51
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Forte B, Ottilie S, Plater A, Campo B, Dechering KJ, Gamo FJ, Goldberg DE, Istvan ES, Lee M, Lukens AK, McNamara CW, Niles JC, Okombo J, Pasaje CFA, Siegel MG, Wirth D, Wyllie S, Fidock DA, Baragaña B, Winzeler EA, Gilbert IH. Prioritization of Molecular Targets for Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2764-2776. [PMID: 34523908 PMCID: PMC8608365 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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There is a shift
in antimalarial drug discovery from phenotypic
screening toward target-based approaches, as more potential drug targets
are being validated in Plasmodium species. Given
the high attrition rate and high cost of drug discovery, it is important
to select the targets most likely to deliver progressible drug candidates.
In this paper, we describe the criteria that we consider important
for selecting targets for antimalarial drug discovery. We describe
the analysis of a number of drug targets in the Malaria Drug Accelerator
(MalDA) pipeline, which has allowed us to prioritize targets that
are ready to enter the drug discovery process. This selection process
has also highlighted where additional data are required to inform
target progression or deprioritization of other targets. Finally,
we comment on how additional drug targets may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Forte
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Andrew Plater
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Eva S. Istvan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Marcus Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda K. Lukens
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Case W. McNamara
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jacquin C. Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Charisse Flerida A. Pasaje
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
| | | | - Dyann Wirth
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Beatriz Baragaña
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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52
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Identification of a proteasome-targeting arylsulfonamide with potential for the treatment of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 66:e0153521. [PMID: 34606338 PMCID: PMC8765320 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01535-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic screening identified an arylsulfonamide compound with activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas’ disease. Comprehensive mode of action studies revealed that this compound primarily targets the T. cruzi proteasome, binding at the interface between β4 and β5 subunits that catalyze chymotrypsin-like activity. A mutation in the β5 subunit of the proteasome was associated with resistance to compound 1, while overexpression of this mutated subunit also reduced susceptibility to compound 1. Further genetically engineered and in vitro-selected clones resistant to proteasome inhibitors known to bind at the β4/β5 interface were cross-resistant to compound 1. Ubiquitinated proteins were additionally found to accumulate in compound 1-treated epimastigotes. Finally, thermal proteome profiling identified malic enzyme as a secondary target of compound 1, although malic enzyme inhibition was not found to drive potency. These studies identify a novel pharmacophore capable of inhibiting the T. cruzi proteasome that may be exploitable for anti-chagasic drug discovery.
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53
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Briggs EM, Warren FSL, Matthews KR, McCulloch R, Otto TD. Application of single-cell transcriptomics to kinetoplastid research. Parasitology 2021; 148:1223-1236. [PMID: 33678213 PMCID: PMC8311972 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for both human and animal diseases across the globe where they have a great impact on health and economic well-being. Many species and life cycle stages are difficult to study due to limitations in isolation and culture, as well as to their existence as heterogeneous populations in hosts and vectors. Single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq) has the capacity to overcome many of these difficulties, and can be leveraged to disentangle heterogeneous populations, highlight genes crucial for propagation through the life cycle, and enable detailed analysis of host–parasite interactions. Here, we provide a review of studies that have applied scRNA-seq to protozoan parasites so far. In addition, we provide an overview of sample preparation and technology choice considerations when planning scRNA-seq experiments, as well as challenges faced when analysing the large amounts of data generated. Finally, we highlight areas of kinetoplastid research that could benefit from scRNA-seq technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Briggs
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Felix S. L. Warren
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keith R. Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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54
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Banzragchgarav O, Ariefta NR, Murata T, Myagmarsuren P, Battsetseg B, Battur B, Batkhuu J, Nishikawa Y. Evaluation of Mongolian compound library for potential antimalarial and anti-Toxoplasma agents. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102424. [PMID: 34302982 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
179 compounds in a Mongolian compound library were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. Among these compounds, brachangobinan A at a half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) of 2.62 μM and a selectivity index (SI) of 27.91; 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-O-methylphenyl)-5-(2″,5″-dihydroxyphenyl)oxazole (IC50 3.58 μM and SI 24.66); chrysosplenetin (IC50 3.78 μM and SI 15.26); 4,11-di-O-galloylbergenin (IC50 3.87 μM and SI 13.38); and 2-(2',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(2″-hydroxyphenyl)oxazole (IC50 6.94 μM and SI 11.48) were identified as potential inhibitors of P. falciparum multiplication. Additionally, tricin (IC50 12.94 μM and SI > 23.40) was identified as a potential inhibitor of T. gondii multiplication. Our findings represent a good starting point for developing novel antimalarial and anti-Toxoplasma therapeutics from Mongolian compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkhon Banzragchgarav
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Nanang R Ariefta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murata
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | | | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; Graduate School, Mongolian University of Life Science, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Javzan Batkhuu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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55
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Wicht KJ, Mok S, Fidock DA. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 74:431-454. [PMID: 32905757 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the spread of antimalarial resistance, particularly to artemisinin and its partner drugs, is a top priority. Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to chloroquine, amodiaquine, or piperaquine harbor mutations in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT), a transporter resident on the digestive vacuole membrane that in its variant forms can transport these weak-base 4-aminoquinoline drugs out of this acidic organelle, thus preventing these drugs from binding heme and inhibiting its detoxification. The structure of PfCRT, solved by cryogenic electron microscopy, shows mutations surrounding an electronegative central drug-binding cavity where they presumably interact with drugs and natural substrates to control transport. P. falciparum susceptibility to heme-binding antimalarials is also modulated by overexpression or mutations in the digestive vacuole membrane-bound ABC transporter PfMDR1 (P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 transporter). Artemisinin resistance is primarily mediated by mutations in P. falciparum Kelch13 protein (K13), a protein involved in multiple intracellular processes including endocytosis of hemoglobin, which is required for parasite growth and artemisinin activation. Combating drug-resistant malaria urgently requires the development of new antimalarial drugs with novel modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Wicht
