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Kubat GB, Ulger O, Akin S. Requirements for successful mitochondrial transplantation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22898. [PMID: 34435410 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity and other mitochondrial functions are essential for the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and liver diseases. To date, no well-known treatment modality has been developed to prevent or reduce mitochondrial dysfunction. However, a novel approach that transplants fully functional mitochondria directly into defective cells has recently caught the attention of scientists. In this review, we provide an overview of the cell/tissue source of the mitochondria to prompt cell regeneration or tissue repair in vitro and in vivo applications. The animal and human models entail that effective procedures should be used in the isolation and confirmation of mitochondrial membrane potential and function. We believe that these procedures for mitochondrial transplantation for tissue or cell culture will confirm intact, viable, and free from contamination isolated mitochondria from the appropriate sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Burcin Kubat
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Pathology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oner Ulger
- Department Intensive Care, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Senay Akin
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Aoki T, Okuma Y, Becker LB, Hayashida K, Shinozaki K. Methodological Issue of Mitochondrial Isolation in Acute-Injury Rat Model: Asphyxia Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:666735. [PMID: 33912580 PMCID: PMC8071985 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.666735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Identification of the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction is key to understanding the pathophysiology of acute injuries such as cardiac arrest (CA); however, effective methods for measurement of mitochondrial function associated with mitochondrial isolation have been debated for a long time. This study aimed to evaluate the dysregulation of mitochondrial respiratory function after CA while testing the sampling bias that might be induced by the mitochondrial isolation method. Materials and Methods: Adult rats were subjected to 10-min asphyxia-induced CA. 30 min after resuscitation, the brain and kidney mitochondria from animals in sham and CA groups were isolated (n = 8, each). The mitochondrial quantity, expressed as protein concentration (isolation yields), was determined, and the oxygen consumption rates were measured. ADP-dependent (state-3) and ADP-limited (state-4) respiration activities were compared between the groups. Mitochondrial quantity was evaluated based on citrate synthase (CS) activity and cytochrome c concentration, measured independent of the isolation yields. Results: The state-3 respiration activity and isolation yield in the CA group were significantly lower than those in the sham group (brain, p < 0.01; kidney, p < 0.001). The CS activity was significantly lower in the CA group as compared to that in the sham group (brain, p < 0.01; kidney, p < 0.01). Cytochrome c levels in the CA group showed a similar trend (brain, p = 0.08; kidney, p = 0.25). Conclusions: CA decreased mitochondrial respiration activity and the quantity of mitochondria isolated from the tissues. Owing to the nature of fragmented or damaged mitochondrial membranes caused by acute injury, there is a potential loss of disrupted mitochondria. Thus, it is plausible that the mitochondrial function in the acute-injury model may be underestimated as this loss is not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Aoki
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Yu Okuma
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery at Fukuyama City Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Lance B Becker
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Kei Hayashida
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Koichiro Shinozaki
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Abstract
Mitochondrial vitality is critical to cellular function, with mitochondrial dysfunction linked to a growing number of human diseases. Tissue and cellular heterogeneity, in terms of genetics, dynamics and function means that increasingly mitochondrial research is conducted at the single cell level. Whilst there are several technologies that are currently available for single-cell analysis, each with their advantages, they cannot be easily adapted to study mitochondria with subcellular resolution. Here we review the current techniques and strategies for mitochondrial isolation, critically discussing each technology's limitations for future mitochondrial research. Finally, we highlight and discuss the recent breakthroughs in sub-cellular isolation techniques, with a particular focus on nanotechnologies that enable the isolation of mitochondria from subcellular compartments. This allows isolation of mitochondria with unprecedented spatial precision with minimal disruption to mitochondria and their immediate cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Bury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,Pollard Institute, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amy E Vincent
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paolo Actis
- Pollard Institute, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.,Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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4
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Luo L, He Y, Li J, Yu H. Immunopurification of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e34. [PMID: 33555656 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of mitochondria from plant tissues, especially green leaves, is particularly difficult because of chloroplast contamination. Compared to other techniques for purifying plant mitochondria, the immunopurification method has a number of advantages: it rapidly purifies the mitochondria within several minutes, avoids loss of mitochondrial metabolites, eliminates most other organelles (especially the chloroplasts), keeps the isolated mitochondria intact, requires little starting material, and has the potential to purify tissue-specific mitochondria. Here, we describe a rapid immunopurification protocol for mitochondrial isolation that employs a protein specifically targeted to the outer mitochondrial membrane that acts as an immunopurification handle. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Bury AG, Vincent AE, Turnbull DM, Actis P, Hudson G. Mitochondrial isolation: when size matters. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:226. [PMID: 33718619 PMCID: PMC7931255 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16300.