51
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Sprague L, Braidwood L, Conner J, Cassady KA, Benencia F, Cripe TP. Please stand by: how oncolytic viruses impact bystander cells. Future Virol 2018; 13:671-680. [PMID: 30416535 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) do more than simply infect and kill host cells. The accepted mechanism of action for OVs consists of a primary lytic phase and a subsequent antitumor and antiviral immune response. However, not all cells are subject to the direct effects of OV therapy, and it is becoming clear that OVs can also impact uninfected cells in the periphery. This review discusses the effects of OVs on uninfected neighboring cells, so-called bystander effects, and implications for OV therapies alone or in combination with other standard of care chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA
| | - Lynne Braidwood
- Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK.,Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK.,Virttu Biologics, BioCity, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Ohio University Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Athens, 45701 OH, USA.,Ohio University Russ College of Engineering & Technology, Biomedical Engineering, Athens, 45701 OH, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA.,The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA.,Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT & Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Columbus, 43205 OH, USA
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52
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Leoni V, Vannini A, Gatta V, Rambaldi J, Sanapo M, Barboni C, Zaghini A, Nanni P, Lollini PL, Casiraghi C, Campadelli-Fiume G. A fully-virulent retargeted oncolytic HSV armed with IL-12 elicits local immunity and vaccine therapy towards distant tumors. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007209. [PMID: 30080893 PMCID: PMC6095629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) showed efficacy in clinical trials and practice. Most of them gain cancer-specificity from deletions/mutations in genes that counteract the host response, and grow selectively in cancer cells defective in anti-viral response. Because of the deletions/mutations, they are frequently attenuated or over-attenuated. We developed next-generation oHSVs, which carry no deletion/mutation, gain cancer-specificity from specific retargeting to tumor cell receptors-e.g. HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-hence are fully-virulent in the targeted cancer cells. The type of immunotherapy they elicit was not predictable, since non-attenuated HSVs induce and then dampen the innate response, whereas deleted/attenuated viruses fail to contrast it, and since the retargeted oHSVs replicate efficiently in tumor cells, but spare other cells in the tumor. We report on the first efficacy study of HER2-retargeted, fully-virulent oHSVs in immunocompetent mice. Their safety profile was very high. Both the unarmed R-LM113 and the IL-12-armed R-115 inhibited the growth of the primary HER2-Lewis lung carcinoma-1 (HER2-LLC1) tumor, R-115 being constantly more efficacious. All the mice that did not die because of the primary treated tumors, were protected from the growth of contralateral untreated tumors. The long-term survivors were protected from a second contralateral tumor, providing additional evidence for an abscopal immunotherapeutic effect. Analysis of the local response highlighted that particularly R-115 unleashed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, i.e. induced immunomodulatory cytokines, including IFNγ, T-bet which promoted Th1 polarization. Some of the tumor infiltrating cells, e.g. CD4+, CD335+ cells were increased in the tumors of all responders mice, irrespective of which virus was employed, whereas CD8+, Foxp3+, CD141+ were increased and CD11b+ cells were decreased preferentially in R-115-treated mice. The durable response included a breakage of tolerance towards both HER2 and the wt tumor cells, and underscored a systemic immunotherapeutic vaccine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Leoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Vannini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Julie Rambaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Sanapo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Catia Barboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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53
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Chen CY, Hutzen B, Wedekind MF, Cripe TP. Oncolytic virus and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade combination therapy. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:65-77. [PMID: 30105219 PMCID: PMC6074764 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s145532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are lytic for many types of cancers but are attenuated or replication-defective in normal tissues. Aside from tumor lysis, oncolytic viruses can induce host immune responses against cancer cells and may thus be viewed as a form of immunotherapy. Although recent successes with checkpoint inhibitors have shown that enhancing antitumor immunity can be effective, the dynamic nature of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment presents significant hurdles to the broader application of these therapies. Targeting one immune-suppressive pathway may not be sufficient to eliminate tumors. Here we focus on the development of the combination of oncolytic virotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors designed to target the programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 signaling axis. We also discuss future directions for the clinical application of this novel combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital,
| | - Brian Hutzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital,
| | - Mary F Wedekind
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, .,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, .,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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54
