51
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Petit JD, Li ZP, Nicolas WJ, Grison MS, Bayer EM. Dare to change, the dynamics behind plasmodesmata-mediated cell-to-cell communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:80-89. [PMID: 31805513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata pores control the entry and exit of molecules at cell-to-cell boundaries. Hundreds of pores perforate the plant cell wall, connecting cells together and establishing direct cytosolic and membrane continuity. This ability to connect cells in such a way is a hallmark of plant physiology and is thought to have allowed sessile multicellularity in Plantae kingdom. Indeed, plasmodesmata-mediated cell-to-cell signalling is fundamental to many plant-related processes. In fact, there are so many facets of plant biology under the control of plasmodesmata that it is hard to conceive how such tiny structures can do so much. While they provide 'open doors' between cells, they also need to guarantee cellular identities and territories by selectively transporting molecules. Although plasmodesmata operating mode remains difficult to grasp, little by little plant scientists are divulging their secrets. In this review, we highlight novel functions of cell-to-cell signalling and share recent insights into how plasmodesmata structural and molecular signatures confer functional specificity and plasticity to these unique cellular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules D Petit
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France; Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, TERRA Research Centre, GX ABT, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ziqiang Patrick Li
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - William J Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magali S Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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52
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Heisler MG, Byrne ME. Progress in understanding the role of auxin in lateral organ development in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:73-79. [PMID: 31785585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously produce lateral organs from the shoot apex such as leaves and flowers, providing an excellent opportunity to study their development. The plant hormone auxin plays a central role in this process by promoting organ formation where it accumulates due to polar auxin transport. Recently, the use of live-imaging, fine perturbation techniques and computational modelling has helped researchers make exciting progress in addressing long-standing questions on plant organogenesis, not only regarding the role of auxin in promoting growth but also on the regulation of morphogenesis and transcriptional control. In this review, we discuss a number of recent studies that address these points, with particular reference to how auxin acts in early leaf development and in leaf shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G Heisler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mary E Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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53
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Detection and in vitro studies of Cucurbita maxima phloem serpin-1 RNA-binding properties. Biochimie 2020; 170:118-127. [PMID: 31935442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apart from being a conduit for photoassimilate transport in plants, the phloem serves as a pathway for transport of proteins and RNAs from sites of their synthesis to distant plant parts. As demonstrated for mRNAs and small RNAs such as miRNA and siRNA, their phloem transport is largely involved in responses to environmental cues including stresses and pathogen attacks. RNA molecules are believed to be transported in the phloem in the form of complexes with RNA-binding proteins; however, proteins forming such complexes are generally poorly studied. Here, we demonstrate that the Cucurbita maxima phloem serpin-1 (CmPS1), which has been previously described as a functional protease inhibitor capable of long-distance transport via the phloem, is able to bind RNA in vitro. Among different RNAs tested, CmPS1 exhibits a preference for imperfect RNA duplexes and the highest affinity to tRNA. A characteristic complex formed by CmPS1 with tRNA is not observed upon CmPS1 binding to tRNA-like structures of plant viruses. Mutational analysis demonstrates that the CmPS1 N-terminal region is not involved in RNA binding. Since antithrombin-III, the human protease inhibitor of serpin family most closely sequence-related to CmPS1, is found to be unable to bind RNA, one can suggest that, in its evolution, CmPS1 has gained the RNA binding capability as an additional function likely relevant to its specific activities in the plant phloem.
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54
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Abstract
The root meristem-one of the plant's centers of continuous growth-is a conveyer belt in which cells of different identities are pushed through gradients along the root's longitudinal axis. An auxin gradient has long been implicated in controlling the progression of cell states in the root meristem. Recent work has shown that a PLETHORA (PLT) protein transcription factor gradient, which is under a delayed auxin response, has a dose-dependent effect on the differentiation state of cells. The direct effect of auxin concentration on differential transcriptional outputs remains unclear. Genomic and other analyses of regulatory sequences show that auxin responses are likely controlled by combinatorial inputs from transcription factors outside the core auxin signaling pathway. The passage through the meristem exposes cells to varying positional signals that could help them interpret auxin inputs independent of gradient effects. One open question is whether cells process information from the changes in the gradient over time as they move through the auxin gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guillotin
- New York University, The Department of Biology, The Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth D Birnbaum
- New York University, The Department of Biology, The Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York, NY, United States.
