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Xiao L, Hareendran S, Loh YP. Function of exosomes in neurological disorders and brain tumors. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 2:55-79. [PMID: 34368812 PMCID: PMC8341051 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2021.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles released from different cell types including those in the nervous system, and are enriched in a variety of bioactive molecules such as RNAs, proteins and lipids. Numerous studies have indicated that exosomes play a critical role in many physiological and pathological activities by facilitating intercellular communication and modulating cells' responses to external environments. Particularly in the central nervous system, exosomes have been implicated to play a role in many neurological disorders such as abnormal neuronal development, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, mental disorders, stroke, brain injury and brain cancer. Since exosomes recapitulate the characteristics of the parental cells and have the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier, their cargo can serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and clinical assessment of disease treatment. In this review, we describe the latest findings and current knowledge of the roles exosomes play in various neurological disorders and brain cancer, as well as their application as promising biomarkers. The potential use of exosomes to deliver therapeutic molecules to treat diseases of the central nervous system is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sangeetha Hareendran
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Y Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Secreted Extracellular Vesicle Molecular Cargo as a Novel Liquid Biopsy Diagnostics of Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063267. [PMID: 33806874 PMCID: PMC8004928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous granules which carry a large diversity of molecules and participate in intercellular communication by transferring these molecules to target cells by endocytosis. In the last decade, EVs’ role in several pathological conditions, from etiology to disease progression or therapy evasion, has been consolidated, including in central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. For this review, we performed a systematic search of original works published, reporting the presence of molecular components expressed in the CNS via EVs, which have been purified from plasma, serum or cerebrospinal fluid. Our aim is to provide a list of molecular EV components that have been identified from both nonpathological conditions and the most common CNS-related disorders. We discuss the methods used to isolate and enrich EVs from specific CNS-cells and the relevance of its components in each disease context.
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Falasca K, Lanuti P, Ucciferri C, Pieragostino D, Cufaro MC, Bologna G, Federici L, Miscia S, Pontolillo M, Auricchio A, Del Boccio P, Marchisio M, Vecchiet J. Circulating extracellular vesicles as new inflammation marker in HIV infection. AIDS 2021; 35:595-604. [PMID: 33306552 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles, released by cell pullulation, are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer and carry proteins as well and genetic material. It has been shown that extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication in several conditions, such as inflammation, immunodeficiency, tumor growth, and viral infections. Here, we analyzed circulating levels of extracellular vesicles in order to clarify their role in chronic inflammation mechanisms characterizing HIV patients. METHODS We analyzed and subtyped circulating levels of extracellular vesicles, through a recently developed flow cytometry method. In detail, endothelial-derived extracellular vesicles (CD31+/CD41a-/CD45-, EMVs), extracellular vesicles stemming from leukocytes (CD45+, LMVs) and platelets (CD41a+/CD31+) were identified and enumerated. Moreover, we analyzed the extracellular vesicle protein cargo with proteomic analysis. RESULTS Circulating levels of total extracellular vesicles, EMVs and LMVs were significantly lower in the HIV+ patients than in healthy subjects, whereas platelet-derived extracellular vesicles resulted higher in patients than in the healthy population. Proteomic analysis showed the upregulation of gammaIFN and IL1α, and down-regulation of OSM, NF-kB, LIF, and RXRA signaling resulted activated in this patients. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate, for the first time that HIV infection induces the production of extracellular vesicles containing mediators that possibly feed the chronic inflammation and the viral replication. These two effects are connected as the inflammation itself induces the viral replication. We, therefore, hypothesize that HIV infection inhibits the production of extracellular vesicles that carry anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Falasca
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Claudio Ucciferri
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences
| | - Maria Concetta Cufaro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Luca Federici
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences
| | - Sebastiano Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Michela Pontolillo
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Antonio Auricchio
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST)
| | - Jacopo Vecchiet
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
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Puthenparampil M, Tomas-Ojer P, Hornemann T, Lutterotti A, Jelcic I, Ziegler M, Hülsmeier AJ, Cruciani C, Faigle W, Martin R, Sospedra M. Altered CSF Albumin Quotient Links Peripheral Inflammation and Brain Damage in MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/2/e951. [PMID: 33649179 PMCID: PMC7963437 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CNS damage can increase the susceptibility of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to changes induced by systemic inflammation. The aim of this study is to better understand BBB permeability in patients with MS and to examine whether compromised BBB integrity in some of these patients is associated with CNS damage and systemic inflammation. METHODS Routine CSF measurements of 121 patients with MS were analyzed including number and type of infiltrating cells, total protein, lactate, and oligoclonal bands, as well as intrathecal production of immunoglobulins and CSF/serum quotients for albumin, immunoglobulins, and glucose. In addition, in a subcohort of these patients, we performed ex vivo immunophenotyping of CSF-infiltrating and paired circulating lymphocytes using a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies, we quantified intrathecal neurofilament light chain (NF-L) and chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), and we performed intrathecal lipidomic analysis. RESULTS Patients with MS with abnormal high levels of albumin in the CSF showed a distinct CSF cell infiltrate and markers of CNS damage such as increased intrathecal levels of NF-L and CHI3L1 as well as a distinct CSF lipidomic profile. In addition, these patients showed higher numbers of circulating proinflammatory Th1 and Th1* cells compatible with systemic inflammation. Of interest, the abnormally high levels of albumin in the CSF of those patients were preserved over time. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that CNS damage may increase BBB vulnerability to systemic inflammation in a subset of patients and thus contribute to disease heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Puthenparampil
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paula Tomas-Ojer
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Ziegler
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Hülsmeier
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Cruciani
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Faigle
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Martin
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mireia Sospedra
- From Neuroimmunology and MS Research (nims) (M.P., P.T.-O., A.L., I.J., M.Z., C.C., W.F., R.M., M.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience DNS (M.P.), University Hospital of Padova, Italy; and Institute for Clinical Chemistry (T.H., A.H.), University Hospital and University Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cerri S, Ghezzi C, Ongari G, Croce S, Avenali M, Zangaglia R, Di Monte DA, Valente EM, Blandini F. GBA Mutations Influence the Release and Pathological Effects of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Fibroblasts of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2215. [PMID: 33672321 PMCID: PMC7927041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the GBA gene, encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the strongest known genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). The molecular mechanisms underlying the increased PD risk and the variable phenotypes observed in carriers of different GBA mutations are not yet fully elucidated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained increasing importance in neurodegenerative diseases since they can vehiculate pathological molecules potentially promoting disease propagation. Accumulating evidence showed that perturbations of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway can affect EV release and composition. Here, we investigate the impact of GCase deficiency on EV release and their effect in recipient cells. EVs were purified by ultracentrifugation from the supernatant of fibroblast cell lines derived from PD patients with or without GBA mutations and quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis. SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing alpha-synuclein (α-syn) were used to assess the ability of patient-derived small EVs to affect α-syn expression. We observed that defective GCase activity promotes the release of EVs, independently of mutation severity. Moreover, small EVs released from PD fibroblasts carrying severe mutations increased the intra-cellular levels of phosphorylated α-syn. In summary, our work shows that the dysregulation of small EV trafficking and alpha-synuclein mishandling may play a role in GBA-associated PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerri
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.G.); (G.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Cristina Ghezzi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.G.); (G.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Gerardo Ongari
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.G.); (G.O.); (F.B.)
