51
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Suo C, Dann E, Goh I, Jardine L, Kleshchevnikov V, Park JE, Botting RA, Stephenson E, Engelbert J, Tuong ZK, Polanski K, Yayon N, Xu C, Suchanek O, Elmentaite R, Domínguez Conde C, He P, Pritchard S, Miah M, Moldovan C, Steemers AS, Mazin P, Prete M, Horsfall D, Marioni JC, Clatworthy MR, Haniffa M, Teichmann SA. Mapping the developing human immune system across organs. Science 2022; 376:eabo0510. [PMID: 35549310 PMCID: PMC7612819 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell genomics studies have decoded the immune-cell composition of several human prenatal organs but were limited in understanding the developing immune system as a distributed network across tissues. We profiled nine prenatal tissues combining single-cell RNA sequencing, antigen-receptor sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics to reconstruct the developing human immune system. This revealed the late acquisition of immune effector functions by myeloid and lymphoid cell subsets and the maturation of monocytes and T cells prior to peripheral tissue seeding. Moreover, we uncovered system-wide blood and immune cell development beyond primary hematopoietic organs, characterized human prenatal B1 cells, and shed light on the origin of unconventional T cells. Our atlas provides both valuable data resources and biological insights that will facilitate cell engineering, regenerative medicine, and disease understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqu Suo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Dann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Issac Goh
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Jardine
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Haematology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jong-Eun Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Justin Engelbert
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadav Yayon
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chuan Xu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peng He
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Pritchard
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohi Miah
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Corina Moldovan
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Pavel Mazin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Prete
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dave Horsfall
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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52
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Lawrence M, Wiesheu R, Coffelt SB. The duplexity of unconventional T cells in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 146:106213. [PMID: 35447350 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells and their involvement in cancer are understudied in comparison to conventional T cells, but recent findings indicate that these cells play important roles in both cancer progression and inhibition. Here, we briefly review the dichotomous role of three unconventional T cell lineages: γδ T cells, MAIT cells and NKT cells. Studies using mouse models of cancer show how this unconventional trilogy interacts with cancer epithelial cells and other immune cell populations during tumour evolution. These reports highlight various potential avenues for therapeutic intervention that may be exploited for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lawrence
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert Wiesheu
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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53
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Pishesha N, Harmand TJ, Ploegh HL. A guide to antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:751-764. [PMID: 35418563 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation are the cornerstones of adaptive immunity. B cells cannot generate high-affinity antibodies without T cell help. CD4+ T cells, which provide such help, use antigen-specific receptors that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in complex with peptide cargo. Similarly, eradication of virus-infected cells often depends on cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which rely on the recognition of peptide-MHC complexes for their action. The two major classes of glycoproteins entrusted with antigen presentation are the MHC class I and class II molecules, which present antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells, respectively. This Review describes the essentials of antigen processing and presentation. These pathways are divided into six discrete steps that allow a comparison of the various means by which antigens destined for presentation are acquired and how the source proteins for these antigens are tagged for degradation, destroyed and ultimately displayed as peptides in complex with MHC molecules for T cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novalia Pishesha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thibault J Harmand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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54
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Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Molofsky AB, Locksley RM. ILC2s - development, divergence, dispersal. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 75:102168. [PMID: 35176675 PMCID: PMC9131705 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have come to appreciate group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) as important players in host and tissue immunity. New studies of ILC2s and their precursors using novel reporter mice, advanced microscopy, and multi-omics approaches have expanded our knowledge on how these cells contribute to tissue physiology and function. This review highlights recent literature on this enigmatic cell, and we organize our discussion across three important paradigms in ILC2 biology: development, divergence, and dispersal. In addition, we frame our discussion in the context of other innate and adaptive immune cells to emphasize the relevance of expanding knowledge of ILC2s and tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto R Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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55
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Krovi SH, Loh L, Spengler A, Brunetti T, Gapin L. Current insights in mouse iNKT and MAIT cell development using single cell transcriptomics data. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101658. [PMID: 36182863 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Innate T (Tinn) cells are a collection of T cells with important regulatory functions that have a crucial role in immunity towards tumors, bacteria, viruses, and in cell-mediated autoimmunity. In mice, the two main αβ Tinn cell subsets include the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by non-polymorphic CD1d molecules and the mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells that recognize vitamin B metabolites presented by the non-polymorphic MR1 molecules. Due to their ability to promptly secrete large quantities of cytokines either after T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activation or upon exposure to tissue- and antigen-presenting cell-derived cytokines, Tinn cells are thought to act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and have the ability to shape the overall immune response. Their swift response reflects the early acquisition of helper effector programs during their development in the thymus, independently of pathogen exposure and prior to taking up residence in peripheral tissues. Several studies recently profiled, in an unbiased manner, the transcriptomes of mouse thymic iNKT and MAIT cells at the single cell level. Based on these data, we re-examine in this review how Tinn cells develop in the mouse thymus and undergo effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liyen Loh
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Tonya Brunetti
