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Ferlazzo V, D'Agostino P, Milano S, Caruso R, Feo S, Cillari E, Parente L. Anti-inflammatory effects of annexin-1: stimulation of IL-10 release and inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2003; 3:1363-9. [PMID: 12946433 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(03)00133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Annexin-1 (ANX-1) is an anti-inflammatory protein induced by glucocorticoids. Like glucocorticoids, ANX-1 and derived peptides inhibit eicosanoid synthesis, block leukocyte migration and induce apoptosis of inflammatory cells. Cytokines may possess either pro-inflammatory, i.e. interleukin(IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-12 or anti-inflammatory properties, i.e. IL-4, IL-10. The experiments described in the present study have been performed to answer the question whether the anti-inflammatory action of ANX-1 may be mediated, at least in part, by the release of IL-10. In macrophage (J774) cell line cultures primed with lipolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant ANX-1 stimulated IL-10 release in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the same cells, the protein and its derived N-terminal peptide (amino acids 2-26) dose-dependently inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, both the whole protein and the peptide down-regulated the mRNA expression of the inducible nitric oxide sythase (iNOS). The peptide was also able to inhibit the expression of IL-12 mRNA. These results suggest that some of the anti-inflammatory effects of ANX-1 may be mediated by the release of IL-10, which, in turn, inhibits iNOS mRNA expression and, hence, NO release. In addition, ANX-1-stimulated IL-10 release may also be responsible for the inhibition of IL-12 mRNA expression and, consequently, IL-12 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ferlazzo
- Department of Bio-Pathology and Bio-Medical Methodologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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52
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d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Lippolis L, Autore G, Popolo A, Marzocco S, Sorrentino L, Pinto A, Sorrentino R. Dexamethasone improves vascular hyporeactivity induced by LPS in vivo by modulating ATP-sensitive potassium channels activity. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:91-6. [PMID: 12967938 PMCID: PMC1574004 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Septic shock represents an important risk factor for patients critically ill. This pathology has been largely demonstrated to be a result of a myriad of events. Glucocorticoids represent the main pharmacological therapy used in this pathology. (2) Previously we showed that ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are involved in delayed vascular hyporeactivity in rats (24 h after Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection). In LPS-treated rats, we observed a significant hyporeactivity to phenylephrine (PE) that was reverted by glybenclamide (GLB), and a significant increase in cromakalim (CRK)-induced hypotension. (3) We evaluated the effect of dexamethasone (DEX 8 mg kg-1 i.p.) whether on hyporeactivity to PE or on hyperreactivity to CRK administration, in vivo, in a model of LPS (8 x 106 U kg-1 i.p.)-induced endotoxemia in urethane-anaesthetised rats. (4) DEX treatment significantly reduced, in a time-dependent manner, the increased hypotensive effect induced by CRK in LPS-treated rats. This effect was significantly (P<0.05) reverted by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486 (6.6 mg kg-1 i.p.). (5) GLB-induced hypertension (40 mg kg-1 i.p.), in LPS-treated rats, was significantly inhibited by DEX if administered at the same time of LPS. (6) Simultaneous administration of DEX and LPS to rats completely abolished the hyporeactivity to PE observed after 24 h from LPS injection. (7) In conclusion, our results suggest that the beneficial effect of DEX in endotoxemia could be ascribed, at least in part, to its ability to interfere with KATP channel activation induced by LPS. This interaction may explain the improvement of vascular reactivity to PE, mediated by DEX, in LPS-treated rats, highlighting a new pharmacological activity to the well-known anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - L Lippolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - G Autore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - A Popolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - S Marzocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - L Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - A Pinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - R Sorrentino
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Via D. Montesano, 49 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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53
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Debret R, El Btaouri H, Duca L, Rahman I, Radke S, Haye B, Sallenave JM, Antonicelli F. Annexin A1 processing is associated with caspase-dependent apoptosis in BZR cells. FEBS Lett 2003; 546:195-202. [PMID: 12832039 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Annexins are widely distributed and have been described in lung as well as in other cells and tissues. Annexin I (ANX AI) is a member of the calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein family. Besides its anti-inflammatory function, ANX AI has been involved in several mechanisms such as the Erk repression pathway or apoptosis. To investigate the role of ANX AI on apoptosis in broncho-alveolar cells, we have constructed a plasmid containing the ANX AI full length cDNA. Transfected BZR cells displayed a higher level of both forms of ANX AI (37 and 33 kDa) as well as a decrease in cell viability (two-fold versus cells transfected with an empty vector). In order to analyse the endogenous ANX AI