51
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Fernandes D, Andreyev J. The Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Radiation Enteropathy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1613. [PMID: 36014031 PMCID: PMC9415405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating host physiology. In a stable state, both the microbiota and the gut work synergistically. The overall homeostasis of the intestinal flora can be affected by multiple factors, including disease states and the treatments given for those diseases. In this review, we examine the relatively well-characterised abnormalities that develop in the microbiome in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, and compare and contrast them to those that are found in radiation enteropathy. We discuss how these changes may exert their effects at a molecular level, and the possible role of manipulating the microbiome through the use of a variety of therapies to reduce the severity of the underlying condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Fernandes
- The Department of Gastroenterology, United Lincolnshire NHS Trust, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln LN2 5QY, UK
| | - Jervoise Andreyev
- The Department of Gastroenterology, United Lincolnshire NHS Trust, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln LN2 5QY, UK
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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52
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Kennedy EA, Holtz LR. Gut virome in early life: origins and implications. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 55:101233. [PMID: 35690009 PMCID: PMC9575407 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human body is colonized by a multitude of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, which play important roles in health and disease. Microbial colonization during early life is thought to be a particularly important period with lasting consequences for health. Viral populations in the gut are particularly dynamic in early life before they stabilize in adulthood. The composition of the early-life virome is increasingly recognized as a determinant of disease later in life. Here, we review the development of the virome in healthy infants, as well as the role of the early-life virome in the development of disease states including diarrhea, malnutrition, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kennedy
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lori R Holtz
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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53
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Ke S, Weiss ST, Liu YY. Rejuvenating the human gut microbiome. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:619-630. [PMID: 35781423 PMCID: PMC9339459 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Industrial advances have caused significant loss of diversity in our gut microbiome, potentially increasing our susceptibility to many diseases. Recently, rewilding the human gut microbiome - that is, bringing it back to an ancestral or preindustrial state (e.g., by transplanting stool material from donors in nonindustrial societies) - has been hotly debated from medical, ethical, and evolutionary perspectives. Here we propose an alternative solution: rejuvenating the human gut microbiome by stool banking and autologous fecal microbiota transplantation, that is, collecting the hosts' stool samples at a younger age when they are at optimal health, and cryopreserving the samples in a stool bank for the hosts' own future use. In this article we discuss the motivation, applications, feasibility, and challenges of this solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlin Ke
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang-Yu Liu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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54
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Yang Z, Liu X, Wu Y, Peng J, Wei H. Effect of the Microbiome on Intestinal Innate Immune Development in Early Life and the Potential Strategy of Early Intervention. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936300. [PMID: 35928828 PMCID: PMC9344006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life is a vital period for mammals to be colonized with the microbiome, which profoundly influences the development of the intestinal immune function. For neonates to resist pathogen infection and avoid gastrointestinal illness, the intestinal innate immune system is critical. Thus, this review summarizes the development of the intestinal microbiome and the intestinal innate immune barrier, including the intestinal epithelium and immune cells from the fetal to the weaning period. Moreover, the impact of the intestinal microbiome on innate immune development and the two main way of early-life intervention including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also are discussed in this review. We hope to highlight the crosstalk between early microbial colonization and intestinal innate immunity development and offer some information for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangchen Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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55
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Cao Z, Sugimura N, Burgermeister E, Ebert MP, Zuo T, Lan P. The gut virome: A new microbiome component in health and disease. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104113. [PMID: 35753153 PMCID: PMC9240800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbours an abundance of viruses, collectively known as the gut virome. The gut virome is highly heterogeneous across populations and is linked to geography, ethnicity, diet, lifestyle, and urbanisation. The currently known function of the gut virome varies greatly across human populations, and much remains unknown. We review current literature on the human gut virome, and the intricate trans-kingdom interplay among gut viruses, bacteria, and the mammalian host underlying health and diseases. We summarise evidence on the use of the gut virome as diagnostic markers and a therapeutic target. We shed light on novel avenues of microbiome-inspired diagnosis and therapies. We also review pre-clinical and clinical studies on gut virome-rectification-based therapies, including faecal microbiota transplantation, faecal virome transplantation, and refined phage therapy. Our review suggests that future research effort should focus on unravelling the mechanisms exerted by gut viruses/phages in human pathophysiology, and on developing phage-prompted precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Cao
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naoki Sugimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, Mannheim, Germany; Mannheim Cancer Centre (MCC), University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tao Zuo
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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56
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Chitcharoen S, Sivapornnukul P, Payungporn S. Revolutionized virome research using systems microbiology approaches. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1135-1147. [PMID: 35723062 PMCID: PMC9335507 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, both pathogenic and commensal viruses are continuously being discovered and acknowledged as ubiquitous components of microbial communities. The advancements of systems microbiological approaches have changed the face of virome research. Here, we focus on viral metagenomic approach to study virus community and their interactions with other microbial members as well as their hosts. This review also summarizes challenges, limitations, and benefits of the current virome approaches. Potentially, the studies of virome can be further applied in various biological and clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwalak Chitcharoen
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pavaret Sivapornnukul
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Sunchai Payungporn.
