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Choi GE, Han HJ. Glucocorticoid impairs mitochondrial quality control in neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105301. [PMID: 33609641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to high energy demand and an inability to proliferate. Therefore, dysfunctional mitochondria cause various neuropathologies. Mitochondrial damage induces maintenance pathways to repair or eliminate damaged organelles. This mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system maintains appropriate morphology, localization, and removal/replacement of mitochondria to sustain brain homeostasis and counter progression of neurological disorders. Glucocorticoid release is an essential response to stressors for adaptation; however, it often culminates in maladaptation if neurons are exposed to chronic and severe stress. Long-term exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids induces mitochondrial dysfunction via genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Glucocorticoids induce abnormal mitochondrial morphology and dysregulate fusion and fission. Moreover, mitochondrial trafficking is arrested by glucocorticoids and dysfunctional mitochondria are subsequently accumulated around the soma. These alterations lead to energy deficiency, particularly for synaptic transmission that requires large amounts of energy. Glucocorticoids also impair mitochondrial clearance by preventing mitophagy of damaged organelle and suppress mitochondrial biogenesis, resulting in the reduced number of healthy mitochondria. Failure to maintain MQC degrades brain function and contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, mechanisms of glucocorticoid action on the regulation of MQC during chronic stress conditions are not well understood. The present review discusses pathways involved in the impairment of MQC and the clinical significance of high glucocorticoid blood levels for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Euhn Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Mak E, Holland N, Jones PS, Savulich G, Low A, Malpetti M, Kaalund SS, Passamonti L, Rittman T, Romero-Garcia R, Manavaki R, Williams GB, Hong YT, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, O'Brien JT, Rowe JB. In vivo coupling of dendritic complexity with presynaptic density in primary tauopathies. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:187-198. [PMID: 33631470 PMCID: PMC8209289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular underpinnings of neurodegeneration remains a challenge; loss of synapses and dendritic arborization are characteristic and can be quantified in vivo, with [11C]UCB-J PET and MRI-based Orientation Dispersion Imaging (ODI), respectively. We aimed to assess how both measures are correlated, in 4R-tauopathies of progressive supranuclear palsy - Richardson's Syndrome (PSP-RS; n = 22) and amyloid-negative (determined by [11C]PiB PET) Corticobasal Syndrome (Cortiobasal degeneration, CBD; n =14), as neurodegenerative disease models, in this proof-of-concept study. Compared to controls (n = 27), PSP-RS and CBD patients had widespread reductions in cortical ODI, and [11C]UCB-J non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) in excess of atrophy. In PSP-RS and CBD separately, regional cortical ODI was significantly associated with [11C]UCB-J BPND in disease-associated regions (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). Our findings indicate that reductions in synaptic density and dendritic complexity in PSP-RS and CBD are more severe and extensive than atrophy. Furthermore, both measures are tightly coupled in vivo, furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration, and applicable to studies of early neurodegeneration with a safe and widely available MRI platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Negin Holland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - P Simon Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Audrey Low
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanne S Kaalund
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rafael Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roido Manavaki
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy B Williams
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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53
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Minakaki G, Krainc D, Burbulla LF. The Convergence of Alpha-Synuclein, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Pathways in Vulnerability of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580634. [PMID: 33381501 PMCID: PMC7767856 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and gait impairment, as well as a spectrum of non-motor symptoms including autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. The cardinal motor symptoms of PD stem from the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, and it remains unclear why SN DAergic neurons are preferentially lost in PD. However, recent identification of several genetic PD forms suggests that mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions play important roles in the degeneration of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In this review, we discuss the interplay of cell-autonomous mechanisms linked to DAergic neuron vulnerability and alpha-synuclein homeostasis. Emerging studies highlight a deleterious feedback cycle, with oxidative stress, altered DA metabolism, dysfunctional lysosomes, and pathological alpha-synuclein species representing key events in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the interactions of alpha-synuclein with toxic DA metabolites, as well as the biochemical links between intracellular iron, calcium, and alpha-synuclein accumulation. We suggest that targeting multiple pathways, rather than individual processes, will be important for developing disease-modifying therapies. In this context, we focus on current translational efforts specifically targeting lysosomal function, as well as oxidative stress via calcium and iron modulation. These efforts could have therapeutic benefits for the broader population of sporadic PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Bury AG, Vincent AE, Turnbull DM, Actis P, Hudson G. Mitochondrial isolation: when size matters. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:226. [PMID: 33718619 PMCID: PMC7931255 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16300.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial vitality is critical to cellular function, with mitochondrial dysfunction linked to a growing number of human diseases. Tissue and cellular heterogeneity, in terms of genetics, dynamics and function means that increasingly mitochondrial research is conducted at the single cell level. Whilst there are several technologies that are currently available for single-cell analysis, each with their advantages, they cannot be easily adapted to study mitochondria with subcellular resolution. Here we review the current techniques and strategies for mitochondrial isolation, critically discussing each technology's limitations for future mitochondrial research. Finally, we highlight and discuss the recent breakthroughs in sub-cellular isolation techniques, with a particular focus on nanotechnologies that enable the isolation of mitochondria from subcellular compartments. This allows isolation of mitochondria with unprecedented spatial precision with minimal disruption to mitochondria and their immediate cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Bury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Pollard Institute, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paolo Actis
- Pollard Institute, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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55
