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Fekiri C, Kim HC, Lee IH. 3D-Printable Carbon Nanotubes-Based Composite for Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235482. [PMID: 33271994 PMCID: PMC7731291 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intersection between nanoscience and additive manufacturing technology has resulted in a new field of printable and flexible electronics. This interesting area of research tackles the challenges in the development of novel materials and fabrication techniques towards a wider range and improved design of flexible electronic devices. This work presents the fabrication of a cost-effective and facile flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor using a 3D-printable carbon nanotube-based nanocomposite. The carbon nanotubes used for the development of the material are multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer. The sensor was fabricated using the direct ink writing (DIW) technique (also referred to as robocasting). The MWCNT-PDMS composite was directly printed onto the polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor response was then examined based on the resistance change to the applied load. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity (6.3 Ω/kPa) over a wide range of applied pressure (up to 1132 kPa); the highest observed measurement range for MWCNT-PDMS composite in previous work was 40 kPa. The formulated MWCNT-PDMS composite was also printed into high-resolution 3-dimensional shapes which maintained their form even after heat treatment process. The possibility to use 3D printing in the fabrication of flexible sensors allows design freedom and flexibility, and structural complexity with wide applications in wearable or implantable electronics for sport, automotive and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Fekiri
- Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Ho Chan Kim
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Andong National University, Andong 1375, Korea;
| | - In Hwan Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence:
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52
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La Malfa F, Puce S, Rizzi F, De Vittorio M. A Flexible Carbon Nanotubes-Based Auxetic Sponge Electrode for Strain Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2365. [PMID: 33261129 PMCID: PMC7761456 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Soft compliant strain gauges are key devices for wearable applications such as body health sensor systems, exoskeletons, or robotics. Other than traditional piezoresistive materials, such as metals and doped semiconductors placed on strain-sensitive microsystems, a class of soft porous materials with exotic mechanical properties, called auxetics, can be employed in strain gauges in order to boost their performance and add functionalities. For strain electronic read-outs, their polymeric structure needs to be made conductive. Herein, we present the fabrication process of an auxetic electrode based on a polymeric nanocomposite. A multiwalled carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane (MWCNT/PDMS) is fabricated on an open-cell polyurethane (PU) auxetic foam and its effective usability as an electrode for strain-gauge sensors is assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco La Malfa
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT-CBN), Via Barsanti 14, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; (F.L.M.); (S.P.); (M.D.V.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Salvatore Puce
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT-CBN), Via Barsanti 14, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; (F.L.M.); (S.P.); (M.D.V.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Rizzi
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT-CBN), Via Barsanti 14, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; (F.L.M.); (S.P.); (M.D.V.)
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT-CBN), Via Barsanti 14, 73010 Arnesano (Lecce), Italy; (F.L.M.); (S.P.); (M.D.V.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Ahmadzadeh S, Luo J, Wiffen R. Review on Biomedical Sensors, Technologies and Algorithms for Diagnosis of Sleep Disordered Breathing: Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 15:4-22. [PMID: 33104514 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2020.3033930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive review of available technologies for measurements of vital physiology related parameters that cause sleep disordered breathing (SDB). SDB is a chronic disease that may lead to several health problems and increase the risk of high blood pressure and even heart attack. Therefore, the diagnosis of SDB at an early stage is very important. The essential primary step before diagnosis is measurement. Vital health parameters related to SBD might be measured through invasive or non-invasive methods. Nowadays, with respect to increase in aging population, improvement in home health management systems is needed more than even a decade ago. Moreover, traditional health parameter measurement techniques such as polysomnography are not comfortable and introduce additional costs to the consumers. Therefore, in modern advanced self-health management devices, electronics and communication science are combined to provide appliances that can be used for SDB diagnosis, by monitoring a patient's physiological parameters with more comfort and accuracy. Additionally, development in machine learning algorithms provides accurate methods of analysing measured signals. This paper provides a comprehensive review of measurement approaches, data transmission, and communication networks, alongside machine learning algorithms for sleep stage classification, to diagnose SDB.