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA; , ,
| | - Sachel Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA; , ,
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA; , , .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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56
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Tassone G, Landi G, Linciano P, Francesconi V, Tonelli M, Tagliazucchi L, Costi MP, Mangani S, Pozzi C. Evidence of Pyrimethamine and Cycloguanil Analogues as Dual Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei Pteridine Reductase and Dihydrofolate Reductase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:636. [PMID: 34209148 PMCID: PMC8308740 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites are the etiological agents of various threatening neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease, and various types of leishmaniasis. Recently, meaningful progresses in the treatment of HAT, due to Trypanosoma brucei (Tb), have been achieved by the introduction of fexinidazole and the combination therapy eflornithine-nifurtimox. Nevertheless, due to drug resistance issues and the exitance of animal reservoirs, the development of new NTD treatments is still required. For this purpose, we explored the combined targeting of two key folate enzymes, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1). We formerly showed that the TbDHFR inhibitor cycloguanil (CYC) also targets TbPTR1, although with reduced affinity. Here, we explored a small library of CYC analogues to understand how their substitution pattern affects the inhibition of both TbPTR1 and TbDHFR. Some novel structural features responsible for an improved, but preferential, ability of CYC analogues to target TbPTR1 were disclosed. Furthermore, we showed that the known drug pyrimethamine (PYR) effectively targets both enzymes, also unveiling its binding mode to TbPTR1. The structural comparison between PYR and CYC binding modes to TbPTR1 and TbDHFR provided key insights for the future design of dual inhibitors for HAT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tassone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (G.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Giacomo Landi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (G.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.L.); (L.T.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Valeria Francesconi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n.3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n.3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Lorenzo Tagliazucchi
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.L.); (L.T.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department of Life Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.L.); (L.T.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (G.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (G.L.); (S.M.)
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57
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Bustamante JM, Sanchez-Valdez F, Padilla AM, White B, Wang W, Tarleton RL. A modified drug regimen clears active and dormant trypanosomes in mouse models of Chagas disease. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/567/eabb7656. [PMID: 33115952 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A major contributor to treatment failure in Chagas disease, caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is that current treatment regimens do not address the drug insensitivity of transiently dormant T. cruzi amastigotes. Here, we demonstrated that use of a currently available drug in a modified treatment regimen of higher individual doses, given less frequently over an extended treatment period, could consistently extinguish T. cruzi infection in three mouse models of Chagas disease. Once per week administration of benznidazole at a dose 2.5 to 5 times the standard daily dose rapidly eliminated actively replicating parasites and ultimately eradicated the residual, transiently dormant parasite population in mice. This outcome was initially confirmed in "difficult to cure" mouse infection models using immunological, parasitological, and molecular biological approaches and ultimately corroborated by whole organ analysis of optically clarified tissues using light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). This tool was effective for monitoring pathogen load in intact organs, including detection of individual dormant parasites, and for assessing treatment outcomes. LSFM-based analysis also suggested that dormant amastigotes of T. cruzi may not be fully resistant to trypanocidal compounds such as benznidazole. Collectively, these studies provide important information on the phenomenon of dormancy in T. cruzi infection in mice, demonstrate methods to therapeutically override dormancy using a currently available drug, and provide methods to monitor alternative therapeutic approaches for this, and possibly other, low-density infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bustamante
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Fernando Sanchez-Valdez
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Angel M Padilla
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brooke White
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rick L Tarleton
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. .,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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58
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Emery-Corbin SJ, Su Q, Tichkule S, Baker L, Lacey E, Jex AR. In vitro selection of Giardia duodenalis for Albendazole resistance identifies a β-tubulin mutation at amino acid E198K. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 16:162-173. [PMID: 34237690 PMCID: PMC8267433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole-2-carbamate (BZ) compounds, including Albendazole (Alb), are one of just two drug classes approved to treat the gastrointestinal protist Giardia duodenalis. Benzimidazoles bind to the tubulin dimer interface overlapping the colchicine binding site (CBS) of β-tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule polymerisation and disrupting microtubule networks. These BZ compounds are widely used as anthelmintic, anti-fungal and anti-giardial drugs. However, in helminths and fungi, BZ-resistance is widespread and caused by specific point mutations primarily occurring at F167, E198 and F200 in β-tubulin isoform 1. BZ-resistance in Giardia is reported clinically and readily generated in vitro, with significant implications for Giardia control. In Giardia, BZ mode of action (MOA) and resistance mechanisms are presumed but not proven, and no mutations in β-tubulin have been reported in association with Alb resistance (AlbR). Herein, we undertook detailed in vitro drug-susceptibility screens of 13 BZ compounds and 7 Alb structural analogues in isogenic G. duodenalis isolates selected for AlbR and podophyllotoxin, another β-tubulin inhibitor, as well as explored cross-resistance to structurally unrelated, metronidazole (Mtz). AlbR lines exhibited co-resistance to many structural variants in the BZ-pharmacophore, and cross-resistance to podophyllotoxin. AlbR lines were not cross-resistant to Mtz, but MtzR lines had enhanced survival in Alb. Lastly, Alb analogues with longer thioether substituents had decreased potency against our AlbR lines. In silico modelling indicated the Alb-β-tubulin interaction in Giardia partially overlaps the CBS and corresponds to residues associated with BZ-resistance in helminths and fungi (F167, E198, F200). Sequencing of Giardia β-tubulin identified a single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in a mutation from glutamic acid to lysine at amino acid 198 (E198K). To our knowledge, this is the first β-tubulin mutation reported for protistan BZ-resistance. This study provides insight into BZ mode of action and resistance in Giardia, and presents a potential avenue for a genetic test for clinically resistance isolates. In vitro albendazole-resistant Giardia were broadly resistant to benzimidazole-2-carbamates. Cross-resistance to structurally unrelated microtubule inhibitors was observed. The predicted Giardia benzimidazole binding overlaps the colchicine binding site. The E198K β-tubulin mutation was identified in the albendazole-resistant line. Metronidazole-resistance may enhance acquisition of albendazole-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Qiao Su