processing during stimulus-induced apoptosis, BZR cells were treated with a commonly used inducer, i.e. C2 ceramides. In these conditions, microscopic analysis revealed chromatin condensation in dying cells and the Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L)/Bax mRNA balance was altered. Caspase-3 is one of the key executioners of apoptosis, being responsible for the cleavage of many proteins such as the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). We demonstrate that caspase-3 was activated after 4 h treatment in the presence of ceramide leading to the cleavage of PARP. Dose-response experiments revealed that cell morphology and viability modifications following ceramide treatment were accompanied by an increase in endogenous ANX AI processing. Interestingly, in both ceramide and transfection experiments, the ANX AI cleaved form was enhanced whereas pre-treatment with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk abolished ANX AI cleavage. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a complex regulatory role of caspase-dependent apoptosis where ANX AI is processed at the N-terminal region which could give susceptibility to apoptosis upon ceramide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Debret
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CNRS FRE 2534, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, Moulin de la Housse, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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54
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Isett J, Reader A, Gallatin E, Beck M, Padgett D. Effect of an intraosseous injection of depo-medrol on pulpal concentrations of PGE2 and IL-8 in untreated irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 2003; 29:268-71. [PMID: 12701778 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200304000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to evaluate the pulpal concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in untreated teeth with irreversible pulpitis after the administration of an intraosseous injection of Depo-Medrol. Forty emergency patients with a clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis experiencing moderate to severe pain participated. After receiving local anesthesia, patients randomly received, in a double-blind manner, an intraosseous injection of either 1 ml of Depo-Medrol (40 mg) (20 patients) or 1 ml of sterile saline placebo (control) (20 patients). No endodontic treatment was initiated. At 1 or 3 days after the intraosseous injection, the teeth were extracted and the pulpal tissue harvested. Prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-8 concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Results demonstrated a significantly (p < 0.05) lower concentration of prostaglandin E2 compared to the saline group at day 1. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the two groups at day 3. The pulpal concentrations of prostaglandin E2 were reduced at 1 day after the intraosseous injection of Depo-Medrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Isett
- The Ohio State University, Columbus 43218, USA
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55
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Oprica M, Eriksson C, Schultzberg M. Inflammatory mechanisms associated with brain damage induced by kainic acid with special reference to the interleukin-1 system. J Cell Mol Med 2003; 7:127-40. [PMID: 12927051 PMCID: PMC6740282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2003.tb00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence of inflammatory processes in the clinical manifestations and neuropathological sequelae of epilepsy have accumulated in the last decade. Administration of kainic acid, an analogue of the excitatory amino acid glutamate, induces a characteristic behavioural syndrome and a reproducible pattern of neurodegeneration in several brain areas, closely resembling human temporal lobe epilepsy. Results from studies using the kainic acid model indicate that manipulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can modify the outcome with regard to the behavioural syndrome as well as the neuropathological consequences. Interleukin-1 is one of the most important cytokines and has several actions in the brain that are critical for the host defense against injury and infection, and it is involved in the initiation of early stages of inflammation. It is believed that interleukin-1 plays a pivotal role in the neuroinflammation associated with certain forms of neurodegeneration, including cerebral ischemia, trauma and excitotoxic brain injury. In this review, we have summarized the experimental data available with regard to the involvement of the interleukin-1 system in kainic acid-induced changes in the brain and emphasized the modulatory role of interleukin-1beta in this model of epilepsy
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oprica
- Neurotec Department, Karolinska Institute, Division of Experimental Geriatrics, Huddinge University Hospital, Novum, 4th floor, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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56