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54
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Green and facile fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Konjac Glucomannan by photocatalytic strategy. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ollé EP, Farré-Lladós J, Casals-Terré J. Advancements in Microfabricated Gas Sensors and Microanalytical Tools for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Odors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5478. [PMID: 32987904 PMCID: PMC7583964 DOI: 10.3390/s20195478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, advancements in micromachining techniques and nanomaterials have enabled the fabrication of highly sensitive devices for the detection of odorous species. Recent efforts done in the miniaturization of gas sensors have contributed to obtain increasingly compact and portable devices. Besides, the implementation of new nanomaterials in the active layer of these devices is helping to optimize their performance and increase their sensitivity close to humans' olfactory system. Nonetheless, a common concern of general-purpose gas sensors is their lack of selectivity towards multiple analytes. In recent years, advancements in microfabrication techniques and microfluidics have contributed to create new microanalytical tools, which represent a very good alternative to conventional analytical devices and sensor-array systems for the selective detection of odors. Hence, this paper presents a general overview of the recent advancements in microfabricated gas sensors and microanalytical devices for the sensitive and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The working principle of these devices, design requirements, implementation techniques, and the key parameters to optimize their performance are evaluated in this paper. The authors of this work intend to show the potential of combining both solutions in the creation of highly compact, low-cost, and easy-to-deploy platforms for odor monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Perarnau Ollé
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalonia (UPC), MicroTech Lab, Colom street 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-T.)
- SEAT S.A., R&D Department in Future Urban Mobility Concepts, A-2, Km 585, 08760 Martorell, Spain
| | - Josep Farré-Lladós
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalonia (UPC), MicroTech Lab, Colom street 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-T.)
| | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnical University of Catalonia (UPC), MicroTech Lab, Colom street 11, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (J.F.-L.); (J.C.-T.)
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56
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Wu S, Yao S, Liu Y, Hu X, Huang HH, Zhu Y. Buckle-Delamination-Enabled Stretchable Silver Nanowire Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41696-41703. [PMID: 32808757 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Controlled buckling and delamination of thin films on a compliant substrate has attracted much attention for applications ranging from micro/nanofabrication to flexible and stretchable electronics to bioengineering. Here, a highly conductive and stretchable conductor is fabricated by attaching a polymer composite film (with a thin layer of silver nanowires embedded below the surface of the polymer matrix) on top of a prestretched elastomer substrate followed with releasing the prestrain. A partially delaminated wavy geometry of the polymer film is created. During the evolution of the buckle-delamination, the blisters pop-up randomly but self-adjust into a uniform distribution, which effectively reduces the local strain in the silver nanowires. The resistance change of the conductor is less than 3% with the applied strain up to 100%. A theoretical model on the buckle-delamination structure is developed to predict the geometrical evolution, which agrees well with experimental observation. Finally, an integrated silver nanowire/elastomer sensing module and a stretchable thermochromic device are developed to demonstrate the utility of the stretchable conductor. This work highlights the important relevance of mechanics-based design in nanomaterial-enabled stretchable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Xiaogang Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - He Helen Huang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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57
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Murphy BB, Mulcahey PJ, Driscoll N, Richardson AG, Robbins GT, Apollo NV, Maleski K, Lucas TH, Gogotsi Y, Dillingham T, Vitale F. A gel-free Ti 3C 2T x-based electrode array for high-density, high-resolution surface electromyography. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 5:2000325. [PMID: 33693054 PMCID: PMC7939071 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors for surface electromyography (EMG) are composed of single- to few-channel large-area contacts, which exhibit high interfacial impedance and require conductive gels or adhesives to record high-fidelity signals. These devices are also limited in their ability to record activation across large muscle groups due to poor spatial coverage. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel high-density EMG array based on titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene encapsulated in parylene-C. Ti3C2Tx is a two-dimensional nanomaterial with excellent electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties, which forms colloidally stable aqueous dispersions, enabling safe, scalable solutions-processing. Leveraging the excellent combination of metallic conductivity, high pseudocapacitance, and ease of processability of Ti3C2Tx MXene, we demonstrate the fabrication of gel-free, high-density EMG arrays which are ~8 μm thick, feature 16 recording channels, and are highly skin-conformable. The impedance of Ti3C2Tx electrodes in contact with human skin is 100-1000x lower than the impedance of commercially-available electrodes which require conductive gels to be effective. Furthermore, our arrays can record high-fidelity, low-noise EMG, and can resolve muscle activation with improved spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity compared to conventional gelled electrodes. Overall, our results establish Ti3C2Tx-based bioelectronic interfaces as a powerful platform technology for high-resolution, non-invasive wearable sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B Murphy
- Department of Bioengineering, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
| | - Patrick J Mulcahey
- Department of Chemistry, 37th & O Streets NW, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States 20057
| | - Nicolette Driscoll
- Department of Bioengineering, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
| | - Andrew G Richardson
- Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 240 S. 33rd Street, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
| | - Gregory T Robbins
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 1800 Lombard Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19147
| | - Nicholas V Apollo
- Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 240 S. 33rd Street, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
| | - Kathleen Maleski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
| | - Timothy H Lucas
- Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 240 S. 33rd Street, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
| | - Timothy Dillingham
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 1800 Lombard Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19147
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Center for Neuroengineering & Therapeutics, 240 S. 33rd Street, 301 Hayden Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States 19104
