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Wang H, Zhang C, Chen G, Li Y, Yang X, Han L, Peng Y. Downregulation of the CsABCC2 gene is associated with Cry1C resistance in the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105119. [PMID: 35715058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chilo suppressalis is a major target pest of transgenic rice expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1C toxin in China. The evolution of resistance of this pest is a major threat to Bt rice. Since Bt functions by binding to receptors in the midgut (MG) of target insects, identification of Bt functional receptors in C. suppressalis is crucial for evaluating potential resistance mechanisms and developing effective management strategies. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been vastly reported to interact with Cry1A toxins, as receptors and their mutations cause insect Bt resistance. However, the role of ABC transporters in Cry1C resistance to C. suppressalis remains unknown. Here, we measured CsABCC2 expression in C. suppressalis Cry1C-resistant (Cry1C-R) and Cry1C-susceptible strains (selected in the laboratory) via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR); the transcript level of CsABCC2 in the Cry1C-R strain was significantly lower than that in the Cry1C-susceptible strain. Furthermore, silencing CsABCC2 in C. suppressalis via RNA interference (RNAi) significantly decreased Cry1C susceptibility. Overall, CsABCC2 participates in Cry1C mode of action, and reduced expression of CsABCC2 is functionally associated with Cry1C resistance in C. suppressalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Geng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Lanzhi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Li Q, Li M, Zhu M, Zhong J, Wen L, Zhang J, Zhang R, Gao Q, Yu XQ, Lu Y. Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of Cry toxin receptor families in 7 insect species with a focus on Spodoptera litura. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:783-800. [PMID: 34405540 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin, aminopeptidase N (APN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been characterized as Cry receptors. In this study, comparative genomic analysis of the 3 receptor families was performed in 7 insects. ALPs and APNs are divided into three and eight clades in phylogenetic trees, respectively. ALPs in clade 3 and APNs in clade 1 contain multiple paralogs within each species and most paralogs are located closely in chromosomes. Drosophila melanogaster has expanded APNs in clade 5 and were lowly expressed in midgut. Cadherins are divided into 16 clades; they may diverge before holometabolous insect speciation except for BtR and Cad89D-like clades. Eight insects from different orders containing BtR orthologs are sensitive to Cry1A or Cry3A, while five species without BtR are insensitive to both toxins. Most APNs in clade 1, several ALPs in clade 3, BtR and Cad89D-like genes were highly or moderately expressed in larval midgut of Spodoptera litura and the other six species, and several members in these clades have been identified as Cry receptors. Expressions of putative S. litura Cry receptors in the midgut after exposing to Bt toxins were also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Mengge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jielai Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Fu B, Tao M, Xue H, Jin H, Liu K, Qiu H, Yang S, Yang X, Gui L, Zhang Y, Gao Y. Spinetoram resistance drives interspecific competition between Megalurothrips usitatus and Frankliniella intonsa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2129-2140. [PMID: 35170208 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species displacement by the outcome of interspecific competition is of particular importance to pest management. Over the past decade, spinetoram has been extensively applied in control of the two closely related thrips Megalurothrips usitatus and Frankliniella intonsa worldwide, while whether its resistance is implicated in mediating interspecific interplay of the two thrips remains elusive to date. RESULTS Field population dynamics (from 2017 to 2019) demonstrated a trend toward displacement of F. intonsa by M. usitatus on cowpea crops, supporting an existing interspecific competition. Following exposure to spinetoram, M. usitatus became the predominate species, which suggests the use of spinetoram appears to be responsible for mediating interspecific interactions of the two thrips. Further annual and seasonal analysis (from 2016 to 2020) of field-evolved resistance dynamics revealed that M. usitatus developed remarkably higher resistance to spinetoram compared to that of F. intonsa, implying a close relationship between evolution of spinetoram resistance and their competitive interactions. After 12 generations of laboratory selection, resistance to spinetoram in M. usitatus and F. intonsa increased up to 64.50-fold and 28.33-fold, and the average realized heritability (h2 ) of resistance was calculated as 0.2550 and 0.1602, respectively. Interestingly, two-sex life table analysis showed that the spinetoram-resistant strain of F. intonsa exhibited existing fitness costs, but not the M. usitatus. These indicate that a rapid development of spinetoram resistance and the lack of associated fitness costs may be the mechanism underlying recent dominance of M. usitatus over F. intonsa. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results uncover the involvement of insecticide resistance in conferring displacement mechanism behind interspecific competition, providing a framework for understanding the significance of the evolutionary relationships among insects under ongoing changing environments. These findings also can be invaluable in proposing the most appropriate strategies for sustainable thrips control programs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buli Fu
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Xue
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kui Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyou Gui
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Transcriptional Analysis of Cotton Bollworm Strains with Different Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance and Their Response to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060366. [PMID: 35737027 PMCID: PMC9228822 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins are grown widely for pest control, but the evolution of resistance in target pests could reduce their efficacy. Mutations in genes encoding cadherin, ABC transporter or tetraspanin were linked with resistance to Cry1Ac in several lepidopteran insects, including the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), a worldwide agricultural pest. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which these mutations confer insect resistance to Cry1Ac remain largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the midgut transcriptomes of a susceptible SCD strain and three SCD-derived Cry1Ac-resistant strains of H. armigera (SCD-r1, with a naturally occurring deletion mutation of cadherin; SCD-KI, with a knock-in T92C point mutation in tetraspanin; and C2/3-KO, with both ABCC2 and ABCC3 knocked out). Evaluation of midgut transcript profiles of the four strains without Cry1Ac exposure identified many constitutively differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant SCD-r1 (n = 1355), SCD-KI (n = 1254) and C2/3-KO (n = 2055) strains. Analysis of DEGs in the midguts of each strain after Cry1Ac exposure revealed similar patterns of response to Cry1Ac in the SCD and SCD-r1 strains, but unique responses in the SCD-KI and C2/3-KO strains. Expression of midgut epithelium healing and defense-related genes was strongly induced by Cry1Ac intoxication in the SCD and SCD-r1 strains, while immune-related pattern recognition receptor and effector genes were highly expressed in the SCD-KI strain after Cry1Ac exposure. This study advances our knowledge of the transcriptomic basis for insect resistance to Bt toxins and provides a valuable resource for further molecular characterization of insect response to Cry1Ac toxin in H. armigera and other pest species.