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Ivanov AI, Pero RS, Scheck AC, Romanovsky AA. Prostaglandin E(2)-synthesizing enzymes in fever: differential transcriptional regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283:R1104-17. [PMID: 12376404 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00347.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The febrile response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) consists of three phases (phases I-III), all requiring de novo synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E(2). The major mechanism for activation of PGE(2)-synthesizing enzymes is transcriptional upregulation. The triphasic febrile response of Wistar-Kyoto rats to intravenous LPS (50 microg/kg) was studied. Using real-time RT-PCR, the expression of seven PGE(2)-synthesizing enzymes in the LPS-processing organs (liver and lungs) and the brain "febrigenic center" (hypothalamus) was quantified. Phase I involved transcriptional upregulation of the functionally coupled cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal (m) PGE synthase (PGES) in the liver and lungs. Phase II entailed robust upregulation of all enzymes of the major inflammatory pathway, i.e., secretory (s) phospholipase (PL) A(2)-IIA --> COX-2 --> mPGES, in both the periphery and brain. Phase III was accompanied by the induction of cytosolic (c) PLA(2)-alpha in the hypothalamus, further upregulation of sPLA(2)-IIA and mPGES in the hypothalamus and liver, and a decrease in the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in all tissues studied. Neither sPLA(2)-V nor cPGES was induced by LPS. The high magnitude of upregulation of mPGES and sPLA(2)-IIA (1,257-fold and 133-fold, respectively) makes these enzymes attractive targets for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Trauma Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
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57
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Watkins LR, Maier SF. Beyond neurons: evidence that immune and glial cells contribute to pathological pain states. Physiol Rev 2002; 82:981-1011. [PMID: 12270950 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain can occur after peripheral nerve injury, infection, or inflammation. Under such neuropathic pain conditions, sensory processing in the affected body region becomes grossly abnormal. Despite decades of research, currently available drugs largely fail to control such pain. This review explores the possibility that the reason for this failure lies in the fact that such drugs were designed to target neurons rather than immune or glial cells. It describes how immune cells are a natural and inextricable part of skin, peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord. It then examines how immune and glial activation may participate in the etiology and symptomatology of diverse pathological pain states in both humans and laboratory animals. Of the variety of substances released by activated immune and glial cells, proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6) appear to be of special importance in the creation of peripheral nerve and neuronal hyperexcitability. Although this review focuses on immune modulation of pain, the implications are pervasive. Indeed, all nerves and neurons regardless of modality or function are likely affected by immune and glial activation in the ways described for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.
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58
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Basu A, Krady JK, Enterline JR, Levison SW. Transforming growth factor beta1 prevents IL-1beta-induced microglial activation, whereas TNFalpha- and IL-6-stimulated activation are not antagonized. Glia 2002; 40:109-20. [PMID: 12237848 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microglia rapidly respond to CNS injury, yet the mechanisms leading to their activation and inactivation remain poorly defined. In particular, few studies have established how interactions between inflammatory mediators affect the innate immune response of microglia. To begin to establish how microglia integrate signals from multiple inflammatory mediators, we examined the effects of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) on both newborn and bulk-isolated adult microglia. To assess the functional state of the cells, we assayed the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and two protein tyrosine kinases that have been implicated in microglial responses to activational stimuli, HCK and FAK. These studies demonstrated that IL-1beta, TNFalpha, IL-6, but not IFN-gamma increase the expression of Cox-2, whereas they all increase the expression of HCK and FAK. In these studies, TGFbeta1 either had no effect, or it decreased basal levels of these proteins. TGFbeta1 blocked activation by IL-1beta when given prior to, or simultaneously with, IL-1beta. TGFbeta1 blocked the induction of the tyrosine kinases, Cox-2, and the induction of IL-6 and TNFalpha mRNAs. However, TGFbeta1 was ineffective in antagonizing the induction of Cox-2 by either IL-6 or TNFalpha. We conclude that the TGFbeta receptor signaling cascades intersect with IL-1, but they may not interact with IL-6 or TNFalpha signaling pathways that lead to activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Basu
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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59
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Abstract
Microglia, residential macrophages in the central nervous system, can release a variety of factors including cytokines, chemokines, etc. to regulate the communication among neuronal and other types of glial cells. Microglia play immunological roles in mechanisms underlying the phagocytosis of invading microorganisms and removal of dead or damaged cells. When microglia are hyperactivated due to a certain pathological imbalance, they may cause neuronal degeneration. Pathological activation of microglia has been reported in a wide range of conditions such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, multiple sclerosis, AIDS dementia, and others. Nearly 5000 papers on microglia can be retrieved on the Web site PubMed at present (November 2001) and half of them were published within the past 5 years. Although it is not possible to read each paper in detail, as many factors as possible affecting microglial functions in in vitro culture systems are presented in this review. The factors are separated into "activators" and "inhibitors," although it is difficult to classify many of them. An overview on these factors may help in the development of a new strategy for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai, Japan.