| | - Stefania Croce
- Department of General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Micol Avenali
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangaglia
- Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Donato A. Di Monte
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.G.); (G.O.); (F.B.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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Phenotypic and Proteomic Analysis Identifies Hallmarks of Blood Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in NSCLC Responders to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040585. [PMID: 33546102 PMCID: PMC7913165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic and predictive role of blood circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with immunotherapy. A newly optimized flow cytometry protocol was applied for identification and subtyping of blood circulating EVs in a total cohort of 59 NSCLC patients, which included 31 patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents and 28 patients treated with traditional chemotherapy. Our results show that pre-treatment concentration of blood circulating endothelial-derived EVs was correlated with overall survival and clinical response in patients treated with immunotherapy. Additionally, proteomic analysis of purified blood circulating EVs indicated differences in EV protein cargo between responders and non-responders to immunotherapy. These findings may pave the way to the identification of novel immunotherapy biomarkers in patients with advanced NSCLC. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induce durable clinical responses only in a subset of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. There is a need to identify mechanisms of ICI resistance and immunotherapy biomarkers to improve clinical benefit. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic and predictive value of circulating endothelial and leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. In addition, the relationship between total blood circulating EV proteome and response to ICIs was investigated. An optimized flow cytometry method was employed for the identification and subtyping of blood circulating EVs in 59 patients with advanced NSCLC. Blood samples were collected from patients receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (n = 31) or chemotherapy (n = 28). An exploratory proteomic analysis of sorted blood EVs was conducted in a subset of patients. Our results show that a low blood concentration of circulating endothelial-derived EVs before treatment was strongly associated to longer overall survival (p = 0.0004) and higher disease control rate (p = 0.045) in patients treated with ICIs. Interestingly, shotgun proteomics revealed that EVs of responders to anti-PD-1 therapy had a specific protein cargo before treatment. In addition, EV protein cargo was specifically modulated during immunotherapy. We identified a previously unknown association between circulating endothelial-derived extracellular vesicle concentration and immunotherapy-related clinical outcomes. We also observed differences in circulating extracellular vesicle proteome according to anti-PD-1-based treatment response in NSCLC patients. Overall, these results may contribute to the identification of novel circulating biomarkers for rational immunotherapy approaches in patients affected by NSCLC.
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Marostica G, Gelibter S, Gironi M, Nigro A, Furlan R. Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:623039. [PMID: 33553161 PMCID: PMC7858658 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles that play a pivotal role in cell–cell communication, not only participating in many physiological processes, but also contributing to the pathogenesis of several diseases. The term EVs defines many and different vesicles based on their biogenesis and release pathway, including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies. However, their classification, biological function as well as protocols for isolation and detection are still under investigation. Recent evidences suggest the existence of novel subpopulations of EVs, increasing the degree of heterogeneity between EV types and subtypes. EVs have been shown to have roles in the CNS as biomarkers and vehicles of drugs and other therapeutic molecules. They are known to cross the blood brain barrier, allowing CNS EVs to be detectable in peripheral fluids, and their cargo may give information on parental cells and the pathological process they are involved in. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on the function of EVs in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and discuss recent evidences for their potential applications as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marostica
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Gelibter
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maira Gironi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Nigro
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Yousif G, Qadri S, Haik M, Haik Y, Parray AS, Shuaib A. Circulating Exosomes of Neuronal Origin as Potential Early Biomarkers for Development of Stroke. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:163-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cappellano G, Raineri D, Rolla R, Giordano M, Puricelli C, Vilardo B, Manfredi M, Cantaluppi V, Sainaghi PP, Castello L, De Vita N, Scotti L, Vaschetto R, Dianzani U, Chiocchetti A. Circulating Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are a Hallmark of Sars-Cov-2 Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010085. [PMID: 33430260 PMCID: PMC7825711 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sars-Cov-2 infection causes fever and cough that may rapidly lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Few biomarkers have been identified but, unfortunately, these are individually poorly specific, and novel biomarkers are needed to better predict patient outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of circulating platelets (PLT)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers for Sars-Cov-2 infection, by setting a rapid and reliable test on unmanipulated blood samples. PLT-EVs were quantified by flow cytometry on two independent cohorts of Sars-CoV-2+ (n = 69), Sars-Cov-2- (n = 62) hospitalized patients, and healthy controls. Diagnostic performance of PLT-EVs was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. PLT-EVs count were higher in Sars-Cov-2+ compared to Sars-Cov-2- patients or HC. ROC analysis of the combined cohorts showed an AUC = 0.79 and an optimal cut-off value of 1472 EVs/μL, with 75% sensitivity and 74% specificity. These data suggest that PLT-EVs might be an interesting biomarker deserving further investigations to test their predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases—IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (R.R.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (U.D.); (A.C.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (V.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Davide Raineri
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases—IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (R.R.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (U.D.); (A.C.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (V.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases—IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (R.R.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (U.D.); (A.C.)
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Mara Giordano
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases—IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (R.R.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (U.D.); (A.C.)
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Chiara Puricelli
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Vilardo
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases—IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (R.R.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (U.D.); (A.C.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (V.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (V.C.); (P.P.S.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.C.); (N.D.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (V.C.); (P.P.S.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.C.); (N.D.V.); (L.S.)
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (V.C.); (P.P.S.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.C.); (N.D.V.); (L.S.)
- Immunorheumatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, “Maggiore della Carità” Univerisity Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigi Castello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.C.); (N.D.V.); (L.S.)
- Emergency Department, “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Nello De Vita
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.C.); (N.D.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Lorenza Scotti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.C.); (N.D.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Rosanna Vaschetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.C.); (N.D.V.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-032-1373-3406
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases—IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (R.R.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (U.D.); (A.C.)
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases—IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (G.C.); (D.R.); (R.R.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (U.D.); (A.C.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease—CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (M.M.); (V.C.); (P.P.S.)
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Franzago M, Lanuti P, Fraticelli F, Marchioni M, Buca D, Di Nicola M, Liberati M, Miscia S, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Biological insight into the extracellular vesicles in women with and without gestational diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:49-61. [PMID: 32335856 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder in pregnancy, with increasing prevalence worldwide and still unclear pathogenic mechanisms. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potential biomarkers of disease-specific pathways in metabolic disorders, but their potential role in GDM is not fully understood. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the link between EVs and hyperglycaemia during pregnancy. METHODS We assessed 50 GDM women and 50 controls at the third trimester of pregnancy in whom we collected demographic characteristics and clinical and anthropometric parameters. In addition, the circulating total EVs (tEVs) and their subpopulations were assessed using flow cytometry. RESULTS The levels of tEVs and EVs subtypes, expressed as median and interquartile range, were not significantly different between two groups; however, adipocyte-derived EVs (aEVs) concentration, expressed as percentage, was higher in controls than in GDM women (p = 0.045). In addition, a significant correlation was observed between aEVs (%) and third trimester total cholesterol (p = 0.022) within the GDM group. Furthermore, a significant correlation between endothelial-derived EVs (eEVs) and platelet-derived EVs (pEVs) within both groups was found, as well as a significant relation between aEVs and pEVs. CONCLUSIONS These data, although preliminary, represent the starting point for further studies to determine the role of circulating EVs in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Franzago
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - F Fraticelli
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Marchioni
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - D Buca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Di Nicola
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Liberati
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - L Stuppia
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - E Vitacolonna
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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Exosomes: Their Role in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010084. [PMID: 33396739 PMCID: PMC7795854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence concerning the role played by exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The potential use of exosomes as delivery vectors for small-molecule therapeutic agents will be discussed. In addition, a special emphasis will be placed on the involvement of exosomes in oncological diseases, as well as to their potential therapeutic application as liquid biopsy tools mainly in cancer diagnosis. A better understanding of exosome biology could improve the results of clinical interventions using exosomes as therapeutic agents. Abstract Exosomes are lipid bilayer particles released from cells into their surrounding environment. These vesicles are mediators of near and long-distance intercellular communication and affect various aspects of cell biology. In addition to their biological function, they play an increasingly important role both in diagnosis and as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we review recent literature related to the molecular composition of exosomes, paying special attention to their role in pathogenesis, along with their application as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools. In this context, we analyze the potential use of exosomes in biomedicine, as well as the limitations that preclude their wider application.