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MAPK Signaling Pathway Is Essential for Female Reproductive Regulation in the Cabbage Beetle, Colaphellus bowringi. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101602. [PMID: 35626638 PMCID: PMC9140119 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is a well-conserved intracellular signal transduction pathway, and has important roles in mammalian reproduction. However, it is unknown whether MAPK also regulates insect reproductive mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated the role of the MAPK signaling pathway in ovarian growth and oviposition in the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi, an economically important pest of Cruciferous vegetables. As an initial step, 14 genes from the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK (P38) cascades were knocked down using RNA interference (RNAi). The results revealed that RNAi knockdown of MAPK-ERK kinase (MEK), ERK, Kinase suppressor of RAS 2 (KSR2), and P38 induced ovarian development stagnation, low fecundity, and decreased longevity, which indicate that ERK and P38 signaling pathways are important for female C. bowringi survival and reproduction. The potential regulatory role of ERK and P38 pathways in the female reproductive process was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR. We found that ERK pathway possibly regulated ecdysone biosynthesis and P38 pathway possibly involved in the germline stem cell (GSC) development and differentiation. Our findings demonstrated the importance of the MAPK signaling pathway in the female reproduction of insects, and further enhanced the molecular mechanism of female reproductive regulation in insects.
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Benowitz KM, Allan CW, Degain BA, Li X, Fabrick JA, Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Matzkin LM. Novel genetic basis of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in Helicoverpa zea. Genetics 2022; 221:iyac037. [PMID: 35234875 PMCID: PMC9071530 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have advanced pest management, but their benefits are diminished when pests evolve resistance. Elucidating the genetic basis of pest resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins can improve resistance monitoring, resistance management, and the design of new insecticides. Here, we investigated the genetic basis of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac in the lepidopteran Helicoverpa zea, one of the most damaging crop pests in the United States. To facilitate this research, we built the first chromosome-level genome assembly for this species, which has 31 chromosomes containing 375 Mb and 15,482 predicted proteins. Using a genome-wide association study, fine-scale mapping, and RNA-seq, we identified a 250-kb quantitative trait locus on chromosome 13 that was strongly associated with resistance in a strain of Helicoverpa zea that had been selected for resistance in the field and lab. The mutation in this quantitative trait locus contributed to but was not sufficient for resistance, which implies alleles in more than one gene contributed to resistance. This quantitative trait locus contains no genes with a previously reported role in resistance or susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. However, in resistant insects, this quantitative trait locus has a premature stop codon in a kinesin gene, which is a primary candidate as a mutation contributing to resistance. We found no changes in gene sequence or expression consistently associated with resistance for 11 genes previously implicated in lepidopteran resistance to Cry1Ac. Thus, the results reveal a novel and polygenic basis of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Benowitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37040, USA
| | - Carson W Allan
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Benjamin A Degain
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fabrick
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Bruce E Tabashnik
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yves Carrière
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Luciano M Matzkin
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Li Y, Wang C, Ge L, Hu C, Wu G, Sun Y, Song L, Wu X, Pan A, Xu Q, Shi J, Liang J, Li P. Environmental Behaviors of Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt) Insecticidal Proteins and Their Effects on Microbial Ecology. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1212. [PMID: 35567212 PMCID: PMC9100956 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bt proteins are crystal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in the early stage of spore formation that exhibit highly specific insecticidal activities. The application of Bt proteins primarily includes Bt transgenic plants and Bt biopesticides. Transgenic crops with insect resistance (via Bt)/herbicide tolerance comprise the largest global area of agricultural planting. After artificial modification, Bt insecticidal proteins expressed from Bt can be released into soils through root exudates, pollen, and plant residues. In addition, the construction of Bt recombinant engineered strains through genetic engineering has become a major focus of Bt biopesticides, and the expressed Bt proteins will also remain in soil environments. Bt proteins expressed and released by Bt transgenic plants and Bt recombinant strains are structurally and functionally quite different from Bt prototoxins naturally expressed by B. thuringiensis in soils. The former can thus be regarded as an environmentally exogenous substance with insecticidal toxicity that may have potential ecological risks. Consequently, biosafety evaluations must be conducted before field tests and production of Bt plants or recombinant strains. This review summarizes the adsorption, retention, and degradation behavior of Bt insecticidal proteins in soils, in addition to their impacts on soil physical and chemical properties along with soil microbial diversity. The review provides a scientific framework for evaluating the environmental biosafety of Bt transgenic plants, Bt transgenic microorganisms, and their expression products. In addition, prospective research targets, research methods, and evaluation methods are highlighted based on current research of Bt proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Li
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Cui Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Lei Ge
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Cong Hu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Guogan Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Lili Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Aihu Pan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Qinqing Xu
- Shandong County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan 250003, China;
| | - Jialiang Shi
- Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou 253000, China;
| | - Jingang Liang
- Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Peng Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China; (C.W.); (L.G.); (C.H.); (G.W.); (Y.S.); (L.S.); (X.W.); (A.P.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai 201106, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201106, China
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Gong C, Yang Z, Hu Y, Wu Q, Wang S, Guo Z, Zhang Y. Silencing of the BtTPS genes by transgenic plant-mediated RNAi to control Bemisia tabaci MED. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1128-1137. [PMID: 34796637 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a typical pest that causes severe damage to hundreds of agricultural crops. The trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) genes, as the key genes in the insect trehalose synthesis pathway, are important for insect growth and development. The whitefly TPS genes may be a main reason for the severe damage and may represent potential targets for the control of whiteflies. RESULTS In this study, we identified and cloned three TPS genes from B. tabaci MED and found that the BtTPS1 and BtTPS2 genes showed higher expression levels than the BtTPS3 gene. Then, RNA interference (RNAi) of BtTPS1 and BtTPS2 resulted in significant mortality and influenced the expression of related genes involved in energy metabolism and chitin biosynthesis in whitefly adults. Finally, the transgenic tobacco plants showed a significant effect on B. tabaci, and knockdown of BtTPS1 or BtTPS2 led to retarded growth and low hatchability in whitefly nymphs, and caused 90% mortality and decreased the fecundity in whitefly adults. Additionally, the transgenic tobacco with combinatorial RNAi of BtTPS1 and BtTPS2 showed a better efficacy against whiteflies than individual silencing. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that silencing of the BtTPS genes can compromise the growth and development of whiteflies, offering not only a new option for whitefly control but also a secure and environmentally friendly management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gong
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xu L, Qin J, Fu W, Wang S, Wu Q, Zhou X, Crickmore N, Guo Z, Zhang Y. MAP4K4 controlled transcription factor POUM1 regulates PxABCG1 expression influencing Cry1Ac resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 182:105053. [PMID: 35249643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biotechnology products including Bt sprays and Bt crops is critical for the long-term application of Bt technology. Previously, we established that down-regulation of the ABC transporter gene PxABCG1, trans-regulated by the MAPK signaling pathway, contributed to high-level resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). However, the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanism was unknown. Herein, we identified putative binding sites (PBSs) of the transcription factor (TF) POUM1 in the PxABCG1 promoter and used a dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLRA) and yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay to reveal that POUM1 activates PxABCG1 via interaction with one of these sites. The expression of POUM1 was significantly decreased in the midgut tissue of Cry1Ac-resistant P. xylostella strains compared to a Cry1Ac-susceptible P. xylostella strain. Silencing of POUM1 expression resulted in reduced expression of the PxABCG1 gene and an increase in larval tolerance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in the Cry1Ac-susceptible P. xylostella strain. Furthermore, silencing of PxMAP4K4 expression increased the expression of both POUM1 and PxABCG1 genes in the Cry1Ac-resistant P. xylostella strain. These results indicate that the POUM1 induces PxABCG1 expression, while the activated MAPK cascade represses PxABCG1 expression thus reducing Cry1Ac susceptibility in P. xylostella. This result deepens our understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of midgut Cry receptor genes and the molecular basis of the evolution of Bt resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzheng Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianying Qin
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qinjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA.