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60
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Van Miert ASJPAM. Present concepts on the inflammatory modulators with special reference to cytokines. Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:111-26. [PMID: 11924601 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014043601287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines create a network of interactions between cells that lead to both stimulatory and inhibitory responses that maintain an effective homeostatic regulation. The anti-inflammatory cytokines are a family of peptides that modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cytokines act in concert with non-cytokine mediators, such as prostaglandin E2, glucocorticosteroids, lipocortins, and catecholamines. This review highlights new developments in our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammation and gives an example of a more recent approach to the modulation of acute systemic inflammatory disorders; activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on macrophages. In this respect the potent beta2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol seems of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S J P A M Van Miert
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , The Netherlands
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61
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Ajmone-Cat MA, Nicolini A, Minghetti L. Differential effects of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug flurbiprofen and its nitric oxide-releasing derivative, nitroflurbiprofen, on prostaglandin E(2), interleukin-1beta, and nitric oxide synthesis by activated microglia. J Neurosci Res 2001; 66:715-22. [PMID: 11746392 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing experimental, clinical, and epidemiological studies point to the pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases and to the protective effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) therapies. Nonetheless, NSAID long-term therapies are limited by their significant adverse effects on gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Nitroflurbiprofen (NO-flurbiprofen) belongs to a novel class of antiinflammatory agents obtained by derivatization of conventional NSAIDs with a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing moiety, which strongly reduces their untoward side effects without altering the antiinflammatory effectiveness. The recent evidence of neuroprotective effects of NO-NSAIDs in animal models of chronic brain inflammation prompted us to investigate the activities of NO-flurbiprofen and its parent molecule flurbiprofen on activated rat microglia, the brain resident macrophages. We found that NO-flurbiprofen was as potent as flurbiprofen in preventing prostaglandin E(2) synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglial cultures. At variance with previous observations on peripheral macrophages is that NO-flurbiprofen did not show any additional capacity to inhibit interleukin-1beta synthesis compared with flurbiprofen. Moreover, NO enhanced the expression of the inducible NO synthase; this effect was most likely attributable to the NO released from the drug, as suggested by experiments performed in the presence of the NO donor Deta-NONOate, which similarly to NO-flurbiprofen is characterised by a slow and long-lasting release. Our findings indicate that NO-NSAIDs may differently affect peripheral and brain macrophages. Given their potential therapeutic role in brain inflammation, further in vivo and in vitro studies are required to understand fully their mechanism of action in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ajmone-Cat
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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62
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Miyachi T, Asai K, Tsuiki H, Mizuno H, Yamamoto N, Yokoi T, Aoyama M, Togari H, Wada Y, Miura Y, Kato T. Interleukin-1beta induces the expression of lipocortin 1 mRNA in cultured rat cortical astrocytes. Neurosci Res 2001; 40:53-60. [PMID: 11311405 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(01)00208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipocortin 1 (LC1) has been shown to increase in neuronal damage and act as a neuroprotectant and a neurotrophic factor. IL-1beta acts as a mediator of inflammation and has been reported as a potent inducer of various neurotrophic factors including nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor. In this study, we investigated the relationship between LC1 and IL-1beta in cultured rat astrocytes. Time-and dose-dependent experiments of IL-1beta on rat cortical astrocytes in culture revealed that the expression of LC1 mRNA was significantly augmented by IL-1beta at 8 h, 10 ng/ml. In addition, IL-1beta evoked an extracellular secretion of LC1 without its cytotoxic effects. The effect of IL-1beta was completely abolished when we treated cells with inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (PD98059) (25 microM), phospholipase A(2) inhibitor mepacrine (30 microM) and protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) (10 microg/ml). This suggests that induction of LC1 by IL-1beta is through a MAPKs and phospholipaseA(2) pathway and requires protein synthesis. These results indicate that IL-1beta released in the central nervous system (CNS) injury can stimulate the transcription of the LC1 gene. Subsequent synthesis and release of LC1 may provide trophic support to neurons and modulate the action of IL-1beta in brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyachi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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63