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Twumasi-Boateng K, Pettigrew JL, Kwok YYE, Bell JC, Nelson BH. Oncolytic viruses as engineering platforms for combination immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:419-432. [PMID: 29695749 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To effectively build on the recent successes of immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive T cell therapy and cancer vaccines, it is critical to rationally design combination strategies that will increase and extend efficacy to a larger proportion of patients. For example, the combination of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) immune checkpoint inhibitors essentially doubles the response rate in certain patients with metastatic melanoma. However, given the heterogeneity of cancer, it seems likely that even more complex combinations of immunomodulatory agents may be required to obtain consistent, durable therapeutic responses against a broad spectrum of cancers. This carries serious implications in terms of toxicities for patients, feasibility for care providers and costs for health-care systems. A compelling solution is offered by oncolytic viruses (OVs), which can be engineered to selectively replicate within and destroy tumour tissue while simultaneously augmenting antitumour immunity. In this Opinion article, we argue that the future of immunotherapy will include OVs that function as multiplexed immune-modulating platforms expressing factors such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumour antigens, cytokines and T cell engagers. We illustrate this concept by following the trials and tribulations of tumour-reactive T cells from their initial priming through to the execution of cytotoxic effector function in the tumour bed. We highlight the myriad opportunities for OVs to help overcome critical barriers in the T cell journey, leading to new synergistic mechanisms in the battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Twumasi-Boateng
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica L Pettigrew
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Y Y Eunice Kwok
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brad H Nelson
- Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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55
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Oseledchyk A, Ricca JM, Gigoux M, Ko B, Redelman-Sidi G, Walther T, Liu C, Iyer G, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Zamarin D. Lysis-independent potentiation of immune checkpoint blockade by oncolytic virus. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28702-28716. [PMID: 29983890 PMCID: PMC6033351 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral therapy with oncolytic viruses is increasingly being explored as a strategy to potentiate an immune response against cancer, but it remains unknown whether such therapy should be restricted to cancers sensitive to virus-mediated lysis. Using Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as a model, we explore immunogenic potential of an oncolytic virus in bladder cancer, where existing immunotherapy with PD-1 and PD-L1-targeting antibodies to date has shown suboptimal response rates. Infection of human and mouse bladder cancer cells with NDV resulted in immunogenic cell death, activation of innate immune pathways, and upregulation of MHC and PD-L1 in all tested cell lines, including the cell lines completely resistant to NDV-mediated lysis. In a bilateral flank NDV-lysis-resistant syngeneic murine bladder cancer model, intratumoral therapy with NDV led to an increase of immune infiltration in both treated and distant tumors and a shift from an inhibitory to effector T cell phenotype. Consequently, combination of intratumoral NDV with systemic PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade led to improved local and abscopal tumor control and overall survival. These findings encourage future clinical trials combining intratumoral NDV therapy with systemic immunomodulatory agents and underscore the rationale for such treatments irrespective of tumor cell sensitivity to NDV-mediated lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Oseledchyk
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob M Ricca
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathieu Gigoux
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Ko
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gil Redelman-Sidi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler Walther
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cailian Liu
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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56
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Sprague L, Lee JM, Hutzen BJ, Wang PY, Chen CY, Conner J, Braidwood L, Cassady KA, Cripe TP. High Mobility Group Box 1 Influences HSV1716 Spread and Acts as an Adjuvant to Chemotherapy. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030132. [PMID: 29543735 PMCID: PMC5869525 DOI: 10.3390/v10030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a multifunctional protein that plays various roles in the processes of inflammation, cancer, and other diseases. Many reports document abundant HMGB1 release following infection with oncolytic viruses (OVs). Further, other groups including previous reports from our laboratory highlight the synergistic effects of OVs with chemotherapy drugs. Here, we show that virus-free supernatants have varying cytotoxic potential, and HMGB1 is actively secreted by two established fibroblast cell lines (NIH 3T3 and 3T6-Swiss albino) following HSV1716 infection in vitro. Further, pharmacologic inhibition or genetic knock-down of HMGB1 reveals a role for HMGB1 in viral restriction, the ability to modulate bystander cell proliferation, and drug sensitivity in 3T6 cells. These data further support the multifactorial role of HMGB1, and suggest it could be a target for modulating the efficacy of oncolytic virus therapies alone or in combination with other frontline cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslee Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Joel M Lee
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Brian J Hutzen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics, BioCity Glasgow, Newhouse ML1 5UH, UK.