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57
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Rakotonirina A, Galperine T, Allémann E. Fecal microbiota transplantation: a review on current formulations in Clostridioides difficile infection and future outlooks. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:929-944. [PMID: 35763604 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2095901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of the gut microbiota in health and the pathogenesis of several diseases has been highlighted in recent years. Even though the precise mechanisms involving the microbiome in these ailments are still unclear, microbiota-modulating therapies have been developed. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown significant results against Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), and its potential has been investigated for other diseases. Unfortunately, the technical aspects of the treatment make it difficult to implement. Pharmaceutical technology approaches to encapsulate microorganisms could play an important role in providing this treatment and render the treatment modalities easier to handle. AREAS COVERED After an overview of CDI, this narrative review aims to discuss the current formulations for FMT and specifically addresses the technical aspects of the treatment. This review also distinguishes itself by focusing on the hurdles and emphasizing the possible improvements using pharmaceutical technologies. EXPERT OPINION FMT is an efficient treatment for recurrent CDI. However, its standardization is overlooked. The approach of industrial and hospital preparations of FMT are different, but both show promise in their respective methodologies. Novel FMT formulations could enable further research on dysbiotic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Rakotonirina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Galperine
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,French Group of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation
| | - Eric Allémann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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58
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Hui Y, Vestergaard G, Deng L, Kot WP, Thymann T, Brunse A, Nielsen DS. Donor-dependent fecal microbiota transplantation efficacy against necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:48. [PMID: 35680942 PMCID: PMC9184500 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening inflammatory bowel disease affecting preterm infants, is connected with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Using preterm piglets as a model for preterm infants we recently showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy suckling piglet donors to newborn preterm piglets decreased the NEC risk. However, in a follow-up study using donor stool from piglets recruited from another farm, this finding could not be replicated. This allowed us to study donor-recipient microbiota dynamics in a controlled model system with a clear difference in NEC phenotype. Preterm piglets (n = 38) were randomly allocated to receive control saline (CON), or rectal FMT using either the ineffective (FMT1) or the effective donor stool (FMT2). All animals were followed for four days before necropsy and gut pathological evaluation. Donor and recipient colonic gut microbiota (GM) were analyzed by 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. As expected, only FMT2 recipients were protected against NEC. Both FMT groups had shifted GM composition relative to CON, but FMT2 recipients had a higher lactobacilli relative abundance compared to FMT1. Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus crispatus strains of FMT recipients showed high phylogenetic similarity with their respective donors, indicating engraftment. Moreover, the FMT2 group had a higher lactobacilli replication rate and harbored specific glycosaminoglycan-degrading Bacteroides. In conclusion, subtle species-level donor differences translate to major changes in engraftment dynamics and the ability to prevent NEC. This could have implications for proper donor selection in future FMT trials for NEC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gisle Vestergaard
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark.,Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Ling Deng
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Witold Piotr Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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59
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Hitch TCA, Hall LJ, Walsh SK, Leventhal GE, Slack E, de Wouters T, Walter J, Clavel T. Microbiome-based interventions to modulate gut ecology and the immune system. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1095-1113. [PMID: 36180583 PMCID: PMC9705255 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome lies at the intersection between the environment and the host, with the ability to modify host responses to disease-relevant exposures and stimuli. This is evident in how enteric microbes interact with the immune system, e.g., supporting immune maturation in early life, affecting drug efficacy via modulation of immune responses, or influencing development of immune cell populations and their mediators. Many factors modulate gut ecosystem dynamics during daily life and we are just beginning to realise the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of microbiome-based interventions. These approaches vary in application, goal, and mechanisms of action. Some modify the entire community, such as nutritional approaches or faecal microbiota transplantation, while others, such as phage therapy, probiotics, and prebiotics, target specific taxa or strains. In this review, we assessed the experimental evidence for microbiome-based interventions, with a particular focus on their clinical relevance, ecological effects, and modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C A Hitch
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lindsay J Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich, UK
- Intestinal Microbiome, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sarah Kate Walsh
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Emma Slack
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Functional Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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60
