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Chen LL, Zhao L, Wang ZG, Liu SL, Pang DW. Near-Infrared-II Quantum Dots for In Vivo Imaging and Cancer Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104567. [PMID: 34837314 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In vivo fluorescence imaging can perform real-time, noninvasive, and high spatiotemporal resolution imaging to accurately obtain the dynamic biological information in vivo, which plays significant roles in the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. However, traditional in vivo fluorescence imaging usually operates in the visible and near-infrared (NIR)-I windows, which are severely interfered by the strong tissue absorption, tissue scattering, and autofluorescence. The emergence of NIR-II imaging at 1000-1700 nm significantly breaks through the imaging limitations in deep tissues, due to less tissue scattering and absorption. Benefiting from the outstanding optical properties of NIR-II quantum dots (QDs), such as high brightness and good photostability, in vivo fluorescence imaging exhibits excellent temporal-spatial resolution and large penetration depth, and QDs have become a kind of promising fluorescent biomarkers in the field of in vivo fluorescence imaging. Herein, the authors review NIR-II QDs from preparation to modification, and summarize recent applications of NIR-II QDs, including in vivo imaging and imaging-guided therapies. Finally, they discuss the special concerns when NIR-II QDs are shifted from in vivo imaging applications to further in-depth applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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Yang Y, Zhang F. Molecular fluorophores for in vivo bioimaging in the second near-infrared window. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3226-3246. [PMID: 35088125 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aims to summarize the current developments of fluorescence and chemi/bioluminescence imaging based on the molecular fluorophores for in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window. METHODS AND RESULTS By investigating most of the relevant references on the web of science and some journals, this review firstly begins with an overview of the background of fluorescence and chemi/bioluminescence imaging. Secondly, the chemical and optical properties of NIR-II dyes are discussed, such as water solubility, chemostability and photo-stability, and brightness. Thirdly, the bioimaging based on NIR-II fluorescence emission is outlined, including the in vivo imaging of polymethine dyes, donor - acceptor - donor (D - A - D) chromophores, and lanthanide complexes. Fourthly, we demonstrate the chemi/bioluminescence in vivo imaging in the second near-infrared window. Fifthly, the clinical application and translation of near-infrared fluorescence imaging are presented. Finally, the current challenges, feasible strategies and potential prospects of the fluorophores and in vivo bioimaging are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above literature research on the applications of molecular fluorescent and chemi/bioluminescent probes in the second near-infrared window in recent years, this review weighs the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence and chemi/bioluminescence imaging, and NIR-II fluorophores based on polymethine dyes, D - A - D chromophores, and lanthanide complexes. Besides, this review also provides a very important guidance for expanding the imaging applications of molecular fluorophores in the second near-infrared window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Ouyang J, Sun L, Zeng F, Wu S. Rational design of stable heptamethine cyanines and development of a biomarker-activatable probe for detecting acute lung/kidney injuries via NIR-II fluorescence imaging. Analyst 2022; 147:410-416. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heptamethine cyanines exhibiting high photo- and chemostability have been developed. And an activatable probe was developed for H2O2 to visualize acute lung and kidney injuries via NIR-II fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ouyang
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lihe Sun
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Inorganic Nanomaterial for Biomedical Imaging of Brain Diseases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237340. [PMID: 34885919 PMCID: PMC8658999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, brain diseases have taken a heavy toll on human health and social systems. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging (PA), computed tomography (CT), and other imaging modes play important roles in disease prevention and treatment. However, the disadvantages of traditional imaging mode, such as long imaging time and large noise, limit the effective diagnosis of diseases, and reduce the precision treatment of diseases. The ever-growing applications of inorganic nanomaterials in biomedicine provide an exciting way to develop novel imaging systems. Moreover, these nanomaterials with special physicochemical characteristics can be modified by surface modification or combined with functional materials to improve targeting in different diseases of the brain to achieve accurate imaging of disease regions. This article reviews the potential applications of different types of inorganic nanomaterials in vivo imaging and in vitro detection of different brain disease models in recent years. In addition, the future trends, opportunities, and disadvantages of inorganic nanomaterials in the application of brain diseases are also discussed. Additionally, recommendations for improving the sensitivity and accuracy of inorganic nanomaterials in screening/diagnosis of brain diseases.
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Ren F, Jiang Z, Han M, Zhang H, Yun B, Zhu H, Li Z. NIR‐II Fluorescence imaging for cerebrovascular diseases. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ren
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X) Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zhilin Jiang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X) Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Mengxiao Han
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X) Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X) Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Baofeng Yun
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X) Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hongqin Zhu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X) Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD‐X) Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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Dai J, Dong X, Wang Q, Lou X, Xia F, Wang S. PEG-Polymer Encapsulated Aggregation-Induced Emission Nanoparticles for Tumor Theranostics. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101036. [PMID: 34414687 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tumor imaging and therapy, the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect of fluorescent dyes at high concentration is a great challenge. In this regard, the aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) show great potential, since AIEgens effectively overcome the ACQ effect and have better fluorescence quantum yield, photobleaching resistance, and photosensitivity. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polymer is the most commonly used carrier to prepare nanoparticles (NPs). The advantage of PEGylation is that it can greatly prolong the metabolic half-life and reduce immunogenicity and toxicity. Considering that the hydrophobicity of most AIEgens hinders their application in organisms, the use of PEG-polymer encapsulation is an effective strategy to overcome this obstacle. Importantly, bioactive functional groups can be modified on PEG-polymers to enhance the biological effect of NPs. The combination of powerful AIEgens and PEG-polymers provides a new strategy for tumor imaging and therapy, which is promising for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1095 Jiefang Avenue Wuhan 430032 China
| | - Xiaoqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry China University of Geosciences 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry China University of Geosciences 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry China University of Geosciences 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry China University of Geosciences 388 Lumo Road Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1095 Jiefang Avenue Wuhan 430032 China
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Ma H, Wang J, Zhang XD. Near-infrared II emissive metal clusters: From atom physics to biomedicine. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Grüneboom A, Aust O, Cibir Z, Weber F, Hermann DM, Gunzer M. Imaging innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:293-303. [PMID: 34837251 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infectious intruders and also plays a major role in the development of sterile inflammation. Direct microscopic imaging of the involved immune cells, especially neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, has been performed since more than 150 years, and we still obtain novel insights on a frequent basis. Initially, intravital microscopy was limited to small-sized animal species, which were often invertebrates. In this review, we will discuss recent results on the biology of neutrophils and macrophages that have been obtained using confocal and two-photon microscopy of individual cells or subcellular structures as well as light-sheet microscopy of entire organs. This includes the role of these cells in infection defense and sterile inflammation in mammalian disease models relevant for human patients. We discuss their protective but also disease-enhancing activities during tumor growth and ischemia-reperfusion damage of the heart and brain. Finally, we provide two visions, one experimental and one applied, how our knowledge on the function of innate immune cells might be further enhanced and also be used in novel ways for disease diagnostics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Grüneboom
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Aust
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Zülal Cibir
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Flora Weber