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Marchisio M, Simeone P, Bologna G, Ercolino E, Pierdomenico L, Pieragostino D, Ventrella A, Antonini F, Del Zotto G, Vergara D, Celia C, Di Marzio L, Del Boccio P, Fontana A, Bosco D, Miscia S, Lanuti P. Flow Cytometry Analysis of Circulating Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes from Fresh Peripheral Blood Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010048. [PMID: 33374539 PMCID: PMC7793062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by shedding during different physiological processes and are increasingly thought to be new potential biomarkers. However, the impact of pre-analytical processing phases on the final measurement is not predictable and for this reason, the translation of basic research into clinical practice has been precluded. Here we have optimized a simple procedure in combination with polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC), to identify, classify, enumerate, and separate circulating EVs from different cell origins. This protocol takes advantage of a lipophilic cationic dye (LCD) able to probe EVs. Moreover, the application of the newly optimized PFC protocol here described allowed the obtainment of repeatable EVs counts. The translation of this PFC protocol to fluorescence-activated cell sorting allowed us to separate EVs from fresh peripheral blood samples. Sorted EVs preparations resulted particularly suitable for proteomic analyses, which we applied to study their protein cargo. Here we show that LCD staining allowed PFC detection and sorting of EVs from fresh body fluids, avoiding pre-analytical steps of enrichment that could impact final results. Therefore, LCD staining is an essential step towards the assessment of EVs clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (G.B.); (E.E.); (L.P.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (G.B.); (E.E.); (L.P.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (G.B.); (E.E.); (L.P.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Eva Ercolino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (G.B.); (E.E.); (L.P.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Laura Pierdomenico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (G.B.); (E.E.); (L.P.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Ventrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Francesca Antonini
- Department of Research and Diagnostics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (F.A.); (G.D.Z.)
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Department of Research and Diagnostics, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (F.A.); (G.D.Z.)
| | - Daniele Vergara
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, 73100 ASL-Lecce, Italy;
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Luisa Di Marzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Biomorphological Science, Molecular Genetic Institute, Italian National Research Council, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (G.B.); (E.E.); (L.P.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0871541391
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.M.); (P.S.); (G.B.); (E.E.); (L.P.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (D.P.); (P.D.B.)
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Filippatou AG, Moniruzzaman M, Sotirchos ES, Fitzgerald KC, Kalaitzidis G, Lambe J, Vasileiou E, Saidha S, Prince JL, Haughey N, Calabresi PA, Bhargava P. Serum ceramide levels are altered in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2020; 27:1506-1519. [PMID: 33307993 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520971816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids are myelin components and inflammatory signaling intermediates. Sphingolipid metabolism may be altered in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), but existing studies are limited by small sample sizes. OBJECTIVES To compare the levels of serum ceramides between PwMS and healthy controls (HCs) and to determine whether ceramide levels correlate with disability status, as well as optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived rates of retinal layer atrophy. METHODS We performed targeted lipidomics analyses for 45 ceramides in PwMS (n = 251) and HCs (n = 68). For a subset of PwMS, baseline and 5-year Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessments (n = 185), or baseline and serial spectral-domain OCT (n = 180) were assessed. RESULTS Several ceramides, including hexosylceramides, lactosylceramides, and dihydroceramides, were altered in PwMS compared with HCs. Higher levels of Cer16:0 were associated with higher odds of EDSS worsening at 5 years in univariable (odds ratio (OR) = 3.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41-10.43) and multivariable analyses accounting for age, sex, and race (OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.03-8.59). Each 1 ng/mL higher concentration of Hex-Cer22:0 and DH-HexCer22:0 was associated with accelerated rates (μm/year) of ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (-0.138 ± 0.053, p = 0.01; -0.158 ± 0.053, p = 0.003, respectively) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning (-0.305 ± 0.107, p = 0.004; -0.358 ± 0.106, p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Ceramide levels are altered in PwMS and may be associated with retinal neurodegeneration and physical disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki G Filippatou
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammed Moniruzzaman
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elias S Sotirchos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grigorios Kalaitzidis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lambe
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eleni Vasileiou
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shiv Saidha
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jerry L Prince
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Dekker M, Waissi F, Timmerman N, Silvis MJM, Timmers L, de Kleijn DPV. Extracellular Vesicles in Diagnosing Chronic Coronary Syndromes the Bumpy Road to Clinical Implementation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9128. [PMID: 33266227 PMCID: PMC7729611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), comprising both acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and chronic coronary syndromes (CCS), remains one of the most important killers throughout the entire world. ACS is often quickly diagnosed by either deviation on an electrocardiogram or elevated levels of troponin, but CCS appears to be more complicated. The most used noninvasive strategies to diagnose CCS are coronary computed tomography and perfusion imaging. Although both show reasonable accuracy (80-90%), these modalities are becoming more and more subject of debate due to costs, radiation and increasing inappropriate use in low-risk patients. A reliable, blood-based biomarker is not available for CCS but would be of great clinical importance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer membrane vesicles containing bioactive contents e.g., proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs are often referred to as the "liquid biopsy" since their contents reflect changes in the condition of the cell they originate from. Although EVs are studied extensively for their role as biomarkers in the cardiovascular field during the last decade, they are still not incorporated into clinical practice in this field. This review provides an overview on EV biomarkers in CCS and discusses the clinical and technological aspects important for successful clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe Dekker
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Mijbergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Farahnaz Waissi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Mijbergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Timmerman
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
| | - Max J. M. Silvis
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Leo Timmers
- Department of Cardiology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands;
| | - Dominique P. V. de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (F.W.); (N.T.)
- Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228762. [PMID: 33228245 PMCID: PMC7699467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived submicron vesicles released under physiological or pathological conditions. EVs mediate the cellular crosstalk, thus contributing to defining the tumor microenvironment, including in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The available literature investigating the role of EVs in EOC has been reviewed following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on the role of EVs in early disease diagnosis, metastatic spread, and the development of chemoresistance in EOC. Data were identified from searches of Medline, Current Contents, PubMed, and from references in relevant articles from 2010 to 1 April 2020. The research yielded 194 results. Of these, a total of 36 papers, 9 reviews, and 27 original types of research were retained and analyzed. The literature findings demonstrate that a panel of EV-derived circulating miRNAs may be useful for early diagnosis of EOC. Furthermore, it appears clear that EVs are involved in mediating two crucial processes for metastatic and chemoresistance development: the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and tumor escape from the immune system response. Further studies, more focused on in vivo evidence, are urgently needed to clarify the role of EV assessment in the clinical management of EOC patients.