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58
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Dasbach M, Pyschik M, Lehmann V, Parey K, Rhinow D, Reinhardt HM, Hampp NA. Assembling Carbon Nanotube Architectures. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8181-8190. [PMID: 32551529 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined multiwalled carbon nanotube structures are generated on stainless steel AISI 304 (EN AW 1.4301) by chemical vapor deposition. Pulsed laser-induced dewetting (PLiD) of the surface, by 532 nm nanosecond laser pulses, is utilized for the preparation of metal oxide nanoparticle fields with a defined particle number per area. The reduction of the precursor particles is achieved in an Ar/H2 (10% H2) atmosphere at 750 °C, thereby generating catalytic nanoparticles (c-NPs) for carbon nanotube (CNT) growth. Ethylene is used as a precursor gas for CNT growth. CNT lengths and morphology are directly related to the c-NP aerial density, which is dependent on the number of dewetting cycles during the PLiD process. Within a narrow window of c-NP per area, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes of great lengths are obtained. For more intense laser treatments, three-dimensional dewetting occurs and results in the formation of cauliflower-like structures. The laser process enables the creation of all kinds of CNT morphologies nearby on the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dasbach
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Pyschik
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian Parey
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Rhinow
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hendrik M Reinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert A Hampp
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Material Science Center, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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59
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Challenges in Design and Fabrication of Flexible/Stretchable Carbon- and Textile-Based Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring: A Critical Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143927. [PMID: 32679666 PMCID: PMC7412463 DOI: 10.3390/s20143927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the wearable flexible/stretchable health-monitoring sensor, it is necessary to develop advanced functional materials and fabrication technologies. Among the various developed materials and fabrication processes for wearable sensors, carbon-based materials and textile-based configurations are considered as promising approaches due to their outstanding characteristics such as high conductivity, lightweight, high mechanical properties, wearability, and biocompatibility. Despite these advantages, in order to realize practical wearable applications, electrical and mechanical performances such as sensitivity, stability, and long-term use are still not satisfied. Accordingly, in this review, we describe recent advances in process technologies to fabricate advanced carbon-based materials and textile-based sensors, followed by their applications such as human activity and electrophysiological sensors. Furthermore, we discuss the remaining challenges for both carbon- and textile-based wearable sensors and then suggest effective strategies to realize the wearable sensors in health monitoring.
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60
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Katayama Y, Fujioka Y, Tsukada K. Development of a Patch-Type Flexible Oxygen Partial Pressure Sensor. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE-JTEHM 2020; 8:1400607. [PMID: 32637263 PMCID: PMC7333882 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2020.3005477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen concentration in living organisms is one of the important vital indicators in emergency care and bedside medical settings. However, the oximetry method has limitations: the measurement site is limited to the tissue containing blood and the absolute value of oxygen concentration cannot be measured. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we develop a new oxygen sensor that can directly measure the oxygen particle pressure (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$p\text{O}_{2}$
\end{document}) on the surface of the body and organs. A light emitting diode (LED) and a photodiode (PD) were embedded in a dimethylpolysiloxane substrate mixed with carbon nanotubes. The effectiveness of the device was evaluated using calibration, bending strain tests, time and frequency response, and finally in vivo assessments. The results reveal that the calibration experiment of the fabricated oxygen sensor device showed high sensitivity. The carbon nanotube electrode has a sufficient bending resistance and does not affect the response characteristics of the LED and PD, that is, it does not affect the oxygen measurement. In vivo assessment shows that the developed patch-type flexible oxygen sensor can accurately measure \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$p\text{O}_{2}$
\end{document} by attaching it to tissues or organs having irregularities or curved surfaces and actual measurements on rat liver surface demonstrated its feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Katayama
- Graduate School of Fundamental Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohama223-8522Japan
| | - Yuta Fujioka
- Graduate School of Fundamental Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohama223-8522Japan
| | - Kosuke Tsukada
- Graduate School of Fundamental Science and TechnologyKeio UniversityYokohama223-8522Japan.,Department of Applied Physics and Physico-InformaticsKeio UniversityYokohama223-8522Japan
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61
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Kwak B, Bae J. Integrated Design and Fabrication of a Conductive PDMS Sensor and Polypyrrole Actuator Composite. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2020.2982075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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62
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Effect of Cellulose Microfiber Silylation Procedures on the Properties and Antibacterial Activity of Polydimethylsiloxane. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10060567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the liquid phase and vapor phase procedures for silylating cellulose microfibers by hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) were compared in terms of efficiency. The influence of functionalization degree on the morphology of microfibers and their interaction with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix has been investigated. The antibacterial properties of silylated cellulose microfibers hybridized with Ag nanoparticles, obtained by in situ chemical reduction, were also studied. Sample morphology investigations were carried out using spectroscopy and microscopy techniques (FTIR, XPS, TEM, SEM, EDS, XPS). Trimethylsilyl moieties appear on the surface of the cellulose microfibers after modification and improve the dispersibility of the microfibers, allowing strong interaction with the PDMS matrix and favoring its crosslinking density. Microfibers functionalized by the vapor phase of HMDS show smoother surfaces with higher concentrations of Si-containing groups, resulting in a more hydrophobic wetting behavior and a greater influence on the mechanical properties of the polymer. The silylated cellulose microfiber–Ag nanohybrid shows stronger antimicrobial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains compared to that of the untreated hybrid. A PDMS composite loaded with this hybrid exhibits the ability to inhibit bacterial growth.
