51
|
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Simeth NA. A Molecular Pump Facilitates Mechanical Adsorption Away from Equilibrium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja A. Simeth
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry University of Goettingen Tammannstrasse 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC) University of Goettingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
De Nicola A, Correa A, Bracco S, Perego J, Sozzani P, Comotti A, Milano G. Collective dynamics of molecular rotors in periodic mesoporous organosilica: a combined solid-state 2H-NMR and molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:666-673. [PMID: 34904981 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular rotors offer a platform to realize controlled dynamics and modulate the functions of solids. The motional mechanisms in arrays of rotors have not been explored in depth. Crystal-like porous organosilicas, comprising p-phenylene rotators pivoted onto a siloxane scaffold, were modelled using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Long simulations, on a microsecond scale, allowed to follow the reorientation statistics of rotor collections and single out group configurations and frequency distributions as a function of temperature. The motions observed in the MD simulations support a multiple-site model for rotor reorientations. Computed motional frequencies revealed a complex rotatory phenomenon combining an ultra-fast libration motion (oscillation up to 30°) with a slow and fast 180° flip reorientation. Adopting a multiple-site model provides a more accurate simulation of the 2H-NMR spectra and a rationalization of their temperature dependence. In particular, rotators endowed with distinct rates could be explained by the presence of slower rings locked in a T-shaped conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Nicola
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andrea Correa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Bracco
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Perego
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Piero Sozzani
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Angiolina Comotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naploli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
van Vliet S, Alachouzos G, de Vries F, Pfeifer L, Feringa BL. Visible light activated BINOL-derived chiroptical switches based on boron integrated hydrazone complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9713-9718. [PMID: 36091916 PMCID: PMC9400604 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral optical switches, which use light to control chirality in a reversible manner, offer unique properties and fascinating prospects in the areas of molecular switching and responsive systems, new photochromic materials and molecular data processing and storage. Herein, we report visible light responsive chiroptical switches based on tetrahedral boron coordination towards an easily accessible hydrazone ligand and optically pure BINOL. Upon instalment of a non-planar dibenzo[a,d]-cycloheptene moiety in the hydrazone ligand's lower half, the enantiopure boron complex shows major chiroptical changes in the CD read-out after visible light irradiation. The thermal isomerization barrier in these chiroptical switching systems showed to be easily adjustable by the introduction of substituents onto the olefinic bond of the cycloheptene ring, giving profound control over their thermal stability. The control over their thermal stability in combination with excellent reversibility, photochemical properties and overall robustness of the complexes makes these BINOL-derived chiroptical switches attractive candidates for usage in advanced applications, e.g. photonic materials and nanotechnology. Chiroptical switches, which use light to control chirality in a reversible manner, offer unique properties and fascinating prospects in the areas of molecular responsive systems, new photochromic materials and molecular data processing and storage.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven van Vliet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- EPFL, CH G1 614 (Bâtiment CH), Station 6, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Pooler DRS, Doellerer D, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Controlling rotary motion of molecular motors based on oxindole. Org Chem Front 2022; 9:2084-2092. [PMID: 35516070 PMCID: PMC9003629 DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00129b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors are essential components of artificial molecular machines, which can be used to manipulate and amplify mechanical motion at the nanoscale to create machine-like function. Since the discovery of light-driven rotary molecular motors, the field has been widely developed, including the introduction of molecular motors based on oxindole by our group in 2019. The rotational properties of molecular motors, e.g. absorption wavelength, quantum yield and rotation speed, often critically depend on substituent effects. Up to now, the substituent effects of oxindole-based molecular motors have not yet been investigated. Herein, we present a family of oxindole-based molecular motors functionalised at three different positions on the motor core, with either CN or OMe groups. The motors prepared in this work retain the favourable features of oxindole-based motors, i.e. simple synthesis and visible light addressability. We find that functionalisation has substantial effects on the absorption wavelength of the motors, meanwhile the rotation speed is unaffected. Furthermore, we found that functionalisation of the oxindole molecular motors increases their quantum efficiency considerably in comparison to previous motors of their class. We present a new family of oxindole-based functionalised at three positions on the upper and lower halves, with methoxy or cyano groups. We find that this allows the absorption wavelength and quantum yields of these motors to be tuned.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy R. S. Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Stähler C, Grunenberg L, Terban MW, Browne WR, Doellerer D, Kathan M, Etter M, Lotsch BV, Feringa BL, Krause S. Light-Driven Molecular Motors Embedded in Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8253-8264. [PMID: 35919721 PMCID: PMC9297439 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of molecular machines into the backbone of porous framework structures will facilitate nano actuation, enhanced molecular transport, and other out-of-equilibrium host-guest phenomena in well-defined 3D solid materials. In...