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Wang G, Wang Y, Liu N, Liu M. The role of exosome lipids in central nervous system diseases. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:743-756. [PMID: 32681787 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are common diseases that threaten human health. The CNS is highly enriched in lipids, which play important roles in maintaining normal physiological functions of the nervous system. Moreover, many CNS diseases are closely associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) . Through novel forms of intercellular communication, exosomes secreted by brain cells can mediate inter-neuronal signaling and play important roles in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Lipids are essential components of exosomes, with cholesterol and sphingolipid as representative constituents of its bilayer membrane. In the CNS, lipids are closely related to the formation and function of exosomes. Their dysregulation causes abnormalities in exosomes, which may, in turn, lead to dysfunctions in inter-neuronal communication and promote diseases. Therefore, the role of lipids in the treatment of neurological diseases through exosomes has received increasing attention. The aim of this review is to discuss the relationship between lipids and exosomes and their roles in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Ningyuan Liu
- Xiangya School of MedicineCentral South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Mujun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
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Diameters and Fluorescence Calibration for Extracellular Vesicle Analyses by Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217885. [PMID: 33114229 PMCID: PMC7660682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the intercellular crosstalk. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs), displaying promising therapeutic roles, contribute to the strong rationale for developing EVs as an alternative therapeutic option. EV analysis still represents one of the major issues to be solved in order to translate the use of MSC-EV detection in clinical settings. Even if flow cytometry (FC) has been largely applied for EV studies, the lack of consensus on protocols for FC detection of EVs generated controversy. Standard FC procedures, based on scatter measurements, only allows the detection of the “tip of the iceberg” of all EVs. We applied an alternative FC approach based on the use of a trigger threshold on a fluorescence channel. The EV numbers obtained by the application of the fluorescence triggering resulted significantly higher in respect to them obtained from the same samples acquired by placing the threshold on the side scatter (SSC) channel. The analysis of EV concentrations carried out by three different standardized flow cytometers allowed us to achieve a high level of reproducibility (CV < 20%). By applying the here-reported method highly reproducible results in terms of EV analysis and concentration measurements were obtained.
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Lipidomic UPLC-MS/MS Profiles of Normal-Appearing White Matter Differentiate Primary and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090366. [PMID: 32911763 PMCID: PMC7569864 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative inflammatory disease where an autoimmune response to components of the central nervous system leads to a loss of myelin and subsequent neurological deterioration. People with MS can develop primary or secondary progressive disease (PPMS, SPMS) and differentiation of the specific differences in the pathogenesis of these two courses, at the molecular level, is currently unclear. Recently, lipidomics studies using human biofluids, mainly plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, have highlighted a possible role for lipids in the initiation and progression of MS. However, there is a lack of lipidomics studies in MS on CNS tissues, such as normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), where local inflammation initially occurs. Herein, we developed an untargeted reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (RP-UPLC-TOF MSE)-based workflow, in combination with multivariate and univariate statistical analysis, to assess significant differences in lipid profiles in brain NAWM from post-mortem cases of PPMS, SPMS and controls. Groups of eight control, nine PPMS and seven SPMS NAWM samples were used. Correlation analysis of the identified lipids by RP-UPLC-TOF MSE was undertaken to remove those lipids that correlated with age, gender and post-mortem interval as confounding factors. We demonstrate that there is a significantly altered lipid profile of control cases compared with MS cases and that progressive disease, PPMS and SPMS, can be differentiated on the basis of the lipidome of NAWM with good sensitivity, specificity and prediction accuracy based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the most altered lipid pathways between PPMS and SPMS were glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor synthesis and linoleic acid metabolism. Further understanding of the impact of these lipid alterations described herein associated with progression will provide an increased understanding of the mechanisms underpinning progression and highlight possible new therapeutic targets.
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Giussani P, Prinetti A, Tringali C. The role of Sphingolipids in myelination and myelin stability and their involvement in childhood and adult demyelinating disorders. J Neurochem 2020; 156:403-414. [PMID: 33448358 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) represents the most common demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in adults as well as in children. Furthermore, in children, in addition to acquired diseases such as MS, genetically inherited diseases significantly contribute to the incidence of demyelinating disorders. Some genetic defects lead to sphingolipid alterations that are able to elicit neurological symptoms. Sphingolipids are essential for brain development, and their aberrant functionality may thus contribute to demyelinating diseases such as MS. In particular, sphingolipidoses caused by deficits of sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes, are often associated with demyelination. Sphingolipids are not only structural molecules but also bioactive molecules involved in the regulation of cellular events such as development of the nervous system, myelination and maintenance of myelin stability. Changes in the sphingolipid metabolism deeply affect plasma membrane organization. Thus, changes in myelin sphingolipid composition might crucially contribute to the phenotype of diseases characterized by demyelinalization. Here, we review key features of several sphingolipids such as ceramide/dihydroceramide, sphingosine/dihydrosphingosine, glucosylceramide and, galactosylceramide which act in myelin formation during rat brain development and in human brain demyelination during the pathogenesis of MS, suggesting that this knowledge could be useful in identifying targets for possible therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, LITA Segrate, Segrate, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, LITA Segrate, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, LITA Segrate, Segrate, Italy
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70
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Podbielska M, Szulc ZM, Ariga T, Pokryszko-Dragan A, Fortuna W, Bilinska M, Podemski R, Jaskiewicz E, Kurowska E, Yu RK, Hogan EL. Distinctive sphingolipid patterns in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1464-1479. [PMID: 32769146 PMCID: PMC7604719 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS disease characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and progressive axonal loss. MS-related CNS damage and its clinical course have two main phases: active and inactive/progressive. Reliable biomarkers are being sought to allow identification of MS pathomechanisms and prediction of its course. The purpose of this study was to identify sphingolipid (SL) species as candidate biomarkers of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes underlying MS pathology. We performed sphingolipidomic analysis by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the lipid profiles in post mortem specimens from the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of the normal CNS (nCNS) from subjects with chronic MS (active and inactive lesions) as well as from patients with other neurological diseases. Distinctive SL modification patterns occurred in specimens from MS patients with chronic inactive plaques with respect to NAWM from the nCNS and active MS (Ac-MS) lesions. Chronic inactive MS (In-MS) lesions were characterized by decreased levels of dihydroceramide (dhCer), ceramide (Cer), and SM subspecies, whereas levels of hexosylceramide and Cer 1-phosphate (C1P) subspecies were significantly increased in comparison to NAWM of the nCNS as well as Ac-MS plaques. In contrast, Ac-MS lesions were characterized by a significant increase of major dhCer subspecies in comparison to NAWM of the nCNS. These results suggest the existence of different SL metabolic pathways in the active versus inactive phase within progressive stages of MS. Moreover, they suggest that C1P could be a new biomarker of the In-MS progressive phase, and its detection may help to develop future prognostic and therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zdzislaw M Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Toshio Ariga