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Swapnil Tichkule
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Baker
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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59
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Macedo CM, Saraiva FMDS, Paula JIO, Nascimento SDB, Costa DDSDS, Costa PRR, Dias AG, Paes MC, Nogueira NP. The Potent Trypanocidal Effect of LQB303, a Novel Redox-Active Phenyl-Tert-Butyl-Nitrone Derivate That Causes Mitochondrial Collapse in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617504. [PMID: 33935988 PMCID: PMC8081855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, establishes lifelong infections in humans and other mammals that lead to severe cardiac and gastrointestinal complications despite the competent immune response of the hosts. Furthermore, it is a neglected disease that affects 8 million people worldwide. The scenario is even more frustrating since the main chemotherapy is based on benznidazole, a drug that presents severe side effects and low efficacy in the chronic phase of the disease. Thus, the search for new therapeutic alternatives is urgent. In the present study, we investigated the activity of a novel phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) derivate, LQB303, against T. cruzi. LQB303 presented trypanocidal effect against intracellular [IC50/48 h = 2.6 μM] and extracellular amastigotes [IC50/24 h = 3.3 μM] in vitro, leading to parasite lysis; however, it does not present any toxicity to host cells. Despite emerging evidence that mitochondrial metabolism is essential for amastigotes to grow inside mammalian cells, the mechanism of redox-active molecules that target T. cruzi mitochondrion is still poorly explored. Therefore, we investigated if LQB303 trypanocidal activity was related to the impairment of the mitochondrial function of amastigotes. The investigation showed there was a significant decrease compared to the baseline oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of LQB303-treated extracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi, as well as reduction of “proton leak” (the depletion of proton motive force by the inhibition of F1Fo ATP synthase) and “ETS” (maximal oxygen consumption after uncoupling) oxygen consumption rates. Interestingly, the residual respiration (“ROX”) enhanced about three times in LQB303-treated amastigotes. The spare respiratory capacity ratio (SRC: cell ability to meet new energy demands) and the ATP-linked OCR were also impaired by LQB303 treatment, correlating the trypanocidal activity of LQB303 with the impairment of mitochondrial redox metabolism of amastigotes. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significant reduction of the ΔΨm of treated amastigotes. LQB303 had no significant influence on the OCR of treated mammalian cells, evidencing its specificity against T. cruzi mitochondrial metabolism. Our results suggest a promising trypanocidal activity of LQB303, associated with parasite bioenergetic inefficiency, with no influence on the host energy metabolism, a fact that may point to an attractive alternative therapy for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Machado Macedo
- Laboratório de Interação de Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francis Monique de Souza Saraiva
- Laboratório de Interação de Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Isis Oliveira Paula
- Laboratório de Interação de Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suelen de Brito Nascimento
- Laboratório de Interação de Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Hematologia, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ayres Guimarães Dias
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Paes
- Laboratório de Interação de Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Pereira Nogueira
- Laboratório de Interação de Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores, Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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60
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Identification of Metabolically Quiescent Leishmania mexicana Parasites in Peripheral and Cured Dermal Granulomas Using Stable Isotope Tracing Imaging Mass Spectrometry. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00129-21. [PMID: 33824211 PMCID: PMC8092208 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00129-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are sandfly-transmitted protists that induce granulomatous lesions in their mammalian host. Although infected host cells in these tissues can exist in different activation states, the extent to which intracellular parasites stages also exist in different growth or physiological states remains poorly defined. Here, we have mapped the spatial distribution of metabolically quiescent and active subpopulations of Leishmania mexicana in dermal granulomas in susceptible BALB/c mice, using in vivo heavy water labeling and ultra high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry. Quantitation of the rate of turnover of parasite and host-specific lipids at high spatial resolution, suggested that the granuloma core comprised mixed populations of metabolically active and quiescent parasites. Unexpectedly, a significant population of metabolically quiescent parasites was also identified in the surrounding collagen-rich, dermal mesothelium. Mesothelium-like tissues harboring quiescent parasites progressively replaced macrophage-rich granuloma tissues following treatment with the first-line drug, miltefosine. In contrast to the granulomatous tissue, neither the mesothelium nor newly deposited tissue sequestered miltefosine. These studies suggest that the presence of quiescent parasites in acute granulomatous tissues, together with the lack of miltefosine accumulation in cured lesion tissue, may contribute to drug failure and nonsterile cure.IMPORTANCE Many microbial pathogens switch between different growth and physiological states in vivo in order to adapt to local nutrient levels and host microbicidal responses. Heterogeneity in microbial growth and metabolism may also contribute to nongenetic mechanisms of drug resistance and drug failure. In this study, we have developed a new approach for measuring spatial heterogeneity in microbial metabolism in vivo using a combination of heavy water (2H2O) labeling and imaging mass spectrometry. Using this approach, we show that lesions contain a patchwork of metabolically distinct parasite populations, while the underlying dermal tissues contain a large population of metabolically quiescent parasites. Quiescent parasites also dominate drug-depleted tissues in healed animals, providing an explanation for failure of some first line drugs to completely eradicate parasites. This approach is broadly applicable to study the metabolic and growth dynamics in other host-pathogen interactions.