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55
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Abstract
The coordination of cell fate decisions within complex multicellular structures rests on intercellular communication. To generate ordered patterns, cells need to know their relative positions within the growing structure. This is commonly achieved via the production and perception of mobile signaling molecules. In animal systems, such positional signals often act as morphogens and subdivide a field of cells into domains of discrete cell identities using a threshold-based readout of their mobility gradient. Reflecting the independent origin of multicellularity, plants evolved distinct signaling mechanisms to drive cell fate decisions. Many of the basic principles underlying developmental patterning are, however, shared between animals and plants, including the use of signaling gradients to provide positional information. In plant development, small RNAs can act as mobile instructive signals, and similar to classical morphogens in animals, employ a threshold-based readout of their mobility gradient to generate precisely defined cell fate boundaries. Given the distinctive nature of peptide morphogens and small RNAs, how might mechanisms underlying the function of traditionally morphogens be adapted to create morphogen-like behavior using small RNAs? In this review, we highlight the contributions of mobile small RNAs to pattern formation in plants and summarize recent studies that have advanced our understanding regarding the formation, stability, and interpretation of small RNA gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klesen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristine Hill
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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56
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Deinum EE, Mulder BM, Benitez-Alfonso Y. From plasmodesma geometry to effective symplasmic permeability through biophysical modelling. eLife 2019; 8:49000. [PMID: 31755863 PMCID: PMC6994222 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of molecular transport via intercellular channels called plasmodesmata (PDs) is important for both coordinating developmental and environmental responses among neighbouring cells, and isolating (groups of) cells to execute distinct programs. Cell-to-cell mobility of fluorescent molecules and PD dimensions (measured from electron micrographs) are both used as methods to predict PD transport capacity (i.e., effective symplasmic permeability), but often yield very different values. Here, we build a theoretical bridge between both experimental approaches by calculating the effective symplasmic permeability from a geometrical description of individual PDs and considering the flow towards them. We find that a dilated central region has the strongest impact in thick cell walls and that clustering of PDs into pit fields strongly reduces predicted permeabilities. Moreover, our open source multi-level model allows to predict PD dimensions matching measured permeabilities and add a functional interpretation to structural differences observed between PDs in different cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva E Deinum
- Mathematical and statistical methods (Biometris), Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bela M Mulder
- Living Matter Department, Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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57
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Kitagawa M, Balkunde R, Bui H, Jackson D. An Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase, OKI1, Is Required for Proper Shoot Meristem Size in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2597-2608. [PMID: 31393575 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the stem cells that form the shoot system reside within the shoot apical meristem (SAM), which is regulated by feedback signaling between the WUSCHEL (WUS) homeobox protein and CLAVATA (CLV) peptides and receptors. WUS-CLV feedback signaling can be modulated by various endogenous or exogenous factors, such as chromatin state, hormone signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and nutrition, leading to a dynamic control of SAM size corresponding to meristem activity. Despite these insights, however, the knowledge of genes that control SAM size is still limited, and in particular, the regulation by ROS signaling is only beginning to be comprehended. In this study, we report a new function in maintenance of SAM size, encoded by the OKINA KUKI1 (OKI1) gene. OKI1 is expressed in the SAM and encodes a mitochondrial aspartyl tRNA synthetase (AspRS). oki1 mutants display enlarged SAMs with abnormal expression of WUS and CLV3 and overaccumulation of ROS in the meristem. Our findings support the importance of normal AspRS function in the maintenance of the WUS-CLV3 feedback loop and SAM size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Rachappa Balkunde
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Huyen Bui
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Center of Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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58
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Kong X, Luo L, Zhao J, Chen Q, Chang G, Huang J, Yang Y, Hu X. Expression of FRIGIDA in root inhibits flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5101-5114. [PMID: 31340000 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