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Wojciech Fortuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.,Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Podemski
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Jaskiewicz
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurowska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Robert K Yu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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71
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Domingues HS, Falcão AM, Mendes-Pinto I, Salgado AJ, Teixeira FG. Exosome Circuitry During (De)(Re)Myelination of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:483. [PMID: 32612996 PMCID: PMC7308472 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal neuron-glia cell communication is fundamental for the proper function of the nervous system. Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that insulate and provide trophic support to neurons. This effective interaction is crucial not only for myelination but also for long-term axonal survival and neural connectivity. In recent years, exosomes have been portrayed as key players in intercellular interaction in the context of the healthy and diseased CNS. They act as communicating vehicles, true attachés operating between neurons and glial cells. Despite the complex exosome circuitry within the nervous system, experimental evidence supports the role of exosomes in modulating myelination. Oligodendrocytes secrete exosomes in response to neuronal signals in an electric activity-dependent manner. These released exosomes are then internalized by neurons, contributing to their integrity and activity. In turn, neurons secrete exosomes to control the communication between them and with myelinating cells in order to regulate synaptic function in neuronal development, myelin maintenance, and neuroregeneration. In this review, we provide a critical view of the current understanding on how exosomes, either from CNS-resident cells or from the periphery, contribute to the formation and maintenance of myelin and, additionally, on how the differential content of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions foresees the use of these nanovesicles as putative diagnostic and/or therapeutical agents in white matter degeneration-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendanha Falcão
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Mendes-Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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72
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Ferreira HB, Neves B, Guerra IM, Moreira A, Melo T, Paiva A, Domingues MR. An overview of lipidomic analysis in different human matrices of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102189. [PMID: 32516740 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, and it is one of the most common neurological cause of disability in young adults. It is known that several factors contribute to increase the risk of development and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, nonetheless, but the true etiology of this pathology remains unknown. Similar to other inflammatory diseases, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are also associated to multiple sclerosis. Alterations in the lipid profile seem to be a hallmark of this pathology which can contribute to the dysregulation of lipid homeostasis and lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis. Lipidomic studies analysed in this review clearly demonstrate the role of lipids in inflammatory processes, in immunity, and in the onset and development of multiple sclerosis. Several investigations reported alterations of some molecular lipid species, in particular, with decrease of fatty acids (FA) 18:2 and 20:4 and total polyunsaturated FA, with compensatory increases of saturated FA with shorter carbon chains. Oxidized phospholipids were reported in few studies as well. Also, it was shown that clinical lipidomics has potential as a tool to aid both in multiple sclerosis diagnosis and therapeutics by allowing a detailed lipidome profiling of the patients suffering with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Beatriz Ferreira
- Mass Spectrometry Center & QOPNA/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruna Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Center & QOPNA/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês M Guerra
- Mass Spectrometry Center & QOPNA/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Moreira
- Mass Spectrometry Center & QOPNA/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Center & QOPNA/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC, Portugal); Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC - Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Portugal
| | - M Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center & QOPNA/LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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73
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Extracellular Vesicles as Signaling Mediators and Disease Biomarkers across Biological Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072514. [PMID: 32260425 PMCID: PMC7178048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles act as shuttle vectors or signal transducers that can deliver specific biological information and have progressively emerged as key regulators of organized communities of cells within multicellular organisms in health and disease. Here, we survey the evolutionary origin, general characteristics, and biological significance of extracellular vesicles as mediators of intercellular signaling, discuss the various subtypes of extracellular vesicles thus far described and the principal methodological approaches to their study, and review the role of extracellular vesicles in tumorigenesis, immunity, non-synaptic neural communication, vascular-neural communication through the blood-brain barrier, renal pathophysiology, and embryo-fetal/maternal communication through the placenta.
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74
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Extracellular Vesicles in Feto-Maternal Crosstalk and Pregnancy Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062120. [PMID: 32204473 PMCID: PMC7139847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively participate in inter-cellular crosstalk and have progressively emerged as key players of organized communities of cells within multicellular organisms in health and disease. For these reasons, EVs are attracting the attention of many investigators across different biomedical fields. In this scenario, the possibility to study specific placental-derived EVs in the maternal peripheral blood may open novel perspectives in the development of new early biomarkers for major obstetric pathological conditions. Here we reviewed the involvement of EVs in feto–maternal crosstalk mechanisms, both in physiological and pathological conditions (preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm labor, gestational diabetes mellitus), also underlining the usefulness of EV characterization in maternal–fetal medicine.
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75
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Lysosomal Ceramide Metabolism Disorders: Implications in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020594. [PMID: 32098196 PMCID: PMC7073989 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are a family of bioactive lipids belonging to the class of sphingolipids. Sphingolipidoses are a group of inherited genetic diseases characterized by the unmetabolized sphingolipids and the consequent reduction of ceramide pool in lysosomes. Sphingolipidoses include several disorders as Sandhoff disease, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, Niemann Pick disease, Farber disease, and GM2 gangliosidosis. In sphingolipidosis, lysosomal lipid storage occurs in both the central nervous system and visceral tissues, and central nervous system pathology is a common hallmark for all of them. Parkinson’s disease, the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein that seem associated to some lysosomal disorders, in particular Gaucher disease. This review provides evidence into the role of ceramide metabolism in the pathophysiology of lysosomes, highlighting the more recent findings on its involvement in Parkinson’s disease.
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76
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Extracellular Vesicles Involvement in the Modulation of the Glioblastoma Environment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:3961735. [PMID: 32411235 PMCID: PMC7204270 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3961735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most deadly primary brain tumour and is a paradigmatic example of heterogeneous cancer. Although expanding data propose the phenotypic plasticity exhibited by glioblastoma cells, as a critical feature involved in the tumour development and posttherapy recurrence, the central machinery responsible for their aggressiveness remains elusive. Despite decades of research, the complex biology of the glioblastoma is still unknown. Progress in genetic and epigenetic discoveries has improved diagnostic classification, prognostic information, and therapeutic planning. In the complex model of intercellular signalling, several studies have shown that extracellular vesicles have a key role in the intercellular communication among GBM cells and the tumour microenvironment modulation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the EV-mediated intercellular crosstalk in the glioblastoma physiopathology.