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Yang S, Tan X, Tang L, Yang Q. Near-Infrared-II Bioimaging for in Vivo Quantitative Analysis. Front Chem 2021; 9:763495. [PMID: 34869206 PMCID: PMC8634491 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.763495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-Infrared-II (NIR-II) bioimaging is a newly emerging visualization modality in real-time investigations of biological processes research. Owning to advances in reducing photon scattering and low tissue autofluorescence levels in NIR-II region (1,000-1700 nm), NIR-II bioimaging affords high resolution with increasing tissue penetration depth, and it shows greater application potential for in vivo detection to obtain more detailed qualitative and quantitative parameters. Herein, this review summarizes recent progresses made on NIR-II bioimaging for quantitative analysis. These emergences of various NIR-II fluorescence, photoacoustic (PA), luminescence lifetime imaging probes and their quantitative analysis applications are comprehensively discussed, and perspectives on potential challenges facing in this direction are also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Pathology Research Group, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qinglai Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Center for Molecular Imaging Probe, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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A Multi-Modal Toolkit for Studying Neutrophils in Cancer and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215331. [PMID: 34771495 PMCID: PMC8582456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neutrophils are critical immune cells in host defense and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Studying the complex and diverse functions of these innate immune cells requires a comprehensive toolkit of experimental techniques to elucidate the function and regulation of neutrophils in health and disease. In this review, we discuss key methodologies and their applications in neutrophil research, including in vivo imaging, ex vivo functional assays, and high dimensional single-cell technologies, and how they can be integrated into a multi-modal approach to study neutrophil function in cancer and other diseases. Abstract As key effector cells of the innate immune response, neutrophils are rapidly deployed to sites of inflammation where they deliver a payload of potent effector mechanisms that are essential for host defense against pathogens as well as tissue homeostasis. In addition, neutrophils are central contributors to the pathogenesis of a vast spectrum of inflammatory, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases. As our understanding of neutrophils in health and disease continually expands, so too does our appreciation of their complex and dynamic nature in vivo; from development, maturation, and trafficking to cellular heterogeneity and functional plasticity. Therefore, contemporary neutrophil research relies on multiple complementary methodologies to perform integrated analysis of neutrophil phenotypic heterogeneity, organ- and stimulus-specific trafficking mechanisms, as well as tailored effector functions in vivo. This review discusses established and emerging technologies used to study neutrophils, with a focus on in vivo imaging in animal models, as well as next-generation ex vivo model systems to study mechanisms of neutrophil function. Furthermore, we discuss how high-dimensional single-cell analysis technologies are driving a renaissance in neutrophil biology by redefining our understanding of neutrophil development, heterogeneity, and functional plasticity. Finally, we discuss innovative applications and emerging opportunities to integrate these high-dimensional, multi-modal techniques to deepen our understanding of neutrophils in cancer research and beyond.
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Wang Z, Wang X, Wan JB, Xu F, Zhao N, Chen M. Optical Imaging in the Second Near Infrared Window for Vascular Bioimaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103780. [PMID: 34643028 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging in the second near infrared region (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) provides higher resolution and deeper penetration depth for accurate and real-time vascular anatomy, blood dynamics, and function information, effectively contributing to the early diagnosis and curative effect assessment of vascular anomalies. Currently, NIR-II optical imaging demonstrates encouraging results including long-term monitoring of vascular injury and regeneration, real-time feedback of blood perfusion, tracking of lymphatic metastases, and imaging-guided surgery. This review summarizes the latest progresses of NIR-II optical imaging for angiography including fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The development of current NIR-II fluorescence, PA, and OCT probes (i.e., single-walled carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, rare earth doped nanoparticles, noble metal-based nanostructures, organic dye-based probes, and semiconductor polymer nanoparticles), highlighting probe optimization regarding high brightness, longwave emission, and biocompatibility through chemical modification or nanotechnology, is first introduced. The application of NIR-II probes in angiography based on the classification of peripheral vascular, cerebrovascular, tumor vessel, and cardiovascular, is then reviewed. Major challenges and opportunities in the NIR-II optical imaging for vascular imaging are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi'an Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Fujian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Nana Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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Feng Z, Tang T, Wu T, Yu X, Zhang Y, Wang M, Zheng J, Ying Y, Chen S, Zhou J, Fan X, Zhang D, Li S, Zhang M, Qian J. Perfecting and extending the near-infrared imaging window. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:197. [PMID: 34561416 PMCID: PMC8463572 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) has been considered as a promising technique for visualizing mammals. However, the definition of the NIR-II region and the mechanism accounting for the excellent performance still need to be perfected. Herein, we simulate the photon propagation in the NIR region (to 2340 nm), confirm the positive contribution of moderate light absorption by water in intravital imaging and perfect the NIR-II window as 900-1880 nm, where 1400-1500 and 1700-1880 nm are defined as NIR-IIx and NIR-IIc regions, respectively. Moreover, 2080-2340 nm is newly proposed as the third near-infrared (NIR-III) window, which is believed to provide the best imaging quality. The wide-field fluorescence microscopy in the brain is performed around the NIR-IIx region, with excellent optical sectioning strength and the largest imaging depth of intravital NIR-II fluorescence microscopy to date. We also propose 1400 nm long-pass detection in off-peak NIR-II imaging whose performance exceeds that of NIR-IIb imaging, using bright fluorophores with short emission wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Institute of Zhejiang University, 314000, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Institute of Zhejiang University, 314000, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Ying
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengliang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Institute of Zhejiang University, 314000, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Xie N, Hou Y, Wang S, Ai X, Bai J, Lai X, Zhang Y, Meng X, Wang X. Second near-infrared (NIR-II) imaging: a novel diagnostic technique for brain diseases. Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:467-490. [PMID: 34551223 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Imaging in the second near-infrared II (NIR-II) window, a kind of biomedical imaging technology with characteristics of high sensitivity, high resolution, and real-time imaging, is commonly used in the diagnosis of brain diseases. Compared with the conventional visible light (400-750 nm) and NIR-I (750-900 nm) imaging, the NIR-II has a longer wavelength of 1000-1700 nm. Notably, the superiorities of NIR-II can minimize the light scattering and autofluorescence of biological tissue with the depth of brain tissue penetration up to 7.4 mm. Herein, we summarized the main principles of NIR-II in animal models of traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular visualization, brain tumor, inflammation, and stroke. Simultaneously, we encapsulated the in vivo process of NIR-II probes and their in vivo and in vitro toxic effects. We further dissected its limitations and following optimization measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Ya Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ai
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Jinrong Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Xianrong Lai
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ethnic Medicine Academic Heritage Innovation Research Center, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu611137, China
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64
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Reitz SJ, Sauerbeck AD, Kummer TT. Enhanced Multiplexing of Immunofluorescence Microscopy Using a Long-Stokes-Shift Fluorophore. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e214. [PMID: 34387945 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence labeling and microscopy offer a highly specific means to visualize proteins or other molecular species in a sample by labeling target antigens with fluorescent probes. These fluorescent probes can then be visualized using a fluorescence microscope, allowing their relative spatial relationships to be determined. Due to spectral overlap of common fluorophores, however, it can be challenging to analyze more than three antigens in a single sample with standard imaging approaches. This article describes multiplexed labeling and imaging of four target antigens through the use of a long-Stokes-shift fluorophore-a fluorophore with an unusually large gap between its excitation and emission maxima-in tandem with three conventional fluorophores. This combination allows for multiplexed imaging of four antigens in a single sample with excellent spectral discrimination suitable for sensitive analyses using standard imaging hardware. Particular advantages of this approach are its flexibility in terms of target antigens and the lack of any specialized procedures, reagents, or equipment beyond the commercially available labeling reagent coupled to the long-Stokes-shift fluorophore. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Four-probe immunofluorescence labeling Basic Protocol 2: Four-probe immunofluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney J Reitz
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew D Sauerbeck
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Terrance T Kummer
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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65
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Ricci P, Gavryusev V, Müllenbroich C, Turrini L, de Vito G, Silvestri L, Sancataldo G, Pavone FS. Removing striping artifacts in light-sheet fluorescence microscopy: a review. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 168:52-65. [PMID: 34274370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has found a broad application for imaging of diverse biological samples, ranging from sub-cellular structures to whole animals, both in-vivo and ex-vivo, owing to its many advantages relative to point-scanning methods. By providing the selective illumination of sample single planes, LSFM achieves an intrinsic optical sectioning and direct 2D image acquisition, with low out-of-focus fluorescence background, sample photo-damage and photo-bleaching. On the other hand, such an illumination scheme is prone to light absorption or scattering effects, which lead to uneven illumination and striping artifacts in the images, oriented along the light sheet propagation direction. Several methods have been developed to address this issue, ranging from fully optical solutions to entirely digital post-processing approaches. In this work, we present them, outlining their advantages, performance and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ricci
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Vladislav Gavryusev
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | | | - Lapo Turrini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sancataldo
- University of Palermo, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Palermo, 90128, Italy.