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63
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Saucedo-Espinosa MA, Dittrich PS. In-Droplet Electrophoretic Separation and Enrichment of Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8414-8421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Saucedo-Espinosa
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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64
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Karyappa R, Ching T, Hashimoto M. Embedded Ink Writing (EIW) of Polysiloxane Inks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23565-23575. [PMID: 32319285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polysiloxane is a desirable material for the fabrication of devices in microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip, and microelectromechanical systems, but direct patterning of microstructures using liquid polysiloxane resins would require adequate rheological and chemical properties of the resins. In this work, we developed a simple method to fabricate planar microstructures consisting of polysiloxane using commercially available liquid polysiloxane resins without changing their properties. We used a direct ink writing (DIW) printer to dispense curable liquid polysiloxane (with the viscosity in the range of 1-100 Pa·s) in a liquid immiscible with the resins (such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol). The contact angle (θ) of the dispensed polysiloxane on the Petri dish increased from 20° in air to 100° in methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. The increase in the contact angles allowed maintaining the structures of patterned polysiloxane until curing, and the embedding liquid was readily removed by evaporation. We termed this method as embedded ink writing (EIW). The effects of curing time (τ) and nozzle speed (v) on the width of the printed filament (w) were evaluated. EIW achieved the minimum width of the printed filament of 65 μm. EIW enabled direct writing of polysiloxane resins and should find applications in fabricating microfluidic devices, flexible wearables, and soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Karyappa
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Terry Ching
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8, Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
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65
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Jian W, Ma Y, Zhu X, Zhang N, Lin L, Jia B, Shen X, Xiong H, Wang W. Quantitative insight into dispersity and antibactericidal capability of silver nanoparticles noncovalently conjugated by polysaccharide-protein complexes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:459-467. [PMID: 32057866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Precise prediction and measurement of dispersibility of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under atmospheric conditions are extremely vital for their potential commercial application. In the present work, the dispersibility of AgNPs capped by polysaccharide-protein from viscera of abalone (PSP-AgNPs) was studied using the combination of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and multiple-light-scattering (MLS) techniques. The results showed that the combination of UV/vis, DLS and MLS not only accurately determined the dispersibility of PSP-AgNPs, but also provided detailed information about the aggregation behavior of PSP-AgNPs. Furthermore, the results revealed a high dispersibility of PSP-AgNPs in the studied environment. The system temperature, pH value and thermal treatment (pasteurization and sterilization) had no effect on the dispersion of PSP-AgNPs in the effective concentration range against the pathogenic bacteria. Besides, an excellent stable dispersion and antibacterial activity against common pathogenic vibrio was also found in the dispersed PSP-AgNPs in seawater. Overall, the study provides a suitable method for the precise measurement of the dispersibility of AgNPs in environment. The AgNPs act as a potential bactericide with good dispersion and antibacterial activity in mariculture and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Jian
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China; Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361012, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Binmei Jia
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Xiulin Shen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Hejian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
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66
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Influence of Extracellular Mimicked Hierarchical Nano-Micro-Topography on the Bacteria/Abiotic Interface. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040828. [PMID: 32260531 PMCID: PMC7240582 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of interfaces between engineered surfaces and prokaryotic cells is a subject whose actual relevance has been reinforced by the current outbreaks due to unknown viruses and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Studies aiming at the development of antibacterial surfaces are based on two pillars: surface chemistry or topographical cues. This work reports the study of only the topographic aspect by the development of thin films of polyamide, which present attractive surface chemistry for bacterial adhesion. The same chemistry with only nano- or hierarchical nano- and micro-topography that mimics the extracellular matrix is obtained by sputter-depositing the thin films onto Si and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), respectively. The surface average roughness of the Si-modified surfaces was around 1 nm, while the hierarchical topography presented values from 750 to 1000 nm, with wavelengths and amplitudes ranging from 15–30 µm and 1–3 µm, respectively, depending on the deposition parameters. The surface topography, wettability, surface charge, and mechanical properties were determined and related to interface performance with two Gram+ and two Gram- bacterial strains. The overall results show that surfaces with only nano-topographic features present less density of bacteria, regardless of their cell wall composition or cell shape, if the appropriate surface chemistry is present.