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77
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Abstract
New DNA sequencing technologies have uncovered non-coding RNA (ncRNA) as a major player in regulating cellular processes and can no longer be dismissed as "junk" or "dark" RNA. Among the ncRNA, microRNA (miRNA) is arguably the most extensively characterized category and a number of studies have implicated them in regulating critical functions that can influence autoimmune demyelination. Of specific interest to multiple sclerosis (MS), miRNA have been implicated in both regulating immune responses and myelination, thus making them an attractive candidate for both pharmacological intervention and as disease biomarkers. In addition, exosomes, small vesicles secreted by most cell types and present in all body fluids, have been also shown to play roles in immune signaling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes are also being explored as tools for therapeutic delivery and as biomarkers. This article reviews the recent advances in miRNA and exosome profiling in MS and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin P Mycko
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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78
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van Kruining D, Luo Q, van Echten-Deckert G, Mielke MM, Bowman A, Ellis S, Oliveira TG, Martinez-Martinez P. Sphingolipids as prognostic biomarkers of neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and psychiatric diseases and their emerging role in lipidomic investigation methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:232-244. [PMID: 32360155 PMCID: PMC7665829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and psychiatric disorders and an imbalance in sphingolipid levels is associated with disease. Although early diagnosis and intervention of these disorders would clearly have favorable long-term outcomes, no diagnostic tests currently exist that can accurately identify people at risk. Reliable prognostic biomarkers that are easily accessible would be beneficial to determine therapy and treatment response in clinical trials. Recent advances in lipidomic investigation methods have greatly progressed the knowledge of sphingolipids in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders over the past decades although more longitudinal studies are needed to understand its exact role in these disorders to be used as potential tools in the clinic. In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of sphingolipids in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders and explore recent advances in investigation methods. Finally, the potential of sphingolipid metabolism products and signaling molecules as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognostic, or surrogate markers of treatment response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van Kruining
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Qian Luo
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhild van Echten-Deckert
- LIMES Institute for Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry, Kekulé-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Andrew Bowman
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Shane Ellis
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS/3B's, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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79
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Tian J, Casella G, Zhang Y, Rostami A, Li X. Potential roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:620-632. [PMID: 32025210 PMCID: PMC6990925 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered in 1983 in sheep reticulocytes samples, they have gradually attracted scientific attention and become a topic of great interest in the life sciences field. EVs are small membrane particles, released by virtually every cell that carries a variety of functional molecules. Their main function is to deliver messages to the surrounding area in both physiological and pathological conditions. Initially, they were thought to be either cell debris, signs of cell death, or unspecific structures. However, accumulating evidence support a theory that EVs are a universal mechanism of communication. Thanks to their biological characteristics and functions, EVs are likely to represent a promising strategy for obtaining pathogen information, identifying therapeutic targets and selecting specific biomarkers for a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in the study of the biology and functions of EVs. We also discuss their roles in diagnosis and therapy, with particular emphasis on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
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80
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Faict S, Oudaert I, D’Auria L, Dehairs J, Maes K, Vlummens P, De Veirman K, De Bruyne E, Fostier K, Vande Broek I, Schots R, Vanderkerken K, Swinnen JV, Menu E. The Transfer of Sphingomyelinase Contributes to Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121823. [PMID: 31756922 PMCID: PMC6966559 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is well-known for the development of drug resistance, leading to relapse. Therefore, finding novel treatment strategies remains necessary. By performing a lipidomics assay on MM patient plasma, we aimed to identify new targets. We observed a dysregulation in the sphingolipid metabolism, with the upregulation of several ceramides and downregulation of sphingomyelin. This imbalance suggests an increase in sphingomyelinase, the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing sphingomyelin into ceramide. We confirmed the upregulation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in primary MM cells. Furthermore, we observed an increase in ASM expression in MM cell lines treated with melphalan or bortezomib, as well as in their exosomes. Exosomes high in ASM content were able to transfer the drug-resistant phenotype to chemosensitive cells, hereby suggesting a tumor-protective role for ASM. Finally, inhibition of ASM by amitriptyline improved drug sensitivity in MM cell lines and primary MM cells. In summary, this study is the first to analyze differences in plasma lipid composition of MM patients and match the observed differences to an upregulation of ASM. Moreover, we demonstrate that amitriptyline is able to inhibit ASM and increase sensitivity to anti-myeloma drugs. This study, therefore, provides a rational to include ASM-targeting-drugs in combination strategies in myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Faict
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Inge Oudaert
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Ludovic D’Auria
- Neurochemistry Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI-Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (J.D.); (J.V.S.)
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Philip Vlummens
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Karel Fostier
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Onze-Lieve-Vrouwziekenhuis Aalst, B-9300 Aalst, Belgium;
| | - Isabelle Vande Broek
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Nikolaas, B-9100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium;
| | - Rik Schots
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Johannes V. Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, LKI-Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (J.D.); (J.V.S.)
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.F.); (I.O.); (K.M.); (P.V.); (K.D.V.); (E.D.B.); (R.S.); (K.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Brocco D, Lanuti P, Simeone P, Bologna G, Pieragostino D, Cufaro MC, Graziano V, Peri M, Di Marino P, De Tursi M, Grassadonia A, Rapposelli IG, Pierdomenico L, Ercolino E, Ciccocioppo F, Del Boccio P, Marchisio M, Natoli C, Miscia S, Tinari N. Circulating Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Biomarker for Clinical Outcome Evaluation. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:5879616. [PMID: 31827511 PMCID: PMC6885781 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5879616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent introduction of the "precision medicine" concept in oncology pushed cancer research to focus on dynamic measurable biomarkers able to predict responses to novel anticancer therapies in order to improve clinical outcomes. Recently, the involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer pathophysiology has been described, and given their release from all cell types under specific stimuli, EVs have also been proposed as potential biomarkers in cancer. Among the techniques used to study EVs, flow cytometry has a high clinical potential. Here, we have applied a recently developed and simplified flow cytometry method for circulating EV enumeration, subtyping, and isolation from a large cohort of metastatic and locally advanced nonhaematological cancer patients (N = 106); samples from gender- and age-matched healthy volunteers were also analysed. A large spectrum of cancer-related markers was used to analyse differences in terms of peripheral blood circulating EV phenotypes between patients and healthy volunteers, as well as their correlation to clinical outcomes. Finally, EVs from patients and controls were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their protein cargoes were analysed by proteomics. Results demonstrated that EV counts were significantly higher in cancer patients than in healthy volunteers, as previously reported. More interestingly, results also demonstrated that cancer patients presented higher concentrations of circulating CD31+ endothelial-derived and tumour cancer stem cell-derived CD133 + CD326- EVs, when compared to healthy volunteers. Furthermore, higher levels of CD133 + CD326- EVs showed a significant correlation with a poor overall survival. Additionally, proteomics analysis of EV cargoes demonstrated disparities in terms of protein content and function between circulating EVs in cancer patients and healthy controls. Overall, our data strongly suggest that blood circulating cancer stem cell-derived EVs may have a role as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Brocco
- Clinical Oncology Unit, SS Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - G. Bologna
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - D. Pieragostino
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. C. Cufaro
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Chieti, Italy
| | - V. Graziano
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Gabriele D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Peri
- Clinical Oncology Unit, SS Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Di Marino
- Clinical Oncology Unit, SS Annunziata Hospital, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. De Tursi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Gabriele D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - A. Grassadonia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Gabriele D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - I. G. Rapposelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - L. Pierdomenico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - E. Ercolino
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - F. Ciccocioppo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Del Boccio
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Laboratory, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - C. Natoli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Gabriele D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - S. Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. D'Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - N. Tinari
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Gabriele D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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82
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Detection and Quantification of eDNA-Associated Bacterial Membrane Vesicles by Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215307. [PMID: 31731390 PMCID: PMC6862651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria generate membrane vesicles, which are structures known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), reported to be involved in different pathogenic mechanisms, as it has been demonstrated that EVs participate in biofilm formation, cell-to-cell communication, bacteria–host interactions, and nutrients supply. EVs deliver nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. It has been reported that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), of both planktonic and biofilm phenotypes, produce EVs carrying extracellular DNA (eDNA). Here, we used polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) to identify, enumerate, and characterize EVs as well as the eDNA-delivering EV compartment in the biofilm and planktonic phenotypes of H.pylori ATCC 43629 and L. reuteri DSM 17938. Biofilm formation was demonstrated and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, using a classical live/dead staining protocol. The enumeration of EVs and the detection of eDNA-associated EVs were performed by PFC, analyzing both whole samples (cells plus vesicles) and EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation confirm EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation. PFC analysis was performed relying on a known-size beaded system and a mix of three different fluorescent tracers. In detail, the whole EV compartment was stained by a lipophilic cationic dye (LCD), which was combined to PKH26 and PicoGreen that selectively stain lipids and DNA, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy results displayed that both H. pylori and L. reuteri produced well-structured biofilms. PFC data highlighted that, in both detected bacterial species, biofilms produced higher EVs counts when paralleled to the related planktonic phenotypes. Furthermore, the staining with PicoGreen showed that most of the generated vesicles were associated with eDNA. These data suggest that the use of PFC, set according to the parameters here described, allows for the study of the production of eDNA-associated EVs in different microbial species in the same or several phases of growth, thus opening new perspectives in the study of microbial derived EVs in clinical samples.
