiao L, Li DD, Yang CL, Peng RQ, Guo YQ, Zhang XS, Zhu XF. Reactive oxygen species mediate oxaliplatin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasive potential in colon cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8413-23. [PMID: 26733168 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits offered by common chemotherapy drugs, such as oxaliplatin, are limited due to the development of resistance, which contributes to treatment failure and metastasis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event contributing to the development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. Although the relationship between oxaliplatin and chemotherapy resistance has been described for decades, the molecular mechanisms have remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of oxaliplatin-mediated metastasis. Here, we identify reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators that promote the oxaliplatin-induced EMT. Following oxaliplatin treatment, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of most peroxiredoxin family genes, except for peroxiredoxin 1 (prdx1) gene, were constant or even decreased, resulting in ROS abundance. And the antioxidant guardian Nrf2 was unconspicuously raised both transcriptionally and translationally with oxaliplatin treatment as compared to those induced by topotecan treatment, which has been proved with no induced metastasis. In addition, the study evaluated high levels of ROS leading to EMT via activation of the known oncogenes Akt and Snail. Using the Akt inhibitor LY294002 or knocking down Snail expression via RNA interference (RNAi) reversed the effects of oxaliplatin on the EMT and metastasis. Our studies establish a role for the ROS-Akt-Snail axis as a mechanism by which chemotherapeutics induce EMT and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chen-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rui-Qing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yi-Qun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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59
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Xu H, Tian Y, Yuan X, Wu H, Liu Q, Pestell RG, Wu K. The role of CD44 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer development. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3783-92. [PMID: 26719706 PMCID: PMC4689260 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s95470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44, a multi-structural and multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein, was initially identified as a receptor for hyaluronan that participates in both physiological and pathological processes. CD44 is found to be closely linked to the development of various solid tumors. Molecular studies have revealed that high CD44 expression was correlated with the phenotypes of cancer stem cells and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, thereby contributing to tumor invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance. Correspondingly, blockade of CD44 has been demonstrated to be capable of attenuating the malignant phenotype, slowing cancer progression, and reversing therapy resistance. Clinical analyses showed that high CD44 expression is associated with poor survival of various cancer patients, indicating that CD44 can be a potential prognostic marker. In this review, we summarize recent research progress of CD44 on tumor biology and the clinical significance of CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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60
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Yue H, Yun Y, Gao R, Li G, Sang N. Winter Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Bound Particulate Matter from Peri-urban North China Promotes Lung Cancer Cell Metastasis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14484-14493. [PMID: 26008712 DOI: 10.1021/es506280c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of the close relationship between human exposure to high concentrations of small particulate matter (PM) and increased lung cancer mortality, PM was recently designated as a Group I carcinogen. Considering that PM is highly heterogeneous, the potential health risks of PM promoting tumor metastasis in lung cancer, as well as its chemical characteristics, remain elusive. In the present study, we collected PM2.5 and PM10 in a peri-urban residential site of Taiyuan and determined the concentration and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicated that 18 PAHs, ranging from 38.21 to 269.69 ng/m(3) (for PM2.5) and from 44.34 to 340.78 ng/m(3) (for PM10), exhibited seasonal variations, and the PAHs in winter PM mainly originated from coal combustion. We calculated the benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent (BaPeq) and found that the PAH-bound PM in winter exhibited higher carcinogenic risks for humans. Following this result, in vitro bioassays demonstrated that PM2.5 and PM10 induced A549 cell migration and invasion, and the mechanism involved reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Our data indicate the potential risk for winter PAH-bound PM from peri-urban North China promoting lung cancer cell metastasis and reveal a mechanistic basis for treating, ameliorating, or preventing outcomes in polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yue
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
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61
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Che M, Wang R, Li X, Wang HY, Zheng XFS. Expanding roles of superoxide dismutases in cell regulation and cancer. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:143-149. [PMID: 26475962 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have important roles in normal physiology and diseases, particularly cancer. Under normal physiological conditions, they participate in redox reactions and serve as second messengers for regulatory functions. Owing to aberrant metabolism, cancer cells accumulate excessive ROS, thus requiring a robustly active antioxidant system to prevent cellular damage. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are enzymes that catalyze the removal of superoxide free radicals. There are three distinct members of this metalloenzyme family in mammals: SOD1 (Cu/ZnSOD), SOD2 (MnSOD) and SOD3 (ecSOD). SODs are increasingly recognized for their regulatory functions in growth, metabolism and oxidative stress responses, which are also crucial for cancer development and survival. Growing evidence shows that SODs are also potentially useful anticancer drug targets. This review will focus on recent research of SODs in cellular regulation, with emphasis on their roles in cancer biology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Che
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Ren Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - X F Steven Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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62
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Miar A, Hevia D, Muñoz-Cimadevilla H, Astudillo A, Velasco J, Sainz RM, Mayo JC. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2/MnSOD)/catalase and SOD2/GPx1 ratios as biomarkers for tumor progression and metastasis in prostate, colon, and lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:45-55. [PMID: 25866291 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD2/MnSOD) during tumor progression has been studied for several decades with controversial results. While SOD2 downregulation was initially associated with tumor initiation and was proposed as a tumor suppressor gene, recent studies have reported that SOD2 might favor tumor progression and dissemination. To our knowledge this is the first time that changes in SOD2 expression in three different types of tumors, i.e., prostate, lung, and colon cancer, are studied by analyzing both SOD2 mRNA and protein levels in a total of 246 patients' samples. In prostate samples, SOD2 protein levels were also increased, especially in middle stage tumors. In the case of colon and lung tumors both mRNA and protein SOD2 levels were increased in malignant tissues compared to those in nontumor samples. More importantly, all metastases analyzed showed increased levels of SOD2 when compared to those of normal primary tissue and healthy adjacent tissue. Together, these results suggest that a common redox imbalance in these three types of tumor occurs at intermediate stages which then might favor migration and invasion, leading to a more aggressive cancer type. Consequently, the ratios SOD2/catalase and SOD2/Gpx1 could be considered as potential markers during progression from tumor growth to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miar
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Hevia
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Henar Muñoz-Cimadevilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julio Velasco
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de San Agustin, Aviles, Spain
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Juan C Mayo
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, University of Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario Oncológico del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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63
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Baba H, Okabe H, Mima K, Saito S, Hayashi H, Imai K, Nitta H, Hashimoto D, Chikamoto A, Ishiko T, Beppu T. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastroenterological cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/2394-4722.165118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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