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67
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Saborio MG, Cai S, Tang J, Ghasemian MB, Mayyas M, Han J, Christoe MJ, Peng S, Koshy P, Esrafilzadeh D, Jalili R, Wang CH, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Liquid Metal Droplet and Graphene Co-Fillers for Electrically Conductive Flexible Composites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903753. [PMID: 31565857 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal liquid metal alloys of gallium, with melting points below room temperature, are potential candidates for creating electrically conductive and flexible composites. However, inclusion of liquid metal micro- and nanodroplets into soft polymeric matrices requires a harsh auxiliary mechanical pressing to rupture the droplets to establish continuous pathways for high electrical conductivity. However, such a destructive strategy reduces the integrity of the composites. Here, this problem is solved by incorporating small loading of nonfunctionalized graphene flakes into the composites. The flakes introduce cavities that are filled with liquid metal after only relatively mild press-rolling (<0.1 MPa) to form electrically conductive continuous pathways within the polymeric matrix, while maintaining the integrity and flexibility of the composites. The composites are characterized to show that even very low graphene loadings (≈0.6 wt%) can achieve high electrical conductivity. The electrical conductance remains nearly constant, with changes less than 0.5%, even under a relatively high applied pressure of >30 kPa. The composites are used for forming flexible electrically-conductive tracks in electronic circuits with a self-healing property. The demonstrated application of co-fillers, together with liquid metal droplets, can be used for establishing electrically-conductive printable-composite tracks for future large-area flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz G Saborio
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shengxiang Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Christoe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chun H Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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68
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Hwang Y, Lee JH, Kim YH, Jeong S, Lee SY, Jung J, Kim JH, Choi Y, Jung S. Lubricant-Added Conductive Composite for Direct Writing of a Stretchable Electrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48459-48465. [PMID: 31818098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electrodes, which are essential components of next-generation electronic devices, should be highly conductive under multiaxial tensile strain, durable under repetitive stretching, and patternable for integrating stretchable devices. Herein, a lubricant-added stretchable conductive composite of a polydimethylsiloxane-based elastomer containing silver flakes is reported. The added lubricant minimizes changes in conductivity during stretching and maximizes elastic durability by reducing friction. The conductivity varies from 1933.3 S·cm-1 at 0% strain to 307.5 S·cm-1 at 300% uniaxial stretching and 1264.1 S·cm-1 at 50% biaxial stretching. Furthermore, the composite exhibits high durability, even after 1000 cycles of stretching at 200%, and the conductive composite paste can be applied to fine-linewidth direct writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Hwang
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeongro , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeongo , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , 267 Gajeong-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Heon Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST) , Chungnam National University , 99 Daehak-ro (St) , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeongro , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeongro , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeongro , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Convergence Materials , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , 217 Gajeongo , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmook Jung
- Division of Advanced Materials , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) , 141 Gajeongro , Daejeon 305-600 , Republic of Korea
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69
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Ghai V, Singh H, Agnihotri PK. Near perfect thin film flexible broadband optical absorber with high thermal/electrical conductivity. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viney Ghai
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar 140001 Punjab India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar 140001 Punjab India
| | - Prabhat K. Agnihotri
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar 140001 Punjab India
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70