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83
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OLIVEIRA EMLD, MONTANI DA, OLIVEIRA-SILVA D, RODRIGUES-OLIVEIRA AF, MATAS SLDA, FERNANDES GBP, SILVA IDCGD, LO TURCO EG. Multiple sclerosis has a distinct lipid signature in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2019; 77:696-704. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last decade, but remains a composite of clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging to prove dissemination of lesions in time and space. The intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin may be a nonspecific marker and there are no plasma biomarkers that are useful in the diagnosis of MS, presenting additional challenges to their early detection. Methods We performed a preliminary untargeted qualitative lipidomics mass spectrometry analysis, comparing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples from patients with MS, other inflammatory neurological diseases and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Results Lipid identification revealed that fatty acids and sphingolipids were the most abundant classes of lipids in the CSF and that glycerolipids and fatty acids were the main class of lipids in the plasma of patients with MS. The area under the curve was 0.995 (0.912–1) and 0.78 (0.583–0.917), respectively. The permutation test indicated that this ion combination was useful for distinguishing MS from other inflammatory diseases (p < 0.001 and 0.055, respectively). Conclusion This study concluded that the CSF and plasma from patients with MS bear a unique lipid signature that can be useful as a diagnostic biomarker.
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84
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Bhargava P, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Chawla S, Bæk R, Jørgensen MM, Kapogiannis D. Altered Levels of Toll-Like Receptors in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091058. [PMID: 31509962 PMCID: PMC6769450 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in inter-cellular communication and their cargo may provide prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers. To discover EV-associated biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis (MS), we used an immune marker array to identify surface proteins on circulating EVs that differ between MS patients and controls (n = 3 each). We identified toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) as a potential target for further validation. We utilized prospectively collected serum from relapsing-remitting MS patients (n = 18) and controls (n = 16) and confirmed lower concentration of TLR3 and higher concentration of mechanistically related TLR4 in MS EVs compared to controls. Future studies may further evaluate the utility of EV-associated TLRs as MS biomarkers and uncover their mechanistic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | - Sahil Chawla
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institutes of Aging, Baltimore, MD 21225 USA
| | - Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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85
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Pujol-Lereis LM. Alteration of Sphingolipids in Biofluids: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143564. [PMID: 31330872 PMCID: PMC6678458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SL) modulate several cellular processes including cell death, proliferation and autophagy. The conversion of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and the balance between ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), also known as the SL rheostat, have been associated with oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Research in the last decade has focused on the possibility of targeting the SL metabolism as a therapeutic option; and SL levels in biofluids, including serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have been measured in several neurodegenerative diseases with the aim of finding a diagnostic or prognostic marker. Previous reviews focused on results from diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), evaluated total SL or species levels in human biofluids, post-mortem tissues and/or animal models. However, a comprehensive review of SL alterations comparing results from several neurodegenerative diseases is lacking. The present work compiles data from circulating sphingolipidomic studies and attempts to elucidate a possible connection between certain SL species and neurodegeneration processes. Furthermore, the effects of ceramide species according to their acyl-chain length in cellular pathways such as apoptosis and proliferation are discussed in order to understand the impact of the level alteration in specific species. Finally, enzymatic regulations and the possible influence of insulin resistance in the level alteration of SL are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Pujol-Lereis
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE-CONICET), X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina.
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86
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Pieragostino D, Lanuti P, Cicalini I, Cufaro MC, Ciccocioppo F, Ronci M, Simeone P, Onofrj M, van der Pol E, Fontana A, Marchisio M, Del Boccio P. Proteomics characterization of extracellular vesicles sorted by flow cytometry reveals a disease-specific molecular cross-talk from cerebrospinal fluid and tears in multiple sclerosis. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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87
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Xu H, Jia S, Xu H. Potential therapeutic applications of exosomes in different autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2019; 205:116-124. [PMID: 31228581 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by self-immune responses to autoantigens, which damage body tissues and severely affect the patient's quality of life. Therapeutic drugs are associated with adverse side effects and their beneficial effects are limited to specific populations. Evidence indicates that exosomes which are small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, and may play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance since they are involved in many processes such as immune signaling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Exosomes have also emerged as promising tools for therapeutic delivery, given their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility and a capacity for stealth. In this review, we summarize existing literature regarding the production, efficacy, action mechanism, and potential therapeutic uses of exosomes in the contexts of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Bio-Treatment, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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88
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Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential Use in Monitoring Cancer Progression and Therapy: The Contribution of Proteomics. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1639854. [PMID: 31281356 PMCID: PMC6590542 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1639854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-enclosed particles released by cells and able to vehiculate information between them. The term EVs categorizes many and different vesicles based on their biogenesis and release pathway, such as exosomes (Exo), ectosomes, or shedding microvesicles (SMVs), apoptotic blebs (ABs), and other EVs subsets, generating a heterogeneous group of components able to redistribute their cargo into the entire organism. Moreover EVs are becoming increasingly important in monitoring cancer progression and therapy, since they are able to carry specific disease biomarkers such as Glypican-1, colon cancer-associated transcript 2, CD63, CD24, and many others. The importance of their biological role together with their heterogeneity prompted researchers to adopt and standardize purification methods able to isolate EVs for characterizing their cargo. In this way, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics approaches are emerging as promising tool for the identification and quantification of EVs protein cargoes, but this technique resulted to be deeply influenced by the low quality of the isolation techniques. This review presents the state-of-the-art of EVs isolation, purification, and characterization for omics studies, with a particular focus to their potential use in monitoring cancer progression and therapy.