FRIGIDA (FRI), as the major regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis accessions, can activate its target FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) to delay flowering before vernalization. In addition to FLC, other FRI targets also exist in Arabidopsis. Although leaves sense environmental cues to modulate flowering time, it is not known if roots also regulate the floral transition. In this study, we investigated the spatio-temporal effect of FRI on flowering time. Local expression of FRI in the phloem and leaves activated FLC to delay flowering. Furthermore, we found that local expression of FRI in the roots also delayed flowering by activating other targets, MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING4 (MAF4) and MAF5, in the roots. Graft and genetic experiments revealed that the spatial expression of FRI in the root might generate a mobile signal, which is transmitted from roots to shoot and antagonizes the FT signal to delay flowering. Specifically expressing FRI in the embryo efficiently delayed flowering, even expressing FRI as early as the pro-embryo stage is enough to up-regulate FLC expression to delay flowering. Together, our findings demonstrate the spatio-temporal effect of FRI on delaying flowering, and we propose that root tissue also perceives the flowering signal to fine-tune the flowering time through MAF4/5 as novel targets of FRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Kong
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Landi Luo
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Guanxiao Chang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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59
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Denyer T, Ma X, Klesen S, Scacchi E, Nieselt K, Timmermans MCP. Spatiotemporal Developmental Trajectories in the Arabidopsis Root Revealed Using High-Throughput Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Dev Cell 2019; 48:840-852.e5. [PMID: 30913408 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is becoming a cornerstone of developmental research, providing unprecedented power in understanding dynamic processes. Here, we present a high-resolution scRNA-seq expression atlas of the Arabidopsis root composed of thousands of independently profiled cells. This atlas provides detailed spatiotemporal information, identifying defining expression features for all major cell types, including the scarce cells of the quiescent center. These reveal key developmental regulators and downstream genes that translate cell fate into distinctive cell shapes and functions. Developmental trajectories derived from pseudotime analysis depict a finely resolved cascade of cell progressions from the niche through differentiation that are supported by mirroring expression waves of highly interconnected transcription factors. This study demonstrates the power of applying scRNA-seq to plants and provides an unparalleled spatiotemporal perspective of root cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Denyer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Simon Klesen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Emanuele Scacchi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kay Nieselt
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Marja C P Timmermans
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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60
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Chen Y. Plant Noncoding RNAs: Hidden Players in Development and Stress Responses. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:407-431. [PMID: 31403819 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A large and significant portion of eukaryotic transcriptomes consists of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that have minimal or no protein-coding capacity but are functional. Diverse ncRNAs, including both small RNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), play essential regulatory roles in almost all biological processes by modulating gene expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant small RNAs and lncRNAs, with a focus on their biogenesis, modes of action, local and systemic movement, and functions at the nexus of plant development and environmental responses. The complex connections among small RNAs, lncRNAs, and small peptides in plants are also discussed, along with the challenges of identifying and investigating new classes of ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuchan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA;
| | - Yueqin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
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61
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Role for the shoot apical meristem in the specification of juvenile leaf identity in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10168-10177. [PMID: 31023887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817853116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which the shoot apical meristem (SAM) controls developmental decisions, rather than interpreting them, is a longstanding issue in plant development. Previous work suggests that vegetative phase change is regulated by signals intrinsic and extrinsic to the SAM, but the relative importance of these signals for this process is unknown. We investigated this question by examining the effect of meristem-deficient mutations on vegetative phase change and on the expression of key regulators of this process, miR156 and its targets, SPL transcription factors. We found that the precocious phenotypes of meristem-deficient mutants are a consequence of reduced miR156 accumulation. Tissue-specific manipulation of miR156 levels revealed that the SAM functions as an essential pool of miR156 early in shoot development, but that its effect on leaf identity declines with age. We also found that SPL genes control meristem size by repressing WUSCHEL expression via a novel genetic pathway.