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Wang Q, Ge X, Zhang J, Chen L. Effect of lncRNA WT1-AS regulating WT1 on oxidative stress injury and apoptosis of neurons in Alzheimer's disease via inhibition of the miR-375/SIX4 axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:23974-23995. [PMID: 33234729 PMCID: PMC7762490 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To study the effect of lncRNA WT1-AS on oxidative stress injury (OSI) and apoptosis of neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its specific mechanisms related to the microRNA-375 (miR-375)/SIX4 axis and WT1 expression. Results: After bioinformatic prediction, WT1-AS was found to be downregulated in Aβ25-35treated SH-SY5Y cells, and WT1-AS overexpression inhibited WT1 expression. WT1 could target miR-375 to promote its expression. miR-375 bound to SIX4, and miR-375 overexpression inhibited SIX4 expression. WT1-AS inhibited OSI and apoptosis, while WT1 and miR-375 overexpression or SIX4 silencing reversed the WT1-AS effect on OSI and apoptosis. In vivo experiments revealed that WT1-AS improved learning/memory abilities and inhibited OSI and apoptosis in AD mice. Conclusion: Overexpression of WT1-AS can inhibit the miR-375/SIX4 axis, OSI and neuronal apoptosis in AD by inhibiting WT1 expression. Methods: Related lncRNAs were identified, and miR-375 downstream targets were predicted. WT1-AS, WT1, miR-375 and SIX4 expression was detected in a cell model induced by Aβ25-35. The binding of WT1 with miR-375 and that of miR-375 with SIX4 were further confirmed. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, and apoptosis levels were tested after mitochondrial membrane potential observation. Learning/memory abilities and neuronal apoptosis were tested in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanbao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Ge
- Department of Neurology, Linyi Mental Health Center, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
| | - Licheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi 276000, P.R. China
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Malar DS, Prasanth MI, Brimson JM, Sharika R, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T. Neuroprotective Properties of Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis) in Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3926. [PMID: 32867388 PMCID: PMC7504552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a collective term given for the clinical condition, which results in progressive degeneration of neurons and the loss of functions associated with the affected brain region. Apart from the increase in age, neurodegenerative diseases are also partly affected by diet and lifestyle practices. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slow onset neurodegenerative disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which affects the motor system. Although there is no prescribed treatment method to prevent and cure PD, clinical procedures help manage the disease symptoms. Green tea polyphenols are known for several health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activity. The current manuscript summarizes the possible mechanisms of neuroprotective potential of green tea with a special focus on PD. Studies have suggested that the consumption of green tea protects against free-radicals, inflammation, and neuro-damages. Several in vivo studies aid in understanding the overall mechanism of green tea. However, the same dose may not be sufficient in humans to elicit similar effects due to complex physiological, social, and cultural development. Future research focused on more clinical trials could identify an optimum dose that could impart maximum health benefits to impart neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
| | - James Michael Brimson
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Rajasekharan Sharika
- 309, Vrinda, 10th Cross, Railway Layout, Vijayanagar 2nd Stage, Mysuru, Karnataka 570016, India;
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (B.S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (B.S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (D.S.M.); (M.I.P.); (J.M.B.)
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57
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Li D, Mastaglia FL, Fletcher S, Wilton SD. Progress in the molecular pathogenesis and nucleic acid therapeutics for Parkinson's disease in the precision medicine era. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2650-2681. [PMID: 32767426 PMCID: PMC7589267 DOI: 10.1002/med.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders that manifest various motor and nonmotor symptoms. Although currently available therapies can alleviate some of the symptoms, the disease continues to progress, leading eventually to severe motor and cognitive decline and reduced life expectancy. The past two decades have witnessed rapid progress in our understanding of the molecular and genetic pathogenesis of the disease, paving the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches to arrest or delay the neurodegenerative process. As a result of these advances, biomarker‐driven subtyping is making it possible to stratify PD patients into more homogeneous subgroups that may better respond to potential genetic‐molecular pathway targeted disease‐modifying therapies. Therapeutic nucleic acid oligomers can bind to target gene sequences with very high specificity in a base‐pairing manner and precisely modulate downstream molecular events. Recently, nucleic acid therapeutics have proven effective in the treatment of a number of severe neurological and neuromuscular disorders, drawing increasing attention to the possibility of developing novel molecular therapies for PD. In this review, we update the molecular pathogenesis of PD and discuss progress in the use of antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs, aptamers, and microRNA‐based therapeutics to target critical elements in the pathogenesis of PD that could have the potential to modify disease progression. In addition, recent advances in the delivery of nucleic acid compounds across the blood–brain barrier and challenges facing PD clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunhui Li
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Leichner J, Lin WC. Advances in imaging and analysis of 4 fluorescent components through the rat cortical column. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 341:108792. [PMID: 32446942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunofluorescent staining coupled with axial optical sectioning allows for assessment of native three-dimensional structure of brain tissue. Typical challenges of analyzing network structure include limitations driven by magnification/field of view, spatial resolution, tissue thickness, staining quality of dense cell types, data quantifiability and the quantity of simultaneous staining targets. NEW METHOD This manuscript demonstrates many methodological advancements. Software-aided alignment of the cortical slice and stereotaxic atlas maximizes ROI-identification accuracy. Tissue compression during antigen retrieval enhances epitope availability without damaging tissue. A thorough factorial experiment focusing on Smi-311 staining highlights the enhancements in image quality from our extended staining protocol. Mosaic scanning techniques and subsequent four-channel alignment ensures high data quality. RESULTS Cortical column datasets [800μm x 3000μm x 70μm] utilizing sequential optical sectioning were successfully generated from three rats. Each rat provided three coronal sections in each of two regions, M1 and S1BF, from which data cubes were generated per hemisphere, totaling 36 high-magnification four-color datasets. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Typical confocal assessments of brain tissue do not utilize such thick tissue slices nor collect entire cortical columns from the cortical surface to the grey/white interface at a resolution that can map fine filamentous processes. The simultaneous collection of our four specific structural markers - neuronal, astrocytic, vascular and nuclear - is novel and the quantitative optimization of staining protocols through a factorial design rare. CONCLUSIONS Building upon this preliminary success in protocol development, future work will encompass volumetric modeling and quantitative analysis of regional network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Leichner
- Biomedical Engineering Creative Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Wei-Chiang Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Creative Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA.