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Sun D, Zhu L, Guo L, Wang S, Wu Q, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Bravo A, Soberón M, Guo Z, Zhang Y. A versatile contribution of both aminopeptidases N and ABC transporters to Bt Cry1Ac toxicity in the diamondback moth. BMC Biol 2022; 20:33. [PMID: 35120513 PMCID: PMC8817492 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biopesticides and transgenic crops based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are extensively used to control insect pests, but the rapid evolution of insect resistance seriously threatens their effectiveness. Bt resistance is often polygenic and complex. Mutations that confer resistance occur in midgut proteins that act as cell surface receptors for the toxin, and it is thought they facilitate its assembly as a membrane-damaging pore. However, the mechanistic details of the action of Bt toxins remain controversial. RESULTS We have examined the contribution of two paralogous ABC transporters and two aminopeptidases N to Bt Cry1Ac toxicity in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate a series of homozygous polygenic knockout strains. A double-gene knockout strain, in which the two paralogous ABC transporters ABCC2 and ABCC3 were deleted, exhibited 4482-fold resistance to Cry1A toxin, significantly greater than that previously reported for single-gene knockouts and confirming the mutual functional redundancy of these ABC transporters in acting as toxin receptors in P. xylostella. A double-gene knockout strain in which APN1 and APN3a were deleted exhibited 1425-fold resistance to Cry1Ac toxin, providing the most direct evidence to date for these APN proteins acting as Cry1Ac toxin receptors, while also indicating their functional redundancy. Genetic crosses of the two double-gene knockouts yielded a hybrid strain in which all four receptor genes were deleted and this resulted in a > 34,000-fold resistance, indicating that while both types of receptor need to be present for the toxin to be fully effective, there is a level of functional redundancy between them. The highly resistant quadruple knockout strain was less fit than wild-type moths, but no fitness cost was detected in the double knockout strains. CONCLUSION Our results provide direct evidence that APN1 and APN3a are important for Cry1Ac toxicity. They support our overarching hypothesis of a versatile mode of action of Bt toxins, which can compensate for the absence of individual receptors, and are consistent with an interplay among diverse midgut receptors in the toxins' mechanism of action in a super pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Liuhong Zhu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QE, UK
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0091, USA
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, 62250, Morelos, México
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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MAPK-mediated transcription factor GATAd contributes to Cry1Ac resistance in diamondback moth by reducing PxmALP expression. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010037. [PMID: 35113858 PMCID: PMC8846524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of biopesticides and transgenic crops based on the insecticidal Cry-toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are considerably threatened by insect resistance evolution, thus, deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying insect resistance to Bt products is of great significance to their sustainable utilization. Previously, we have demonstrated that the down-regulation of PxmALP in a strain of Plutella xylostella (L.) highly resistant to the Bt Cry1Ac toxin was due to a hormone-activated MAPK signaling pathway and contributed to the resistance phenotype. However, the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanism remains enigmatic. Here, we report that the PxGATAd transcription factor (TF) is responsible for the differential expression of PxmALP observed between the Cry1Ac susceptible and resistant strains. We identified that PxGATAd directly activates PxmALP expression via interacting with a non-canonical but specific GATA-like cis-response element (CRE) located in the PxmALP promoter region. A six-nucleotide insertion mutation in this cis-acting element of the PxmALP promoter from the resistant strain resulted in repression of transcriptional activity, affecting the regulatory performance of PxGATAd. Furthermore, silencing of PxGATAd in susceptible larvae reduced the expression of PxmALP and susceptibility to Cry1Ac toxin. Suppressing PxMAP4K4 expression in the resistant larvae transiently recovered both the expression of PxGATAd and PxmALP, indicating that the PxGATAd is a positive responsive factor involved in the activation of PxmALP promoter and negatively regulated by the MAPK signaling pathway. Overall, this study deciphers an intricate regulatory mechanism of PxmALP gene expression and highlights the concurrent involvement of both trans-regulatory factors and cis-acting elements in Cry1Ac resistance development in lepidopteran insects. Gene expression and regulation are associated with adaptive evolution in living organisms. The rapid evolution of insect resistance to Bt insecticidal Cry toxins is frequently associated with reduced expression of diverse midgut genes that code for Cry-toxin receptors. Nonetheless, our current knowledge about the regulation of gene expression of these pivotal receptor genes in insects is limited. Membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase (mALP) is a known receptor for Cry1Ac toxin in diverse insects and here, we report the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of the PxmALP gene related to Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella. We identified a MAPK signaling pathway that negatively regulates the PxGATAd transcriptional factor which is involved in the differential expression of PxmALP via interacting with the PxmALP promoter. Furthermore, a cis-acting element mutation repressing the regulatory activity of PxGATAd for PxmALP expression in the Cry1Ac resistant strain was identified. Our study provides an insight into the precise transcriptional regulatory mechanism that regulates PxmALP expression and is involved in the evolution of Bt Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella, which provides a paradigm for decoding the regulation landscape of midgut Cry-toxin receptor genes in insects.