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; University of Florence, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy.
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66
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Baulin VA, Usson Y, Le Guével X. Deep learning: step forward to high-resolution in vivo shortwave infrared imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100102. [PMID: 33949139 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shortwave infrared window (SWIR: 1000-1700 nm) represents a major improvement compared to the NIR-I region (700-900 nm) in terms of temporal and spatial resolutions in depths down to 4 mm. SWIR is a fast and cheap alternative to more precise methods such as X-ray and opto-acoustic imaging. Main obstacles in SWIR imaging are the noise and scattering from tissues and skin that reduce the precision of the method. We demonstrate that the combination of SWIR in vivo imaging in the NIR-IIb region (1500-1700 nm) with advanced deep learning image analysis allows to overcome these obstacles and making a large step forward to high resolution imaging: it allows to precisely segment vessels from tissues and noise, provides morphological structure of the vessels network, with learned pseudo-3D shape, their relative position, dynamic information of blood vascularization in depth in small animals and distinguish the vessels types: artieries and veins. For demonstration we use neural network IterNet that exploits structural redundancy of the blood vessels, which provides a useful analysis tool for raw SWIR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Baulin
- Departament Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yves Usson
- TIMC-IMAG Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Le Guével
- Cancer Targets and Experimental Therapeutics, Cancer Targets and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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67
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Wang M, Li H, Huang B, Chen S, Cui R, Sun Z, Zhang M, Sun T. An Ultra-Stable, Oxygen-Supply Nanoprobe Emitting in Near-Infrared-II Window to Guide and Enhance Radiotherapy by Promoting Anti-Tumor Immunity. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100090. [PMID: 33885213 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, radiotherapy (RT) is the main method for cancer treatment. However, the hypoxic environment of solid tumors is likely to cause resistance or failure of RT. Moreover, high-dose radiation may cause side effects to surrounding normal tissues. In this study, a new type of nanozyme is developed by doping Mn (II) ions into Ag2 Se quantum dots (QDs) emitting in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm). Through the catalysis of Mn (II) ions, the nanozymes can trigger the rapid decomposition of H2 O2 and produce O2 . Conjugated with tumor-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) tripeptides and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules, the nanozymes are then constructed into in vivo nanoprobes for NIR-II imaging-guided RT of tumors. Owing to the radiosensitive activity of the element Ag, the nanoprobes can promote radiation energy deposition. The specific tumor-targeting and NIR-II emitting abilities of the nanoprobes facilitate the precise tumor localization, which enables precise RT with low side effects. Moreover, their ultra-stability in the living body ensures that the nanoprobes continuously produce oxygen and relieve the hypoxia of tumors to enhance RT efficacy. Guided by real-time and high-clarity imaging, the nanoprobe-mediated RT promotes anti-tumor immunity, which significantly inhibits the growth of tumors or even cures them completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Ran Cui
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P.R. China
| | - Zhi‐Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School and Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan 430079 P.R. China
| | - Mingxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Science Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
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68
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Zhang L, Shi X, Li Y, Duan X, Zhang Z, Fu H, Yang X, Tian J, Hu Z, Cui M. Visualizing Tumors in Real Time: A Highly Sensitive PSMA Probe for NIR-II Imaging and Intraoperative Tumor Resection. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7735-7745. [PMID: 34047189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the complex anatomical structure, precise resection of a tumor while maintaining adjacent tissue is a challenge in radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa). Optical imaging in near-infrared window II (NIR-II) is a promising technology for intraoperative guidance, whereas there is no available probe for PCa yet. In this article, a novel probe (PSMA-1092) bearing two prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) binding motifs was developed, displaying excellent optical properties (λmax = 1092 nm) and ultrahigh affinity (Ki = 80 pM) toward PSMA. The tumor was visualized with high resolution (tissue-to-normal tissue ratio = 7.62 ± 1.05) and clear margin by NIR-II imaging using PSMA-1092 in a mouse model. During the tumor resection, residual tumors missed by visible inspection were detected by the real-time imaging. Overall, PSMA-1092 displayed excellent performance in delineating the tumor margin and detecting residual tumors, demonstrating promising potential for precise PCa tumor resection in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaojiang Duan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hualong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Center for Advanced Materials Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
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69
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Guo Y, Huang Y, Li J, Wang L, Yang Z, Liu J, Peng X, Yan W, Qu J. Deep Penetration Microscopic Imaging with Non-Diffracting Airy Beams. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:391. [PMID: 34073286 PMCID: PMC8229875 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a deep penetration microscopic imaging method with a non-diffracting Airy beam. The direct mapping of volume imaging in free space shows that the axial imaging range of the Airy beam is approximately 4 times that of the traditional Gaussian beam along the axial direction while maintaining a narrow lateral width. Benefiting from its non-diffracting property, the microscopic imaging with Airy beam illumination can acquire image structures through turbid medium and capture a volumetric image in a single frame. We demonstrate the penetration ability of the Airy microscopic imaging through a strongly scattering environment with 633 nm and 780 nm lasers. The performances of the volumetric imaging method were evaluated using HeLa cells and isolated mouse kidney tissue. The thick sample was scanned layer by layer in the Gaussian mode, however, in the Airy mode, the three-dimensional (3D) structure information was projected onto a two-dimensional (2D) image, which vastly increased the volume imaging speed. To show the characteristics of the Airy microscope, we performed dynamic volumetric imaging on the isolated mouse kidney tissue with two-photon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Yan
- College of Physics and Optoeletronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (J.L.); (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (J.L.); (X.P.); (J.Q.)