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Stähler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
- E-conversion Lichtenbergstrasse 4a 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Simon Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Seale JSW, Feng Y, Feng L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Polyrotaxanes and the pump paradigm. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8450-8475. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The year 2022 marks the 30th anniversary of the first reports of polyrotaxanes in the scientific literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S. W. Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Fu H, Shao X, Cai W. Computer-aided design of molecular machines: techniques, paradigms and difficulties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:1286-1299. [PMID: 34951435 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With their development in the past decade, molecular machines, which achieve specific tasks by responding to external stimuli, have gradually come to be regarded as powerful tools for a wide range of applications, rather than interesting molecular toys. This conceptual change in turn motivates scientists to design molecular machines with complex architectures. Due to the lack of general principles bridging the functions and the chemical structures of molecular machines, experience-based design becomes difficult with the increase of size and complexity of the architectures. Computer-aided molecular-machine design, therefore, has attracted widespread attention on account of its ability to model and investigate complex molecular architectures without too much time and expense required for synthetic experiments. Using leading-edge numerical-simulation techniques, the mechanisms underlying achieving tasks through response to external stimuli of a large number of existing molecular machines have been successfully explored. Based on the experience of studying existing molecular machines, generalized methodologies of predicting the properties and working principles of molecular candidates have been established, paving the way for de novo computer-aided design of molecular machines. In this perspective, we introduce cutting-edge techniques that have been applied for investigating and designing molecular machines. We show paradigms of computer-aided design of molecular machines, which can serve as guidelines for the investigation of new supramolecular architectures. Moreover, we discuss the limitations and possible future developments of current techniques and methodologies in the field of computer-aided design of molecular machines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Fu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xueguang Shao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Wensheng Cai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Feng L, Qiu Y, Guo QH, Chen Z, Seale JSW, He K, Wu H, Feng Y, Farha OK, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Active mechanisorption driven by pumping cassettes. Science 2021; 374:1215-1221. [PMID: 34672694 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kun He
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental Center (NUANCE), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Andreoni L, Baroncini M, Groppi J, Silvi S, Taticchi C, Credi A. Photochemical Energy Conversion with Artificial Molecular Machines. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 35:18900-18914. [PMID: 34887620 PMCID: PMC8647081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of sunlight as a clean, renewable, and distributed energy source is key to facing the energetic demand of modern society in a sustainable and affordable fashion. In the past few decades, chemists have learned to make molecular machines, that is, synthetic chemical systems in which energy inputs cause controlled movements of molecular components that could be used to perform a task. A variety of artificial molecular machines operated by light have been constructed by implementing photochemical processes within appropriately designed (supra)molecular assemblies. These studies could open up new routes for the realization of nanostructured devices and materials capable to harness, convert, and store light energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Andreoni
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 50, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Taticchi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Qu K, Duan P, Wang JY, Zhang B, Zhang QC, Hong W, Chen ZN. Capturing the Rotation of One Molecular Crank by Single-Molecule Conductance. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9729-9735. [PMID: 34761680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Unveiling the internal dynamics of rotation in molecular machine at single-molecule scale is still a challenge. In this work, three crank-shaped molecules are elaborately designed with the conformational flipping between syn and anti fulfilled by two naphthyl groups rotating freely along 1,3-butadiynyl axis. By investigating the single-molecule conductance using scanning tunnelling microscope break junction (STM-BJ) technique and theoretical simulation, the internal rotation of these crank-shaped molecules is well identified through low and high conductance corresponding to syn- and anti-conformations. As demonstrated by theoretically computational study, the orbital energy changes with the conformational flipping and influences the intraorbital quantum interference, thus eventually modulating the single-molecule conductance. This work demonstrates single-molecule conductance measurement to be a rational approach for characterizing the internal rotation of molecular machines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, NEL, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jin-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Bochao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qian-Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, NEL, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Pooler DRS, Lubbe AS, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Designing light-driven rotary molecular motors. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14964-14986. [PMID: 34909140 PMCID: PMC8612399 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04781g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce and amplify motion at the molecular scale has seen tremendous progress ranging from simple molecular rotors to responsive materials. In the two decades since the discovery of light-driven rotary molecular motors, the development of these molecules has been extensive; moving from the realm of molecular chemistry to integration into dynamic molecular systems. They have been identified as actuators holding great potential to precisely control the dynamics of nanoscale devices, but integrating molecular motors effectively into evermore complex artificial molecular machinery is not trivial. Maximising efficiency without compromising function requires conscious and judicious selection of the structures used. In this perspective, we focus on the key aspects of motor design and discuss how to manipulate these properties without impeding motor integrity. Herein, we describe these principles in the context of molecular rotary motors featuring a central double bond axle and emphasise the strengths and weaknesses of each design, providing a comprehensive evaluation of all artificial light-driven rotary motor scaffolds currently present in the literature. Based on this discussion, we will explore the trajectory of research into the field of molecular motors in the coming years, including challenges to be addressed, potential applications, and future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anouk S Lubbe
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wonink MBS, Corbet BP, Kulago AA, Boursalian GB, de Bruin B, Otten E, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Three-State Switching of an Anthracene Extended Bis-thiaxanthylidene with a Highly Stable Diradical State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18020-18028. [PMID: 34695359 PMCID: PMC8569810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A multistable molecular switching system based on an anthracene-extended bis-thiaxanthylidene with three individually addressable states that can be interconverted by electrochemical, thermal, and photochemical reactions is reported. Besides reversible switching between an open-shell diradical- and a closed-shell electronic configuration, our findings include a third dicationic state and control by multiple actuators. This dicationic state with an orthogonal conformation can be switched electrochemically with the neutral open-shell triplet state with orthogonal conformation, which was characterized by EPR. The remarkably stable diradical shows kinetic stability as a result of a significant activation barrier for isomerization to a more stable neutral closed-shell folded geometry. We ascribe this activation barrier of ΔG⧧(293 K) = 25.7 kcal mol-1 to steric hindrance in the fjord region of the overcrowded alkene structure. The folded closed-shell state can be converted back to the diradical state by irradiation with 385 nm. The folded state can also be oxidized to the dicationic state. These types of molecules with multiple switchable states and in particular stable diradicals show great potential in the design of new functional materials such as memory devices, logic gates, and OFETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco B S Wonink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian P Corbet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Artem A Kulago
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory B Boursalian
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Li M, Li S, Zhang K, Chi X, Zhou H, Xu HB, Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang D, Zeng MH. Coordination-directed self-assembly of molecular motors: towards a two-wheel drive nanocar. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16748-16754. [PMID: 34596642 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05046j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Designing and constructing hierarchical and stimuli-responsive motorized nanocar systems to perform useful tasks on-demand is highly imperative towards molecular nanotechnology. In this work, a most simplified two-wheel nanocar was successfully prepared through a facile strategy of coordination-directed self-assembly. The nanocar meso-AgL2 features a central pseudo square-planar Ag(I) which was bridged by two enantiomeric motors as the wheels that ensure the car moves in the same direction when observed externally. Thanks to the electronic push-pull characteristic of L and 3ILCT triplet sensitization, this nanocar can be driven by visible light up to 500 nm. Furthermore, it could be disassembled into individual motor elements through the addition of pyridine, thus allowing dynamic regulation over the function of the nanocar. Importantly, our STM imaging results showed very organized tilted layered structures for meso-AgL2 on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) that are quite similar to its crystalline ones, paving the way for future single molecule manipulations. The nanocar reported here represents the first example of integrating individual motors into a hierarchical motorized nanocar system via the facile coordination-directed self-assembly method and may offer a good starting point to realize its robotic functions, e.g., metal transportation and release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglian Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Shaorui Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Hang Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Bing Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Quan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Perego J, Bezuidenhout CX, Bracco S, Prando G, Marchiò L, Negroni M, Carretta P, Sozzani P, Comotti A. Cascade Dynamics of Multiple Molecular Rotors in a MOF: Benchmark Mobility at a Few Kelvins and Dynamics Control by CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13082-13090. [PMID: 34388339 PMCID: PMC8413000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Achieving