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89
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Podlecka-Piętowska A, Kacka A, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Nojszewska M, Zieminska E, Chalimoniuk M, Toczylowska B. Altered Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis-Metabolic Profile Analyses. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 69:94-105. [PMID: 31134532 PMCID: PMC6689291 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a single predictive or diagnostic test in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a major obstacle in the patient’s care. The aim of this study was to investigate metabolic profiles, especially lipids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and metabolomics analysis to discriminate MS patient group from the control ones. In this study, 19 MS patients and 19 controls, without neurological problems, patients were enrolled. To obtain the CSF metabolic profiles, NMR spectroscopy was used. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds were analyzed using univariate and multivariate supervised analysis orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Targeted OPLS-DA analysis of 32 hydrophilic and 17 hydrophobic compounds obtained 9 hydrophilic metabolites and 8 lipid functional groups which had the highest contribution to patient’s group separation. Lower concentrations of CSF hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds were observed in MS patients as compared to control group. Acetone, choline, urea, 1,3-dimethylurate, creatinine, isoleucine, myo-inositol, leucine, and 3-OH butyrate; saturated and monounsaturated acyl groups of ω–9, ω–7, ω–6, ω–3, and fatty acid, triglycerides, 1,3-DG, 1-MG, and unassigned component signal at 3.33 ppm were the most important signal compounds in group separation. Analysis of metabolic profile of raw CSF and their lipid extract shows decreased levels of many compounds and led to the conclusion that MS patients could have a disturbance in many metabolic pathways perhaps leading to the decreased level of acetyl-CoA and/or inflammation. CSF metabolic profile analyses could be used as a fingerprint for early MS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Podlecka-Piętowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Kacka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The Maria Skłodowska Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, WK Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - B Zakrzewska-Pniewska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Nojszewska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Zieminska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego Str. 5, 02-107, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Chalimoniuk
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego Str. 5, 02-107, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Tourism and Health in Biala Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B Toczylowska
- Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Trojdena Str. 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.,NMR Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Pawinskiego Str. 5A, 02-107, Warsaw, Poland
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90
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Integrated Lipidomics and Metabolomics Analysis of Tears in Multiple Sclerosis: An Insight into Diagnostic Potential of Lacrimal Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061265. [PMID: 30871169 PMCID: PMC6471885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics based on mass spectrometry represents an innovative approach to characterize multifactorial diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MuS). To date, the most important biomarker source for MuS diagnosis is the cerebrospinal fluid. However, an important goal for research is to identify new molecules in more easily accessible biological fluids. A very interesting biofluid in MuS is represented by tears, considered as an intermediate fluid between the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. In this work, we developed a merged strategy for the analysis of lipids containing choline by Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as for the targeted analysis of free carnitine, acylcarnitines and aminoacids by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Samples for both metabolomics and lipidomics approaches were obtained in a single extraction procedure from tears of patients affected by MuS and healthy controls. Tear lipidomics showed 30 phospholipids significantly modulated and, notably, many sphingomyelins resulted lower in MuS. Moreover, the metabolomics approach carried out both on tears and serum highlighted the diagnostic potential of specific aminoacids and acylcarnitines. In conclusion, the metabolic profiling of tears appears to reflect the pathological conditions of the central nervous system, suggesting that the molecular repository of tears can be considered as a source of potential biomarkers for MuS.
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91
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Kumar A, Henry RJ, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Abulwerdi G, Bhat SA, Faden AI. Neutral Sphingomyelinase Inhibition Alleviates LPS-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 368:338-352. [PMID: 30563941 PMCID: PMC6367691 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the key secondary injury mechanisms triggered by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglial activation, a hallmark of brain neuroinflammation, plays a critical role in regulating immune responses after TBI and contributes to progressive neurodegeneration and neurologic deficits following brain trauma. Here we evaluated the role of neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) in microglial activation by examining the effects of the nSMase inhibitors altenusin and GW4869 in vitro (using BV2 microglia cells and primary microglia), as well as in a controlled cortical injury (CCI) model in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Pretreatment of altenusin or GW4869 prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for 4 or 24 hours, significantly downregulated gene expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and CCL2 in microglia and reduced the release of nitric oxide and TNF-α These nSMase inhibitors also attenuated the release of microparticles and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. In addition, altenusin pretreatment also reduced the gene expression of multiple inflammatory markers associated with microglial activation after experimental TBI, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, CCL2, CD68, NOX2, and p22phox Overall, our data demonstrate that nSMase inhibitors attenuate multiple inflammatory pathways associated with microglial activation in vitro and after experimental TBI. Thus, nSMase inhibitors may represent promising therapeutics agents targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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92
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Leurs C, Lopes Pinheiro M, Wierts L, den Hoedt S, Mulder M, Eijlers A, Schoonheim M, Balk L, Uitdehaag B, Killestein J, de Vries H. Acid sphingomyelinase: No potential as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 28:44-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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93
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Abstract
Lipidomics aims at characterizing lipid profiles and their biological role with respect to protein expression involved in lipid metabolism. Specifically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipidomics is offering a new perspective in the search for surrogate biomarkers to facilitate early diagnosis of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we describe a nontargeted approach to profile lipid molecular species present in human CSF using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-ToF-MS). This workflow complements the toolbox useful for the exploration and monitoring neurodegenerative mechanisms associated with a dysregulation in lipid metabolism.
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Metabolomic Signature in Sera of Multiple Sclerosis Patients during Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113589. [PMID: 30441762 PMCID: PMC6274842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MuS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and degradation of the myelin sheath. Epidemiological studies have shown that the female gender is more susceptible than the male gender to MuS development, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1. Despite this high onset, women have a better prognosis than men, and the frequency of the relapsing phase decreases during pregnancy, while it increases soon after birth. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy and whether they correlate with metabolic signatures. To gain a deeper inside into the biochemical mechanism of such a multifactorial disease, we adopted targeted metabolomics approaches for the determination of many serum metabolites in 12 pregnant women affected by MuS by mass spectrometry analysis. Our data show a characteristic hormonal fluctuation for estrogens and progesterone, as expected. They also highlight other interesting hormonal alterations for cortisol, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, testosterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Furthermore, a negative correlation with progesterone levels was observed for amino acids and for acylcarnitines, while an imbalance of different sphingolipids pathways was found during pregnancy. In conclusion, these data are in agreement with the characteristic clinical signs of MuS patients during pregnancy and, if confirmed, they may add an important tessera in the complex mosaic of maternal neuroprotection.
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The relevance of ceramides and their synthesizing enzymes for multiple sclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1963-1976. [PMID: 30219773 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide synthases (CerS) synthesize chain length specific ceramides (Cer), which mediate cellular processes in a chain length-dependent manner. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), we observed that the genetic deletion of CerS2 suppresses EAE pathology by interaction with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) signaling and CXC motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) expression, leading to impaired neutrophil migration. In the present study, we investigated the importance of Cers and their synthesizing/metabolizing enzymes in MS. For this purpose, a longitudinal study with 72 MS patients and 25 healthy volunteers was performed. Blood samples were collected from healthy controls and MS patients over 1- or 3-year periods, respectively. Immune cells were counted using flow cytometry, ceramide levels were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and mRNA expression was analyzed using quantitative PCR. In white blood cells, C16-LacCer and C24-Cer were down-regulated in MS patients in comparison with healthy controls. In plasma, C16-Cer, C24:1-Cer, C16-GluCer, and C24:1-GluCer were up-regulated and C16-LacCer was down-regulated in MS patients in comparison with healthy controls. Blood samples from MS patients were characterized by an increased B-cell number. However, there was no correlation between B-cell number and Cer levels. mRNA expression of Cer metabolizing enzymes and G-CSF signaling enzymes was significantly increased in MS patients. Interestingly, G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) and CXCR2 mRNA expression correlated with CerS2 and UDP-glucose Cer glucosyltransferase (UGCG) mRNA expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that Cer metabolism is linked to G-CSF signaling in MS.
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