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An Integrative Analysis of Transcriptomics and Proteomics Reveals Novel Insights into the Response in the Midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae to Vip3Aa. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010055. [PMID: 35051032 PMCID: PMC8781260 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The insecticidal Vip3 proteins, secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) during its vegetative growth phase, are currently used in Bt crops to control insect pests, and are genetically distinct from known insecticidal Cry proteins. Compared with Cry toxins, the mechanisms of Vip3 toxins are still poorly understood. Here, the responses of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae after Vip3Aa challenge are characterized. Using an integrative analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics, we found that Vip3Aa has enormous implications for various pathways. The downregulated genes and proteins were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, including the insect hormone synthesis pathway, whereas the upregulated genes and proteins were mainly involved in the caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway, along with the MAPK signaling and endocytosis pathways. Moreover, we also identified some important candidate genes involved in apoptosis and MAPKs. The present study shows that exposure of S. frugiperda larvae to Vip3Aa activates apoptosis pathways, leading to cell death. The results will promote our understanding of the host response process to the Vip3Aa, and help us to better understand the mode of action of Vip3A toxins.
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Pinos D, Wang Y, Hernández-Martínez P, He K, Ferré J. Alteration of a Cry1A Shared Binding Site in a Cry1Ab-Selected Colony of Ostrinia furnacalis. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010032. [PMID: 35051009 PMCID: PMC8779817 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée, 1854), is a highly damaging pest in Asia and the Pacific islands, and larvae feed mainly from corn crops. To determine the suitability of Bt-corn technology for the future control of this pest, understanding the potential to develop resistance to Cry1Ab and the basis of cross-resistance to other Cry1 proteins is of great interest. Here, we have explored the binding of Cry1A proteins to brush border membrane vesicles from two O. furnacalis colonies, one susceptible (ACB-BtS) and one laboratory-selected with Cry1Ab (ACB-AbR). The insects developed resistance to Cry1Ab and showed cross-resistance to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F. Binding assays with radiolabeled Cry1Ab and brush border membrane vesicles from susceptible insects showed that Cry1A proteins shared binding sites, though the results were not conclusive for Cry1F. The results were confirmed using radiolabeled Cry1Aa. The resistant insects showed a reduction of the specific binding of both Cry1Ab and Cry1Aa, suggesting that part of the binding sites were lost or altered. Competition binding assays showed full competition between Cry1Ab and Cry1Aa proteins in the susceptible colony but only partial competition in resistant insects, confirming the alteration of some, but not all, binding sites for these two proteins. The binding site model for Cry1A proteins in O. furnacalis is in agreement with the occurrence of multiple membrane receptors for these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinos
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Deparment of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (P.H.-M.)
| | - Yueqin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseas and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Patricia Hernández-Martínez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Deparment of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (P.H.-M.)
| | - Kanglai He
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseas and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Juan Ferré
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Deparment of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.P.); (P.H.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Liu J, Chi B, Chen P, Liu Y. 20E and MAPK signal pathway involved in the effect of reproduction caused by cyantraniliprole in Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:63-72. [PMID: 34418274 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a common phenomenon that insecticides affect insect reproduction and insect hormones. After cyantraniliprole treatment, the egg production and remating behavior of female Bactrocera dorsalis were affected, a phenomenon of 'hormesis' appeared, but the change at the molecular level was unknown. Therefore, we investigated the fertility, insect hormone titers and transcription levels and used RNAi to prove the function of genes, to explore the molecular mechanism of cyantraniliprole causing reproductive changes in female B. dorsalis. RESULTS LC20 treatment promoted egg production, while LC50 treatment inhibited it. Both high and low concentrations inhibited female ovaries' development and reduced the length of the ovarian tubes. Among insect hormones, only the titer of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) changed significantly. According to the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of RNA-seq, there are significant differences in insect hormone synthesis and MAPK signal pathways between treatments. Furthermore, 20E biosynthetic genes, BdVgs and BdVgR were all down-regulated, and multiple MAPK signaling pathway genes were up-regulated. Based on qRT-PCR, the expression of BdCyp307A1, BdCyp302A1, BdMEKK4 and BdMAP2K6 within 1-11 days after treatment were consistent with the change of 20E titer. The BdVg1 and BdVg2 in LC50 were still suppressed, while the LC20 returned to normal in 9-11 days. RNAi indicated that BdMEKK4 and BdMAP2K6 participated in the transcriptional regulation of BdCyp307A1 and BdCyp302A1, then affected the levels of BdVgs. CONCLUSION Cyantraniliprole affected 20E through MAPK signal pathway, causing many genes to be down-regulated during the early period but up-regulated during the late period, ultimately affecting the reproduction of B. dorsalis. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, China
| | - Baojie Chi
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Zhang T, Sun J, Wang L, Yao H, Guo Z, Wu W, Li Y, Wang L, Song L. BCL10 regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines by activating MAPK-NF-κB/Rel signaling pathway in oysters. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:369-376. [PMID: 34906687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
B cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (BCL10) is an important member of the caspase recruitment domain-containing (CARD) protein family, which plays crucial roles in mediating the host inflammatory response. In the present study, a BCL10 homologue was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (designed as CgBCL10). The full length cDNA of CgBCL10 was of 897 bp with an open reading frame of 522 bp encoding a polypeptide of 174 amino acids containing a classical CARD domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgBCL10 shared low similarity with the previously identified BCL10s from other species. In the phylogenetic tree, CgBCL10 was firstly clustered with CvBCL10 from Crassostrea virginica and then assigned into the branch of invertebrate BCL10s. The mRNA transcripts of CgBCL10 were highly expressed in gonad, gill, adductor muscle, and haemocytes. After Vibrio splendidus stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgBCL10 in haemocytes increased significantly (p < 0.01) at 24, 72 and 96 h. In CgBCL10-RNAi oysters, the phosphorylation level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear translocation of NF-κB/Rel and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in haemocytes were inhibited, and the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines including CgIL17-1, CgIL17-2, CgIL17-3, CgIL17-6 and CgTNF all decreased significantly (p < 0.01) at 12 h after V. splendidus stimulation. These results suggested that CgBCL10 regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines by activating MAPK kinase, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB/Rel and AP-1 to defense pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongsheng Yao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhicheng Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Ma X, Shao E, Chen W, Cotto-Rivera RO, Yang X, Kain W, Fei Z, Wang P. Bt Cry1Ac resistance in Trichoplusia ni is conferred by multi-gene mutations. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103678. [PMID: 34780898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The three-domain Cry toxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an important insecticidal toxin in Bt sprays and has been used in transgenic Bt-crops to confer insect resistance. The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, has developed resistance to Bt sprays in commercial greenhouses, and the resistance to Cry1Ac has been previously identified to be associated with altered expression of the APN1 and APN6 genes and be genetically linked to a locus on chromosome 15. In this study, the Cry1Ac resistance locus in T. ni was further finely mapped, and the specific Cry1Ac resistance-conferring mutation in the resistance locus was identified to be a 4 bp frameshift insertion in the ABCC2 gene by whole genome resequencing, midgut transcriptome analysis, candidate gene cDNA sequencing and mutation site genomic DNA sequencing. By CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, a series of ABCC2 and ABCC3 mutant T. ni strains were generated, and the role of ABCC2 in the toxicity of Cry1Ac in T. ni was confirmed. The results from this study also showed that knockout of ABCC2 in T. ni conferred resistance to Cry1Ac at a level lower than that in the greenhouse-derived resistant T. ni strain and that the Cry1Ac resistance-associated alteration of APN1 and APN6 expression was independent of ABCC2 gene mutations, indicating that the altered expression of APN1 and APN6 was controlled by another gene mutation in Cry1Ac resistant T. ni. Furthermore, T. ni larval bioassays showed that the level of Cry1Ac resistance in F1 families from reciprocal crosses of the Cry1Ac resistant strain with an ABCC2 knockout CRISPR strain was significantly higher than that in ABCC2 knockout strain, indicating the presence of additional Cry1Ac resistance-conferring mutation(s) in the Cry1Ac resistant strain. Therefore, the resistance to Cry1Ac in T. ni is conferred by a mutation in ABCC2 and an additional mutation (or mutations) which leads to altered expression of APN1 and APN6. The additional Cry1Ac resistance mutation or mutations remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Ensi Shao
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Wendy Kain
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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A Novel Reference for Bt-Resistance Mechanism in Plutella xylostella Based on Analysis of the Midgut Transcriptomes. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121091. [PMID: 34940179 PMCID: PMC8708430 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plutella xylostella is a very serious pest to cruciferous vegetables. At present, the control methods used are mainly traditional insecticides and the cultivation of Bt crops. However, with the long-term and large-scale use of insecticides, the diamondback moth has developed strong resistance to many kinds of insecticides and Bt crops. The Cry1S1000 strain of P. xylostella used here is a strain with more than 8000 times resistance to Bt Cry1Ac protoxin. In this paper, we used transcriptome sequencing to determine the midgut transcriptome of the G88-susceptible strain, Cry1S1000-resistant strain and its corresponding toxin-induced strains to find more genes related to Bt resistance. Our results will provide a reference for optimizing the control strategy of diamondback moth resistance and improving the control efficiency of biopesticides and Bt crops. Abstract The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a lepidopteran insect that mainly harms cruciferous vegetables, with strong resistance to a variety of agrochemicals, including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. This study intended to screen genes associated with Bt resistance in P. xylostella by comparing the midgut transcriptome of Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant strains together with two toxin-treated strains 24 h before sampling. A total of 12 samples were analyzed by BGISEQ-500, and each sample obtained an average of 6.35 Gb data. Additionally, 3284 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in susceptible and resistant strains. Among them, five DEGs for cadherin, 14 for aminopeptidase, zero for alkaline phosphatase, 14 for ATP binding cassette transport, and five heat shock proteins were potentially involved in resistance to Cry1Ac in P. xylostella. Furthermore, DEGs associated with “binding”, “catalytic activity”, “cellular process”, “metabolic process”, and “cellular anatomical entity” were more likely to be responsible for resistance to Bt toxin. Thus, together with other omics data, our results will offer prospective genes for the development of Bt resistance, thereby providing a brand new reference for revealing the resistance mechanism to Bt of P. xylostella.
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Zhu B, Li L, Wei R, Liang P, Gao X. Regulation of GSTu1-mediated insecticide resistance in Plutella xylostella by miRNA and lncRNA. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009888. [PMID: 34710088 PMCID: PMC8589219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of resistance to insecticides is well known to be closely associated with the overexpression of detoxifying enzymes. Although the role of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in insecticide resistance has been widely reported, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, one GST gene (GSTu1) and its antisense transcript (lnc-GSTu1-AS) were identified and cloned, and both of them were upregulated in several chlorantraniliprole-resistant Plutella xylostella populations. GSTu1 was confirmed to be involved in chlorantraniliprole resistance by direct degradation of this insecticide. Furthermore, we demonstrated that lnc-GSTu1-AS interacted with GSTu1 by forming an RNA duplex, which masked the binding site of miR-8525-5p at the GSTu1-3′UTR. In summary, we revealed that lnc-GSTu1-AS maintained the mRNA stability of GSTu1 by preventing its degradation that could have been induced by miR-8525-5p and thus increased the resistance of P. xylostella to chlorantraniliprole. Our findings reveal a new noncoding RNA-mediated pathway that regulates the expression of detoxifying enzymes in insecticide-resistant insects and offer opportunities for the further understanding of the mechanisms of insecticide and drug resistance. The development of insecticide resistance in insect pests is a worldwide concern and a major problem in agriculture. Understanding the genetics of insecticide resistance is critical for effective crop protection. Plutella. xylostella (L.), a major pest of cruciferous crops, has developed resistance to almost all kinds of insecticide, and has become one of the most resistant pests in the world. Overexpression of detoxification enzymes is closely associated with insecticide resistance, but researches on their regulatory mechanism are still very limited. Here, GSTu1 was identified to be upregulated in several chlorantraniliprole-resistant P. xylostella populations and was confirmed to be involved in chlorantraniliprole resistance by direct degradation of this insecticide. Further, lnc-GSTu1-AS transcribed from the opposite DNA strand to GSTu1 was identified to be able to enhance the mRNA stability of GSTu1 by blocking miRNA activity, and thus increased the resistance of P. xylostella to chlorantraniliprole. The results provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying metabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linhong Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Yang J, Xu X, Lin S, Chen S, Lin G, Song Q, Bai J, You M, Xie M. Profiling of MicroRNAs in Midguts of Plutella xylostella Provides Novel Insights Into the Bacillus thuringiensis Resistance. Front Genet 2021; 12:739849. [PMID: 34567090 PMCID: PMC8455949 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.739849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests worldwide, has developed field resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins. Although miRNAs have been reported to be involved in insect resistance to