sophisticated juxtaposition of geared molecular rotors
with negligible energy-requirements in solids enables fast yet controllable
and correlated rotary motion to construct switches and motors. Our
endeavor was to realize multiple rotors operating in a MOF architecture
capable of supporting fast motional regimes, even at extremely cold
temperatures. Two distinct ligands, 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy)
and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanedicarboxylate (BCP), coordinated to Zn clusters
fabricated a pillar-and-layer 3D array of orthogonal rotors. Variable
temperature XRD, 2H solid-echo, and 1H T1 relaxation NMR, collected down to a temperature of 2 K revealed
the hyperfast mobility of BCP and an unprecedented cascade mechanism
modulated by distinct energy barriers starting from values as low
as 100 J mol–1 (24 cal mol–1),
a real benchmark for complex arrays of rotors. These rotors explored
multiple configurations of conrotary and disrotary relationships,
switched on and off by thermal energy, a scenario supported by DFT
modeling. Furthermore, the collective bipy-ring rotation was concerted
with the framework, which underwent controllable swinging between
two arrangements in a dynamical structure. A second way to manipulate
rotors by external stimuli was the use of CO2, which diffused
through the open pores, dramatically changing the global rotation
mechanism. Collectively, the intriguing gymnastics of multiple rotors,
devised cooperatively and integrated into the same framework, gave
the opportunity to engineer hypermobile rotors (107 Hz
at 4 K) in machine-like double ligand MOF crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Perego
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Charl X Bezuidenhout
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bracco
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Prando
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Negroni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Carretta
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Piero Sozzani
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Angiolina Comotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Lv S, Li X, Yang L, Ren H, Jiang J. Computational design of photoswitchable anion receptors: Red-shifted and bistable di-ortho-fluoro di-ortho-chloro azobenzene derivatives. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
67
|
Zhou H, Bai J, Tian X, Mo Z, Chen X. Dynamic Pendulum Effect of an Exceptionally Flexible
Pillared‐Layer Metal‐Organic
Framework
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao‐Long Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Shantou Guangdong 515063 China
| | - Jie Bai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Xiao‐Yun Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Zong‐Wen Mo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Xiao‐Ming Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Goswami A, Özer MS, Paul I, Schmittel M. Evolution of catalytic machinery: three-component nanorotor catalyzes formation of four-component catalytic machinery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7180-7183. [PMID: 34190276 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02805g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The three-component nanorotor [Cu2(S)(R)]2+ (k298 = 46.0 kHz) that is a catalyst for a CuAAC reaction binds the click product at each of its copper centers thereby creating a new platform and a dynamic slider-on-deck system. Due to this sliding motion (k298 = 65.0 kHz) the zinc-porphyrin bound N-methylpyrrolidine is efficiently released into solution and catalyzes a follow-up Michael addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Goswami
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen D-57068, Germany.
| | - Merve S Özer
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen D-57068, Germany.
| | - Indrajit Paul
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen D-57068, Germany.
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen D-57068, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Dong J, Wee V, Peh SB, Zhao D. Molecular‐Rotor‐Driven Advanced Porous Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiao Dong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Vanessa Wee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Shing Bo Peh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117585 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Simeth NA, Kobayashi S, Kobauri P, Crespi S, Szymanski W, Nakatani K, Dohno C, Feringa BL. Rational design of a photoswitchable DNA glue enabling high regulatory function and supramolecular chirality transfer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9207-9220. [PMID: 34276952 PMCID: PMC8261765 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02194j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Short, complementary DNA single strands with mismatched base pairs cannot undergo spontaneous formation of duplex DNA (dsDNA). Mismatch binding ligands (MBLs) can compensate this effect, inducing the formation of the double helix and thereby acting as a molecular glue. Here, we present the rational design of photoswitchable MBLs that allow for reversible dsDNA assembly by light. Careful choice of the azobenzene core structure results in excellent band separation of the E and Z isomers of the involved chromophores. This effect allows for efficient use of light as an external control element for duplex DNA formation and for an in-depth study of the DNA-ligand interaction by UV-Vis, SPR, and CD spectroscopy, revealing a tight mutual interaction and complementarity between the photoswitchable ligand and the mismatched DNA. We also show that the configuration of the switch reversibly dictates the conformation of the DNA strands, while the dsDNA serves as a chiral clamp and translates its chiral information onto the ligand inducing a preference in helical chirality of the Z isomer of the MBLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Shotaro Kobayashi
