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Abstract
The sorting nexin (SNX) family of proteins deform the membrane to generate transport carriers in endosomal pathways. Here, we elucidate how a prototypic member, SNX1, acts in this process. Performing cryoelectron microscopy, we find that SNX1 assembles into a protein lattice that consists of helical rows of SNX1 dimers wrapped around tubular membranes in a crosslinked fashion. We also visualize the details of this structure, which provides a molecular understanding of how various parts of SNX1 contribute to its ability to deform the membrane. Moreover, we have compared the SNX1 structure with a previously elucidated structure of an endosomal coat complex formed by retromer coupled to a SNX, which reveals how the molecular organization of the SNX in this coat complex is affected by retromer. The comparison also suggests insight into intermediary stages of assembly that results in the formation of the retromer-SNX coat complex on the membrane.
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52
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Yong X, Mao L, Shen X, Zhang Z, Billadeau DD, Jia D. Targeting Endosomal Recycling Pathways by Bacterial and Viral Pathogens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:648024. [PMID: 33748141 PMCID: PMC7970000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.648024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomes are essential cellular stations where endocytic and secretory trafficking routes converge. Proteins transiting at endosomes can be degraded via lysosome, or recycled to the plasma membrane, trans-Golgi network (TGN), or other cellular destinations. Pathways regulating endosomal recycling are tightly regulated in order to preserve organelle identity, to maintain lipid homeostasis, and to support other essential cellular functions. Recent studies have revealed that both pathogenic bacteria and viruses subvert host endosomal recycling pathways for their survival and replication. Several host factors that are frequently targeted by pathogens are being identified, including retromer, TBC1D5, SNX-BARs, and the WASH complex. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances in understanding how intracellular bacteria, human papillomavirus (HPV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hijack host endosomal recycling pathways. This exciting work not only reveals distinct mechanisms employed by pathogens to manipulate host signaling pathways, but also deepens our understanding of the molecular intricacies regulating endosomal receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lejiao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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53
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Amatya B, Lee H, Asico LD, Konkalmatt P, Armando I, Felder RA, Jose PA. SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC Subfamily of SNXs in the Regulation of Receptor-Mediated Signaling and Membrane Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052319. [PMID: 33652569 PMCID: PMC7956473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily of sorting nexins (SNXs) belongs to the superfamily of SNX proteins. SNXs are characterized by the presence of a common phox-homology (PX) domain, along with other functional domains that play versatile roles in cellular signaling and membrane trafficking. In addition to the PX domain, the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily, except for SNX19, contains a unique RGS (regulators of G protein signaling) domain that serves as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which accelerates GTP hydrolysis on the G protein α subunit, resulting in termination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Moreover, the PX domain selectively interacts with phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and other phosphoinositides found in endosomal membranes, while also associating with various intracellular proteins. Although SNX19 lacks an RGS domain, all members of the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily serve as dual regulators of receptor cargo signaling and endosomal trafficking. This review discusses the known and proposed functions of the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily and how it participates in receptor signaling (both GPCR and non-GPCR) and endosomal-based membrane trafficking. Furthermore, we discuss the difference of this subfamily of SNXs from other subfamilies, such as SNX-BAR nexins (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs) that are associated with retromer or other retrieval complexes for the regulation of receptor signaling and membrane trafficking. Emerging evidence has shown that the dysregulation and malfunction of this subfamily of sorting nexins lead to various pathophysiological processes and disorders, including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhas Amatya
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Hewang Lee
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Laureano D. Asico
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Ines Armando
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology/Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
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54