multiple insecticides, our understanding of their roles in mediating Bt resistance is limited. In this study, we constructed small RNA libraries from midguts of the Cry1Ac-resistant (Cry1S1000) strain and the Cry1Ac-susceptible strain (G88) using a high-throughput sequencing analysis. A total of 437 (76 known and 361 novel miRNAs) were identified, among which 178 miRNAs were classified into 91 miRNA families. Transcripts per million analysis revealed 12 differentially expressed miRNAs between the Cry1S1000 and G88 strains. Specifically, nine miRNAs were down-regulated and three up-regulated in the Cry1S1000 strain compared to the G88 strain. Next, we predicted the potential target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs and carried out GO and KEGG pathway analyses. We found that the cellular process, metabolism process, membrane and the catalytic activity were the most enriched GO terms and the Hippo, MAPK signaling pathway might be involved in Bt resistance of DBM. In addition, the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their target genes were determined by RT-qPCR, showing that partial miRNAs negatively while others positively correlate with their corresponding target genes. Subsequently, novel-miR-240, one of the differentially expressed miRNAs with inverse correlation with its target genes, was confirmed to interact with Px017590 and Px007885 using dual luciferase reporter assays. Our study highlights the characteristics of differentially expressed miRNAs in midguts of the Cry1S1000 and G88 strains, paving the way for further investigation of miRNA roles in mediating Bt resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sujie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shiyao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guifang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jianlin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Miao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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70
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Guo Z, Kang S, Wu Q, Wang S, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zhang Y. The regulation landscape of MAPK signaling cascade for thwarting Bacillus thuringiensis infection in an insect host. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009917. [PMID: 34495986 PMCID: PMC8452011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are central components of ecological networks where the MAPK signaling pathways act as central hubs of these complex interactions. We have previously shown that an insect hormone modulated MAPK signaling cascade participates as a general switch to trans-regulate differential expression of diverse midgut genes in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) to cope with the insecticidal action of Cry1Ac toxin, produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The relationship between topology and functions of this four-tiered phosphorylation signaling cascade, however, is an uncharted territory. Here, we carried out a genome-wide characterization of all the MAPK orthologs in P. xylostella to define their phylogenetic relationships and to confirm their evolutionary conserved modules. Results from quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses, combined with functional validations studies using specific inhibitors and dsRNAs lead us to establish a MAPK "road map", where p38 and ERK MAPK signaling pathways, in large part, mount a resistance response against Bt toxins through regulating the differential expression of multiple Cry toxin receptors and their non-receptor paralogs in P. xylostella midgut. These data not only advance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions in agricultural pests, but also inform the future development of biopesticides that could suppress Cry resistance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZG); (YZ)
| | - Shi Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZG); (YZ)
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71
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Wang J, Zheng X, Yuan J, Wang S, Xu B, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wu Q. Insecticide Resistance Monitoring of the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Populations in China. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1282-1290. [PMID: 33728433 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., is a worldwide crop pest that is difficult to control because of its ability to develop resistance to many insecticides. To provide a reference for resistance management of P. xylostella in China, the present study used a leaf-dip bioassay to monitor the resistance of P. xylostella to nine insecticides in eight regions of China. The results showed that P. xylostella had developed a high level of resistance to beta-cypermethrin (resistance ratio [RR] > 112), and moderate (RR < 40) to high levels of resistance to indoxacarb, abamectin, and chlorfluazuron. For chlorantraniliprole, RRs > 100 were found in Midu (Yunnan Province) and Jinghai (Tianjin). In most regions, the resistance to spinetoram and chlorfenapyr and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was low. No resistance was detected to diafenthiuron. Overall, P. xylostella resistance to insecticides was higher in Midu than in other regions. The data in this study should help guide the selection of insecticides for management of P. xylostella in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiangjiang Yuan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuaiyu Wang
- Beijing Plant Protection Station, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Baoyun Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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72
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MAPK-Activated Transcription Factor PxJun Suppresses PxABCB1 Expression and Confers Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin in Plutella xylostella (L.). Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0046621. [PMID: 33893113 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00466-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying insect resistance to Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is pivotal for the sustainable utilization of Bt biopesticides and transgenic Bt crops. Previously, we identified that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated reduced expression of the PxABCB1 gene is associated with Bt Cry1Ac resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). However, the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanism remains enigmatic. Here, the PxABCB1 promoter in Cry1Ac-susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant P. xylostella strains was cloned and analyzed and found to contain a putative Jun binding site (JBS). A dual-luciferase reporter assay and yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that the transcription factor PxJun repressed PxABCB1 expression by interacting with this JBS. The expression levels of PxJun were increased in the midguts of all resistant strains compared to the susceptible strain. Silencing of PxJun expression significantly elevated PxABCB1 expression and Cry1Ac susceptibility in the resistant NIL-R strain, and silencing of PxMAP4K4 expression decreased PxJun expression and also increased PxABCB1 expression. These results indicate that MAPK-activated PxJun suppresses PxABCB1 expression to confer Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella, deepening our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of midgut Cry receptor genes and the molecular basis of insect resistance to Bt Cry toxins. IMPORTANCE The transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying reduced expression of Bt toxin receptor genes in Bt-resistant insects remain elusive. This study unveils that a transcription factor PxJun activated by the MAPK signaling pathway represses PxABCB1 expression and confers Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella. Our results provide new insights into the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of midgut Cry receptor genes and deepen our understanding of the molecular basis of insect resistance to Bt Cry toxins. To our knowledge, this study identified the first transcription factor that can be involved in the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of midgut Cry receptor genes in Bt-resistant insects.