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki 567-0047 Japan
| | - Piermichele Kobauri
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Kazuhiko Nakatani
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki 567-0047 Japan
| | - Chikara Dohno
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki 567-0047 Japan
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Cai K, Zhang L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Radical-pairing-induced molecular assembly and motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:447-465. [PMID: 37118435 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radical-pairing interactions between conjugated organic π-radicals are relative newcomers to the inventory of molecular recognition motifs explored in supramolecular chemistry. The unique electronic, magnetic, optical and redox-responsive properties of the conjugated π-radicals render molecules designed with radical-pairing interactions useful for applications in various areas of chemistry and materials science. In particular, the ability to control formation of radical cationic or anionic species, by redox stimulation, provides a flexible trigger for directed assembly and controlled molecular motions, as well as a convenient means of inputting energy to fuel non-equilibrium processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of different examples of radical-pairing-based recognition processes and of their emerging use in (1) supramolecular assembly, (2) templation of mechanically interlocked molecules, (3) stimuli-controlled molecular switches and, by incorporation of kinetic asymmetry in the design, (4) the creation of unidirectional molecular transporters based on pumping cassettes powered by fuelled switching of radical-pairing interactions. We conclude the discussion with an outlook on future directions for the field.
Collapse
|
72
|
Li HM, Zhong GM, Wu SQ, Sato O, Zheng XY, Yao ZS, Tao J. Adjusting Rotational Behavior of Molecular Rotors by a Rational Tuning of Molecular Structure. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8042-8048. [PMID: 34038634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many crystalline molecular rotors have been developed in the past decades. However, manipulating the rotational gesture that intrinsically controls the physical performance of materials remains a challenge. Herein, we report a series of crystalline rotors whose rotational gestures can be modulated by modifying the structures of molecular stators. In these dynamic crystals, the ox2- (ox2- = oxalate anion) behave as molecular rotators performing axial-free rotation in cavities composed of five complex cations, [MII(en)3]2+ (en = ethylenediamine). The structure of [MII(en)3]2+ that serves as a molecular stator can be tuned by varying the metal center with different ionic radii, consequently altering the chemical environment around the molecular rotator. Owing to the quasi-transverse isotropy of ox2- and multiple hydrogen-bond interactions around it, the molecular rotator exhibits unusual motional malleability, i.e., it can rotate either longitudinally in the compound of ZnII, or with a tilt angle of 42° in the compound of FeII, or even laterally in the compound of CdII. The atypical dynamic behavior demonstrated here provides a new chance for the development of exquisite crystalline molecular rotors with advanced tunable functionalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Miao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Ming Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Shu-Qi Wu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Osamu Sato
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xiao-Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Shuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Jellen MJ, Liepuoniute I, Jin M, Jones CG, Yang S, Jiang X, Nelson HM, Houk KN, Garcia-Garibay MA. Enhanced Gearing Fidelity Achieved Through Macrocyclization of a Solvated Molecular Spur Gear. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7740-7747. [PMID: 33998231 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular spur gear dynamics with high gearing fidelity can be achieved through a careful selection of constituent molecular components that favorably position and maintain the two gears in a meshed configuration. Here, we report the synthesis of a new macrocyclic molecular spur gear with a bibenzimidazole stator combined with a second naphthyl bis-gold-phosphine gold complex stator to place two 3-fold symmetric 9,10-diethynyl triptycene cogs at the optimal distance of 8.1 Å for gearing. Micro electron diffraction (μED) analysis confirmed the formation of the macrocyclic structure and the proper alignment of the triptycene cogs. Gearing dynamics in solution are predicted to be extremely fast and, in fact, were too fast to be observed with variable-temperature 1H NMR using CD2Cl2 as the solvent. A combination of molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations predict that the barriers for gearing and slippage are ca. 4 kcal mol-1 and ca. 9 kcal mol-1, respectively. This system is characterized by enhanced gearing fidelity compared to the acyclic analog. This is achieved by rigidification of the structure, locking the two triptycenes in the preferred gearing distance and orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Jellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ieva Liepuoniute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Li F, Geng J, Hu K, Zeng L, Wang J, Kong X, Liu N, Chai Z, Mei L, Shi W. Temperature‐Triggered Structural Dynamics of Non‐Coordinating Guest Moieties in a Fluorescent Actinide Polyrotaxane Framework. Chemistry 2021; 27:8730-8736. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei‐ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐shan Geng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Kong‐qiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li‐wen Zeng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Jing‐yang Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 P. R. China