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Mao L, Liao C, Qin J, Gong Y, Zhou Y, Li S, Liu Z, Deng H, Deng W, Sun Q, Mo X, Xue Y, Billadeau DD, Dai L, Li G, Jia D. Phosphorylation of SNX27 by MAPK11/14 links cellular stress-signaling pathways with endocytic recycling. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211812. [PMID: 33605979 PMCID: PMC7901142 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosed proteins can be delivered to lysosomes for degradation or recycled to either the trans-Golgi network or the plasma membrane. It remains poorly understood how the recycling versus degradation of cargoes is determined. Here, we show that multiple extracellular stimuli, including starvation, LPS, IL-6, and EGF treatment, can strongly inhibit endocytic recycling of multiple cargoes through the activation of MAPK11/14. The stress-induced kinases in turn directly phosphorylate SNX27, a key regulator of endocytic recycling, at serine 51 (Ser51). Phosphorylation of SNX27 at Ser51 alters the conformation of its cargo-binding pocket and decreases the interaction between SNX27 and cargo proteins, thereby inhibiting endocytic recycling. Our study indicates that endocytic recycling is highly dynamic and can crosstalk with cellular stress–signaling pathways. Suppression of endocytic recycling and enhancement of receptor lysosomal degradation serve as new mechanisms for cells to cope with stress and save energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejiao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenyi Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wankun Deng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Seaman MNJ. The Retromer Complex: From Genesis to Revelations. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:608-620. [PMID: 33526371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retromer complex has a well-established role in endosomal protein sorting, being necessary for maintaining the dynamic localisation of hundreds of membrane proteins that traverse the endocytic system. Retromer function and dysfunction is linked with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and many pathogens, both viral and bacterial, exploit or interfere in retromer function for their own ends. In this review, the history of retromer is distilled into a concentrated form that spans the identification of retromer to recent discoveries that have shed new light on how retromer functions in endosomal protein sorting and why retromer is increasingly being viewed as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N J Seaman
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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56
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Zanin N, Viaris de Lesegno C, Lamaze C, Blouin CM. Interferon Receptor Trafficking and Signaling: Journey to the Cross Roads. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615603. [PMID: 33552080 PMCID: PMC7855707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Like most plasma membrane proteins, type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR) traffics from the outer surface to the inner compartments of the cell. Long considered as a passive means to simply control subunits availability at the plasma membrane, an array of new evidence establishes IFNAR endocytosis as an active contributor to the regulation of signal transduction triggered by IFN binding to IFNAR. During its complex journey initiated at the plasma membrane, the internalized IFNAR complex, i.e. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits, will experience post-translational modifications and recruit specific effectors. These finely tuned interactions will determine not only IFNAR subunits destiny (lysosomal degradation vs. plasma membrane recycling) but also the control of IFN-induced signal transduction. Finally, the IFNAR system perfectly illustrates the paradigm of the crosstalk between membrane trafficking and intracellular signaling. Investigating the complexity of IFN receptor intracellular routes is therefore necessary to reveal new insight into the role of IFNAR membrane dynamics in type I IFNs signaling selectivity and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Zanin
- NDORMS, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Viaris de Lesegno
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Cedric M Blouin
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
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57
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Ferro E, Bosia C, Campa CC. RAB11-Mediated Trafficking and Human Cancers: An Updated Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010026. [PMID: 33406725 PMCID: PMC7823896 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The small GTPase RAB11 is a master regulator of both vesicular trafficking and membrane dynamic defining the surface proteome of cellular membranes. As a consequence, the alteration of RAB11 activity induces changes in both the sensory and the transduction apparatuses of cancer cells leading to tumor progression and invasion. Here, we show that this strictly depends on RAB11′s ability to control the sorting of signaling receptors from endosomes. Therefore, RAB11 is a potential therapeutic target over which to develop future therapies aimed at dampening the acquisition of aggressive traits by cancer cells. Abstract Many disorders block and subvert basic cellular processes in order to boost their progression. One protein family that is prone to be altered in human cancers is the small GTPase RAB11 family, the master regulator of vesicular trafficking. RAB11 isoforms function as membrane organizers connecting the transport of cargoes towards the plasma membrane with the assembly of autophagic precursors and the generation of cellular protrusions. These processes dramatically impact normal cell physiology and their alteration significantly affects the survival, progression and metastatization as well as the accumulation of toxic materials of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss biological mechanisms ensuring cargo recognition and sorting through a RAB11-dependent pathway, a prerequisite to understand the effect of RAB11 alterations in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsi Ferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Turin, Italy; (E.F.); (C.B.)
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Carla Bosia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Turin, Italy; (E.F.); (C.B.)
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Carlo C. Campa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Turin, Italy; (E.F.); (C.B.)