| | | | - Kevin A Cassady
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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57
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Zamarin D, Ricca JM, Sadekova S, Oseledchyk A, Yu Y, Blumenschein WM, Wong J, Gigoux M, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD. PD-L1 in tumor microenvironment mediates resistance to oncolytic immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1413-1428. [PMID: 29504948 DOI: 10.1172/jci98047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intralesional therapy with oncolytic viruses (OVs) leads to the activation of local and systemic immune pathways, which may present targets for further combinatorial therapies. Here, we used human tumor histocultures as well as syngeneic tumor models treated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to identify a range of immune targets upregulated with OV treatment. Despite tumor infiltration of effector T lymphocytes in response to NDV, there was ongoing inhibition through programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), acting as a mechanism of early and late adaptive immune resistance to the type I IFN response and T cell infiltration, respectively. Systemic therapeutic targeting of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) or PD-L1 in combination with intratumoral NDV resulted in the rejection of both treated and distant tumors. These findings have implications for the timing of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in conjunction with OV therapy and highlight the importance of understanding the adaptive mechanisms of immune resistance to specific OVs for the rational design of combinatorial approaches using these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory.,Swim Across America Laboratory, and.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jacob M Ricca
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory.,Swim Across America Laboratory, and
| | | | - Anton Oseledchyk
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory.,Swim Across America Laboratory, and
| | - Ying Yu
- Merck Research Labs (MRL), Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Jerelyn Wong
- Merck Research Labs (MRL), Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mathieu Gigoux
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory.,Swim Across America Laboratory, and
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory.,Swim Across America Laboratory, and.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, New York, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory.,Swim Across America Laboratory, and.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSKCC, New York, New York, USA
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58
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Lundstrom K. New frontiers in oncolytic viruses: optimizing and selecting for virus strains with improved efficacy. Biologics 2018; 12:43-60. [PMID: 29445265 PMCID: PMC5810530 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s140114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have demonstrated selective replication and killing of tumor cells. Different types of oncolytic viruses – adenoviruses, alphaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, Newcastle disease viruses, rhabdoviruses, Coxsackie viruses, and vaccinia viruses – have been applied as either naturally occurring or engineered vectors. Numerous studies in animal-tumor models have demonstrated substantial tumor regression and prolonged survival rates. Moreover, clinical trials have confirmed good safety profiles and therapeutic efficacy for oncolytic viruses. Most encouragingly, the first cancer gene-therapy drug – Gendicine, based on oncolytic adenovirus type 5 – was approved in China. Likewise, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based drug for the treatment of melanoma has been registered in the US and Europe as talimogene laherparepvec.
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59
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Combination therapy for cancer with oncolytic virus and checkpoint inhibitor: A mathematical model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192449. [PMID: 29420595 PMCID: PMC5805294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) is a replication competent virus that selectively invades cancer cells; as these cells die under the viral burden, the released virus particles proceed to infect other cancer cells. Oncolytic viruses are designed to also be able to stimulate the anticancer immune response. Thus, one may represent an OV by two parameters: its replication potential and its immunogenicity. In this paper we consider a combination therapy with OV and a checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-1. We evaluate the efficacy of the combination therapy in terms of the tumor volume at some later time, for example, 6 months from initial treatment. Since T cells kill not only virus-free cancer cells but also virus-infected cancer cells, the following question arises: Does increasing the amount of the checkpoint inhibitor always improve the efficacy? We address this question, by a mathematical model consisting of a system of partial differential equations. We use the model to construct, by simulations, an efficacy map in terms of the doses of the checkpoint inhibitor and the OV injection. We show that there are regions in the map where an increase in the checkpoint inhibitor actually decreases the efficacy of the treatment. We also construct efficacy maps with checkpoint inhibitor vs. the replication potential of the virus that show the same antagonism, namely, an increase in the checkpoint inhibitor may actually decrease the efficacy. These results have implications for clinical trials.