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Baaziz H, Baker ZR, Franklin HC, Hsu BB. Rehabilitation of a misbehaving microbiome: phages for the remodeling of bacterial composition and function. iScience 2022; 25:104146. [PMID: 35402871 PMCID: PMC8991392 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is considered an adjunct metabolic organ owing to its health impact. Recent studies have shown correlations between gut phage composition and host health. Whereas phage therapy has popularized virulent phages as antimicrobials, both virulent and temperate phages have a natural ecological relationship with their cognate bacteria. Characterization of this evolutionary coadaptation has led to other emergent therapeutic phage applications that do not necessarily rely on bacterial eradication or target pathogens. Here, we present an overview of the tripartite relationship between phages, bacteria, and the mammalian host, and highlight applications of the wildtype and genetically engineered phage for gut microbiome remodeling. In light of new and varied strategies, we propose to categorize phage applications aiming to modulate bacterial composition or function as "phage rehabilitation." By delineating phage rehab from phage therapy, we believe it will enable greater nuance and understanding of these new phage-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Baaziz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zachary Robert Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hollyn Claire Franklin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bryan Boen Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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61
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El Haddad L, Mendoza JF, Jobin C. Bacteriophage-mediated manipulations of microbiota in gastrointestinal diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1055427. [PMID: 36466675 PMCID: PMC9714271 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1055427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some gastrointestinal diseases could be managed using various antibiotics regimen, this therapeutic approach lacks precision and damages the microbiota. Emerging literature suggests that phages may play a key role in restoring the gut microbiome balance and controlling disease progression either with exogenous phage intervention or filtered fecal transplantation or even engineered phages. In this review, we will discuss the current phage applications aiming at controlling the bacterial population and preventing infection, inflammation, and cancer progression in the context of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn El Haddad
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jesus F Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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62
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Wu H, Guo K, Zhuo Z, Zeng R, Luo Y, Yang Q, Li J, Jiang R, Huang Z, Sha W, Chen H. Current therapy option for necrotizing enterocolitis: Practicalities and challenge. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:954735. [PMID: 35967586 PMCID: PMC9366471 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.954735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most prevalent neonatal gastrointestinal disorders. Despite ongoing breakthroughs in its treatment and prevention, the incidence and mortality associated with NEC remain high. New therapeutic approaches, such as breast milk composition administration, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have recently evolved the prevention and the treatment of NEC. This study investigated the most recent advances in NEC therapeutic approaches and discussed their applicability to bring new insight to NEC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kehang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zewei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yujun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zena Huang
- Department of General Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weihong Sha,
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Hao Chen,
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63
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Broecker F, Moelling K. The Roles of the Virome in Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122538. [PMID: 34946139 PMCID: PMC8706120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections as well as changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and virome have been linked to cancer. Moreover, the success of cancer immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been correlated with the intestinal microbial composition of patients. The transfer of feces-which contain mainly bacteria and their viruses (phages)-from immunotherapy responders to non-responders, known as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), has been shown to be able to convert some non-responders to responders. Since phages may also increase the response to immunotherapy, for example by inducing T cells cross-reacting with cancer antigens, modulating phage populations may provide a new avenue to improve immunotherapy responsiveness. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the human virome and its links to cancer, and discuss the potential utility of bacteriophages in increasing the responder rate for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Broecker
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Karin Moelling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastr. 30, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (K.M.)
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64
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Chaffringeon L, Lamy-Besnier Q, Debarbieux L, De Sordi L. The intestinal virome: lessons from animal models. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:141-148. [PMID: 34700287 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces in contact with the environment host specific microbiota. The intestinal tract harbours the most abundant and diverse bacterial and viral populations interacting with each other as well as with the host. Viruses of the microbiota are important components of this ecosystem, as shown by viral alterations associated with various pathologies. However, practical and ethical constraints limit functional studies of the virome in humans, making animal models invaluable experimental tools to understand its impact on intestinal physiology. In this review, we present the recent advances in the study of virome in animal models. We focus on the strategies used to characterise viral changes in disease models and approaches to modulate the microbiota using viruses. In reviewing the interplay between viruses, bacteria, and the animal host, we highlight the potential and limitations of these models in elucidating the role of the virome in determining human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Chaffringeon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, UMRS_938, Paris, France; Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, F-75015, France; Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Lamy-Besnier
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, F-75015, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Luisa De Sordi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche St Antoine, UMRS_938, Paris, France; Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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