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Park JW, Kim T, Kim D, Hong Y, Gong HS. Measurement of finger joint angle using stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225164. [PMID: 31725818 PMCID: PMC6855427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain sensors capable of monitoring complex human motions are highly desirable for the development of wearable electronic devices and healthcare monitoring systems. Excellent sensitivity and a wide working range of the sensor material are important requirements for distinguishing dynamic human motion. In this study, a highly stretchable strain sensor was fabricated via inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films on a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane substrate. The sensor was attached to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the hand in 12 healthy male subjects. The subjects placed their hands next to a conventional goniometer and flexed the MCP joint to predetermined angles. A linear relationship was found between the change in the length of the strain sensor and the intended angle of the MCP joint. The fabricated thin films showed high durability during repeated cycling (1,000 cycles) and good sensitivity with a gauge factor of 2.75. This study demonstrates that the newly developed stretchable CNT strain sensor can be used for effectively measuring MCP joint angles. This sensor may also be useful for the analysis of complex and dynamic hand motions that are difficult to measure using a conventional goniometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongtaek Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HSG); (YH)
| | - Hyun Sik Gong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HSG); (YH)
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71
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Tas MO, Baker MA, Masteghin MG, Bentz J, Boxshall K, Stolojan V. Highly Stretchable, Directionally Oriented Carbon Nanotube/PDMS Conductive Films with Enhanced Sensitivity as Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39560-39573. [PMID: 31552734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in the fields of human motion monitoring, electronic skin, and human-machine interface technology demands strain sensors with high stretchability/compressibility (ε > 50%), high sensitivity (or gauge factor (GF > 100)), and long-lasting electromechanical compliance. However, current metal- and semiconductor-based strain sensors have very low (ε < 5%) stretchability or low sensitivity (GF < 2), typically sacrificing the stretchability for high sensitivity. Composite elastomer sensors are a solution where the challenge is to improve the sensitivity to GF > 100. We propose a simple, low-cost fabrication of mechanically compliant, physically robust metallic carbon nanotube (CNT)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) strain sensors. The process allows the alignment of CNTs within the PDMS elastomer, permitting directional sensing. Aligning CNTs horizontally (HA-CNTs) on the substrate before embedding in the PDMS reduces the number of CNT junctions and introduces scale-like features on the CNT film perpendicular to the tensile strain direction, resulting in improved sensitivity compared to vertically-aligned CNT-(VA-CNT)-PDMS strain sensors under tension. The CNT alignment and the scale-like features modulate the electron conduction pathway, affecting the electrical sensitivity. Resulting GF values are 594 at 15% and 65 at 50% strains for HA-CNT-PDMS and 326 at 25% and 52 at 50% strains for VA-CNT-PDMS sensors. Under compression, VA-CNT-PDMS sensors show more sensitivity to small-scale deformation than HA-CNT-PDMS sensors due to the CNT orientation and the continuous morphology of the film, demonstrating that the sensing ability can be improved by aligning the CNTs in certain directions. Furthermore, mechanical robustness and electromechanical durability are tested for over 6000 cycles up to 50% tensile and compressive strains, with good frequency responses with negligible hysteresis. Finally, both types of sensors are shown to detect small-scale human motions, successfully distinguishing various human motions with reaction and recovery times of as low as 130 ms and 0.5 s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jedidiah Bentz
- Smiths Interconnect , 8851 SW Old Kansas Ave. , Stuart , Florida 34997 , United States
| | - Keir Boxshall
- Smiths Interconnect , 8851 SW Old Kansas Ave. , Stuart , Florida 34997 , United States
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72
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Paper-Based Flexible Electrode Using Chemically-Modified Graphene and Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites for Electrophysiological Signal Sensing. INFORMATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/info10100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible paper-based physiological sensor electrodes were developed using chemically-modified graphene (CG) and carboxylic-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube composites (f@MWCNTs). A solvothermal process with additional treatment was conducted to synthesize CG and f@MWCNTs to make CG-f@MWCNT composites. The composite was sonicated in an appropriate solvent to make a uniform suspension, and then it was drop cast on a nylon membrane in a vacuum filter. A number of batches (0%~35% f@MWCNTs) were prepared to investigate the performance of the physical characteristics. The 25% f@MWCNT-loaded composite showed the best adhesion on the paper substrate. The surface topography and chemical bonding of the proposed CG-f@MWCNT electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The average sheet resistance of the 25% CG-f@MWCNT electrode was determined to be 75 Ω/□, and it showed a skin contact impedance of 45.12 kΩ at 100 Hz. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded from the chest and fingertips of healthy adults using the proposed electrodes. The CG-f@MWCNT electrodes demonstrated comfortability and a high sensitivity for electrocardiogram signal detection.