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62
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Cross-Kingdom Small RNAs Among Animals, Plants and Microbes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040371. [PMID: 31018602 PMCID: PMC6523504 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs), a class of regulatory non-coding RNAs around 20~30-nt long, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are critical regulators of gene expression. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates that sRNAs can be transferred not only within cells and tissues of individual organisms, but also across different eukaryotic species, serving as a bond connecting the animal, plant, and microbial worlds. In this review, we summarize the results from recent studies on cross-kingdom sRNA communication. We not only review the horizontal transfer of sRNAs among animals, plants and microbes, but also discuss the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) signal transmission via cross-kingdom sRNAs. We also compare the advantages of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) technology and look forward to their applicable prospects in controlling fungal diseases.
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63
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Wang W, Galili G. Tuning the Orchestra: miRNAs in Plant Immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:189-191. [PMID: 30732937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs act as negative modulators of target genes and play key roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation through sequence-specific mRNA cleavage and translational inhibition. Two recent reports highlight the orchestrated role of miRNA2111 and miRNA172b in plant innate immunity [1,2] (Science 2018;362:233-236; Plant Cell 2018;30:2779-2794).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel.
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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64
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Subramanian S. Little RNAs Go a Long Way: Long-Distance Signaling by MicroRNAs. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:18-20. [PMID: 30543993 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Subramanian
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, Department of Biology & Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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65
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Caselli F, Beretta VM, Mantegazza O, Petrella R, Leo G, Guazzotti A, Herrera-Ubaldo H, de Folter S, Mendes MA, Kater MM, Gregis V. REM34 and REM35 Control Female and Male Gametophyte Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1351. [PMID: 31708954 PMCID: PMC6821719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The REproductive Meristem (REM) gene family encodes for transcription factors belonging to the B3 DNA binding domain superfamily. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the REM gene family is composed of 45 members, preferentially expressed during flower, ovule, and seed developments. Only a few members of this family have been functionally characterized: VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and, most recently, TARGET OF FLC AND SVP1 (TFS1) regulate flowering time and VERDANDI (VDD), together with VALKYRIE (VAL) that control the death of the receptive synergid cell in the female gametophyte. We investigated the role of REM34, REM35, and REM36, three closely related and linked genes similarly expressed in both female and male gametophytes. Simultaneous silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) caused about 50% of the ovules to remain unfertilized. Careful evaluation of both ovule and pollen developments showed that this partial sterility of the transgenic RNAi lines was due to a postmeiotic block in both female and male gametophytes. Furthermore, protein interaction assays revealed that REM34 and REM35 interact, which suggests that they work together during the first stages of gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caselli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Otho Mantegazza
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Petrella
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Leo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Guazzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Martin M. Kater
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Gregis
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Gregis,
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66
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Liu L, Chen X. Intercellular and systemic trafficking of RNAs in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:869-878. [PMID: 30390090 PMCID: PMC7155933 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved dynamic and complex networks of cell-to-cell communication to coordinate and adapt their growth and development to a variety of environmental changes. In addition to small molecules, such as metabolites and phytohormones, macromolecules such as proteins and RNAs also act as signalling agents in plants. As information molecules, RNAs can move locally between cells through plasmodesmata, and over long distances through phloem. Non-cell-autonomous RNAs may act as mobile signals to regulate plant development, nutrient allocation, gene silencing, antiviral defence, stress responses and many other physiological processes in plants. Recent work has shed light on mobile RNAs and, in some cases, uncovered their roles in intercellular and systemic signalling networks. This review summarizes the current knowledge of local and systemic RNA movement, and discusses the potential regulatory mechanisms and biological significance of RNA trafficking in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Longhua Bioindustry and Innovation Research Institute, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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