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
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56
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Anderson J, Imran S, Frost HR, Azzopardi KI, Jalali S, Novakovic B, Osowicki J, Steer AC, Licciardi PV, Pellicci DG. Immune signature of acute pharyngitis in a Streptococcus pyogenes human challenge trial. Nat Commun 2022; 13:769. [PMID: 35140232 PMCID: PMC8828729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes at least 750 million infections and more than 500,000 deaths each year. No vaccine is currently available for S. pyogenes and the use of human challenge models offer unique and exciting opportunities to interrogate the immune response to infectious diseases. Here, we use high-dimensional flow cytometric analysis and multiplex cytokine and chemokine assays to study serial blood and saliva samples collected during the early immune response in human participants following challenge with S. pyogenes. We find an immune signature of experimental human pharyngitis characterised by: 1) elevation of serum IL-1Ra, IL-6, IFN-γ, IP-10 and IL-18; 2) increases in peripheral blood innate dendritic cell and monocyte populations; 3) reduced circulation of B cells and CD4+ T cell subsets (Th1, Th17, Treg, TFH) during the acute phase; and 4) activation of unconventional T cell subsets, γδTCR + Vδ2+ T cells and MAIT cells. These findings demonstrate that S. pyogenes infection generates a robust early immune response, which may be important for host protection. Together, these data will help advance research to establish correlates of immune protection and focus the evaluation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samira Imran
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hannah R Frost
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sedigheh Jalali
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joshua Osowicki
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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57
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Nayak SP, Bagchi B, Roy S. Effects of immunosuppressants on T-cell dynamics: Understanding from a generic coarse-grained immune network model. J Biosci 2022; 47:70. [PMID: 36503907 PMCID: PMC9734612 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term immunosuppressive therapy is a drug regimen often used to lower aggressive immune responses in various chronic inflammatory diseases. However, such long-term therapy leading to immune suppression may trigger other adverse reactions in the immune system. The rising concern regarding the optimal dose and duration of such treatment has motivated us to understand non-classical immunomodulatory responses induced by various immunosuppressive steroid and secosteroid drugs such as glucocorticoid and vitamin D supplements. The immunomodulatory actions of such immunosuppressants (that govern the adaptive immune response) are often mediated through their characteristic control over CD4+ T-cells involving pro- and antiinflammatory T-cells. Several early studies attempted to decode temporal and dose-dependent behaviors of such pro- and anti-inflammatory T-cells using the chemical dynamics approach. We first summarize these early works. Then, we develop a minimal coarse-grained kinetic network model to capture the commonality in their immunomodulatory functions. This generic model successfully reproduces the characteristic dynamical features, including the clinical latency period in long-term T-cell dynamics. The temporal behavior of T-cells is found to be sensitive to specific rate parameters and doses of immunosuppressants. The steady-state analysis reflects the transition from an early classified weakly regulated (autoimmune-prone) immune state to a strongly regulated state (immunocompromised state), separated by an intervening state of moderate/balanced regulation. An optimal dose and duration are essential in rescuing balanced immune regulation. This review elucidates how developing a simple generic coarse-grained immune network model may provide immense information that helps diagnose inefficacy in adaptive immune function before and after administering immunosuppressants such as glucocorticoid or vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Priyadarshini Nayak
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 India
| | - Susmita Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, 741246 India
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58
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T Cell Immunity: T Cell Receptors and Their Effector Functions. Mol Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04025-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Hirsova P, Bamidele AO, Wang H, Povero D, Revelo XS. Emerging Roles of T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:760860. [PMID: 34777255 PMCID: PMC8581300 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.760860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. A significant proportion of patients with NAFLD develop a progressive inflammatory condition termed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may eventually advance to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is characterized by steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and lobular inflammation. Heightened immune cell infiltration is a hallmark of NASH, yet the mechanisms whereby hepatic inflammation occurs in NASH and how it contributes to disease initiation and progression remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence indicates that intrahepatic T cell immune mechanisms play an integral role in the pathogenesis of NASH and its transition to HCC. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the T cell-mediated mechanisms of inflammation in NASH. We highlight recent preclinical and human studies implicating various subsets of conventional and innate-like T cells in the onset and progression of NASH and HCC. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies targeting T cell-mediated responses for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Adebowale O. Bamidele
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davide Povero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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60
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Van Kaer L. Natural Killer T Lymphocytes Integrate Innate Sensory Information and Relay Context to Effector Immune Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:55-88. [PMID: 35381143 PMCID: PMC11078124 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that a group of lymphoid lineage cells, collectively called innate-like effector lymphocytes, have evolved to integrate information relayed by the innate sensory immune system about the state of the local tissue environment and to pass on this context to downstream effector innate and adaptive immune responses. Thereby, innate functions engrained into such innate-like lymphoid lineage cells during development can control the quality and magnitude of an immune response to a tissue-altering pathogen and facilitate the formation of memory engrams within the immune system. These goals are accomplished by the innate lymphoid cells that lack antigen-specific receptors, γδ T cell receptor (TCR)-expressing T cells, and several αβ TCR-expressing T cell subsets-such as natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, et cetera. Whilst we briefly consider the commonalities in the origins and functions of these diverse lymphoid subsets to provide context, the primary topic of this review is to discuss how the semi-invariant natural killer T cells got this way in evolution through lineage commitment and onward ontogeny. What emerges from this discourse is the question: Has a "limbic immune system" emerged (screaming quietly in plain sight!) out of what has been dubbed "in-betweeners"?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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61
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363
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