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61
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Caridha D, Sciotti RJ, Sousa J, Vesely B, Teshome T, Bonkoungou G, Vuong C, Leed S, Khraiwesh M, Penn E, Kreishman-Deitrick M, Lee P, Pybus B, Lazo JS, Sharlow ER. Combination of Subtherapeutic Doses of Tretazicar and Liposomal Amphotericin B Suppresses and Cures Leishmania major-Induced Cutaneous Lesions in Murine Models. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:506-517. [PMID: 33529014 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of leishmaniasis affecting human populations, yet CL remains largely ignored in drug discovery programs. CL causes disfiguring skin lesions and often relapses after "clinical cure" using existing therapeutics. To expand the pool of anti-CL lead candidates, we implemented an integrated screening platform comprising three progressive Leishmania parasite life cycle forms. We identified tretazicar (CB1954, 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide) as a potent inhibitor of Leishmania parasite viability across multiple Leishmania species, which translated into complete and prolonged in vivo suppression of CL lesion formation in BALB/c mice when used as a monotherapy and which was superior to liposomal amphotericin B. In addition, oral twice a day administration of tretazicar healed the majority of existing Leishmania major (L. major) cutaneous lesions. In drug combination studies, there was a strong potentiation when subtherapeutic doses of liposomal amphotericin B and tretazicar were simultaneously administered. This drug combination decreased L. major lesion size in mice earlier than individual monotherapy drug treatments and maintained all animals lesion free for up to 64 days after treatment cessation. In contrast, administration of subtherapeutic doses of tretazicar or amphotericin B as monotherapies resulted in no or partial lesion cures, respectively. We propose that tretazicar should be explored as a component of a systemic CL combination therapy and potentially for other diseases where amphotericin B is a first line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Caridha
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Richard J. Sciotti
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Jason Sousa
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Brian Vesely
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Tesfaye Teshome
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Gustave Bonkoungou
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Chau Vuong
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Susan Leed
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mozna Khraiwesh
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Erica Penn
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Mara Kreishman-Deitrick
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Patricia Lee
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Brandon Pybus
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - John S. Lazo
- University of Virginia, Department of Pharmacology, 409 Lane Road, MR4, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Sharlow
- University of Virginia, Department of Pharmacology, 409 Lane Road, MR4, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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62
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Van Bocxlaer K, Croft SL. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis - challenges and opportunities. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:472-482. [PMID: 34041488 PMCID: PMC8128043 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological efficacy is obtained when adequate concentrations of a potent drug reach the target site. In cutaneous leishmaniasis, a heterogeneous disease characterised by a variety of skin manifestations from simple nodules, skin discoloration, plaques to extensive disseminated forms, the parasites are found in the dermal layers of the skin. Treatment thus involves the release of the active compound from the formulation (administered either topically or systemically), it's permeation into the skin, accumulation by the local macrophages and further transport into the phagolysosome of the macrophage. The pharmacodynamic activity of a drug against the parasite is relatively straight forward to evaluate both in vivo and in vitro. The pharmacokinetic processes taking place inside the skin are more complex to elucidate due to the multi-lamellar structure of the skin, heterogeneous distribution of drugs within the tissue, the difficulty of accessing the site of infection complicating sampling and the lack of surrogate markers reflecting the activity of a drug in the skin. This review will discuss the difficulties encountered when investigating drug distribution, PK PD relationships and efficacy in the skin with a focus on cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Bocxlaer
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York York YO10 5DD UK +44 (0) 19 0432 8855
| | - Simon L Croft
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London WC1E 7HT UK
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63
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Bandini G, Agop-Nersesian C, van der Wel H, Mandalasi M, Kim HW, West CM, Samuelson J. The nucleocytosolic O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY affects protein expression and virulence in Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100039. [PMID: 33158988 PMCID: PMC7949088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Once considered unusual, nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation is now recognized as a conserved feature of eukaryotes. While in animals, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) modifies thousands of intracellular proteins, the human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii transfers a different sugar, fucose, to proteins involved in transcription, mRNA processing, and signaling. Knockout experiments showed that TgSPY, an ortholog of plant SPINDLY and paralog of host OGT, is required for nuclear O-fucosylation. Here we verify that TgSPY is the nucleocytoplasmic O-fucosyltransferase (OFT) by 1) complementation with TgSPY-MYC3, 2) its functional dependence on amino acids critical for OGT activity, and 3) its ability to O-fucosylate itself and a model substrate and to specifically hydrolyze GDP-Fuc. While many of the endogenous proteins modified by O-Fuc are important for tachyzoite fitness, O-fucosylation by TgSPY is not essential. Growth of Δspy tachyzoites in fibroblasts is modestly affected, despite marked reductions in the levels of ectopically expressed proteins normally modified with O-fucose. Intact TgSPY-MYC3 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas catalytic mutants often displayed reduced abundance. Δspy tachyzoites of a luciferase-expressing type II strain exhibited infection kinetics in mice similar to wild-type but increased persistence in the chronic brain phase, potentially due to an imbalance of regulatory protein levels. The modest changes in parasite fitness in vitro and in mice, despite profound effects on reporter protein accumulation, and the characteristic punctate localization of O-fucosylated proteins suggest that TgSPY controls the levels of proteins to be held in reserve for response to novel stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bandini
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Carolina Agop-Nersesian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanke van der Wel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Msano Mandalasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hyun W Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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64