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Peng C, Kwapong WR, Xu S, Muse FM, Yan J, Qu M, Cao Y, Miao H, Zhen Z, Wu B, Han Z. Structural and Microvascular Changes in the Macular Are Associated With Severity of White Matter Lesions. Front Neurol 2020; 11:521. [PMID: 32714262 PMCID: PMC7344221 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the microvascular and structural changes in the macular that occur in white matter hyperintensities (WMH) using optical coherence tomographic angiography. We also aimed to explore the association between macular microvascular and structural changes with focal markers of brain tissue on MRI in WMH using the Fazekas scale. Methods: This study enrolled healthy participants who were stroke- and dementia-free. MRI was used to image the cerebral white matter lesions, and Fazekas scale was used to evaluate the severity of the white matter lesions. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) was used to image the radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs), macular capillary plexuses [superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP)] and thickness around the optic nerve head, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). Results: Seventy-four participants were enrolled and divided into two groups according to their Fazekas score (Fazekas scores ≤ 1 and ≥2). Participants with Fazekas score ≥2 showed significantly reduced RPC density (P = 0.02) and DCP density (P = 0.012) when compared with participants with Fazekas score ≤ 1. Participants with Fazekas score ≥2 showed reduced pRNFL (P = 0.004) when compared to participants with Fazekas score ≤ 1. Fazekas scores were significantly associated with the pRNFL thickness (Rho = −0.389, P = 0.001), RPC density (Rho = −0.248, P = 0.035), and DCP density (Rho = −0.283, P = 0.015), respectively. Conclusions: Microvascular impairment and neuro-axonal damage are associated with the disease cascade in WMH. We have shown that RPC and DCP densities are significantly affected, and these impairments are associated with the severity of the disease and cognitive function. OCT-A could be a useful tool in quantifying the retinal capillary densities in WMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlei Peng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Shasha Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Farah Mohamed Muse
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jueyan Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Man Qu
- Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou University Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yungang Cao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanpei Miao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Wu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhao Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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60
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Mao Q, Wang X, Chen B, Fan L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Lin X, Cao Y, Wu YC, Ji J, Xu J, Zheng J, Zhang H, Zheng C, Chen W, Cheng W, Luo X, Wang K, Zuo L, Kang L, Li CSR, Luo X. KTN1 Variants Underlying Putamen Gray Matter Volumes and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:651. [PMID: 32655362 PMCID: PMC7324786 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selective loss of dopaminergic neurons and diminished putamen gray matter volume (GMV) represents a central feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent studies have reported specific effects of kinectin 1 gene (KTN1) variants on the putamen GMV. Objective To examine the relationship of KTN1 variants, KTN1 mRNA expression in the putamen and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), putamen GMV, and PD. Methods We examined the associations between PD and a total of 1847 imputed KTN1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in one discovery sample [2,000 subjects with PD vs. 1,986 healthy controls (HC)], and confirmed the nominally significant associations (p < 0.05) in two replication samples (900 PD vs. 867 HC, and 940 PD vs. 801 HC, respectively). The regulatory effects of risk variants on the KTN1 mRNA expression in putamen and SNc and the putamen GMV were tested. We also quantified the expression levels of KTN1 mRNA in the putamen and/or SNc for comparison between PD and HC in five independent cohorts. Results Six replicable and two non-replicable KTN1-PD associations were identified (0.009 ≤ p ≤ 0.049). The major alleles of five SNPs, including rs12880292, rs8017172, rs17253792, rs945270, and rs4144657, significantly increased risk for PD (0.020 ≤ p ≤ 0.049) and putamen GMVs (19.08 ≤ β ≤ 60.38; 2.82 ≤ Z ≤ 15.03; 5.0 × 10–51 ≤ p ≤ 0.018). The risk alleles of five SNPs, including rs8017172, rs17253792, rs945270, rs4144657, and rs1188184 also significantly increased the KTN1 mRNA expression in the putamen or SNc (0.021 ≤ p ≤ 0.046). The KTN1 mRNA was abundant in the putamen and/or SNc across five independent cohorts and differentially expressed in the SNc between PD and HC in one cohort (p = 0.047). Conclusion There was a consistent, significant, replicable, and robust positive relationship among the KTN1 variants, PD risk, KTN1 mRNA expression in putamen, and putamen volumes, and a modest relation between PD risk and KTN1 mRNA expression in SNc, suggesting that KTN1 may play a functional role in the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Mao
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, People's Hospital of Deyang, Deyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Longhua Fan
- Qingpu Branch, Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Radiobiology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuping Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawu Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Fuzhou Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianying Xu
- Zhuhai Municipal Maternal and Children's Health Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihao Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Wenzhong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingqun Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kesheng Wang
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Lingjun Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Longli Kang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, Xizang Minzu University School of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Biological Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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61
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Abdelwahab S, Elsebay SAG, Fouli Gaber M, Abdel-Hafez SMN. Comparative study between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell and their conditioned medium in the treatment of rat model of Parkinsonism. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:440-457. [PMID: 32557610 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is one of the most common aging neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to compare the therapeutic effect of stem cell versus its conditioned medium in the Parkinsonism model. Parkinsonism was induced by daily subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg/kg of rotenone dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide for 28 days. Fifty rats were divided randomly into five groups: control, dimethyl sulfoxide, Parkinsonism, stem cell-treated, and conditioned medium-treated groups. Midbrain specimens were obtained for histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical studies. Lewy bodies were observed in the Parkinsonism group in the dopaminergic neuron and neuropil as well. Almost all of the pathological changes were clearly ameliorated in both stem cell- and conditioned medium-treated groups as confirmed by biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical (anti-nestin, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, and anti-α synuclein) studies. However, the conditioned medium showed more superior therapeutic effect establishing nearly the normal histological architecture of substantia nigra. These results may pave the future for using stem cell-conditioned medium as a more convenient and effective adjuvant therapy in Parkinsonism and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Abdelwahab
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Gawad Elsebay
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar Fouli Gaber