| | - Xiang‐he Kong
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 P. R. China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Chi X, Tian J, Luo D, Gong HY, Huang F, Sessler JL. "Texas-Sized" Molecular Boxes: From Chemistry to Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092426. [PMID: 33919472 PMCID: PMC8122447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of novel macrocyclic host molecules continues to attract attention because such species play important roles in supramolecular chemistry. However, the discovery of new classes of macrocycles presents a considerable challenge due to the need to embody by design effective molecular recognition features, as well as ideally the development of synthetic routes that permit further functionalization. In 2010, we reported a new class of macrocyclic hosts: a set of tetracationic imidazolium macrocycles, which we termed “Texas-sized” molecular boxes (TxSBs) in homage to Stoddart’s classic “blue box” (CBPQT4+). Compared with the rigid blue box, the first generation TxSB displayed considerably greater conformational flexibility and a relatively large central cavity, making it a good host for a variety of electron-rich guests. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of TxSB chemistry, detailing our recent progress in the area of anion-responsive supramolecular self-assembly and applications of the underlying chemistry to water purification, information storage, and controlled drug release. Our objective is to provide not only a review of the fundamental findings, but also to outline future research directions where TxSBs and their constructs may have a role to play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.T.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (F.H.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Jinya Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (J.T.); (D.L.)
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (F.H.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (F.H.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (F.H.); (J.L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Feng Y, Ovalle M, Seale JSW, Lee CK, Kim DJ, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Molecular Pumps and Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5569-5591. [PMID: 33830744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pumps and motors are essential components of the world as we know it. From the complex proteins that sustain our cells, to the mechanical marvels that power industries, much we take for granted is only possible because of pumps and motors. Although molecular pumps and motors have supported life for eons, it is only recently that chemists have made progress toward designing and building artificial forms of the microscopic machinery present in nature. The advent of artificial molecular machines has granted scientists an unprecedented level of control over the relative motion of components of molecules through the development of kinetically controlled, away-from-thermodynamic equilibrium chemistry. We outline the history of pumps and motors, focusing specifically on the innovations that enable the design and synthesis of the artificial molecular machines central to this Perspective. A key insight connecting biomolecular and artificial molecular machines is that the physical motions by which these machines carry out their function are unambiguously in mechanical equilibrium at every instant. The operation of molecular motors and pumps can be described by trajectory thermodynamics, a theory based on the work of Onsager, which is grounded on the firm foundation of the principle of microscopic reversibility. Free energy derived from thermodynamically non-equilibrium reactions kinetically favors some reaction pathways over others. By designing molecules with kinetic asymmetry, one can engineer potential landscapes to harness external energy to drive the formation and maintenance of geometries of component parts of molecules away-from-equilibrium, that would be impossible to achieve by standard synthetic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher K Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Dong J, Wee V, Peh SB, Zhao D. Molecular-Rotor-Driven Advanced Porous Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16279-16292. [PMID: 33682981 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advanced porous materials (APMs)-such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous organic polymers (POPs)-have emerged as an exciting research frontier of chemistry and materials science. Given their tunable pore size and extensive diversity, APMs have found widespread applications. In addition, adding dynamic functional groups to porous solids furthers the development of stimuli-responsive materials. By incorporating moving elements-molecular rotors-into the porous frameworks, molecular-rotor-driven advanced porous materials (MR-APMs) can respond reversibly to chemical and physical stimuli, thus imparting dynamic functionalities that have not been found in conventional porous materials. This Minireview discusses exemplary MR-APMs in terms of their design, synthesis, rotor dynamics, and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiao Dong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Vanessa