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. le 142, km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Correspondence:
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McMillan KJ, Banks PJ, Hellel FLN, Carmichael RE, Clairfeuille T, Evans AJ, Heesom KJ, Lewis P, Collins BM, Bashir ZI, Henley JM, Wilkinson KA, Cullen PJ. Sorting nexin-27 regulates AMPA receptor trafficking through the synaptic adhesion protein LRFN2. eLife 2021; 10:59432. [PMID: 34251337 PMCID: PMC8296521 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosome-associated cargo adaptor sorting nexin-27 (SNX27) is linked to various neuropathologies through sorting of integral proteins to the synaptic surface, most notably AMPA receptors. To provide a broader view of SNX27-associated pathologies, we performed proteomics in rat primary neurons to identify SNX27-dependent cargoes, and identified proteins linked to excitotoxicity, epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and working memory deficits. Focusing on the synaptic adhesion molecule LRFN2, we established that SNX27 binds to LRFN2 and regulates its endosomal sorting. Furthermore, LRFN2 associates with AMPA receptors and knockdown of LRFN2 results in decreased surface AMPA receptor expression, reduced synaptic activity, and attenuated hippocampal long-term potentiation. Overall, our study provides an additional mechanism by which SNX27 can control AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity indirectly through the sorting of LRFN2 and offers molecular insight into the perturbed function of SNX27 and LRFN2 in a range of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J Banks
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thomas Clairfeuille
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ashley J Evans
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics facility, School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip Lewis
- Proteomics facility, School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandQueenslandAustralia
| | - Zafar I Bashir
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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59
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Abstract
For decades, recycling of membrane proteins has been represented in figures by arrows between the "endosome" and the plasma membrane, but recently there has been an explosion in the understanding of the mechanisms and protein complexes required to facilitate protein recycling. Here, some key discoveries will be introduced, including assigning function to a number of recently recognized protein complexes and linking their function to protein recycling. Furthermore, the importance of lipid interactions and links to diseases and epithelial polarity will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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60
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Curnock R, Cullen PJ. Mammalian copper homeostasis requires retromer-dependent recycling of the high-affinity copper transporter 1. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/16/jcs249201. [PMID: 32843536 PMCID: PMC7473646 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of essential micronutrients, such as copper (used here to describe both Cu+ and Cu2+), within the cell is tightly regulated to avoid their adverse deficiency and toxicity effects. Retromer-mediated sorting and recycling of nutrient transporters within the endo-lysosomal network is an essential process in regulating nutrient balance. Cellular copper homeostasis is regulated primarily by two transporters: the copper influx transporter copper transporter 1 (CTR1; also known as SLC31A1), which controls the uptake of copper, and the copper-extruding ATPase ATP7A, a recognised retromer cargo. Here, we show that in response to fluctuating extracellular copper, retromer controls the delivery of CTR1 to the cell surface. Following copper exposure, CTR1 is endocytosed to prevent excessive copper uptake. We reveal that internalised CTR1 localises on retromer-positive endosomes and, in response to decreased extracellular copper, retromer controls the recycling of CTR1 back to the cell surface to maintain copper homeostasis. In addition to copper, CTR1 plays a central role in the trafficking of platinum. The efficacy of platinum-based cancer drugs has been correlated with CTR1 expression. Consistent with this, we demonstrate that retromer-deficient cells show reduced sensitivity to the platinum-based drug cisplatin. Summary: CTR1 (SLC31A1) is the only known mammalian importer of copper. We show that CTR1 is a retromer complex cargo protein, and that retromer is required for cellular sensitivity to extracellular copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Curnock
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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61
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Evans AJ, Daly JL, Anuar ANK, Simonetti B, Cullen PJ. Acute inactivation of retromer and ESCPE-1 leads to time-resolved defects in endosomal cargo sorting. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/15/jcs246033. [PMID: 32747499 PMCID: PMC7420817 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human retromer, a heterotrimer of VPS26 (VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS35 and VPS29, orchestrates the endosomal retrieval of internalised cargo and promotes their cell surface recycling, a prototypical cargo being the glucose transporter GLUT1 (also known as SLC2A1). The role of retromer in the retrograde sorting of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR, also known as IGF2R) from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network remains controversial. Here, by applying knocksideways technology, we develop a method for acute retromer inactivation. While retromer knocksideways in HeLa and H4 human neuroglioma cells resulted in time-resolved defects in cell surface sorting of GLUT1, we failed to observe a quantifiable defect in CI-MPR sorting. In contrast, knocksideways of the ESCPE-1 complex – a key regulator of retrograde CI-MPR sorting – revealed time-resolved defects in CI-MPR sorting. Together, these data are consistent with a comparatively limited role for retromer in ESCPE-1-mediated CI-MPR retrograde sorting, and establish a methodology for acute retromer and ESCPE-1 inactivation that will aid the time-resolved dissection of their functional roles in endosomal cargo sorting. Summary: Retromer, a master controller of endosomal cargo sorting, is deregulated in neurodegenerative disease. Here, we develop and apply a retromer knocksideways methodology to quantify endosomal cargo sorting upon acute perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Evans
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - James L Daly
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anis N K Anuar
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Boris Simonetti
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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62
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Antón Z, Betin VMS, Simonetti B, Traer CJ, Attar N, Cullen PJ, Lane JD. A heterodimeric SNX4--SNX7 SNX-BAR autophagy complex coordinates ATG9A trafficking for efficient autophagosome assembly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246306. [PMID: 32513819 PMCID: PMC7375690 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of peripheral membrane proteins that direct protein trafficking decisions within the endocytic network. Emerging evidence in yeast and mammalian cells implicates a subgroup of SNXs in selective and non-selective forms of autophagy. Using siRNA and CRISPR-Cas9, we demonstrate that the SNX-BAR protein SNX4 is needed for efficient LC3 (also known as MAP1LC3) lipidation and autophagosome assembly in mammalian cells. SNX-BARs exist as homo- and hetero-dimers, and we show that SNX4 forms functional heterodimers with either SNX7 or SNX30 that associate with tubulovesicular endocytic membranes. Detailed image-based analysis during the early stages of autophagosome assembly reveals that SNX4-SNX7 is an autophagy-specific SNX-BAR heterodimer, required for efficient recruitment and/or retention of core autophagy regulators at the nascent isolation membrane. SNX4 partially colocalises with juxtanuclear ATG9A-positive membranes, with our data linking the autophagy defect upon SNX4 disruption to the mis-trafficking and/or retention of ATG9A in the Golgi region. Taken together, our findings show that the SNX4-SNX7 heterodimer coordinates ATG9A trafficking within the endocytic network to establish productive autophagosome assembly sites, thus extending knowledge of SNXs as positive regulators of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Antón
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Virginie M S Betin
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Boris Simonetti
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Colin J Traer
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Naomi Attar
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter J Cullen
- Henry Wellcome Integrated Signalling Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jon D Lane
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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63
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Molecular Basis for PI(3,5)P2 Recognition by SNX11, a Protein Involved in Lysosomal Degradation and Endosome Homeostasis Regulation. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4750-4761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Han J, Goldstein LA, Hou W, Watkins SC, Rabinowich H. Involvement of CASP9 (caspase 9) in IGF2R/CI-MPR endosomal transport. Autophagy 2020; 17:1393-1409. [PMID: 32397873 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1761742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that increased expression of CASP9 pro-domain, at the endosomal membrane in response to HSP90 inhibition, mediates a cell-protective effect that does not involve CASP9 apoptotic activity. We report here that a non-apoptotic activity of endosomal membrane CASP9 facilitates the retrograde transport of IGF2R/CI-MPR from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network, indicating the involvement of CASP9 in endosomal sorting and lysosomal biogenesis. CASP9-deficient cells demonstrate the missorting of CTSD (cathepsin D) and other acid hydrolases, accumulation of late endosomes, and reduced degradation of bafilomycin A1-sensitive proteins. In the absence of CASP9, IGF2R undergoes significant degradation, and its rescue is achieved by the re-expression of a non-catalytic CASP9 mutant. This endosomal activity of CASP9 is potentially mediated by herein newly identified interactions of CASP9 with the components of the endosomal membrane transport complexes. These endosomal complexes include the retromer VPS35 and the SNX dimers, SNX1-SNX5 and SNX2-SNX6, which are involved in the IGF2R retrieval mechanism. Additionally, CASP9 interacts with HGS/HRS/ESCRT-0 and the CLTC (clathrin heavy chain) that participate in the initiation of the endosomal ESCRT degradation pathway. We propose that endosomal CASP9 inhibits the endosomal membrane degradative subdomain(s) from initiating the ESCRT-mediated degradation of IGF2R, allowing its retrieval to transport-designated endosomal membrane subdomain(s). These findings are the first to identify a cell survival, non-apoptotic function for CASP9 at the endosomal membrane, a site distinctly removed from the cytoplasmic apoptosome. Via its non-apoptotic endosomal function, CASP9 impacts the retrograde transport of IGF2R and, consequently, lysosomal biogenesis.