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73
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Qin J, Ye F, Xu L, Zhou X, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Guo Z. A cis-Acting Mutation in the PxABCG1 Promoter Is Associated with Cry1Ac Resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6106. [PMID: 34198929 PMCID: PMC8201282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of insect resistance to Cry toxins generated from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) urgently need to be elucidated to enable the improvement and sustainability of Bt-based products. Although downregulation of the expression of midgut receptor genes is a pivotal mechanism of insect resistance to Bt Cry toxins, the underlying transcriptional regulation of these genes remains elusive. Herein, we unraveled the regulatory mechanism of the downregulation of the ABC transporter gene PxABCG1 (also called Pxwhite), a functional midgut receptor of the Bt Cry1Ac toxin in Plutella xylostella. The PxABCG1 promoters of Cry1Ac-susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant strains were cloned and analyzed, and they showed clear differences in activity. Subsequently, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay, and RNA interference (RNAi) experiments demonstrated that a cis-mutation in a binding site of the Hox transcription factor Antennapedia (Antp) decreased the promoter activity of the resistant strain and eliminated the binding and regulation of Antp, thereby enhancing the resistance of P. xylostella to the Cry1Ac toxin. These results advance our knowledge of the roles of cis- and trans-regulatory variations in the regulation of midgut Cry receptor genes and the evolution of Bt resistance, contributing to a more complete understanding of the Bt resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Qin
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (J.Q.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (F.Y.); (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (F.Y.); (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Linzheng Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (F.Y.); (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA;
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK;
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (J.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (F.Y.); (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (F.Y.); (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
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74
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Liu N, Wang Y, Li T, Feng X. G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Signaling Pathways, Characterization, and Functions in Insect Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105260. [PMID: 34067660 PMCID: PMC8156084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to play central roles in the physiology of many organisms. Members of this seven α-helical transmembrane protein family transduce the extracellular signals and regulate intracellular second messengers through coupling to heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase, cAMPs, and protein kinases. As a result of the critical function of GPCRs in cell physiology and biochemistry, they not only play important roles in cell biology and the medicines used to treat a wide range of human diseases but also in insects’ physiological functions. Recent studies have revealed the expression and function of GPCRs in insecticide resistance, improving our understanding of the molecular complexes governing the development of insecticide resistance. This article focuses on the review of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways in insect physiology, including insects’ reproduction, growth and development, stress responses, feeding, behaviors, and other physiological processes. Hormones and polypeptides that are involved in insect GPCR regulatory pathways are reviewed. The review also gives a brief introduction of GPCR pathways in organisms in general. At the end of the review, it provides the recent studies on the function of GPCRs in the development of insecticide resistance, focusing in particular on our current knowledge of the expression and function of GPCRs and their downstream regulation pathways and their roles in insecticide resistance and the regulation of resistance P450 gene expression. The latest insights into the exciting technological advances and new techniques for gene expression and functional characterization of the GPCRs in insects are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.W.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-334-844-5076
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Xuechun Feng
- Department of Biology Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
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75
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Pang R, Xing K, Yuan L, Liang Z, Chen M, Yue X, Dong Y, Ling Y, He X, Li X, Zhang W. Peroxiredoxin alleviates the fitness costs of imidacloprid resistance in an insect pest of rice. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001190. [PMID: 33844686 PMCID: PMC8062100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical insecticides have been heavily employed as the most effective measure for control of agricultural and medical pests, but evolution of resistance by pests threatens the sustainability of this approach. Resistance-conferring mutations sometimes impose fitness costs, which may drive subsequent evolution of compensatory modifier mutations alleviating the costs of resistance. However, how modifier mutations evolve and function to overcome the fitness cost of resistance still remains unknown. Here we show that overexpression of P450s not only confers imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, the most voracious pest of rice, but also leads to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through metabolism of imidacloprid and host plant compounds. The inevitable production of ROS incurs a fitness cost to the pest, which drives the increase or fixation of the compensatory modifier allele T65549 within the promoter region of N. lugens peroxiredoxin (NlPrx) in the pest populations. T65549 allele in turn upregulates the expression of NlPrx and thus increases resistant individuals' ability to clear the cost-incurring ROS of any source. The frequent involvement of P450s in insecticide resistance and their capacity to produce ROS while metabolizing their substrates suggest that peroxiredoxin or other ROS-scavenging genes may be among the common modifier genes for alleviating the fitness cost of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangzhao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Ling
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
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76
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Wei J, Yang S, Zhou S, Liu S, Cao P, Liu X, Du M, An S. Suppressing calcineurin activity increases the toxicity of Cry2Ab to Helicoverpa armigera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2142-2150. [PMID: 33336541 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive planting of transgenetic Bacillus thuringiensis crops has driven the evolution of pest resistance to Cry1Ac. Adjustment of cropping structures has promoted further outbreak of Helicoverpa armigera in China. To control this pest, a combination of pyramiding RNA interference (RNAi) and Cry2Ab is considered a promising strategy for countering cross-resistance and enhancing the toxicity of Cry2Ab to cotton bollworm. We explored the possibility of using calcineurin (CAN) as a target RNAi gene, because it is involved in cotton bollworm responses to the toxicity of Cry2Ab. RESULTS Cry2Ab treatment led to a significant increase in HaCAN mRNA level and HaCAN activity. Suppression of HaCAN activity due to RNAi-mediated knockdown of HaCAN increased the susceptibility of midgut cells to Cry2Ab. The increase in HaCAN activity shown by heterologous expression of HaCAN reduced the cytotoxicity of Cry2Ab to Sf9 cells. Moreover, ingestion of HaCAN-specific inhibitor FK506 increased the toxicity of Cry2Ab in larvae. Interestingly, HaCAN does not function as a Cry2Ab direct binding protein that participates in Cry2Ab toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The results in this study provide evidence that suppression of HaCAN not only affected the development of the cotton bollworm, but also enhanced the toxicity of Cry2Ab to the pest. HaCAN is therefore an important candidate gene in cotton bollworm that can be targeted for pest control when the pest infests RNAi+Cry2Ab crops. Meanwhile, the mechanism of action of HaCAN in Cry2Ab toxicity suggested that protein dephosphorylation was involved. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaokai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pei Cao
- Kaifeng Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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77