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70
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Kamimura M. Recent Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescence in vivo Bioimaging in the Second and Third Biological Window. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:691-697. [PMID: 33455967 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20scr11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence bioimaging using above to 1000 nm wavelength region is a promising analytical method on visualizing deep tissues. As compared to the short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV: < 400 nm) or visible (VIS: 400 - 700 nm) region, which results in an extremely low absorption or scattering of biomolecules and water in the body, NIR light passes through the tissues. Various fluorescent probes that emit NIR emission in the second (1100 - 1400 nm) or third (1550 - 1800 nm) biological windows have been developed and used for NIR in vivo imaging. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), quantum dots (QDs), rare-earth doped ceramic nanoparticles (RED-CNPs), and organic dye-based probes have been proposed by many researchers, and are used to successfully visualize the bloodstream, organs, and disease-affected regions, such as cancer. NIR imaging in the second and third biological windows is an effective analytical method on visualizing deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kamimura
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
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71
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Harrison SP, Baumgarten SF, Verma R, Lunov O, Dejneka A, Sullivan GJ. Liver Organoids: Recent Developments, Limitations and Potential. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:574047. [PMID: 34026769 PMCID: PMC8131532 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.574047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cell types derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) share the potential to investigate development, toxicity, as well as genetic and infectious disease in ways currently limited by the availability of primary tissue. With the added advantage of patient specificity, which can play a role in all of these areas. Many iPSC differentiation protocols focus on 3 dimensional (3D) or organotypic differentiation, as these offer the advantage of more closely mimicking in vivo systems including; the formation of tissue like architecture and interactions/crosstalk between different cell types. Ultimately such models have the potential to be used clinically and either with or more aptly, in place of animal models. Along with the development of organotypic and micro-tissue models, there will be a need to co-develop imaging technologies to enable their visualization. A variety of liver models termed "organoids" have been reported in the literature ranging from simple spheres or cysts of a single cell type, usually hepatocytes, to those containing multiple cell types combined during the differentiation process such as hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal cells, often leading to an improved hepatic phenotype. These allow specific functions or readouts to be examined such as drug metabolism, protein secretion or an improved phenotype, but because of their relative simplicity they lack the flexibility and general applicability of ex vivo tissue culture. In the liver field these are more often constructed rather than developed together organotypically as seen in other organoid models such as brain, kidney, lung and intestine. Having access to organotypic liver like surrogates containing multiple cell types with in vivo like interactions/architecture, would provide vastly improved models for disease, toxicity and drug development, combining disciplines such as microfluidic chip technology with organoids and ultimately paving the way to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Philip Harrison
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Saphira Felicitas Baumgarten
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rajneesh Verma
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gareth John Sullivan
- Hybrid Technology Hub–Center of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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72
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Cosco ED, Arús BA, Spearman AL, Atallah TL, Lim I, Leland OS, Caram JR, Bischof TS, Bruns OT, Sletten EM. Bright Chromenylium Polymethine Dyes Enable Fast, Four-Color In Vivo Imaging with Shortwave Infrared Detection. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6836-6846. [PMID: 33939921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging within the shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1000-2000 nm) region of the electromagnetic spectrum has enabled high-resolution and high-contrast imaging in mice, non-invasively. Polymethine dyes, with their narrow absorption spectra and high absorption coefficients, are optimal probes for fast and multiplexed SWIR imaging. Here, we expand upon the multiplexing capabilities in SWIR imaging by obtaining brighter polymethine dyes with varied excitation wavelengths spaced throughout the near-infrared (700-1000 nm) region. Building on the flavylium polymethine dye scaffold, we explored derivatives with functional group substitution at the 2-position, deemed chromenylium polymethine dyes. The reported dyes have reduced nonradiative rates and enhanced emissive properties, enabling non-invasive imaging in mice in a single color at 300 fps and in three colors at 100 fps. Combined with polymethine dyes containing a red-shifted julolidine flavylium heterocycle and indocyanine green, distinct channels with well-separated excitation wavelengths provide non-invasive video-rate in vivo imaging in four colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Cosco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernardo A Arús
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anthony L Spearman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Timothy L Atallah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Irene Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Olivia S Leland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Justin R Caram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thomas S Bischof
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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73
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Sun B, Hettie KS, Zhu S. Near-infrared Fluorophores for Thrombosis Diagnosis and Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000278. [PMID: 33997270 PMCID: PMC8115206 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is an adverse physiological event wherein the resulting thrombus and thrombus-induced diseases collectively result in high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, nano-medicines that incorporate fluorophores emitting in the near-infrared-I (NIR-I, 700-900 nm) spectral region into their systems have been adopted to afford thrombosis theranostics. However, several unsolved problems such as limited penetration depth and image quality severely impede further applications of such nano-medicine systems. Fortunately, the ability to incorporate fluorophores emitting in the NIR-II (1000-1700 nm) window into nano-medicine systems can unambiguously identify biological processes with high signal-to-noise, deep tissue penetration depth, and high image resolution. Considering the inherently favorable properties of NIR-II fluorophores, we believe such have enormous potential to quickly become incorporated into nano-medicine systems for thrombosis theranostics. In this review, we i) discuss the development of NIR fluorescence as an imaging modality and fluorescent agents; ii) comprehensively summarize the recent development of NIR-I fluorophore-based nano-medicine systems for thrombosis theranostics; iii) highlight the state-of-the-art NIR-II fluorophores that have been designed for the specific purpose of affording thrombotic diagnosis; iv) speculate on possible forward avenues for the use of NIR-II fluorophores towards thrombosis diagnosis and therapy; and v) discuss the potential for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Kenneth S Hettie
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- Joint Laboratory of Opto-Functional Theranostics in Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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74
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Abstract
Detecting fluorescence in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) up to ∼1,700 nm has emerged as a novel in vivo imaging modality with high spatial and temporal resolution through millimeter tissue depths. Imaging in the NIR-IIb window (1,500-1,700 nm) is the most effective one-photon approach to suppressing light scattering and maximizing imaging penetration depth, but relies on nanoparticle probes such as PbS/CdS containing toxic elements. On the other hand, imaging the NIR-I (700-1,000 nm) or NIR-IIa window (1,000-1,300 nm) can be done using biocompatible small-molecule fluorescent probes including US Food and Drug Administration-approved dyes such as indocyanine green (ICG), but has a caveat of suboptimal imaging quality due to light scattering. It is highly desired to achieve the performance of NIR-IIb imaging using molecular probes approved for human use. Here, we trained artificial neural networks to transform a fluorescence image in the shorter-wavelength NIR window of 900-1,300 nm (NIR-I/IIa) to an image resembling an NIR-IIb image. With deep-learning translation, in vivo lymph node imaging with ICG achieved an unprecedented signal-to-background ratio of >100. Using preclinical fluorophores such as IRDye-800, translation of ∼900-nm NIR molecular imaging of PD-L1 or EGFR greatly enhanced tumor-to-normal tissue ratio up to ∼20 from ∼5 and improved tumor margin localization. Further, deep learning greatly improved in vivo noninvasive NIR-II light-sheet microscopy (LSM) in resolution and signal/background. NIR imaging equipped with deep learning could facilitate basic biomedical research and empower clinical diagnostics and imaging-guided surgery in the clinic.