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Costa G, Sisalli MJ, Simola N, Della Notte S, Casu MA, Serra M, Pinna A, Feliciello A, Annunziato L, Scorziello A, Morelli M. Gender Differences in Neurodegeneration, Neuroinflammation and Na +-Ca 2+ Exchangers in the Female A53T Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:118. [PMID: 32477098 PMCID: PMC7232579 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve-month-old male mice expressing the human A53T variant of α-synuclein (A53T) develop dopamine neuron degeneration, neuroinflammation, and motor deficits, along with dysfunctions of the mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) isoforms 1 (NCX1) and 3 (NCX3) in the nigrostriatal system. Since gender is thought to play a role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), we characterized neurochemical and behavioral alterations in 12-month-old female A53T transgenic mice. We investigated the presence of dopaminergic degeneration, astrogliosis and microgliosis using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1) in both the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and striatum. In the same regions, we also evaluated the co-localization of NCX1 in cells positive for IBA-1 and the co-localization of NCX3 in TH-positive neurons and fibers. Furthermore, in both male and female mice, we performed motor (beam walking and pole tests) and memory [novel object recognition (NOR) and spontaneous alternation] tasks, together with tests to evaluate peripheral deficits (olfactory and stool collection tests). Female A53T transgenic mice displayed degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, but neither microgliosis nor astrogliosis in the SNc and striatum. Moreover, female A53T transgenic mice displayed co-localization between NCX1 and IBA-1 positive cells in the striatum but not SNc, whereas NCX3 did not co-localize with either TH-positive terminals or neuronal bodies in the nigrostriatal system. Furthermore, female A53T transgenic mice showed increased crossing time in the beam walking test, but no impairments in the pole or memory tests, and in tests that evaluated peripheral deficits, whereas male A53T transgenic mice displayed motor, memory and peripheral deficits. Immunohistochemical and behavioral results obtained here in the female mice differ from those previously observed in males, and suggest a dissimilar influence of NCX1 and NCX3 on dopaminergic function in female and male A53T transgenic mice, strengthening the validity of these mice as a model for studying the etiological factors of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Jose Sisalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Della Notte
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Casu
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, UOS of Cagliari, Scientific and Technological Park of Sardinia POLARIS, Pula, Italy
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Feliciello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- SDN Research Institute Diagnostics and Nuclear (IRCCS SDN), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, Cagliari, Italy
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63
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Deng I, Corrigan F, Zhai G, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. Lipopolysaccharide animal models of Parkinson's disease: Recent progress and relevance to clinical disease. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 4:100060. [PMID: 34589845 PMCID: PMC8474547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorders which is characterised neuropathologically by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of Lewy bodies (made predominately of α-synuclein) in the surviving neurons. Animal models of PD have improved our understanding of the disease and have played a critical role in the development of neuroprotective agents. Neuroinflammation has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, and recent studies have used lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria and a potent activator of microglia cells, to mimic the inflammatory events in clinical PD. Modulating the inflammatory response could ameliorate PD associated complications and thus, it is essential to understand the extent to which LPS models reflect human PD. This review will outline the routes of administration of LPS such as stereotaxic, systemic and intranasal, their ability to recapitulate neuropathological markers of PD, and mechanisms of LPS induced toxicity. We will also discuss the ability of the models to replicate motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms of PD such as gastrointestinal dysfunction, olfactory dysfunction, anxiety, depression and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation Research Concentration, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- School of Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation Research Concentration, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation Research Concentration, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation Research Concentration, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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64
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Muddapu VR, Dharshini SAP, Chakravarthy VS, Gromiha MM. Neurodegenerative Diseases - Is Metabolic Deficiency the Root Cause? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:213. [PMID: 32296300 PMCID: PMC7137637 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are a prominent class of neurological diseases currently without a cure. They are characterized by an inexorable loss of a specific type of neurons. The selective vulnerability of specific neuronal clusters (typically a subcortical cluster) in the early stages, followed by the spread of the disease to higher cortical areas, is a typical pattern of disease progression. Neurodegenerative diseases share a range of molecular and cellular pathologies, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate toxicity, calcium load, proteolytic stress, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and aging, which contribute to neuronal death. Efforts to treat these diseases are often limited by the fact that they tend to address any one of the above pathological changes while ignoring others. Lack of clarity regarding a possible root cause that underlies all the above pathologies poses a significant challenge. In search of an integrative theory for neurodegenerative pathology, we hypothesize that metabolic deficiency in certain vulnerable neuronal clusters is the common underlying thread that links many dimensions of the disease. The current review aims to present an outline of such an integrative theory. We present a new perspective of neurodegenerative diseases as metabolic disorders at molecular, cellular, and systems levels. This helps to understand a common underlying mechanism of the many facets of the disease and may lead to more promising disease-modifying therapeutic interventions. Here, we briefly discuss the selective metabolic vulnerability of specific neuronal clusters and also the involvement of glia and vascular dysfunctions. Any failure in satisfaction of the metabolic demand by the neurons triggers a chain of events that precipitate various manifestations of neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignayanandam Ravindernath Muddapu
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - S. Akila Parvathy Dharshini
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Laboratory for Computational Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - M. Michael Gromiha
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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65
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Bellucci A, Bubacco L, Longhena F, Parrella E, Faustini G, Porrini V, Bono F, Missale C, Pizzi M. Nuclear Factor-κB Dysregulation and α-Synuclein Pathology: Critical Interplay in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:68. [PMID: 32265684 PMCID: PMC7105602 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system underlies the onset of the typical motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Lewy bodies (LB) and Lewy neurites (LN), proteinaceous inclusions mainly composed of insoluble α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils are key neuropathological hallmarks of the brain of affected patients. Compelling evidence supports that in the early prodromal phases of PD, synaptic terminal and axonal alterations initiate and drive a retrograde degeneration process culminating with the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. This notwithstanding, the molecular triggers remain to be fully elucidated. Although it has been shown that α-syn fibrillary aggregation can induce early synaptic and axonal impairment and cause nigrostriatal degeneration, we still ignore how and why α-syn fibrillation begins. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors, key regulators of inflammation and apoptosis, are involved in the brain programming of systemic aging as well as in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The NF-κB family of factors consists of five different subunits (c-Rel, p65/RelA, p50, RelB, and p52), which combine to form transcriptionally active dimers. Different findings point out a role of RelA in PD. Interestingly, the nuclear content of RelA is abnormally increased in nigral dopamine (DA) neurons and glial cells of PD patients. Inhibition of RelA exert neuroprotection against (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) MPTP and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) toxicity, suggesting that this factor decreases neuronal resilience. Conversely, the c-Rel subunit can exert neuroprotective actions. We recently described that mice deficient for c-Rel develop a PD-like motor and non-motor phenotype characterized by progressive brain α-syn accumulation and early synaptic changes preceding the frank loss of nigrostriatal neurons. This evidence supports that dysregulations in this transcription factors may be involved in the onset of PD. This review highlights observations supporting a possible interplay between NF-κB dysregulation and α-syn pathology in PD, with the aim to disclose novel potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Bono