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Ward AI, Olmo F, Atherton RL, Taylor MC, Kelly JM. Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes that persist in the colon during chronic stage murine infections have a reduced replication rate. Open Biol 2020; 10:200261. [PMID: 33321060 PMCID: PMC7776577 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections are typically lifelong, with small numbers of parasites surviving in restricted tissue sites, which include the gastrointestinal tract. There is considerable debate about the replicative status of these persistent parasites and whether there is a role for dormancy in long-term infection. Here, we investigated T. cruzi proliferation in the colon of chronically infected mice using 5-ethynyl-2′deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA to provide ‘snapshots’ of parasite replication status. Highly sensitive imaging of the extremely rare infection foci, at single-cell resolution, revealed that parasites are three times more likely to be in S-phase during the acute stage than during the chronic stage. By implication, chronic infections of the colon are associated with a reduced rate of parasite replication. Despite this, very few host cells survived infection for more than 14 days, suggesting that T. cruzi persistence continues to involve regular cycles of replication, host cell lysis and re-infection. We could find no evidence for wide-spread dormancy in parasites that persist in this tissue reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Ward
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard L Atherton
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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65
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Montrose K, López Cabezas RM, Paukštytė J, Saarikangas J. Winter is coming: Regulation of cellular metabolism by enzyme polymerization in dormancy and disease. Exp Cell Res 2020; 397:112383. [PMID: 33212148 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism feeds growth. Accordingly, metabolism is regulated by nutrient-sensing pathways that converge growth promoting signals into biosynthesis by regulating the activity of metabolic enzymes. When the environment does not support growth, organisms invest in survival. For cells, this entails transitioning into a dormant, quiescent state (G0). In dormancy, the activity of biosynthetic pathways is dampened, and catabolic metabolism and stress tolerance pathways are activated. Recent work in yeast has demonstrated that dormancy is associated with alterations in the physicochemical properties of the cytoplasm, including changes in pH, viscosity and macromolecular crowding. Accompanying these changes, numerous metabolic enzymes transition from soluble to polymerized assemblies. These large-scale self-assemblies are dynamic and depolymerize when cells resume growth. Here we review how enzyme polymerization enables metabolic plasticity by tuning carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid and lipid metabolic pathways, with particular focus on its potential adaptive value in cellular dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Montrose
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rosa María López Cabezas
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jurgita Paukštytė
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Saarikangas
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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66
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Martín-Escolano J, Medina-Carmona E, Martín-Escolano R. Chagas Disease: Current View of an Ancient and Global Chemotherapy Challenge. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2830-2843. [PMID: 33034192 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease and a global public health issue. In terms of treatment, no progress has been made since the 1960s, when benznidazole and nifurtimox, two obsolete drugs still prescribed, were used to treat this disease. Hence, currently, there are no effective treatments available to tackle Chagas disease. Over the past 20 years, there has been an increasing interest in the disease. However, parasite genetic diversity, drug resistance, tropism, and complex life cycle, along with the limited understanding of the disease and inadequate methodologies and strategies, have resulted in the absence of new insights in drugs development and disappointing outcomes in clinical trials so far. In summary, new drugs are urgently needed. This Review considers the relevant aspects related to the lack of drugs for Chagas disease, resumes the advances in tools for drug discovery, and discusses the main features to be taken into account to develop new effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios De Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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67
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Portugaliza HP, Miyazaki S, Geurten FJ, Pell C, Rosanas-Urgell A, Janse CJ, Cortés A. Artemisinin exposure at the ring or trophozoite stage impacts Plasmodium falciparum sexual conversion differently. eLife 2020; 9:60058. [PMID: 33084568 PMCID: PMC7577739 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission is dependent on the formation of gametocytes in the human blood. The sexual conversion rate, the proportion of asexual parasites that convert into gametocytes at each multiplication cycle, is variable and reflects the relative parasite investment between transmission and maintaining the infection. The impact of environmental factors such as drugs on sexual conversion rates is not well understood. We developed a robust assay using gametocyte-reporter parasite lines to accurately measure the impact of drugs on sexual conversion rates, independently from their gametocytocidal activity. We found that exposure to subcurative doses of the frontline antimalarial drug dihydroartemisinin (DHA) at the trophozoite stage resulted in a ~ fourfold increase in sexual conversion. In contrast, no increase was observed when ring stages were exposed or in cultures in which sexual conversion was stimulated by choline depletion. Our results reveal a complex relationship between antimalarial drugs and sexual conversion, with potential public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvie P Portugaliza
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shinya Miyazaki
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fiona Ja Geurten
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christopher Pell
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alfred Cortés
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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68
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Losada Galván I, Alonso-Padilla J, Cortés-Serra N, Alonso-Vega C, Gascón J, Pinazo MJ. Benznidazole for the treatment of Chagas disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:547-556. [PMID: 33043726 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1834849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease affects 6-7 million people, mainly in the Americas, and benznidazole is one of the two therapeutic options available. Trypanocide treatment aims to eliminate the parasite from the body to prevent the establishment or progression of visceral damage, mainly cardiac and/or digestive. Remarkably, it helps interrupt vertical transmission when administered to women of childbearing age. AREAS COVERED We discuss the basic and scarce data regarding chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic structure. We also collect the most important data from previous phase II and III studies, as well as studies currently underway and upcoming. We reflect on the main indications for treatment and its challenges, such as the profile of adverse effects in adults, the pharmaceutical formulations, the search for reliable biomarkers, as well as regulatory aspects and access barriers. Alternative strategies such as shorter regimens, lower doses, and fixed doses are currently being evaluated to improve access and the safety profile of this treatment. EXPERT OPINION Benznidazole is likely to continue to be the drug of choice for Chagas disease in the coming years. However, it would probably be with a different treatment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joaquim Gascón