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75
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76
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Chen P, Chen X, Hepfer RG, Damon BJ, Shi C, Yao JJ, Coombs MC, Kern MJ, Ye T, Yao H. A noninvasive fluorescence imaging-based platform measures 3D anisotropic extracellular diffusion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1913. [PMID: 33772014 PMCID: PMC7997923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion is a major molecular transport mechanism in biological systems. Quantifying direction-dependent (i.e., anisotropic) diffusion is vitally important to depicting how the three-dimensional (3D) tissue structure and composition affect the biochemical environment, and thus define tissue functions. However, a tool for noninvasively measuring the 3D anisotropic extracellular diffusion of biorelevant molecules is not yet available. Here, we present light-sheet imaging-based Fourier transform fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (LiFT-FRAP), which noninvasively determines 3D diffusion tensors of various biomolecules with diffusivities up to 51 µm2 s-1, reaching the physiological diffusivity range in most biological systems. Using cornea as an example, LiFT-FRAP reveals fundamental limitations of current invasive two-dimensional diffusion measurements, which have drawn controversial conclusions on extracellular diffusion in healthy and clinically treated tissues. Moreover, LiFT-FRAP demonstrates that tissue structural or compositional changes caused by diseases or scaffold fabrication yield direction-dependent diffusion changes. These results demonstrate LiFT-FRAP as a powerful platform technology for studying disease mechanisms, advancing clinical outcomes, and improving tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Xun Chen
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brooke J Damon
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Changcheng Shi
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jenny J Yao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew C Coombs
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael J Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tong Ye
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Hai Yao
- Clemson-MUSC Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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77
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Umezawa M, Haruki M, Yoshida M, Kamimura M, Soga K. Effects of Processing pH on Emission Intensity of Over-1000 nm Near-Infrared Fluorescence of Dye-Loaded Polymer Micelle with Polystyrene Core. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:485-490. [PMID: 33342927 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20scp09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging using the over-thousand-nanometer (OTN) near-infrared (NIR) light is an emerging method for an in vivo imaging analysis of deep tissues without physical sectioning. Polymer micelle nanoparticles (PNPs) composed of organic polymers encapsulating an OTN-NIR fluorescent dye, IR-1061, in their hydrophobic core are expected to be biocompatible probes. Because IR-1061 quickly quenches due to the vibration of polar hydroxyl bonding in its surroundings, the influence of hydroxyl ions should be minimized. Herein, we investigated the effect of the hydrogen ion concentration during the preparation process using IR-1061 and an organic polymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-polystyrene (PEG-b-PSt), on the emission properties of the obtained OTN-PNPs. The OTN-PNP has a hydrodynamic diameter of 20 - 30 nm and emits 1110-nm fluorescence that is applicable to angiography. The loading efficiency of IR-1061 in the OTN-PNPs increased when prepared in an aqueous solution with a low hydroxyl ion concentration. In this solution (pH 3.0), highly emissive OTN-PNPs was obtained with IR-1061 at lower nominal concentrations. Decreasing the hydroxyl ion concentration during the preparation process yields highly emissive OTN-PNPs, which may improve the in vivo imaging analysis of biological phenomena in deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Mae Haruki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Moe Yoshida
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Masao Kamimura
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kohei Soga
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
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78
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Wang F, Ma Z, Zhong Y, Salazar F, Xu C, Ren F, Qu L, Wu AM, Dai H. In vivo NIR-II structured-illumination light-sheet microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023888118. [PMID: 33526701 PMCID: PMC8017937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023888118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive optical imaging with deep tissue penetration depth and high spatiotemporal resolution is important to longitudinally studying the biology at the single-cell level in live mammals, but has been challenging due to light scattering. Here, we developed near-infrared II (NIR-II) (1,000 to 1,700 nm) structured-illumination light-sheet microscopy (NIR-II SIM) with ultralong excitation and emission wavelengths up to ∼1,540 and ∼1,700 nm, respectively, suppressing light scattering to afford large volumetric three-dimensional (3D) imaging of tissues with deep-axial penetration depths. Integrating structured illumination into NIR-II light-sheet microscopy further diminished background and improved spatial resolution by approximately twofold. In vivo oblique NIR-II SIM was performed noninvasively for 3D volumetric multiplexed molecular imaging of the CT26 tumor microenvironment in mice, longitudinally mapping out CD4, CD8, and OX40 at the single-cell level in response to immunotherapy by cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG), a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist combined with OX40 antibody treatment. NIR-II SIM affords an additional tool for noninvasive volumetric molecular imaging of immune cells in live mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Zhuoran Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yeteng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Felix Salazar
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Fuqiang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Liangqiong Qu
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94303
| | - Anna M Wu
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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79
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Pietrobon V, Cesano A, Marincola F, Kather JN. Next Generation Imaging Techniques to Define Immune Topographies in Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604967. [PMID: 33584676 PMCID: PMC7873485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy experienced remarkable developments and it is nowadays considered a promising therapeutic frontier against many types of cancer, especially hematological malignancies. However, in most types of solid tumors, immunotherapy efficacy is modest, partly because of the limited accessibility of lymphocytes to the tumor core. This immune exclusion is mediated by a variety of physical, functional and dynamic barriers, which play a role in shaping the immune infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment. At present there is no unified and integrated understanding about the role played by different postulated models of immune exclusion in human solid tumors. Systematically mapping immune landscapes or "topographies" in cancers of different histology is of pivotal importance to characterize spatial and temporal distribution of lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, providing insights into mechanisms of immune exclusion. Spatially mapping immune cells also provides quantitative information, which could be informative in clinical settings, for example for the discovery of new biomarkers that could guide the design of patient-specific immunotherapies. In this review, we aim to summarize current standard and next generation approaches to define Cancer Immune Topographies based on published studies and propose future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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80
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Liu MH, Zhang Z, Yang YC, Chan YH. Polymethine-Based Semiconducting Polymer Dots with Narrow-Band Emission and Absorption/Emission Maxima at NIR-II for Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:983-989. [PMID: 32990356 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deep-penetration fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window heralds a new era of clinical surgery, in which high-resolution vascular/lymphatic anatomy and detailed cancerous tissues can be visualized in real time. Described here is a series of polymethine-based semiconducting polymers with intrinsic emission maxima in the NIR-IIa (1300-1400 nm) window and absorption maxima ranging from 1082 to 1290 nm. These polymers were prepared as semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) in aqueous solutions with fluorescence quantum yields of 0.05-0.18 %, and they demonstrate promising applications in noninvasive through-skull brain imaging in live mice with remarkable spatial resolution as well as signal-to-background contrast. This study offers a platform for future design of NIR-IIa or even NIR-IIb emitting Pdots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ho Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry/Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yu-Chi Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry/Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department of Applied Chemistry/Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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81
