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Bantle CM, Hirst WD, Weihofen A, Shlevkov E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Astrocytes: A Role in Parkinson's Disease? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:608026. [PMID: 33537300 PMCID: PMC7849831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type in the brain and are thought to play a pivotal role in the progression of PD. Emerging evidence suggests that many astrocytic functions, including glutamate metabolism, Ca2+ signaling, fatty acid metabolism, antioxidant production, and inflammation are dependent on healthy mitochondria. Here, we review how mitochondrial dysfunction impacts astrocytes, highlighting translational gaps and opening new questions for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin M Bantle
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Andreas Weihofen
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Evgeny Shlevkov
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Kline EM, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Seibler P, Klein C, West A, Tansey MG. Genetic and Environmental Factors in Parkinson's Disease Converge on Immune Function and Inflammation. Mov Disord 2021; 36:25-36. [PMID: 33314312 PMCID: PMC8285924 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) is a movement disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and aggregation of the protein α-synuclein. Patients with iPD vary in age of symptom onset, rate of progression, severity of motor and non-motor symptoms, and extent of central and peripheral inflammation. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to act synergistically in iPD pathogenesis. We propose that environmental factors (pesticides and infections) increase the risk for iPD via the immune system and that the role of PD risk genes in immune cells is worthy of investigation. This review highlights the major PD-relevant genes expressed in immune cells and key environmental factors that activate immune cells and, alone or in combination with other factors, may contribute to iPD pathogenesis. By reviewing these interactions, we seek to enable the future development of immunomodulatory approaches to prevent or delay onset of iPD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kline
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andrew West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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53
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Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Alonso-Juarez M. The role of viruses in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1200-1201. [PMID: 33269775 PMCID: PMC8224138 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Three recent case reports (by Méndez-Guerrero et al.,Cohen et al., and Faber et al.) describe the development of acute parkinsonism following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We discuss possible underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, and whether COVID-19 might be associated with elevated long-term risk of Parkinson's disease (PD).
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55
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von Linstow CU, Gan-Or Z, Brundin P. Precision medicine in Parkinson's disease patients with LRRK2 and GBA risk variants - Let's get even more personal. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:39. [PMID: 33066808 PMCID: PMC7565766 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor deficits and a wide variety of non-motor symptoms. The age of onset, rate of disease progression and the precise profile of motor and non-motor symptoms display considerable individual variation. Neuropathologically, the loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons is a key feature of PD. The vast majority of PD patients exhibit alpha-synuclein aggregates in several brain regions, but there is also great variability in the neuropathology between individuals. While the dopamine replacement therapies can reduce motor symptoms, current therapies do not modify the disease progression. Numerous clinical trials using a wide variety of approaches have failed to achieve disease modification. It has been suggested that the heterogeneity of PD is a major contributing factor to the failure of disease modification trials, and that it is unlikely that a single treatment will be effective in all patients. Precision medicine, using drugs designed to target the pathophysiology in a manner that is specific to each individual with PD, has been suggested as a way forward. PD patients can be stratified according to whether they carry one of the risk variants associated with elevated PD risk. In this review we assess current clinical trials targeting two enzymes, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GBA), which are encoded by two most common PD risk genes. Because the details of the pathogenic processes coupled to the different LRRK2 and GBA risk variants are not fully understood, we ask if these precision medicine-based intervention strategies will prove "precise" or "personalized" enough to modify the disease process in PD patients. We also consider at what phases of the disease that such strategies might be effective, in light of the genes being primarily associated with the risk of developing disease in the first place, and less clearly linked to the rate of disease progression. Finally, we critically evaluate the notion that therapies targeting LRRK2 and GBA might be relevant to a wider segment of PD patients, beyond those that actually carry risk variants of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
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Sulzer D, Antonini A, Leta V, Nordvig A, Smeyne RJ, Goldman JE, Al-Dalahmah O, Zecca L, Sette A, Bubacco L, Meucci O, Moro E, Harms AS, Xu Y, Fahn S, Ray Chaudhuri K. COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: from bench to bedside. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2020; 6:18. [PMID: 32885037 PMCID: PMC7441399 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-00123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This Viewpoint discusses insights from basic science and clinical perspectives on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)/severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the brain, with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease. Major points include that neuropathology studies have not answered the central issue of whether the virus enters central nervous system neurons, astrocytes or microglia, and the brain vascular cell types that express virus have not yet been identified. Currently, there is no clear evidence for human neuronal or astrocyte expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the major receptor for viral entry, but ACE2 expression may be activated by inflammation, and a comparison of healthy and infected brains is important. In contrast to the 1918 influenza pandemic and avian flu, reports of encephalopathy in COVID-19 have been slow to emerge, and there are so far no documented reports of parkinsonism apart from a single case report. We recommend consensus guidelines for the clinical treatment of Parkinson's patients with COVID-19. While a role for the virus in causing or exacerbating Parkinson's disease appears unlikely at this time, aggravation of specific motor and non-motor symptoms has been reported, and it will be important to monitor subjects after recovery, particularly for those with persisting hyposmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Department of Neuroscience, Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Leta
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS UK
| | - Anna Nordvig
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Richard J. Smeyne
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - James E. Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Osama Al-Dalahmah
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
- Center of Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Elena Moro