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Wei J, Yao X, Yang S, Liu S, Zhou S, Cen J, Liu X, Du M, Tang Q, An S. Suppression of Calcineurin Enhances the Toxicity of Cry1Ac to Helicoverpa armigera. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634619. [PMID: 33643268 PMCID: PMC7904703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins has rapidly evolved with the expansion of the planting area of transgenic Bt crops. Pyramiding RNA interference (RNAi) and Bt in crops is urgently needed to counter the rapid increase in pest resistance. The ideal “pyramid” strategy simultaneously targets different action pathways that exert synergetic effects on each other. Here, we identified a dephosphatase, namely, Helicoverpa armigera calcineurin (HaCAN), which might enhance the insecticidal activity of Cry1Ac against Helicoverpa armigera by regulating immune gene expression via dephosphatase activity, but not by acting as a receptor. Notably, blocking enzyme activity or knocking down endogenous HaCAN significantly promoted the enhancement in Cry1Ac toxicity to insect larvae and cells. Correspondingly, the increase in HaCAN activity reduced the cytotoxicity of Cry1Ac as shown by the heterologous expression of HaCAN. Our results provide a probable that HaCAN is an important candidate gene for pyramiding RNAi and Cry1Ac crops to control cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaokai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjuan Cen
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Qixian, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengfang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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78
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Pinos D, Andrés-Garrido A, Ferré J, Hernández-Martínez P. Response Mechanisms of Invertebrates to Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Pesticidal Proteins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e00007-20. [PMID: 33504654 PMCID: PMC8549848 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive use of chemical insecticides adversely affects both environment and human health. One of the most popular biological pest control alternatives is bioinsecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis This entomopathogenic bacterium produces different protein types which are toxic to several insect, mite, and nematode species. Currently, insecticidal proteins belonging to the Cry and Vip3 groups are widely used to control insect pests both in formulated sprays and in transgenic crops. However, the benefits of B. thuringiensis-based products are threatened by insect resistance evolution. Numerous studies have highlighted that mutations in genes coding for surrogate receptors are responsible for conferring resistance to B. thuringiensis Nevertheless, other mechanisms may also contribute to the reduction of the effectiveness of B. thuringiensis-based products for managing insect pests and even to the acquisition of resistance. Here, we review the relevant literature reporting how invertebrates (mainly insects and Caenorhabditis elegans) respond to exposure to B. thuringiensis as either whole bacteria, spores, and/or its pesticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ascensión Andrés-Garrido
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Ferré
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Patricia Hernández-Martínez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Kong H, Liu Z, Yang P, Yuan L, Jing W, Dong C, Zheng M, Tian Z, Hou Q, Zhu S. Effects of Larval Density on Plutella xylostella Resistance to Granulosis Virus. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120857. [PMID: 33276568 PMCID: PMC7761614 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Generally, the transmission of pathogens is positively density-dependent; therefore, the risk of insects becoming infected by diseases increases with increasing population density. It has been reported that some phase-polyphenic insects from high-density conditions are more resistant (or susceptible or identical) to pathogens than those from low-density conditions. This phenomenon is termed “density-dependent prophylaxis” (DDP). The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, one of the most destructive insect pests affecting cruciferous crops, is non phase-polyphenic. Biological control, especially by pathogens, plays an important role in the integrated pest management program of DBM. However, whether the P. xylostella larval population exhibits DDP has not been elucidated. The resistance of DBM larvae to P. xylostella granulosis virus (Plxy GV) and their immune response to the virus under different density treatments were investigated under laboratory conditions. Our results demonstrated that P. xylostella larvae exhibited DDP within a certain limited density. This study may help to elucidate the biocontrol effect of different density populations of P. xylostella by granulosis virus and guide improvements in future management strategy. Abstract It has been reported that some phase-polyphenic insects from high-density conditions are more resistant to pathogens than those from low-density conditions. This phenomenon is termed “density-dependent prophylaxis” (DDP). However, whether non phase-polyphenic insects exhibit DDP has rarely been elucidated. The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, one of the most destructive insect pests affecting cruciferous crops, is non phase-polyphenic. In this study, the resistance of DBM larvae to P. xylostella granulosis virus (Plxy GV) and their immune response to the virus when reared at densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 larvae per Petri dish were investigated under laboratory conditions. Compared with larvae reared at lower densities, larvae reared at moderate density showed a significantly higher survival rate, but the survival rate significantly decreased with further increases in rearing density. Furthermore, the phenoloxidase, lysozyme and antibacterial activity and total hemocyte count in the hemolymph of the larvae, regardless of whether they were challenged with the virus, from different larval densities corresponded to the observed differences in resistance to Plxy GV. These results demonstrated that P. xylostella larvae exhibited DDP within a certain limited density. This study may help to elucidate the biocontrol effect of different density populations of P. xylostella by granulosis virus and guide improvements in future management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Kong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-514-8797-8110
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Pingjun Yang
- Suzhou Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Station, Stadium Road, NO. 4, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wanghui Jing
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chuanlei Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Minyuan Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zhen Tian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qiuli Hou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shude Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (L.Y.); (W.J.); (C.D.); (M.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.H.); (S.Z.)
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Feng K, Lu X, Luo J, Tang F. SMRT sequencing of the full-length transcriptome of Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) under Serratia marcescens treatment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15909. [PMID: 32985611 PMCID: PMC7522981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) is an important pest in the world. Serratia marcescens have a high lethal effect on O. formosanus, but the specific insecticidal mechanisms of S. marcescens on O. formosanus are unclear, and the immune responses of O. formosanus to S. marcescens have not been clarified. At present, genetic database resources of O. formosanus are extremely scarce. Therefore, using O. formosanus workers infected by S. marcescens and the control as experimental materials, a full-length transcriptome was sequenced using the PacBio Sequel sequencing platform. A total of 10,364 isoforms were obtained as the final transcriptome. The unigenes were further annotated with the Nr, Swiss-Prot, EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG), Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Ortholog public databases. In a comparison between the control group and a Serratia marcescens-infected group, a total of 259 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 132 upregulated and 127 downregulated genes. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, oxidative stress genes and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in O. formosanus may be associated with S. marcescens treatment. This research intensively studied O. formosanus at the high-throughput full-length transcriptome level, laying a foundation for further development of molecular markers and mining of target genes in this species and thereby promoting the biological control of O. formosanus. Furthermore, these results will be helpful to clarify the action mechanisms of S. marcescens on O. formosanus, and also explore the relationship between O. formosanus and S. marcescens. In addition, this study will identify the immune response of O. formosanus to S. marcescens, which will provide a theoretical foundation for the development of new immunosuppressants for O. formosanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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