Wee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Shing Bo Peh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mishra I, Bhol M, Kalimuthu P, Sathiyendiran M. Emerging Spacers-Based Ligands for Supramolecular Coordination Complexes. CHEM REC 2021; 21:594-614. [PMID: 33615668 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The design and self-assembly of supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) i. e., discrete cyclic metalloarchitectures such as cycles, cages, mesocates, and helicates with desired size, shape, and properties have been increasing exponentially owing to their potential applications in molecular sensors, molecular cargos, molecular recognition, and catalysis. The introduction of the organic motifs and metal complexes as a spacer provides functionality to the metalloarchitecture. This review mainly focusses on newly evolving spacer based ligands employed to yield simple to high-order metallosupramolecular assemblies using straight-forward approaches. The new spacers including corannulene, organic cyclic framework, bicyclic organic motifs, aliphatic chain, metalloligands, triarylboron, BODIPY, azaphosphatrane, phosphine, and thio/selenophosphates offer a great set of properties and in-built functionalities to the metalloarchitectures which are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Mishra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Mamina Bhol
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Palanisamy Kalimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Bej S, Nandi M, Ghosh P. A Cd(ii) and Zn(ii) selective naphthyl based [2]rotaxane acts as an exclusive Zn(ii) sensor upon further functionalization with pyrene. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:294-303. [PMID: 33300925 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03645e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new multi-functional [2]rotaxane, ROTX, has been synthesized via a Cu(i) catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction between Ni(ii) templated azide terminated pseudorotaxane composed of a naphthalene based heteroditopic wheel, NaphMC, and an alkyne terminated stopper. Subsequently, ROTX has been functionalized with pyrene moieties to develop a bifluorophoric [2]rotaxane, PYROTX, having naphthalene and pyrene moieties. Detailed characterization of these two rotaxanes is performed by utilizing several techniques such as ESI-MS, (1D and 2D) NMR, UV/Vis and PL studies. Comparative metal ion sensing studies of NaphMC (a fluorophoric cyclic receptor), ROTX ([2]rotaxane with a naphthyl fluorophore) and PYROTX ([2]rotaxane having naphthyl and pyrene fluorophores) have been performed to determine the effect of dimensionality/functionalization on the metal ion selectivity. Although NaphMC fails to discriminate between metal ions, ROTX serves as a selective sensor for Zn(ii) and Cd(ii). Importantly, PYROTX shows exclusive selectivity towards Zn(ii) over various transition, alkali and alkaline earth metal ions including Cd(ii).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Bej
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Da Silva Rodrigues R, Luis ET, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Hydrazone exchange: a viable route for the solid-tethered synthesis of [2]rotaxanes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a hydrazone exchange methodology, resin beads were functionalised with [2]rotaxanes at up to 80% efficiency—higher than using other dynamic or irreversible synthetic approaches to form self-assembled structures on solid supports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ena T. Luis
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Wilson BH, Vojvodin CS, Gholami G, Abdulla LM, O’Keefe CA, Schurko RW, Loeb SJ. Precise Spatial Arrangement and Interaction between Two Different Mobile Components in a Metal-Organic Framework. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
82
|
Carney J, Roundy D, Simon CM. Statistical Mechanical Model of Gas Adsorption in a Metal-Organic Framework Harboring a Rotaxane Molecular Shuttle. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13112-13123. [PMID: 33095580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are modular and tunable nanoporous materials with applications in gas storage, separations, and sensing. Integrating flexible/dynamic, gas-responsive components into MOFs can give them unique or enhanced adsorption properties. Here, we explore the adsorption properties that could be imparted to a MOF by a rotaxane molecular shuttle (RMS) in its pores. In the unit cell of an RMS-MOF, a macrocyclic wheel is mechanically interlocked with a strut of the MOF scaffold. The wheel shuttles between stations on the strut that are also gas adsorption sites. At a level of abstraction similar to the seminal Langmuir adsorption model, we pose and analyze a simple statistical mechanical model of gas adsorption in an RMS-MOF that accounts for (i) wheel/gas competition for sites on the strut and (ii) gas-induced changes in the configurational entropy of the shuttling wheel. We determine how the amount of gas adsorbed, the position of the wheel, and the differential energy of adsorption depend on temperature, pressure, and the interactions of the gas and wheel with the stations on the strut. Our model reveals that, compared to a rigid, Langmuir material, the chemistry of the RMS-MOF can be tuned to render gas adsorption more or less temperature sensitive and to release more or less heat upon adsorption. The model also uncovers that, if gas-wheel competition for a station is fierce, temperature influences the position of the wheel differently depending on the amount of gas adsorbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Carney
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - David Roundy
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Cory M Simon
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| |
Collapse
|