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial vitality is critical to cellular function, with mitochondrial dysfunction linked to a growing number of human diseases. Tissue and cellular heterogeneity, in terms of genetics, dynamics and function means that increasingly mitochondrial research is conducted at the single cell level. Whilst there are several technologies that are currently available for single-cell analysis, each with their advantages, they cannot be easily adapted to study mitochondria with subcellular resolution. Here we review the current techniques and strategies for mitochondrial isolation, critically discussing each technology's limitations for future mitochondrial research. Finally, we highlight and discuss the recent breakthroughs in sub-cellular isolation techniques, with a particular focus on nanotechnologies that enable the isolation of mitochondria from subcellular compartments. This allows isolation of mitochondria with unprecedented spatial precision with minimal disruption to mitochondria and their immediate cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Bury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Pollard Institute, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Paolo Actis
- Pollard Institute, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gavin Hudson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Fisher JJ, Vanderpeet CL, Bartho LA, McKeating DR, Cuffe JSM, Holland OJ, Perkins AV. Mitochondrial dysfunction in placental trophoblast cells experiencing gestational diabetes mellitus. J Physiol 2020; 599:1291-1305. [PMID: 33135816 DOI: 10.1113/jp280593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to occur in diabetic phenotypes including type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing and defined as the onset of a diabetic phenotype during pregnancy. The role of placental mitochondria in the aetiology of GDM remains unclear and is an emerging area of research. Differing mitochondrial morphologies within the placenta may influence the pathogenesis of the disorder. This study observed mitochondrial dysfunction in GDM placenta when assessing whole tissue. Upon further investigation into mitochondrial isolates from the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, mitochondrial dysfunction appears exaggerated in syncytiotrophoblast. Assessing mitochondrial populations individually enabled the determination of differences between cell lineages of the placenta and established varying levels of mitochondrial dysfunction in GDM, in some instances establishing significance in pathways previously inconclusive or confounded when assessing whole tissue. This research lays the foundation for future work into mitochondrial dysfunction in the placenta and the role it may play in the aetiology of GDM. ABSTRACT Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with diabetic phenotypes, yet the involvement of placental mitochondria in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains inconclusive. This is in part complicated by the different mitochondrial subpopulations present in the two major trophoblast cell lineages of the placenta. To better elucidate the role of mitochondria in this pathology, this study examined key aspects of mitochondrial function in placentas from healthy pregnancies and those complicated by GDM in both whole tissue and isolated mitochondria. Mitochondrial content, citrate synthase activity, reactive oxygen species production and gene expression regulating metabolic, hormonal and antioxidant control was examined in placental tissue, before examining functional differences between mitochondrial isolates from cytotrophoblast (Cyto-Mito) and syncytiotrophoblast (Syncytio-Mito). Our study observed evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction across multiple pathways when assessing whole placental tissue from GDM pregnancies compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, by examining isolated mitochondria from the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cell lineages of the placenta we established that although both mitochondrial populations were dysfunctional, they were differentially impacted. These data highlight the need to consider changes in mitochondrial subpopulations at the feto-maternal interface when studying pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Fisher
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Vanderpeet
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy A Bartho
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivia J Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Gella A, Prada-Dacasa P, Carrascal M, Urpi A, González-Torres M, Abian J, Sanz E, Quintana A. Mitochondrial Proteome of Affected Glutamatergic Neurons in a Mouse Model of Leigh Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:660. [PMID: 32850799 PMCID: PMC7399339 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial function lead to severe neuromuscular orphan pathologies known as mitochondrial disease. Among them, Leigh Syndrome is the most common pediatric presentation, characterized by symmetrical brain lesions, hypotonia, motor and respiratory deficits, and premature death. Mitochondrial diseases are characterized by a marked anatomical and cellular specificity. However, the molecular determinants for this susceptibility are currently unknown, hindering the efforts to find an effective treatment. Due to the complex crosstalk between mitochondria and their supporting cell, strategies to assess the underlying alterations in affected cell types in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction are critical. Here, we developed a novel virus-based tool, the AAV-mitoTag viral vector, to isolate mitochondria from genetically defined cell types. Expression of the AAV-mitoTag in the glutamatergic vestibular neurons of a mouse model of Leigh Syndrome lacking the complex I subunit Ndufs4 allowed us to assess the proteome and acetylome of a subset of susceptible neurons in a well characterized model recapitulating the human disease. Our results show a marked reduction of complex I N-module subunit abundance and an increase in the levels of the assembly factor NDUFA2. Transiently associated non-mitochondrial proteins such as PKCδ, and the complement subcomponent C1Q were also increased in Ndufs4-deficient mitochondria. Furthermore, lack of Ndufs4 induced ATP synthase complex and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) subunit hyperacetylation, leading to decreased PDH activity. We provide novel insight on the pathways involved in mitochondrial disease, which could underlie potential therapeutic approaches for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gella
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Lab, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Patricia Prada-Dacasa
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Lab, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- Proteomics Laboratory CSIC/UAB, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Urpi