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Zhang Q, Yu P, Fan Y, Sun C, He H, Liu X, Lu L, Zhao M, Zhang H, Zhang F. Bright and Stable NIR‐II J‐Aggregated AIE Dibodipy‐Based Fluorescent Probe for Dynamic In Vivo Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3967-3973. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qisong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Haisheng He
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lingfei Lu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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82
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Zhang Q, Yu P, Fan Y, Sun C, He H, Liu X, Lu L, Zhao M, Zhang H, Zhang F. Bright and Stable NIR‐II J‐Aggregated AIE Dibodipy‐Based Fluorescent Probe for Dynamic In Vivo Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qisong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Haisheng He
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Lingfei Lu
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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83
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Cosco ED, Spearman AL, Ramakrishnan S, Lingg JGP, Saccomano M, Pengshung M, Arús BA, Wong KCY, Glasl S, Ntziachristos V, Warmer M, McLaughlin RR, Bruns OT, Sletten EM. Shortwave infrared polymethine fluorophores matched to excitation lasers enable non-invasive, multicolour in vivo imaging in real time. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1123-1130. [PMID: 33077925 PMCID: PMC7680456 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution, multiplexed experiments are a staple in cellular imaging. Analogous experiments in animals are challenging, however, due to substantial scattering and autofluorescence in tissue at visible (350-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1,000 nm) wavelengths. Here, we enable real-time, non-invasive multicolour imaging experiments in animals through the design of optical contrast agents for the shortwave infrared (SWIR, 1,000-2,000 nm) region and complementary advances in imaging technologies. We developed tunable, SWIR-emissive flavylium polymethine dyes and established relationships between structure and photophysical properties for this class of bright SWIR contrast agents. In parallel, we designed an imaging system with variable near-infrared/SWIR excitation and single-channel detection, facilitating video-rate multicolour SWIR imaging for optically guided surgery and imaging of awake and moving mice with multiplexed detection. Optimized dyes matched to 980 nm and 1,064 nm lasers, combined with the clinically approved indocyanine green, enabled real-time, three-colour imaging with high temporal and spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Cosco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anthony L Spearman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shyam Ramakrishnan
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jakob G P Lingg
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mara Saccomano
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Monica Pengshung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernardo A Arús
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kelly C Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Glasl
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Warmer
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ryan R McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Ellen M Sletten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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84
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Che Y, Feng S, Guo J, Hou J, Zhu X, Chen L, Yang H, Chen M, Li Y, Chen S, Cheng Z, Luo Z, Chen J. In vivo live imaging of bone using shortwave infrared fluorescent quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22022-22029. [PMID: 33141143 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone plays an increasingly critical role in human health and disease. More noninvasive multi-scale imaging techniques are urgently required for investigations on the substructures and biological functions of bones. Our results firstly revealed that SWIR QDs prepared by us acted as a bone-specific imaging contrast to achieve real-time observation of bone structures both in vivo and ex vivo. The major bone structures of both Balb/C nude mice and Balb/C mice including their skull, spine, pelvis, limbs, and sternum could be rapidly and gradually identified via blood circulation after QD injection in vivo. More importantly, the binding capability of our QDs mainly depended on the biological activities of bone tissues, suggesting that our technique is suitable for in vivo live imaging. In addition, the cell imaging results suggested that the potential mechanism of our bone imaging could be ascribed to the highly specific interaction between QDs and MC3T3-E1 cells. In a word, the skeletal structures and biological activities of bones are anticipated to be observed and monitored with this QD-guided SWIR imaging strategy, respectively. This radiation-free QD-guided SWIR live imaging of bone can add new insights into a comprehensive study of bones in vivo and provide a basis for early diagnosis of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Che
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. and Department of Orthopedics, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Sijia Feng
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jiangbo Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junjun Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinghu Hospital, Suzhou industrial park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuesong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mo Chen
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5344, USA.
| | - Zongping Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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85
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Liu M, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Chan Y. Polymethine‐Based Semiconducting Polymer Dots with Narrow‐Band Emission and Absorption/Emission Maxima at NIR‐II for Bioimaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Ho Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry/Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30050 Taiwan
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yu‐Chi Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry/Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30050 Taiwan
| | - Yang‐Hsiang Chan
- Department of Applied Chemistry/Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30050 Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
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86
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Macropinocytosis-mediated membrane recycling drives neural crest migration by delivering F-actin to the lamellipodium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27400-27411. [PMID: 33087579 PMCID: PMC7959501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007229117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics are critical to cell motility. Extensively studied in cell culture, their roles in cell movement in vivo are less understood, especially in higher vertebrates. We use dynamic imaging to visualize membrane and cytoskeletal behavior in migrating neural crest cells in living tissue. We found that forward movement of individual neural crest cells is accompanied by circular membrane flow, from anterior-to-posterior apically and posterior-to-anterior basally, coupled with internalization of lipid vesicles via macropinocytosis in the soma. Macropinosomes become wrapped with actin, then undergo anterograde translocation via microtubules toward the lamellipodium, resulting in its expansion. We elucidate how actin dynamics and membrane flow are interacted to drive forward locomotion of individual cells. Individual cell migration requires front-to-back polarity manifested by lamellipodial extension. At present, it remains debated whether and how membrane motility mediates this cell morphological change. To gain insights into these processes, we perform live imaging and molecular perturbation of migrating chick neural crest cells in vivo. Our results reveal an endocytic loop formed by circular membrane flow and anterograde movement of lipid vesicles, resulting in cell polarization and locomotion. Rather than clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinosomes encapsulate F-actin in the cell body, forming vesicles that translocate via microtubules to deliver actin to the anterior. In addition to previously proposed local conversion of actin monomers to polymers, we demonstrate a surprising role for shuttling of F-actin across cells for lamellipodial expansion. Thus, the membrane and cytoskeleton act in concert in distinct subcellular compartments to drive forward cell migration.