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat De Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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69
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Ward AI, Lewis MD. Host-parasite dynamics in Chagas disease from systemic to hyper-local scales. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12786. [PMID: 32799361 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a remarkably versatile parasite. It can parasitize almost any nucleated cell type and naturally infects hundreds of mammal species across much of the Americas. In humans, it is the cause of Chagas disease, a set of mainly chronic conditions predominantly affecting the heart and gastrointestinal tract, which can progress to become life threatening. Yet around two thirds of infected people are long-term asymptomatic carriers. Clinical outcomes depend on many factors, but the central determinant is the nature of the host-parasite interactions that play out over the years of chronic infection in diverse tissue environments. In this review, we aim to integrate recent developments in the understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of T. cruzi infections with established and emerging concepts in host immune responses in the corresponding phases and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pérez-Mazliah
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexander I Ward
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael D Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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70
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Liu ZZ, Li XY, Fu LL, Yuan F, Tang RX, Liu YS, Zheng KY. Evaluation of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women using dot-immunogold-silver staining with recombinant Toxoplasma gondii peroxiredoxin protein. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:694. [PMID: 32962648 PMCID: PMC7507715 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii infection endangers human health and affects animal husbandry. Serological detection is the main method used for epidemiological investigations and diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The key to effective diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is the use of a standardized antigen and a specific and sensitive detection method. Peroxiredoxin is an antigenic protein and vaccine candidate antigen of T. gondii that has not yet been exploited for diagnostic application. METHODS In this study, recombinant T. gondii peroxiredoxin protein (rTgPrx) was prepared and used in dot-immunogold-silver staining (Dot-IGSS) to detect IgG antibodies in serum from mice and pregnant women. The rTgPrx-Dot-IGSS method was established and optimized using mouse serum. Furthermore, serum samples from pregnant women were analyzed by rTgPrx-Dot-IGSS. RESULTS Forty serum samples from mice infected with T. gondii and twenty negative serum samples were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of rTgPrx-Dot-IGSS were 97.5 and 100%, respectively, equivalent to those of a commercial ELISA kit for anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody. Furthermore, 540 serum samples from pregnant women were screened with a commercial ELISA kit. Eighty-three positive and 60 negative serum samples were analyzed by rTgPrx-Dot-IGSS. The positive rate was 95.18%, comparable to that obtained with the commercial ELISA kit. CONCLUSIONS The Dot-IGSS method with rTgPrx as an antigen might be useful for diagnosing T. gondii infection in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan-Zhuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Xue-Yan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Lin-Lin Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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71
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Uwimana A, Legrand E, Stokes BH, Ndikumana JLM, Warsame M, Umulisa N, Ngamije D, Munyaneza T, Mazarati JB, Munguti K, Campagne P, Criscuolo A, Ariey F, Murindahabi M, Ringwald P, Fidock DA, Mbituyumuremyi A, Menard D. Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda. Nat Med 2020; 26:1602-1608. [PMID: 32747827 PMCID: PMC7541349 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin resistance (delayed P. falciparum clearance following artemisinin-based combination therapy), is widespread across Southeast Asia but to date has not been reported in Africa1–4. Here we genotyped the P. falciparum K13 (Pfkelch13) propeller domain, mutations in which can mediate artemisinin resistance5,6, in pretreatment samples collected from recent dihydroarteminisin-piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine efficacy trials in Rwanda7. While cure rates were >95% in both treatment arms, the Pfkelch13 R561H mutation was identified in 19 of 257 (7.4%) patients at Masaka. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the expansion of an indigenous R561H lineage. Gene editing confirmed that this mutation can drive artemisinin resistance in vitro. This study provides evidence for the de novo emergence of Pfkelch13-mediated artemisinin resistance in Rwanda, potentially compromising the continued success of antimalarial chemotherapy in Africa. Identification in Rwanda of mutations in Plasmodium falciparum capable of conferring in vitro resistance to artemisinin, an essential medicine for the treatment of malaria, underscore the crucial need for surveillance in Africa to safeguard efficacy of life-saving therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Uwimana
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Eric Legrand
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit-Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France
| | - Barbara H Stokes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Noella Umulisa
- Maternal and Child Survival Program/JHPIEGO, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Impact Malaria Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Tharcisse Munyaneza
- National Reference Laboratory (NRL), BIOS /Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jean-Baptiste Mazarati
- National Reference Laboratory (NRL), BIOS /Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Pascal Campagne
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-Département Biologie Computationnelle, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Criscuolo
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-Département Biologie Computationnelle, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Ariey
- INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Pascal Ringwald
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aimable Mbituyumuremyi
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Didier Menard
- Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit-Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1201, CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France.