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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66
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Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N. Regulation and roles of mitophagy at synapses. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 187:111216. [PMID: 32084458 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of synaptic homeostasis is a challenging task, due to the intricate spatial organization and intense activity of synapses. Typically, synapses are located far away from the neuronal cell body, where they orchestrate neuronal signalling and communication, through neurotransmitter release. Stationary mitochondria provide energy required for synaptic vesicle cycling, and preserve ionic balance by buffering intercellular calcium at synapses. Thus, synaptic homeostasis is critically dependent on proper mitochondrial function. Indeed, defective mitochondrial metabolism is a common feature of several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), bipolar disorders and schizophrenia among others, which are also accompanied by excessive synaptic abnormalities. Specialized and compartmentalized quality control mechanisms have evolved to restore and maintain synaptic energy metabolism. Here, we survey recent advances towards the elucidation of the pivotal role of mitochondria in neurotransmission and implicating mitophagy in the maintenance of synaptic homeostasis during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece.
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67
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Zilocchi M, Moutaoufik MT, Jessulat M, Phanse S, Aly KA, Babu M. Misconnecting the dots: altered mitochondrial protein-protein interactions and their role in neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:119-136. [PMID: 31986926 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1723419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Mitochondria (mt) are protein-protein interaction (PPI) hubs in the cell where mt-localized and associated proteins interact in a fashion critical for cell fitness. Altered mtPPIs are linked to neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) and drivers of pathological associations to mediate ND progression. Mapping altered mtPPIs will reveal how mt dysfunction is linked to NDs.Areas covered: This review discusses how database sources reflect on the number of mt protein or interaction predictions, and serves as an update on mtPPIs in mt dynamics and homeostasis. Emphasis is given to mRNA expression profiles for mt proteins in human tissues, cellular models relevant to NDs, and altered mtPPIs in NDs such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).Expert opinion: We highlight the scarcity of biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy and tracking of ND progression, obstacles in recapitulating NDs using human cellular models to underpin the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease, and the shortage of mt protein interactome reference database(s) of neuronal cells. These bottlenecks are addressed by improvements in induced pluripotent stem cell creation and culturing, patient-derived 3D brain organoids to recapitulate structural arrangements of the brain, and cell sorting to elucidate mt proteome disparities between cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Jessulat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sadhna Phanse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Khaled A Aly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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68
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Llanos-González E, Henares-Chavarino ÁA, Pedrero-Prieto CM, García-Carpintero S, Frontiñán-Rubio J, Sancho-Bielsa FJ, Alcain FJ, Peinado JR, Rabanal-Ruíz Y, Durán-Prado M. Interplay Between Mitochondrial Oxidative Disorders and Proteostasis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1444. [PMID: 32063825 PMCID: PMC7000623 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the basis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) etiology remains unknown, oxidative stress (OS) has been recognized as a prodromal factor associated to its progression. OS refers to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant systems, which usually consist in an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which overwhelms the intrinsic antioxidant defenses. Due to this increased production of ROS and RNS, several biological functions such as glucose metabolism or synaptic activity are impaired. In AD, growing evidence links the ROS-mediated damages with molecular targets including mitochondrial dynamics and function, protein quality control system, and autophagic pathways, affecting the proteostasis balance. In this scenario, OS should be considered as not only a major feature in the pathophysiology of AD but also a potential target to combat the progression of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the role of OS in mitochondrial dysfunction, protein quality control systems, and autophagy associated to AD and suggest innovative therapeutic strategies based on a better understanding of the role of OS and proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Llanos-González
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Cristina María Pedrero-Prieto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sonia García-Carpintero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sancho-Bielsa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Alcain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruíz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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69
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Cragnolini AB, Lampitella G, Virtuoso A, Viscovo I, Panetsos F, Papa M, Cirillo G. Regional brain susceptibility to neurodegeneration: what is the role of glial cells? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:838-842. [PMID: 31719244 PMCID: PMC6990768 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The main pathological feature of the neurodegenerative diseases is represented by neuronal death that represents the final step of a cascade of adverse/hostile events. Early in the neurodegenerative process, glial cells (including astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes) activate and trigger an insidious neuroinflammatory reaction, metabolic decay, blood brain barrier dysfunction and energy impairment, boosting neuronal death. How these mechanisms might induce selective neuronal death in specific brain areas are far from being elucidated. The last two decades of neurobiological studies have provided evidence of the main role of glial cells in most of the processes of the central nervous system, from development to synaptogenesis, neuronal homeostasis and integration into, highly specific neuro-glial networks. In this mini-review, we moved from in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegeneration to analyze the putative role of glial cells in the early mechanisms of neurodegeneration. We report changes of transcriptional, genetic, morphological, and metabolic activity in astrocytes and microglial cells in specific brain areas before neuronal degeneration, providing evidence in experimental models of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Understanding these mechanisms might increase the insight of these processes and pave the way for new specific glia-targeted therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beatriz Cragnolini