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73
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Denktaş C. Mechanical and film formation behavior from PDMS/NaY zeolite composite membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cenk Denktaş
- Department of PhysicsY.T.Ü. Esenler Istanbul Turkey
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74
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Park YG, Min H, Kim H, Zhexembekova A, Lee CY, Park JU. Three-Dimensional, High-Resolution Printing of Carbon Nanotube/Liquid Metal Composites with Mechanical and Electrical Reinforcement. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4866-4872. [PMID: 30983359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of three-dimensional (3D) interconnections is essential in integrated circuit packaging technology. However, conventional interconnection methods, including the wire-bonding process, were developed for rigid structures of electronic devices, and they are not applicable to the integration of soft and stretchable electronic devices. Hence, there is a strong demand for 3D interconnection technology that is applicable to soft, stretchable electronic devices. Herein, we introduce the material and the processing required for stretchable 3D interconnections on the soft forms of devices and substrates with high resolutions. Liquid-metal-based composites for use as stretchable interconnection materials were developed by uniformly dispersing Pt-decorated carbon nanotubes in a liquid metal matrix. The inclusion of carbon nanotubes in the liquid metal improves the mechanical strength of the composite, thereby overcoming the limitation of the liquid metal that has a low mechanical strength. The composites can be 3D printed with various dimensions: the minimum diameters are about 5 μm and have a breakdown current density comparable to that of metal wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Geun Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyegi Min
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyobeom Kim
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Anar Zhexembekova
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Young Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ung Park
- Nano Science Technology Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
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75
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Yamamoto H, Grob L, Sumi T, Oiwa K, Hirano-Iwata A, Wolfrum B. Ultrasoft Silicone Gel as a Biomimetic Passivation Layer in Inkjet-Printed 3D MEA Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900130. [PMID: 32648655 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are versatile tools that are used for chronic recording and stimulation of neural cells and tissues. Driven by the recent progress in understanding of how neuronal growth and function respond to scaffold stiffness, development of MEAs with a soft cell-to-device interface has gained importance not only for in vivo but also for in vitro applications. However, the passivation layer, which constitutes the majority of the cell-device interface, is typically prepared with stiff materials. Herein, a fabrication of an MEA device with an ultrasoft passivation layer is described, which takes advantage of inkjet printing and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gel with a stiffness comparable to that of the brain. The major challenge in using the PDMS gel is that it cannot be patterned to expose the sensing area of the electrode. This issue is resolved by printing 3D micropillars at the electrode tip. Primary cortical neurons are grown on the fabricated device, and effective stimulation of the culture confirms functional cell-device coupling. The 3D MEA device with an ultrasoft interface provides a novel platform for investigating evoked activity and drug responses of living neuronal networks cultured in a biomimetic environment for both fundamental research and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamamoto
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Leroy Grob
- Munich School of BioengineeringDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Takuma Sumi
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communication Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hirano-Iwata
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Munich School of BioengineeringDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748, Garching, Germany
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76
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Jian W, Ma Y, Wu H, Zhu X, Wang J, Xiong H, Lin L, Wu L. Fabrication of highly stable silver nanoparticles using polysaccharide-protein complexes from abalone viscera and antibacterial activity evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:839-847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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77
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Kavand H, Rahaie M, Koohsorkhi J, Haghighipour N, Bonakdar S. A conductive cell-imprinted substrate based on CNT-PDMS composite. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:445-453. [PMID: 30817028 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cell function regulation is influenced by continuous biochemical and biophysical signal exchange within the body. Substrates with nano/micro-scaled topographies that mimic the physiological niche are widely applied for tissue engineering applications. As the cartilage niche is composed of several stimulating factors, a multifunctional substrate providing topographical features while having the capability of electrical stimulation is presented. Herein, we demonstrate a biocompatible and conductive chondrocyte cell-imprinted substrate using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive fillers. Unlike the conventional silicon wafers or structural photoresist masters used for molding, cell surface topographical replication is challenging as biological cells showed extremely sensitive to chemical solvent residues during molding. The composite showed no significant difference compared with PDMS with regard to cytotoxicity, whereas an enhanced cell adhesion was observed on the conductive composite's surface. Integration of nanomaterials into the cell seeding scaffolds can make tissue regeneration process more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Kavand
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rahaie
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Koohsorkhi
- Advanced Micro and Nano Devices Lab, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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78
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Gao X, Huang Y, He X, Fan X, Liu Y, Xu H, Wu D, Wan C. Mechanically Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Composites by a Hot Embossing Process. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E56. [PMID: 30960040 PMCID: PMC6401989 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrically conductive polymer composites are in high demand for modern technologies, however, the intrinsic brittleness of conducting conjugated polymers and the moderate electrical conductivity of engineering polymer/carbon composites have highly constrained their applications. In this work, super high electrical conductive polymer composites were produced by a novel hot embossing design. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites containing short carbon fiber (SCF) exhibited an electrical percolation threshold at 0.45 wt % and reached a saturated electrical conductivity of 49 S/m at 8 wt % of SCF. When reducing the sample thickness from 1.0 to 0.1 mm by the hot embossing process, a compression-induced percolation threshold occurred at 0.3 wt %, while the electrical conductivity was further enhanced to 378 S/m at 8 wt % SCF. Furthermore, the addition of a second nanofiller of 1 wt %, such as carbon nanotube or conducting carbon black, further increased the electrical conductivity of the PDMS/SCF (8 wt %) composites to 909 S/m and 657 S/m, respectively. The synergy of the densified conducting filler network by the mechanical compression and the hierarchical micro-/nano-scale filler approach has realized super high electrically conductive, yet mechanically flexible, polymer composites for modern flexible electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Daming Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, Warwich CV4 7AL, UK.