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72
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Bhattacharya A, Corbeil A, do Monte-Neto RL, Fernandez-Prada C. Of Drugs and Trypanosomatids: New Tools and Knowledge to Reduce Bottlenecks in Drug Discovery. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070722. [PMID: 32610603 PMCID: PMC7397081 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis (Leishmania species), sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei), and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) are devastating and globally spread diseases caused by trypanosomatid parasites. At present, drugs for treating trypanosomatid diseases are far from ideal due to host toxicity, elevated cost, limited access, and increasing rates of drug resistance. Technological advances in parasitology, chemistry, and genomics have unlocked new possibilities for novel drug concepts and compound screening technologies that were previously inaccessible. In this perspective, we discuss current models used in drug-discovery cascades targeting trypanosomatids (from in vitro to in vivo approaches), their use and limitations in a biological context, as well as different examples of recently discovered lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 126, India;
| | - Audrey Corbeil
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | | | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-450-773-8521 (ext. 32802)
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73
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Abstract
Antibiotics constitute one of the cornerstones of modern medicine. However, individuals may succumb to a bacterial infection if a pathogen survives exposure to antibiotics. The ability of bacteria to survive bactericidal antibiotics results from genetic changes in the preexisting bacterial genome, from the acquisition of genes from other organisms, and from nonheritable phenomena that give rise to antibiotic tolerance. Nonheritable antibiotic tolerance can be exhibited by a large fraction of the bacterial population or by a small subpopulation referred to as persisters. Nonheritable resistance to antibiotics has been ascribed to the activity of toxins that are part of toxin-antitoxin modules, to the universal energy currency ATP, and to the signaling molecule guanosine (penta) tetraphosphate. However, these molecules are dispensable for nonheritable resistance to antibiotics in many organisms. By contrast, nutrient limitation, treatment with bacteriostatic antibiotics, or expression of genes that slow bacterial growth invariably promote nonheritable resistance. We posit that antibiotic persistence results from conditions promoting feedback inhibition among core cellular processes, resulting phenotypically in a slowdown or halt in bacterial growth.
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74
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Zhang Y, Bai C, Shi W, Alvarez-Manzo H, Zhang Y. Identification of Essential Oils Including Garlic Oil and Black Pepper Oil with High Activity against Babesia duncani. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060466. [PMID: 32545549 PMCID: PMC7350376 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some evidence indicated that human babesiosis caused by Babesia duncani has spread widely in North America. However, current therapeutic regimens (atovaquone + azithromycin) for human babesiosis are suboptimal with frequent recrudescence and side effects, and furthermore, there is no specific treatment for human babesiosis caused by B. duncani. Here, we screened 97 essential oils and identified 10 essential oils (garlic, black pepper, tarragon, palo santo, coconut, pine, meditation, cajeput, moringa, and stress relief) at a low concentration (0.001%; v/v) that showed good inhibitory activity against B. duncani in the hamster red blood cell culture model. Among them, garlic oil and black pepper oil performed best, as well as their potential active ingredients diallyl disulfide (DADS) and β-caryophyllene (BCP), respectively. Interestingly, further subculture study indicated that B. duncani could relapse after treatment with current therapeutic drugs atovaquone or azithromycin even at high concentrations. In contrast, the combination of garlic oil or DADS and azithromycin showed eradication of B. duncani at low concentrations without regrowth. These results are encouraging and suggest that the garlic-derived sulfur compound DADS and β-caryophyllene (BCP) may be promising drug candidates for evaluation of their ability to cure persistent B. duncani infections in the future.
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75
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Martinez-Peinado N, Cortes-Serra N, Torras-Claveria L, Pinazo MJ, Gascon J, Bastida J, Alonso-Padilla J. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:299. [PMID: 32522289 PMCID: PMC7288428 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected disease that affects ~7 million people worldwide. Development of new drugs to treat the infection remains a priority since those currently available have frequent side effects and limited efficacy at the chronic stage. Natural products provide a pool of diversity structures to lead the chemical synthesis of novel molecules for this purpose. Herein we analyzed the anti-T. cruzi activity of nine alkaloids derived from plants of the family Amaryllidaceae. Methods The activity of each alkaloid was assessed by means of an anti-T. cruzi phenotypic assay. We further evaluated the compounds that inhibited parasite growth on two distinct cytotoxicity assays to discard those that were toxic to host cells and assure parasite selectivity. Results We identified a single compound (hippeastrine) that was selectively active against the parasite yielding selectivity indexes of 12.7 and 35.2 against Vero and HepG2 cells, respectively. Moreover, it showed specific activity against the amastigote stage (IC50 = 3.31 μM). Conclusions Results reported here suggest that natural products are an interesting source of new compounds for the development of drugs against Chagas disease.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Martinez-Peinado
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cortes-Serra
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Torras-Claveria
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l´Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Jesus Pinazo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascon
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l´Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Alonso-Padilla
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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76
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Van Bockstal L, Bulté D, Hendrickx S, Sadlova J, Volf P, Maes L, Caljon G. Impact of clinically acquired miltefosine resistance by Leishmania infantum on mouse and sand fly infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 13:16-21. [PMID: 32388220 PMCID: PMC7215113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the implications of clinically acquired miltefosine resistance (MIL-R) by assessing virulence in mice and sand flies to reveal the potential of MIL-R strains to circulate. Methods Experimental infections with the MIL-R clinical Leishmania infantum isolate MHOM/FR/2005/LEM5159, having a defect in the LiROS3 subunit of the MIL-transporter, and its syngeneic experimentally reconstituted MIL-S counterpart (LEM5159LiROS3) were performed in BALB/c mice and Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus perniciosus sand flies. In mice, the amastigote burdens in liver and spleen were compared microscopically using Giemsa smears and by bioluminescent imaging. During the sand fly infections, the percentage of infected flies, parasite load, colonization of the stomodeal valve and metacyclogenesis were evaluated. The stability of the MIL-R phenotype after sand fly and mouse passage was determined as well. Results The fitness of the MIL-R strain differed between the mouse and sand fly infection model. In mice, a clear fitness loss was observed compared to the LiROS3-reconstituted susceptible strain. This defect could be rescued by episomal reconstitution with a wildtype LiROS3 copy. However, this fitness loss was not apparent in the sand fly vector, resulting in metacyclogenesis and efficient colonization of the stomodeal valve. Resistance was stable after passage in both sand fly and mouse. Conclusion The natural MIL-R strain is significantly hampered in its ability to multiply and cause a typical visceral infection pattern in BALB/c mice. However, this LiROS3-deficient strain efficiently produced mature infections and metacyclic promastigotes in the sand fly vector highlighting the transmission potential of this particular MIL-R clinical Leishmania strain. A clinical MIL-R L. infantum strain displays a loss-of-fitness in the mammalian host. ROS3-deficiency is compatible with efficient transmission by two sand fly species. Resistance is stable after mouse and sand fly passage. Transmission of this clinical MIL-R strain is a risk for immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Bulté
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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77
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Rial MS, Arrúa EC, Natale MA, Bua J, Esteva MI, Prado NG, Laucella SA, Salomon CJ, Fichera LE. Efficacy of continuous versus intermittent administration of nanoformulated benznidazole during the chronic phase of Trypanosoma cruzi Nicaragua infection in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:1906-1916. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Benznidazole and nifurtimox are effective drugs used to treat Chagas’ disease; however, their administration in patients in the chronic phase of the disease is still limited, mainly due to their limited efficacy in the later chronic stage of the disease and to the adverse effects related to these drugs.