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Giorgia Lampitella
- Human Anatomy and Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Human Anatomy and Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Viscovo
- Human Anatomy and Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neuro-computing & Neuro-robotics Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Neural Plasticity Research Group, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Papa
- Human Anatomy and Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Human Anatomy and Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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70
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Sharma A, Smith HJ, Yao P, Mair WB. Causal roles of mitochondrial dynamics in longevity and healthy aging. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48395. [PMID: 31667999 PMCID: PMC6893295 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organized in the cell in the form of a dynamic, interconnected network. Mitochondrial dynamics, regulated by mitochondrial fission, fusion, and trafficking, ensure restructuring of this complex reticulum in response to nutrient availability, molecular signals, and cellular stress. Aberrant mitochondrial structures have long been observed in aging and age-related diseases indicating that mitochondrial dynamics are compromised as cells age. However, the specific mechanisms by which aging affects mitochondrial dynamics and whether these changes are causally or casually associated with cellular and organismal aging is not clear. Here, we review recent studies that show specifically how mitochondrial fission, fusion, and trafficking are altered with age. We discuss factors that change with age to directly or indirectly influence mitochondrial dynamics while examining causal roles for altered mitochondrial dynamics in healthy aging and underlying functional outputs that might affect longevity. Lastly, we propose that altered mitochondrial dynamics might not just be a passive consequence of aging but might constitute an adaptive mechanism to mitigate age-dependent cellular impairments and might be targeted to increase longevity and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Hannah J Smith
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Pallas Yao
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
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71
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Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease is correlated with the occurrence of Lewy bodies, intracellular inclusions containing aggregates of the intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) α-Synuclein1. The aggregation propensity of α-Synuclein in cells is modulated by specific factors including posttranslational modifications2,3, Abelson-kinase-mediated phosphorylation4,5 and interactions with intracellular machineries such as molecular chaperones, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear6–8. Here, we systematically characterize the interaction of molecular chaperones with α-Synuclein in vitro as well as in cells at the atomic level. We find that six vastly different molecular chaperones commonly recognize a canonical motif in α-Synuclein, consisting of the amino-terminus and a segment around Tyr39, hindering its aggregation. In-cell NMR experiments9 show the same transient interaction pattern preserved inside living mammalian cells. Specific inhibition of the interactions between α-Synuclein and the chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp90 yields transient membrane binding and triggers a remarkable re-localization of α-Synuclein to mitochondria and concomitant aggregate formation. Phosphorylation of α-Synuclein at Tyr39 directly impairs the chaperone interaction, thus providing a functional explanation for the role of Abelson kinase in Parkinson’s disease progression. Our results establish a master regulatory mechanism of α-Synuclein function and aggregation in mammalian cells, extending the functional repertoire of molecular chaperones and opening new perspectives for therapeutic interventions for Parkinson’s disease.
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72
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Cirillo G, Cirillo M, Panetsos F, Virtuoso A, Papa M. Selective Vulnerability of Basal Ganglia: Insights into the Mechanisms of Bilateral Striatal Necrosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:123-129. [PMID: 30605553 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective neuronal death in neurodegenerative disorders represents the final step of a cascade of events, including neuroinflammation, regional-specific reactive gliosis, changes of brain-blood barrier structure and functions, metabolic failure and mitochondrial energy impairment. Bilateral striatal necrosis is usually reported in inherited mitochondrial disorders, suggesting a pathogenetic role of the energy impairment by mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated mechanisms of the selective striatal degeneration, comparing clinical findings of a patient with an acquired bilateral striatal necrosis and experimental data of a selective basal ganglia degenerative model in rats. In a 70-year-old patient affected by severe parkinsonian syndrome triggered by persistent metabolic acidosis, brain MRI revealed bilateral cystic-lacunar necrosis of basal ganglia. Immunohistochemistry of rat brain sections after single intraperitoneal administration (60 mg/kg) of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) revealed (i) selective bilateral striatal necrotic/cavitary lesions, (ii) degeneration of striatal medium spiny neurons, (iii) evidence of synaptic and transcriptional dysfunction, and (iv) reactive gliosis (activated microglia and astrocytes) in the striatum. Our data provide an intriguing hypothesis for the selective neuronal degeneration in the striatum, claiming that selective mitochondrial energy impairment associated to loco-regional neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis might contribute to synaptic dysfunction and excitotoxicity that ultimately lead to neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cirillo
- Division of Human Anatomy - Neuronal Networks Morphology Lab, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
| | - Mario Cirillo
- Division of Human Anatomy - Neuronal Networks Morphology Lab, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli".,Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Division of Human Anatomy - Neuronal Networks Morphology Lab, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli".,Neuro-computing & Neuro-robotics Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.,Neural Plasticity Research Group, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Division of Human Anatomy - Neuronal Networks Morphology Lab, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
| | - Michele Papa
- Division of Human Anatomy - Neuronal Networks Morphology Lab, Department of Mental, Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
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73
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Ghio S, Camilleri A, Caruana M, Ruf VC, Schmidt F, Leonov A, Ryazanov S, Griesinger C, Cauchi RJ, Kamp F, Giese A, Vassallo N. Cardiolipin Promotes Pore-Forming Activity of Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers in Mitochondrial Membranes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3815-3829. [PMID: 31356747 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of the amyloid-forming α-synuclein (αS) protein is closely associated with the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common motor neurodegenerative disorder. Many studies have shown that soluble aggregation intermediates of αS, termed oligomers, permeabilize a variety of phospholipid membranes; thus, membrane disruption may represent a key pathogenic mechanism of αS toxicity. Given the centrality of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, we therefore probed the formation of ion-permeable pores by αS oligomers in planar lipid bilayers reflecting the complex phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes. Using single-channel electrophysiology, we recorded distinct multilevel conductances (100-400 pS) with stepwise current transitions, typical of protein-bound nanopores, in mitochondrial-like membranes. Crucially, we observed that the presence of cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, enhanced αS-lipid interaction and the membrane pore-forming activity of αS oligomers. Further, preincubation of isolated mitochondria with a CL-specific dye protected against αS oligomer-induced mitochondrial swelling and release of cytochrome c. Hence, we favor a scenario in which αS oligomers directly porate a local lipid environment rich in CL, for instance outer mitochondrial contact sites or the inner mitochondrial membrane, to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Pharmacological modulation of αS pore complex formation might thus preserve mitochondrial membrane integrity and alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ghio