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CASP: caspase; CLTC/CHC: clathrin, heavy chain; CTSD: cathepsin D; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; HEXB: hexosaminidase subunit beta; HGS/HRS/ESCRT-0: hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; IGF2R/CI-MPR: insulin like growth factor 2 receptor; ILV: intraluminal vesicles; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; M6PR/CD-MPR: mannose-6-phosphate receptor, cation dependent; MEF: murine embryonic fibroblasts; MWU: Mann-Whitney U test; PepA: pepstatin A; RAB7A: RAB7, member RAS oncogene family; SNX-BAR: sorting nexin dimers with a Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain each; TGN: trans-Golgi network; TUBB: tubulin beta; VPS26: VPS26 retromer complex component; VPS29: VPS29 retromer complex component; VPS35: VPS35 retromer complex component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leslie A Goldstein
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Rabinowich
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Laiouar S, Berns N, Brech A, Riechmann V. RabX1 Organizes a Late Endosomal Compartment that Forms Tubular Connections to Lysosomes Consistent with a “Kiss and Run” Mechanism. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1177-1188.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Tu Y, Zhao L, Billadeau DD, Jia D. Endosome-to-TGN Trafficking: Organelle-Vesicle and Organelle-Organelle Interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:163. [PMID: 32258039 PMCID: PMC7093645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) diverts proteins and lipids away from lysosomal degradation. It is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and signaling. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding this classical pathway, revealing new insights into multiple steps of vesicular trafficking as well as critical roles of ER-endosome contacts for endosomal trafficking. In this review, we summarize up-to-date knowledge about this trafficking pathway, in particular, mechanisms of cargo recognition at endosomes and vesicle tethering at the TGN, and contributions of ER-endosome contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yong X, Zhao L, Deng W, Sun H, Zhou X, Mao L, Hu W, Shen X, Sun Q, Billadeau DD, Xue Y, Jia D. Mechanism of cargo recognition by retromer-linked SNX-BAR proteins. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000631. [PMID: 32150533 PMCID: PMC7082075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins is essential for many important physiological processes. Recent studies have revealed that retromer-related Sorting Nexin family (SNX)–Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) proteins can directly recognize cargoes like cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) and Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R); however, it remains poorly understood how SNX-BARs select specific cargo proteins and whether they recognize additional ligands. Here, we discovered that the binding between SNX-BARs and CI-MPR or IGF1R is mediated by the phox-homology (PX) domain of SNX5 or SNX6 and a bipartite motif, termed SNX-BAR-binding motif (SBM), in the cargoes. Using this motif, we identified over 70 putative SNX-BAR ligands, many of which play critical roles in apoptosis, cell adhesion, signal transduction, or metabolite homeostasis. Remarkably, SNX-BARs could cooperate with both SNX27 and retromer in the recycling of ligands encompassing the SBM, PDZ-binding motif, or both motifs. Overall, our studies establish that SNX-BARs function as a direct cargo-selecting module for a large set of transmembrane proteins transiting the endosome, in addition to their roles in phospholipid recognition and biogenesis of tubular structures. Internalized transmembrane proteins can be recognized by specific protein complexes and diverted away from the degradation process. This study identifies a new sorting motif recognized by retromer-linked SNX-BAR proteins and reveals a large repertoire of potential cargoes recycled by the SNX-BAR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wankun Deng
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lejiao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research and Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
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Weeratunga S, Paul B, Collins BM. Recognising the signals for endosomal trafficking. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:17-27. [PMID: 32155566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal compartment is a major sorting station controlling the balance between endocytic recycling and lysosomal degradation, and its homeostasis is emerging as a central factor in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Membrane trafficking is generally coordinated by the recognition of specific signals in transmembrane protein cargos by different transport machineries. A number of different protein trafficking complexes are essential for sequence-specific recognition and retrieval of endosomal cargos, recycling them to other compartments and acting to counter-balance the default endosomal sorting complex required for transport-mediated degradation pathway. In this review, we provide a summary of the key endosomal transport machineries, and the molecular mechanisms by which different cargo sequences are specifically recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroja Weeratunga
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Blessy Paul
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brett M Collins
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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