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87
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Carrier M, Robert MÈ, González Ibáñez F, Desjardins M, Tremblay MÈ. Imaging the Neuroimmune Dynamics Across Space and Time. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:903. [PMID: 33071723 PMCID: PMC7539119 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is essential for maintaining homeostasis, as well as promoting growth and healing throughout the brain and body. Considering that immune cells respond rapidly to changes in their microenvironment, they are very difficult to study without affecting their structure and function. The advancement of non-invasive imaging methods greatly contributed to elucidating the physiological roles performed by immune cells in the brain across stages of the lifespan and contexts of health and disease. For instance, techniques like two-photon in vivo microscopy were pivotal for studying microglial functional dynamics in the healthy brain. Through these observations, their interactions with neurons, astrocytes, blood vessels and synapses were uncovered. High-resolution electron microscopy with immunostaining and 3D-reconstruction, as well as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, provided complementary insights by revealing microglial interventions at synapses (phagocytosis, trogocytosis, synaptic stripping, etc.). In addition, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy has provided the first 3D reconstruction of a microglial cell at nanoscale resolution. This review will discuss the technical toolbox that currently allows to study microglia and other immune cells in the brain, as well as introduce emerging methods that were developed and could be used to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of neuroimmune imaging. A special attention will also be placed on positron emission tomography and the development of selective functional radiotracers for microglia and peripheral macrophages, considering their strong potential for research translation between animals and humans, notably when paired with other imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Robert
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Desjardins
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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88
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Hua C, Huang B, Jiang Y, Zhu S, Cui R. Near-infrared-IIb probe affords ultrahigh contrast inflammation imaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:33602-33607. [PMID: 35515075 PMCID: PMC9056738 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep tissue imaging in the near-infrared II (NIR-II) window with significantly reduced tissue autofluorescence and scattering provides an important modality to visualize various biological events. Current commercially used contrast agents in the near-infrared spectrum suffer from severe photobleaching, high tissue scattering, and background signals, hampering high-quality in vivo bioimaging, particularly in small animals. Here, we applied a NIR-IIb quantum dot (QD) probe with greatly suppressed photon scattering and zero autofluorescence to map inflammatory processes. Two-layer surface modification by a combination of amphiphilic polymer and mixed linear and multi-armed polyethylene glycol chains prolonged probe circulation in vivo and improved its accumulation in the inflammation sites. Compared to indocyanine green, a widely applied dye in the clinic, our QD probe showed greater photostability and capacity for deeper tissue imaging with superior contrast. The longer circulation of QDs also improved vessel imaging, which is vital for better understanding of biological mechanisms of the inflammation microenvironment. Our proposed NIR-IIb in vivo imaging modality proved effective for the visualization of inflammation in small animals, and its use may be extended in future to studies of immunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hua
- Department of Surgical Neuro-oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130061 PR China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430070 PR China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130061 PR China
| | - Ran Cui
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430070 PR China
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89
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Ma Z, Wang F, Zhong Y, Salazar F, Li J, Zhang M, Ren F, Wu AM, Dai H. Cross-Link-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Rapid Excretion in Nanotheranostic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20552-20560. [PMID: 32681553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most NIR-IIb fluorophores are nanoparticle-based probes with long retention (≈1 month or longer) in the body. Here, we applied a novel cross-linked coating to functionalize core/shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide quantum dots (PbS/CdS QDs) emitting at ≈1600 nm. The coating was comprised of an amphiphilic polymer followed by three crosslinked amphiphilic polymeric layers (P3 coating), imparting high biocompatibility and >90 % excretion of QDs within 2 weeks of intravenous administration. The P3 -QDs were conjugated to an engineered anti-CD8 diabody (Cys-diabody) for in vivo molecular imaging of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in response to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Two-plex molecular imaging in combination with down-conversion Er nanoparticles (ErNPs) was performed for real-time in vivo monitoring of PD-L1 positive tumor cells and CTLs with cellular resolution by non-invasive NIR-IIb light sheet microscopy. Imaging of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment and of lymph nodes deep in the body with a signal-to-background ratio of up to ≈170 was also achieved using P3 -QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yeteng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Felix Salazar
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jiachen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mingxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuqiang Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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90
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Soler M, Scholtz A, Zeto R, Armani AM. Engineering photonics solutions for COVID-19. APL PHOTONICS 2020; 5:090901. [PMID: 33015361 PMCID: PMC7523711 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the impact of COVID-19 on society became apparent, the engineering and scientific community recognized the need for innovative solutions. Two potential roadmaps emerged: developing short-term solutions to address the immediate needs of the healthcare communities and developing mid/long-term solutions to eliminate the over-arching threat. However, in a truly global effort, researchers from all backgrounds came together in tackling this challenge. Short-term efforts have focused on re-purposing existing technologies and leveraging additive manufacturing techniques to address shortages in personal protective equipment and disinfection. More basic research efforts with mid-term and long-term impact have emphasized developing novel diagnostics and accelerating vaccines. As a foundational technology, photonics has contributed directly and indirectly to all efforts. This perspective will provide an overview of the critical role that the photonics field has played in efforts to combat the immediate COVID-19 pandemic as well as how the photonics community could anticipate contributing to future pandemics of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soler
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications
Group (NanoB2A), Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST
and CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Scholtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089,
USA
| | - Rene Zeto
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
California 90089, USA
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91
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Wang S, Li B, Zhang F. Molecular Fluorophores for Deep-Tissue Bioimaging. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1302-1316. [PMID: 32875073 PMCID: PMC7453417 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging has made tremendous inroads toward understanding the complexity of biological systems, but in vivo deep-tissue imaging remains a great challenge due to the optical opacity of biological tissue. Recent improvements in laser and detector manufacturing have allowed the expansion of nonlinear and linear fluorescence imaging to the underexplored "tissue-transparent" second near-infrared (NIR-II; 1000-1700 nm) window, opening up new opportunities for optical access deep inside opaque tissue. Molecular fluorophores have historically played a major role in fluorescence bioimaging. It is increasingly important to design new molecular fluorophores to fully unlock the potential of NIR-II imaging techniques. In this outlook, we give an overview of the novel molecular fluorophores developed for deep-tissue bioimaging in the past five years and discuss their pros and cons in applications. Guidelines for designing new molecular fluorophores with the desirable properties are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and
iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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92
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Tian R, Ke C, Rao L, Lau J, Chen X. Multimodal stratified imaging of nanovaccines in lymph nodes for improving cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 161-162:145-160. [PMID: 32827558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines hold enormous potential in cancer immunotherapy by stimulating the body's immune response; unfortunately, the clinical response rates of cancer vaccines are less than 30%. Nanovaccines show the potential to enhance the treatment efficacy of conventional vaccines due to their unique properties, such as efficient co-delivery of cocktail to the secondary lymphatic system, high tumor accumulation and penetration, and customizable delivery of antigens and adjuvants. Meanwhile, the non-invasive visualization of vaccines after their delivery can yield information about in vivo distribution and performance, and aid in their subsequent optimization and translational studies. In this review, we summarize the strategies for the spatiotemporal visualization of nanovaccines in lymph nodes, including whole-body in vivo imaging, intravital organ/cell imaging, and ex vivo tissue/cell imaging. The application of imaging modalities in nanovaccine development is discussed. Moreover, strategies to achieve different combinations of imaging modalities are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Chaomin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lang Rao
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Lau