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Angelique Camilleri
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Mario Caruana
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Viktoria C. Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- MODAG GmbH, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruben J. Cauchi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Neville Vassallo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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74
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Chang CY, Liang MZ, Chen L. Current progress of mitochondrial transplantation that promotes neuronal regeneration. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:17. [PMID: 31210929 PMCID: PMC6567446 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria are the major source of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and play an essential role in a plethora of physiological functions, including the regulation of metabolism and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Mutations of mitochondrial DNA, proteins and impaired mitochondrial function have been implicated in the neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and injury of the central nervous system (CNS). The dynamic feature of mitochondrial fusion, fission, trafficking and turnover have also been documented in these diseases. Perspectives A major bottleneck of traditional approach to correct mitochondria-related disorders is the difficulty of drugs or gene targeting agents to arrive at specific sub-compartments of mitochondria. Moreover, the diverse nature of mitochondrial mutations among patients makes it impossible to develop one drug for one disease. To this end, mitochondrial transplantation presents a new paradigm of therapeutic intervention that benefits neuronal survival and regeneration for neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and CNS injury. Supplement of healthy mitochondria to damaged neurons has been reported to promote neuronal viability, activity and neurite re-growth. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advance and development on mitochondrial therapy. Conclusion Key parameters for the success of mitochondrial transplantation depend on the source and quality of isolated mitochondria, delivery protocol, and cellular uptake of supplemented mitochondria. To expedite clinical application of the mitochondrial transplantation, current isolation protocol needs optimization to obtain high percentage of functional mitochondria, isolated mitochondria may be packaged by biomaterials for successful delivery to brain allowing for efficient neuronal uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yuan Chang
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Min-Zong Liang
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan.,2Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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75
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Zhang X, Huang W, Fan Y, Sun Y, Ge X. Role of GTPases in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111460. [PMID: 31194975 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelle that undergo frequent fusion and division, and the balance of these opposing processes regulates mitochondrial morphology, distribution, and function. Mitochondrial fission facilitates the replication and distribution of mitochondria during cell division, whereas the fusion process including inner and outer mitochondrial membrane fusion allows the exchange of intramitochondrial material between adjacent mitochondria. Despite several GTPase family proteins have been implicated as key modulators of mitochondrial dynamics, the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate mitochondrial homeostasis and function remain not clearly understood. Neuronal function and survival are closely related to mitochondria dynamics, and disturbed mitochondrial fission/fusion may influence neurotransmission, synaptic maintenance, neuronal survival and function. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction caused by aberrant mitochondrial dynamics plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Collectively, we review the molecular mechanism of known GTPase proteins in regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion, but also highlight the causal role for mitochondrial dynamics in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenmin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yiyun Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoqun Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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76
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Park J, Seo J, Won J, Yeo HG, Ahn YJ, Kim K, Jin YB, Koo BS, Lim KS, Jeong KJ, Kang P, Lee HY, Baek SH, Jeon CY, Hong JJ, Huh JW, Kim YH, Park SJ, Kim SU, Lee DS, Lee SR, Lee Y. Abnormal Mitochondria in a Non-human Primate Model of MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease: Drp1 and CDK5/p25 Signaling. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:414-424. [PMID: 31308800 PMCID: PMC6614070 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.3.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria continuously fuse and divide to maintain homeostasis. An impairment in the balance between the fusion and fission processes can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is related to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), with excessive mitochondrial fission in dopaminergic neurons being one of the pathological mechanisms of PD. Here, we investigated the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission in the substantia nigra of a non-human primate model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD. We found that MPTP induced shorter and abnormally distributed mitochondria. This phenomenon was accompanied by the activation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a mitochondrial fission protein, through increased phosphorylation at S616. Thereafter, we assessed for activation of the components of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascades, which are known regulators of Drp1(S616) phosphorylation. MPTP induced an increase in p25 and p35, which are required for CDK5 activation. Together, these findings suggest that the phosphorylation of Drp1(S616) by CDK5 is involved in mitochondrial fission in the substantia nigra of a non-human primate model of MPTP-induced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jincheol Seo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Ahn
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Bon-Sang Koo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hwal-Yong Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jung-Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea.,Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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77
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease-Cause or Consequence? BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020038. [PMID: 31083583 PMCID: PMC6627981 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
James Parkinson first described the motor symptoms of the disease that took his name over 200 years ago. While our knowledge of many of the changes that occur in this condition has increased, it is still unknown what causes this neurodegeneration and why it only affects some individuals with advancing age. Here we review current literature to discuss whether the mitochondrial dysfunction we have detected in Parkinson’s disease is a pathogenic cause of neuronal loss or whether it is itself a consequence of dysfunction in other pathways. We examine research data from cases of idiopathic Parkinson’s with that from model systems and individuals with familial forms of the disease. Furthermore, we include data from healthy aged individuals to highlight that many of the changes described are also present with advancing age, though not normally in the presence of severe neurodegeneration. While a definitive answer to this question may still be just out of reach, it is clear that mitochondrial dysfunction sits prominently at the centre of the disease pathway that leads to catastrophic neuronal loss in those affected by this disease.