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Lab, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Melania González-Torres
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Lab, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquin Abian
- Proteomics Laboratory CSIC/UAB, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Lab, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Quintana
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Lab, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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8
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Fisher JJ, McKeating DR, Cuffe JS, Bianco-Miotto T, Holland OJ, Perkins AV. Proteomic Analysis of Placental Mitochondria Following Trophoblast Differentiation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1536. [PMID: 31920727 PMCID: PMC6933824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As gestation proceeds the human placenta is in a constant state of renewal and placental debris is released into the maternal circulation where it can trigger adverse physiological and immunological responses. Trophoblast cells of the placenta differentiate from mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells to fuse and form the syncytiotrophoblast, a multinuclear layer that covers the entire surface of the placenta. As part of this process there are significant changes to cellular cytoskeletal organization and organelle morphology. In this study we have examined the molecular changes that occur in mitochondria from these two cellular compartments and identified differential expression of key proteins that underpin changes in mitochondrial morphology, metabolism and function. Mitochondria were isolated for term placental tissue and separated according to size and density by sequential differential centrifugation. Isolated mitochondrial populations were then subjected to proteomics using HPLC separation of peptides and MS identification. Differential expression of proteins of interest was confirmed by western blots. Using a bioinformatics approach we also examined published protein databases to confirm our observations. In total 651 proteins were differentially regulated in mitochondria from cytotrophoblast versus syncytiotrophoblast. Of these 29 were statistically significant and chosen for subsequent analysis. These included subunits of ATP synthase that would affect ATP production and cristae structure, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes phospoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-2, pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), fatty acid metabolizing enzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, stress responses such a glucose regulated protein-78 and protein disulfide isomerase, and mitochondrial dynamics proteins mitofusin 1 and 2. Placental cell biology and mitochondrial function is central to the pathogenesis of many gestational disorders such as preeclampsia, pre-term birth, fetal growth restriction and gestational diabetes. These studies show important shifts in mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics post trophoblast differentiation and provide key molecular targets for study in pathological pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Fisher
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel R McKeating
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - James S Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Olivia J Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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Aw WC, Bajracharya R, Towarnicki SG, Ballard JWO. Assessing bioenergetic functions from isolated mitochondria in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Methods 2016; 3:e42. [PMID: 31453209 PMCID: PMC6706135 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in generating more than 90 percent of cellular energy and are responsible for many cellular processes such as metabolism, cell signalling, apoptosis and ageing. Currently, there are a number of different experimental approaches employed to measure mitochondrial health and function. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach that quantifies substrate induced mitochondrial respiration from Drosophila. This protocol is optimized for mitochondria isolated from third instar larvae, and can also be used for mitochondria isolated from adult thoraces. This procedure outlines how to perform high throughput and high resolution mitochondria specific measurements for state II, state III, state IVO respiration and residual oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen C Aw
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Rijan Bajracharya
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Samuel G Towarnicki
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - J William O Ballard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Forni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Peloggia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Havelund JF, Thelen JJ, Møller IM. Biochemistry, proteomics, and phosphoproteomics of plant mitochondria from non-photosynthetic cells. Front Plant Sci 2013; 4:51. [PMID: 23494127 PMCID: PMC3595712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill some basic roles in all plant cells. They supply the cell with energy in the form of ATP and reducing equivalents [NAD(P)H] and they provide the cell with intermediates for a range of biosynthetic pathways. In addition to this, mitochondria contribute to a number of specialized functions depending on the tissue and cell type, as well as environmental conditions. We will here review the biochemistry and proteomics of mitochondria from non-green cells and organs, which differ from those of photosynthetic organs in a number of respects. We will briefly cover purification of mitochondria and general biochemical properties such as oxidative phosphorylation. We will then mention a few adaptive properties in response to water stress, seed maturation and germination, and the ability to function under hypoxic conditions. The discussion will mainly focus on Arabidopsis cell cultures, etiolated germinating rice seedlings and potato tubers as model plants. It will cover the general proteome as well as the posttranslational modification protein phosphorylation. To date 64 phosphorylated mitochondrial proteins with a total of 103 phosphorylation sites have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper F. Havelund
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Technology, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri-ColumbiaColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Ian M. Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Technology, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
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