- Department of Neurology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences GIN-INSERM U1216/CEA/UGA, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Ashley S. Harms
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Yaqian Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - K. Ray Chaudhuri
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS UK
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Abstract
Alphaviruses, members of the enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA Togaviridae family, represent a reemerging public health threat as mosquito vectors expand into new geographic territories. The Old World alphaviruses, which include chikungunya virus, Ross River virus, and Sindbis virus, tend to cause a clinical syndrome characterized by fever, rash, and arthritis, whereas the New World alphaviruses, which consist of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus, and western equine encephalitis virus, induce encephalomyelitis. Following recovery from the acute phase of infection, many patients are left with debilitating persistent joint and neurological complications that can last for years. Clues from human cases and studies using animal models strongly suggest that much of the disease and pathology induced by alphavirus infection, particularly atypical and chronic manifestations, is mediated by the immune system rather than directly by the virus. This review discusses the current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the arthritogenic and neurotropic alphaviruses accumulated through both natural infection of humans and experimental infection of animals, particularly mice. As treatment following alphavirus infection is currently limited to supportive care, understanding the contribution of the immune system to the disease process is critical to developing safe and effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Malmberg M, Malm T, Gustafsson O, Sturchio A, Graff C, Espay AJ, Wright AP, El Andaloussi S, Lindén A, Ezzat K. Disentangling the Amyloid Pathways: A Mechanistic Approach to Etiology. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:256. [PMID: 32372895 PMCID: PMC7186396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are fibrillar protein aggregates associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), type II diabetes and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The process of amyloid polymerization involves three pathological protein transformations; from natively folded conformation to the cross-β conformation, from biophysically soluble to insoluble, and from biologically functional to non-functional. While amyloids share a similar cross-β conformation, the biophysical transformation can either take place spontaneously via a homogeneous nucleation mechanism (HON) or catalytically on an exogenous surface via a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism (HEN). Here, we postulate that the different nucleation pathways can serve as a mechanistic basis for an etiological classification of amyloidopathies, where hereditary forms generally follow the HON pathway, while sporadic forms follow seed-induced (prions) or surface-induced (including microbially induced) HEN pathways. Critically, the conformational and biophysical amyloid transformation results in loss-of-function (LOF) of the original natively folded and soluble protein. This LOF can, at least initially, be the mechanism of amyloid toxicity even before amyloid accumulation reaches toxic levels. By highlighting the important role of non-protein species in amyloid formation and LOF mechanisms of toxicity, we propose a generalized mechanistic framework that could help better understand the diverse etiology of amyloid diseases and offer new opportunities for therapeutic interventions, including replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Malmberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oskar Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Sturchio
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anthony P. Wright
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kariem Ezzat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vittor AY, Long M, Chakrabarty P, Aycock L, Kollu V, DeKosky ST. West Nile Virus-Induced Neurologic Sequelae-Relationship to Neurodegenerative Cascades and Dementias. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2020; 7:25-36. [PMID: 32775145 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review West Nile virus (WNV) emerged from Central Africa in the 1990s and is now endemic throughout much of the world. Twenty years after its introduction in the USA, it is becoming apparent that neurological impairments can persist for years following infection. Here, we review the epidemiological data in support of such long-term deficits and discuss possible mechanisms that drive these persistent manifestations. Recent Findings Focusing on the recently discovered antimicrobial roles of amyloid and alpha-synuclein, we connect WNV late pathology to overlapping features encountered in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also summarize new research on microglial activation and engulfment of neural synapses seen in recovered WNV as well as in neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss how loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may exacerbate this process. Summary Neuroinvasive viral infections such as WNV may be linked epidemiologically and mechanistically to neurodegeneration. This may open doors to therapeutic options for hitherto untreatable infectious sequelae; additionally, it may also shed light on the possible infectious etiologies of age-progressive neurodegenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Vittor
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maureen Long
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren Aycock
- School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vidya Kollu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kushwah N, Jain V, Yadav D. Osmolytes: A Possible Therapeutic Molecule for Ameliorating the Neurodegeneration Caused by Protein Misfolding and Aggregation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010132. [PMID: 31941036 PMCID: PMC7022651 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the neurological disorders in the brain are caused by the abnormal buildup of misfolded or aggregated proteins. Osmolytes are low molecular weight organic molecules usually built up in tissues at a quite high amount during stress or any pathological condition. These molecules help in providing stability to the aggregated proteins and protect these proteins from misfolding. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the uttermost universal neurological disorder that can be described by the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles, aggregated/misfolded protein produced by the amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Osmolytes provide stability to the folded, functional form of a protein and alter the folding balance away from aggregation and/or degradation of the protein. Moreover, they are identified as chemical chaperones. Brain osmolytes enhance the pace of Aβ aggregation, combine with the nearby water molecules more promptly, and avert the aggregation/misfolding of proteins by providing stability to them. Therefore, osmolytes can be employed as therapeutic targets and may assist in potential drug design for many neurodegenerative and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kushwah
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-institute of genomics and integrative biology, Mall road, Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Vishal Jain
- Department of ECE, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15289, USA
- Correspondence: (V.J.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +1-412-251-3042 (V.J.); +82-10-2202-1191(D.Y.)
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
- Correspondence: (V.J.); (D.Y.); Tel.: +1-412-251-3042 (V.J.); +82-10-2202-1191(D.Y.)
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