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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93
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Li C, Chen G, Zhang Y, Wu F, Wang Q. Advanced Fluorescence Imaging Technology in the Near-Infrared-II Window for Biomedical Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14789-14804. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangcun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yejun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Feng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging Technology, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China
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94
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Umezawa M, Sera T, Yokota H, Takematsu M, Morita M, Yeroslavsky G, Kamimura M, Soga K. Computed tomography for in vivo deep over-1000 nm near-infrared fluorescence imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000071. [PMID: 32388908 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a novel cross-sectional imaging of fluorescence in over-1000 nm near-infrared (OTN-NIR), which allows in vivo deep imaging, using computed tomography (CT) system. Cylindrical specimens of composite of OTN-NIR fluorophore, NaGdF4 co-doped with Yb3+ and Ho3+ (ex: 980 nm, em: 1150 nm), were embedded in cubic agar (10.5-12 mm) or in the peritoneal cavity of mice and placed on a rotatable stage. When the fluorescence from inside of the samples was serially captured from multiple angles, the images were disrupted by the reflection and refraction of emitted light on the sample-air interface. Immersing the sample into water filled in a rectangular bath suppressed the disruption at the interface and successfully reconstructed the position and concentration of OTN-NIR fluorophores on the cross-sectional images using a CT technique. This is promising as a novel three-dimensional imaging technique for OTN-NIR fluorescent image projections of small animals captured from multiple angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Yokota
- Image Processing Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Maho Takematsu
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Morita
- Image Processing Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gil Yeroslavsky
- Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masao Kamimura
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohei Soga
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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95
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Ma Z, Wang F, Zhong Y, Salazar F, Li J, Zhang M, Ren F, Wu AM, Dai H. Cross-Link-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Rapid Excretion in Nanotheranostic Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 132:20733-20741. [PMID: 34334834 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most NIR-IIb fluorophores are nanoparticle-based probes with long retention ( ≈ 1 month or longer) in the body. Here, we applied a novel cross-linked coating to functionalize core/shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide quantum dots (PbS/CdS QDs) emitting at ≈ 1600 nm. The coating was comprised of an amphiphilic polymer followed by three crosslinked amphiphilic polymeric layers (P3 coating), imparting high biocompatibility and > 90% excretion of QDs within 2 weeks of intravenous administration. The P3-QDs were conjugated to an engineered anti-CD8 diabody (Cys-diabody) for in vivo molecular imaging of CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in response to anti-PD-L1 therapy. Two-plex molecular imaging in combination with down-conversion Er nanoparticles (ErNPs) was performed for real-time in vivo monitoring of PD-L1 positive tumor cells and CTLs with cellular resolution by non-invasive NIR-IIb light sheet microscopy. Imaging of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment and of lymph nodes deep in the body with a signal-to-background ratio of up to ≈ 170 was also achieved using P3-QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Yeteng Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Felix Salazar
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research, Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (USA)
| | - Jiachen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Mingxi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan (China)
| | - Fuqiang Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research, Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA (USA)
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-X, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
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97
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Yu J, Zhang R, Gao Y, Sheng Z, Gu M, Sun Q, Liao J, Wu T, Lin Z, Wu P, Kang L, Li H, Zhang L, Zheng W. Intravital confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in the second near-infrared window. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3305-3308. [PMID: 32538969 DOI: 10.1364/ol.394684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window to assess the morphological and biochemical information of live samples. A home-built superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) was used to facilitate the NIR-II fluorescence lifetime measurement. The SSPD has many advantages, including high sensitivity to NIR-II signals (detection efficiency >50%), fast temporal response (∼109ps), low timing jitter (∼50ps), and low dark count rate (<100cps). We demonstrate the feasibility of the developed microscopy system by comparing fluorescence lifetimes of a range of fluorophores with emission in the NIR-II window and by performing multicolor three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime imaging of a mouse ear in vivo. The biochemical properties of the cells and tissues probed by the fluorescence lifetimes of the fluorophores provide complementary information for biomedical studies, significantly benefiting diverse applications in life science.
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98
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Liu MH, Chen TC, Vicente JR, Yao CN, Yang YC, Chen CP, Lin PW, Ho YC, Chen J, Lin SY, Chan YH. Cyanine-Based Polymer Dots with Long-Wavelength Excitation and Near-Infrared Fluorescence beyond 900 nm for In Vivo Biological Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3846-3858. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ho Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chun Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Juvinch R. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Chun-Nien Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Pin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Wen Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Ho
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Jixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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99
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Wu J, Lee HJ, You L, Luo X, Hasegawa T, Huang KC, Lin P, Ratliff T, Ashizawa M, Mei J, Cheng JX. Functionalized NIR-II Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Single-cell to Whole-Organ Imaging of PSMA-Positive Prostate Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001215. [PMID: 32307923 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of molecular probes holds great promise for early diagnosis of aggressive prostate cancer. Here, 2-[3-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl) ureido] pentanedioic acid (DUPA)-conjugated ligand and bis-isoindigo-based polymer (BTII) are synthesized to formulate semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (BTII-DUPA SPN) as a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted probe for prostate cancer imaging in the NIR-II window. Insights into the interaction of the imaging probes with the biological targets from single cell to whole organ are obtained by transient absorption (TA) microscopy and photoacoustic (PA) tomography. At single-cell level, TA microscopy reveals the targeting efficiency, kinetics, and specificity of BTII-DUPA SPN to PSMA-positive prostate cancer. At organ level, PA tomographic imaging of BTII-DUPA SPN in the NIR-II window demonstrates superior imaging depth and contrast. By intravenous administration, BTII-DUPA SPN demonstrates selective accumulation and retention in the PSMA-positive tumor, allowing noninvasive PA detection of PSMA overexpressing prostate tumors in vivo. The distribution of nanoparticles inside the tumor tissue is further analyzed through TA microscopy. These results collectively demonstrate BTII-DUPA SPN as a promising probe for prostate cancer diagnosis by PA tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayingzi Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xuyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tsukasa Hasegawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Kai-Chih Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Timothy Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Minoru Ashizawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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100
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Li Z, Zhang Q, Chou SW, Newman Z, Turcotte R, Natan R, Dai Q, Isacoff EY, Ji N. Fast widefield imaging of neuronal structure and function with optical sectioning in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz3870. [PMID: 32494711 PMCID: PMC7209992 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy, owing to its noninvasiveness and subcellular resolution, enables in vivo visualization of neuronal structure and function in the physiological context. Optical-sectioning structured illumination microscopy (OS-SIM) is a widefield fluorescence imaging technique that uses structured illumination patterns to encode in-focus structures and optically sections 3D samples. However, its application to in vivo imaging has been limited. In this study, we optimized OS-SIM for in vivo neural imaging. We modified OS-SIM reconstruction algorithms to improve signal-to-noise ratio and correct motion-induced artifacts in live samples. Incorporating an adaptive optics (AO) module to OS-SIM, we found that correcting sample-induced optical aberrations was essential for achieving accurate structural and functional characterizations in vivo. With AO OS-SIM, we demonstrated fast, high-resolution in vivo imaging with optical sectioning for structural imaging of mouse cortical neurons and zebrafish larval motor neurons, and functional imaging of quantal synaptic transmission at Drosophila larval neuromuscular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinrong Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shih-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zachary Newman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ryan Natan
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author.
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