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78
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Muddapu VR, Mandali A, Chakravarthy VS, Ramaswamy S. A Computational Model of Loss of Dopaminergic Cells in Parkinson's Disease Due to Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:11. [PMID: 30858799 PMCID: PMC6397878 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive and inexorable loss of dopaminergic cells in Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc). Although many mechanisms have been suggested, a decisive root cause of this cell loss is unknown. A couple of the proposed mechanisms, however, show potential for the development of a novel line of PD therapeutics. One of these mechanisms is the peculiar metabolic vulnerability of SNc cells compared to other dopaminergic clusters; the other is the SubThalamic Nucleus (STN)-induced excitotoxicity in SNc. To investigate the latter hypothesis computationally, we developed a spiking neuron network-model of SNc-STN-GPe system. In the model, prolonged stimulation of SNc cells by an overactive STN leads to an increase in ‘stress' variable; when the stress in a SNc neuron exceeds a stress threshold, the neuron dies. The model shows that the interaction between SNc and STN involves a positive-feedback due to which, an initial loss of SNc cells that crosses a threshold causes a runaway-effect, leading to an inexorable loss of SNc cells, strongly resembling the process of neurodegeneration. The model further suggests a link between the two aforementioned mechanisms of SNc cell loss. Our simulation results show that the excitotoxic cause of SNc cell loss might initiate by weak-excitotoxicity mediated by energy deficit, followed by strong-excitotoxicity, mediated by a disinhibited STN. A variety of conventional therapies were simulated to test their efficacy in slowing down SNc cell loss. Among them, glutamate inhibition, dopamine restoration, subthalamotomy and deep brain stimulation showed superior neuroprotective-effects in the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alekhya Mandali
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - V Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, IIT-Madras, Chennai, India
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79
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Böhnke L, Traxler L, Herdy JR, Mertens J. Human neurons to model aging: A dish best served old. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:43-49. [PMID: 31745399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the advancing age of humans and with it, growing numbers of age-related diseases, aging has become a major focus in recent research. The lack of fitting aging models, especially in neurological diseases where access to human brain samples is limited, has highlighted direct conversion into induced neurons (iN) as an important method to overcome this challenge. Contrary to iPSC reprogramming and its corresponding cell rejuvenation, the generation of iNs enables us to retain aging signatures throughout the conversion process and beyond. In this review, we explore different cell reprogramming methods in light of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases and discuss different approaches, advances, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Böhnke
- Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Larissa Traxler
- Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joseph R Herdy
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Institute of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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80
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Nguyen M, Wong YC, Ysselstein D, Severino A, Krainc D. Synaptic, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:140-149. [PMID: 30509690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has highlighted the importance of the autophagy/lysosomal and mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathways in disease pathogenesis. However, recently identified PD-linked genes, including DNAJC6 (auxilin), SYNJ1 (synaptojanin 1), and the PD risk gene SH3GL2 (endophilin A1), have also highlighted disruptions in synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) as a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, the roles of other PD genes such as LRRK2, PRKN, and VPS35 in the regulation of SVE are beginning to emerge. Here we discuss the recent work on the contribution of dysfunctional SVE to midbrain dopaminergic neurons' selective vulnerability and highlight pathways that demonstrate the interplay of synaptic, mitochondrial, and lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nguyen
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yvette C Wong
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Severino
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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81
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Zilocchi M, Finzi G, Lualdi M, Sessa F, Fasano M, Alberio T. Mitochondrial alterations in Parkinson's disease human samples and cellular models. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:61-72. [PMID: 29704589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment is one of the most important hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. In this work, we wanted to verify the molecular basis of altered mitochondrial dynamics and disposal in Substantia nigra specimens of sporadic PD patients, by the comparison with two cellular models of PD. Indeed, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with either dopamine or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in order to highlight the effect of altered dopamine homeostasis and of complex I inhibition, respectively. As a result, we found that fusion impairment of the inner mitochondrial membrane is a common feature of both PD human samples and cellular models. However, the effects of dopamine and MPP+ treatments resulted to be different in terms of the mitochondrial damage induced. Opposite changes in the levels of two mitochondrial protein markers (voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5β (COX5β)) were observed. In this case, dopamine treatment better recapitulated the molecular picture of patients' samples. Moreover, the accumulation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitophagy marker, was not observed in both PD patients samples and cellular models. Eventually, in transmission electron microscopy images, small electron dense deposits were observed in mitochondria of PD subjects, which are uniquely reproduced in dopamine-treated cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that the mitochondrial molecular landscape of Substantia nigra specimens of PD patients can be mirrored by the impaired dopamine homeostasis cellular model, thus supporting the hypothesis that alterations in this process could be a crucial pathogenetic event in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Zilocchi
- Department of Science and High Technology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, 21052, Italy
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Marta Lualdi
- Department of Science and High Technology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, 21052, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Mauro Fasano
- Department of Science and High Technology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, 21052, Italy
| | - Tiziana Alberio
- Department of Science and High Technology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, 21052, Italy.
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