Objectives
To evaluate the effect of low doses of nanoformulated benznidazole using a chronic model of Trypanosoma cruzi Nicaragua infection in C57BL/6J mice.
Methods
Nanoformulations were administered in two different schemes: one daily dose for 30 days or one dose every 7 days, 13 times.
Results
Both treatment schemes showed promising outcomes, such as the elimination of parasitaemia, a reduction in the levels of T. cruzi-specific antibodies and a reduction in T. cruzi-specific IFN-γ-producing cells, as well as an improvement in electrocardiographic alterations and a reduction in inflammation and fibrosis in the heart compared with untreated T. cruzi-infected animals. These results were also compared with those from our previous work on benznidazole administration, which was shown to be effective in the same chronic model.
Conclusions
In this experimental model, intermittently administered benznidazole nanoformulations were as effective as those administered continuously; however, the total dose administered in the intermittent scheme was lower, indicating a promising therapeutic approach to Chagas’ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rial
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E C Arrúa
- Area Técnica Farmacéutica, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - M A Natale
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Bua
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M I Esteva
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N G Prado
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S A Laucella
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C J Salomon
- Area Técnica Farmacéutica, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L E Fichera
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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78
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Altamura F, Rajesh R, Catta-Preta CMC, Moretti NS, Cestari I. The current drug discovery landscape for trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Challenges and strategies to identify drug targets. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:225-252. [PMID: 32249457 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are vector-borne neglected tropical diseases caused by infection with the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp., respectively. Once restricted to endemic areas, these diseases are now distributed worldwide due to human migration, climate change, and anthropogenic disturbance, causing significant health and economic burden globally. The current chemotherapy used to treat these diseases has limited efficacy, and drug resistance is spreading. Hence, new drugs are urgently needed. Phenotypic compound screenings have prevailed as the leading method to discover new drug candidates against these diseases. However, the publication of the complete genome sequences of multiple strains, advances in the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and in vivo bioluminescence-based imaging have set the stage for advancing target-based drug discovery. This review analyses the limitations of the narrow pool of available drugs presently used for treating these diseases. It describes the current drug-based clinical trials highlighting the most promising leads. Furthermore, the review presents a focused discussion on the most important biological and pharmacological challenges that target-based drug discovery programs must overcome to advance drug candidates. Finally, it examines the advantages and limitations of modern research tools designed to identify and validate essential genes as drug targets, including genomic editing applications and in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Altamura
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rishi Rajesh
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nilmar S Moretti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Cestari
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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79
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Moretti NS, Mortara RA, Schenkman S. Trypanosoma cruzi. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:404-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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80
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Brown AC, Moore CC, Guler JL. Cholesterol-dependent enrichment of understudied erythrocytic stages of human Plasmodium parasites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4591. [PMID: 32165667 PMCID: PMC7067793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For intracellular pathogens, the host cell provides needed protection and nutrients. A major challenge of intracellular parasite research is collection of high parasite numbers separated from host contamination. This situation is exemplified by the malaria parasite, which spends a substantial part of its life cycle inside erythrocytes as rings, trophozoites, and schizonts, before egress and reinvasion. Erythrocytic Plasmodium parasite forms refractory to enrichment remain understudied due to high host contamination relative to low parasite numbers. Here, we present a method for separating all stages of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes through lysis and removal of uninfected erythrocytes. The Streptolysin O-Percoll (SLOPE) method is effective on previously inaccessible forms, including circulating rings from malaria-infected patients and artemisinin-induced quiescent parasites. SLOPE can be used on multiple parasite species, under multiple media formulations, and lacks measurable impacts on parasite viability. We demonstrate erythrocyte membrane cholesterol levels modulate the preferential lysis of uninfected host cells by SLO, and therefore modulate the effectiveness of SLOPE. Targeted metabolomics of SLOPE-enriched ring stage samples confirms parasite-derived metabolites are increased and contaminating host material is reduced compared to non-enriched samples. Due to consumption of cholesterol by other intracellular bacteria and protozoa, SLOPE holds potential for improving research on organisms beyond Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher C Moore
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Guler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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81
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Mosquillo MF, Smircich P, Ciganda M, Lima A, Gambino D, Garat B, Pérez-Díaz L. Comparative high-throughput analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi response to organometallic compounds. Metallomics 2020; 12:813-828. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth, comparative look at the effects of two structurally related organometallic Pd and Pt compounds on the global gene expression pattern of T. cruzi epimastigotes. This parasite is the causative agent of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Florencia Mosquillo
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | | | - Analía Lima
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Garat
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Leticia Pérez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
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82
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Mazier D, Paris L. Maladies parasitaires : vous avez dit « éradiquer » ? Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:723-724. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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