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79
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Hersey M, Berger SN, Holmes J, West A, Hashemi P. Recent Developments in Carbon Sensors for At-Source Electroanalysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:27-43. [PMID: 30481001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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80
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Yang G, Pang G, Pang Z, Gu Y, Mantysalo M, Yang H. Non-Invasive Flexible and Stretchable Wearable Sensors With Nano-Based Enhancement for Chronic Disease Care. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 12:34-71. [PMID: 30571646 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2018.2887301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advances in flexible and stretchable electronics, functional nanomaterials, and micro/nano manufacturing have been made in recent years. These advances have accelerated the development of wearable sensors. Wearable sensors, with excellent flexibility, stretchability, durability, and sensitivity, have attractive application prospects in the next generation of personal devices for chronic disease care. Flexible and stretchable wearable sensors play an important role in endowing chronic disease care systems with the capability of long-term and real-time tracking of biomedical signals. These signals are closely associated with human body chronic conditions, such as heart rate, wrist/neck pulse, blood pressure, body temperature, and biofluids information. Monitoring these signals with wearable sensors provides a convenient and non-invasive way for chronic disease diagnoses and health monitoring. In this review, the applications of wearable sensors in chronic disease care are introduced. In addition, this review exploits a comprehensive investigation of requirements for flexibility and stretchability, and methods of nano-based enhancement. Furthermore, recent progress in wearable sensors-including pressure, strain, electrophysiological, electrochemical, temperature, and multifunctional sensors-is presented. Finally, opening research challenges and future directions of flexible and stretchable sensors are discussed.
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Raman Spectroscopy as an Assay to Disentangle Zinc Oxide Carbon Nanotube Composites for Optimized Uric Acid Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Refluxed zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and attached to carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWNTs) via sonication. Practical optimization of electrocatalysts using sonication to disentangle a carbon nanotube composite for monitoring uric acid (UA) is shown. Monitoring UA is important for the management of medical disorders. Selection of sonication time is a crucial step in producing the desired composite. We report, for the first time, the practical use of Raman spectroscopy to tune the sonication involved in tethering ZnO NPs to the multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) surface. Maximum current for detecting UA, using chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry, correlated with the highest sp2-hybridized carbon signal, as seen in the integrated Raman G band peak areas denoting maximum COOH-MWNT disentanglement. An array of ZnO/COOH-MWNT composites were prepared ranging from 60 to 240 min sonication times. Optimum sonication (150 min) corresponded with both maximum measured current and MWNT disentanglement. The sensor was able to quantitatively and selectively measure UA at clinically relevant concentrations (100–900 μM) with rapid current response time (< 5 s).
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Sang Z, Ke K, Manas-Zloczower I. Interface Design Strategy for the Fabrication of Highly Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36483-36492. [PMID: 30280558 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously achieving high piezoresistive sensitivity, stretchability, and good electrical conductivity in conductive elastomer composites (CECs) with carbon nanofillers is crucial for stretchable strain sensor and electrode applications. Here, we report a facile and environmentally friendly strategy to realize these three goals at once by using branched carbon nanotubes, also known as the carbon nanostructure (CNS). Inspired by the brick-wall structure, a robust segregated conductive network of a CNS is formed in the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix at a very low filler fraction, which renders the composite very good electrical, mechanical, and piezoresistive properties. An extremely low percolation threshold of 0.06 wt %, currently the lowest for TPU-based CECs, is achieved via this strategy. Meanwhile, the electrical conductivity is up to 1 and 40 S/m for the composites with 0.7 and 4 wt % CNS, respectively. Tunable piezoresistive sensitivity dependent on CNS content is obtained, and the composite with 0.7 wt % filler has a gauge factor up to 6861 at strain ε = 660% (elongation at break is 950%). In addition, this strategy also renders the composites' attractive tensile modulus. The composite with 3 wt % CNS shows 450% improvement in Young's modulus versus neat TPU. This work introduces a facile strategy to fabricate highly stretchable strain sensors by designing CNS network structures, advancing understanding of the effects of polymer-filler interfaces on the mechanical and electrical property enhancements for polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 2100 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-7202 , United States
| | - Kai Ke
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 2100 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-7202 , United States
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 2100 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106-7202 , United States
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