51
|
Fink S, Ruoff F, Stahl A, Becker M, Kaiser P, Traenkle B, Junker D, Weise F, Ruetalo N, Hörber S, Peter A, Nelde A, Walz J, Krause G, Baillot A, Schenke-Layland K, Joos TO, Rothbauer U, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Schindler M, Templin MF. Multiplexed Serum Antibody Screening Platform Using Virus Extracts from Endemic Coronaviridae and SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1596-1606. [PMID: 33724771 PMCID: PMC8101008 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibodies against endemic coronaviruses has been linked to disease severity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Assays capable of concomitantly detecting antibodies against endemic coronaviridae such as OC43, 229E, NL63, and SARS-CoV-2 may help to elucidate this question. We developed a serum screening platform using a bead-based Western blot system called DigiWest, capable of running hundreds of assays using microgram amounts of protein prepared directly from different viruses. Characterization of the immunoassay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies revealed a sensitivity of 90.3% and a diagnostic specificity of 98.1%. Concordance analysis with the SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays available by Roche, Siemens, and Euroimmun indicates comparable assay performances (Cohen's κ ranging from 0.8874 to 0.9508). Analogous assays for OC43, 229E, and NL63 were established and combined into one multiplex with the SARS-CoV-2 assay. Seroreactivity for different coronaviruses was detected with high incidence, and the multiplex assay was adapted for serum screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fink
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Felix Ruoff
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Aaron Stahl
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Matthias Becker
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Philipp Kaiser
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076
Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Junker
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Frank Weise
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and
Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Sebastian Hörber
- Central Laboratory, Institute for
Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University
Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076,
Germany
- Institute for Diabetes
Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich
at the University of Tübingen, 72076
Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes
Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764,
Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Central Laboratory, Institute for
Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University
Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076,
Germany
- Institute for Diabetes
Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich
at the University of Tübingen, 72076
Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes
Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg 85764,
Germany
| | - Annika Nelde
- Clinical Collaboration Unit
Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department
of Internal Medicine, University Hospital
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute
for Cell Biology, University of
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180)
“Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor
Therapies”, University of
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Juliane Walz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit
Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department
of Internal Medicine, University Hospital
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute
for Cell Biology, University of
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180)
“Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor
Therapies”, University of
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology,
Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology,
Helmholtz Centre for Infection
Research, 38124 Braunschweig,
Germany
- TWINCORE GmbH, Centre
for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint
venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre
for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover,
Germany
| | - Armin Baillot
- Department of Virology/Serology,
Niedersächsisches
Landesgesundheitsamt, 30449 Hannover,
Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180)
“Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor
Therapies”, University of
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
- Department of Women’s Health,
Research Institute for Women’s Health,
Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076
Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology,
Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School
of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
90095, United States
| | - Thomas O. Joos
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076
Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and
Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital
Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen,
Germany
| | - Markus F. Templin
- NMI Natural and Medical
Sciences Institute at the University of
Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Cimolai N. Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients. Clin Hematol Int 2021; 3:47-68. [PMID: 34595467 PMCID: PMC8432400 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.210328.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy. What might initially be conceived as a simplified donor-recipient process, the intricacies of donor plasma, IV immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibody modality applications are becoming more apparent. Key targets of such treatment have largely focused on virus neutralization and the specific viral components of the attachment Spike protein and its constituents (e.g., receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain). The cumulative laboratory and clinical experience suggests that beneficial protective and treatment outcomes are possible. Both a dose- and a time-dependency emerge. Lesser understood are the concepts of bioavailability and distribution. Apart from direct antigen binding from protective immunoglobulins, antibody effector functions have potential roles in outcome. In attempting to mimic the natural but variable response to infection or vaccination, a strong functional polyclonal approach attracts the potential benefits of attacking antigen diversity, high antibody avidity, antibody persistence, and protection against escape viral mutation. The availability and ease of administration for any passive immunotherapy product must be considered in the current climate of need. There is never a perfect product, but yet there is considerable room for improving patient outcomes. Given the variability of human genetics, immunity, and disease, and given the nuances of the virus and its potential for change, passive immunotherapy can be developed that will be effective for some but not all patients. An understanding of such patient variability and limitations is just as important as the understanding of the direct interactions between immunotherapy and virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Becker M, Dulovic A, Junker D, Ruetalo N, Kaiser PD, Pinilla YT, Heinzel C, Haering J, Traenkle B, Wagner TR, Layer M, Mehrlaender M, Mirakaj V, Held J, Planatscher H, Schenke-Layland K, Krause G, Strengert M, Bakchoul T, Althaus K, Fendel R, Kreidenweiss A, Koeppen M, Rothbauer U, Schindler M, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vaccinated individuals. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3109. [PMID: 34035301 PMCID: PMC8149389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is evolving with mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) being of particular concern. It is important to know how much cross-protection is offered between strains following vaccination or infection. Here, we obtain serum and saliva samples from groups of vaccinated (Pfizer BNT-162b2), infected and uninfected individuals and characterize the antibody response to RBD mutant strains. Vaccinated individuals have a robust humoral response after the second dose and have high IgG antibody titers in the saliva. Antibody responses however show considerable differences in binding to RBD mutants of emerging variants of concern and substantial reduction in RBD binding and neutralization is observed against a patient-isolated South African variant. Taken together our data reinforce the importance of the second dose of Pfizer BNT-162b2 to acquire high levels of neutralizing antibodies and high antibody titers in saliva suggest that vaccinated individuals may have reduced transmission potential. Substantially reduced neutralization for the South African variant further highlights the importance of surveillance strategies to detect new variants and targeting these in future vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Becker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Junker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp D Kaiser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Yudi T Pinilla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Heinzel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Haering
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Teresa R Wagner
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirjam Layer
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Mehrlaender
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valbona Mirakaj
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gérard Krause
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- TWINCORE GmbH, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Strengert
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- TWINCORE GmbH, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karina Althaus
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Koeppen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wagner TR, Ostertag E, Kaiser PD, Gramlich M, Ruetalo N, Junker D, Haering J, Traenkle B, Becker M, Dulovic A, Schweizer H, Nueske S, Scholz A, Zeck A, Schenke‐Layland K, Nelde A, Strengert M, Walz JS, Zocher G, Stehle T, Schindler M, Schneiderhan‐Marra N, Rothbauer U. NeutrobodyPlex-monitoring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing immune responses using nanobodies. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52325. [PMID: 33904225 PMCID: PMC8097376 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202052325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an ongoing need for diagnostic tools to monitor the immune status of large patient cohorts and the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Here, we present 11 unique nanobodies (Nbs) specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), of which 8 Nbs potently inhibit the interaction of RBD with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the major viral docking site. Following detailed epitope mapping and structural analysis, we select two inhibitory Nbs, one of which binds an epitope inside and one of which binds an epitope outside the RBD:ACE2 interface. Based on these, we generate a biparatopic nanobody (bipNb) with viral neutralization efficacy in the picomolar range. Using bipNb as a surrogate, we establish a competitive multiplex binding assay ("NeutrobodyPlex") for detailed analysis of the presence and performance of neutralizing RBD-binding antibodies in serum of convalescent or vaccinated patients. We demonstrate that NeutrobodyPlex enables high-throughput screening and detailed analysis of neutralizing immune responses in infected or vaccinated individuals, to monitor immune status or to guide vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Wagner
- Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Elena Ostertag
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Philipp D Kaiser
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Marius Gramlich
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral DiseasesUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | - Daniel Junker
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Julia Haering
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Matthias Becker
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Helen Schweizer
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
| | - Stefan Nueske
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
| | - Armin Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLudwig Maximilians UniversityOberschleissheimGermany
| | - Anne Zeck
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Katja Schenke‐Layland
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Department of Women’s HealthResearch Institute for Women’s HealthEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Department of Medicine/CardiologyCardiovascular Research LaboratoriesDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Annika Nelde
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational ImmunologyGerman Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
- Institute for Cell BiologyDepartment of ImmunologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Monika Strengert
- Department of EpidemiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
- TWINCORE GmbHCentre for Experimental and Clinical Infection ResearchA Joint venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchHannoverGermany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational ImmunologyGerman Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
- Institute for Cell BiologyDepartment of ImmunologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer‐Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Robert Bosch Center for Tumor DiseaseRBCTStuttgartGermany
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of BiochemistryEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Vanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral DiseasesUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | | | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyEberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
- Natural and Medical Sciences InstituteUniversity of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image‐Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”Eberhard Karls UniversityTuebingenGermany
| |
Collapse
|