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60
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, widely heralded as transformational for many adult cancer patients, are becoming viable options for selected subsets of pediatric cancer patients. Many therapies are currently being investigated, from immunomodulatory agents to adoptive cell therapy, bispecific T-cell engagers, oncolytic virotherapy, and checkpoint inhibition. One of the most exciting immunotherapies recently FDA approved is the use of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells for pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. With this approval and others, immunotherapy for pediatric cancers is gaining traction. One of the caveats to many of these immunotherapies is the challenge of predictive biomarkers; determining which patients will respond to a given therapy is not yet possible. Much research is being focused on which biomarkers will be predictive and prognostic for these patients. Despite many benefits of immunotherapy, including less long-term side effects, some treatments are fraught with immediate side effects that range from mild to severe, although most are manageable. With few downsides and the potential for disease cures, immunotherapy in the pediatric population has the potential to move to the front-line of therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Frances Wedekind
- 0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205 USA ,0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Research Bldg II, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Nicholas L. Denton
- 0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Research Bldg II, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- 0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Research Bldg II, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Timothy P. Cripe
- 0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone and Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205 USA ,0000 0001 2285 7943grid.261331.4Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University, 700 Children’s Drive, Research Bldg II, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
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61
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Abstract
Gene therapy based on viral vectors has demonstrated steady progress recently, not only in the area of cancers. A multitude of viral vectors has been engineered for both preventive and therapeutic applications. Two main approaches comprise of viral vector-based delivery of toxic or anticancer genes or immunization with anticancer antigens. Tumor growth inhibition and tumor regression have been observed, providing improved survival rates in animal tumor models. Furthermore, vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated both tumor regression and protection against challenges with lethal doses of tumor cells. Several clinical trials with viral vectors have also been conducted. Additionally, viral vector-based cancer drugs have been approved. This review gives an overview of different viral vector systems and their applications in cancer gene therapy.
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62
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Hutzen B, Chen CY, Wang PY, Sprague L, Swain HM, Love J, Conner J, Boon L, Cripe TP. TGF-β Inhibition Improves Oncolytic Herpes Viroimmunotherapy in Murine Models of Rhabdomyosarcoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:17-26. [PMID: 29034312 PMCID: PMC5633823 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are an emerging class of cancer therapeutics that couple cytotoxicity with the induction of an anti-tumor immune response. Host-virus interactions are complex and modulated by a tumor microenvironment whose immunosuppressive activities can limit the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. In an effort to improve this aspect of oncolytic virotherapy, we combined the oncolytic herpes virus HSV1716 with the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGF-βR1) inhibitor A8301 to treat syngeneic models of murine rhabdomyosarcoma. Mice that received HSV1716 or A8301 alone showed little to no benefit in efficacy and survival over controls. Conversely, mice given combination therapy exhibited tumor stabilization throughout the treatment regimen, which was reflected in significantly prolonged survival times including some complete responses. In vitro cell viability and virus replication assays showed that the rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines were generally insensitive to HSV1716 and A8301. Likewise, in vivo virus replication assays showed that HSV1716 titers moderately decreased in the presence of A8301. The enhanced efficacy instead appears to be dependent on the generation of an improved anti-tumor T cell response as determined by its loss in athymic nude mice and following in vivo depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ cells. These data suggest TGF-β inhibition can augment the immunotherapeutic efficacy of oncolytic herpes virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Les Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hayley M Swain
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julia Love
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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