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Posadas I, Terencio MC, Giannini C, D'Auria MV, Payá M. Dysidotronic acid, a new sesquiterpenoid, inhibits cytokine production and the expression of nitric oxide synthase. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 415:285-92. [PMID: 11275011 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported a new bioactive sesquiterpenoid, named dysidotronic acid, to be a potent, selective human synovial phospholipase A(2) inhibitor. Dysidotronic acid is a novel, non-complex manoalide analogue lacking the pyranofuranone ring. We now investigate the effect of this compound on cytokine, nitric oxide and prostanoid generation on the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, where it showed a dose-dependent inhibition with inhibitory concentration 50% values in the micromolar range. This effect was also confirmed in the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan. Dysidotronic acid inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta as well as the production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E(2) and leukotriene B(4). Decreased nitric oxide generation was the consequence of inhibition of the expression of nitric oxide synthase, whereas PGE(2) and LTB(4) reduction was due to inhibition of arachidonic acid bioavailability through a direct inhibitory effect of dysodotronic acid on secretory phospholipase A(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Posadas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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64
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Oliani SM, Paul-Clark MJ, Christian HC, Flower RJ, Perretti M. Neutrophil interaction with inflamed postcapillary venule endothelium alters annexin 1 expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:603-15. [PMID: 11159197 PMCID: PMC1850304 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Annexin 1 (ANX-A1) exerts antimigratory actions in several models of acute and chronic inflammation. This is related to its ability to mimic the effect of endogenous ANX-A1 that is externalized on neutrophil adhesion to the postcapillary endothelium. In the present study we monitored ANX-A1 expression and localization in intravascular and emigrated neutrophils, using a classical model of rat peritonitis. For this purpose, a pair of antibodies raised against the ANX-A1 N-terminus (ie, able to recognize intact ANX-A1) or the whole protein (ie, able to interact with all ANX-A1 isoforms) was used by immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry analyses. The majority ( approximately 50%) of ANX-A1 on the plasma membrane of intravascular neutrophils was intact. Extravasation into the subendothelial matrix caused loss of this pool of intact protein (to approximately 6%), concomitant with an increase in total amount of the protein; only approximately 25% of the total protein was now recognized by the antibody raised against the N-terminus (ie, it was intact). In the cytoplasm of these cells, ANX-A1 was predominantly associated with large vacuoles, possibly endosomes. In situ hybridization confirmed de novo synthesis of ANX-A1 in the extravasated cells. In conclusion, biochemical pathways leading to the externalization, proteolysis, and synthesis of ANX-A1 are activated during the process of neutrophil extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Oliani
- William Harvey Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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65
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Knott C, Stern G, Wilkin GP. Inflammatory regulators in Parkinson's disease: iNOS, lipocortin-1, and cyclooxygenases-1 and -2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2000; 16:724-39. [PMID: 11124893 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2000.0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and focal gliosis are pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease and although the brain is described as immune-privileged focal immune reactions surround failing nigral neurons. We examined the cellular distribution of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in human parkinsonian and neurologically normal substantia nigra and caudate-putamen postmortem. An up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase- and cyclo-oxygenase-1- and -2-containing amoeboid microglia was found in parkinsonian but not control nigra. Astroglia contained low levels of these molecules in both groups. Lipocortin-1-immunoreactive amoeboid microglia were present within the astrocytic envelope of neurons adjacent to or within glial scars in parkinsonian nigra only. Lipocortin-1 is known to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. Up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase is generally associated with neurodestruction whereas prostaglandin synthesis may be either neurodestructive or protective. The balance of these molecules is likely to be decisive in determining neuronal survival or demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Knott
- Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Exhibition Road South, Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. c.knott.ic.ac.uk
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66
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Badie B, Schartner JM, Paul J, Bartley BA, Vorpahl J, Preston JK. Dexamethasone-induced abolition of the inflammatory response in an experimental glioma model: a flow cytometry study. J Neurosurg 2000; 93:634-9. [PMID: 11014542 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Commonly used for management of cerebral edema in patients with brain tumors, steroid medications also have immunosuppressive functions. To characterize the effects of steroids on the central nervous system's response to tumors more clearly, flow cytometry was used to quantify the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration in an immunogenic rat glioma model. METHODS Freshly prepared 11-day-old intracranial C6 tumors that had been excised from dexamethasone-treated and untreated rats were labeled ex vivo with monoclonal antibodies against CD 11b/c, CD45, and CD8a antigens. The extent of microglia (CD11b/c-highly positive, CD45-slightly positive cell), macrophage (CD11b/c-highly positive, CD45-highly positive cell), lymphocyte (CD11b/c-negative, CD45-highly positive cell), and cytotoxic T-cell (CD8a-positive cell) infiltration into each rat's tumor, tumor periphery, and contralateral tumor-free hemisphere was analyzed using flow cytometry. Microglia and lymphocytes constituted a significant component of infiltrating cells in this model, comprising 23 +/- 3% and 33 +/- 5% of viable cells, respectively. Macrophages, on the other hand, accounted for only 9 +/- 1% of infiltrating cells. Treatment of rats with a 7-day course of low-dose dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) resulted in a greater than 50% inhibition of microglia (p = 0.03) and lymphocyte (p = 0.001) infiltration into tumors. Increasing the dexamethasone dose to 1 mg/kg/day further abolished lymphocyte infiltration (89% inhibition, p = 0.001) but had no additional inhibitory effect on microglia invasion. Macrophage infiltration of tumors was not inhibited at the dexamethasone doses used in this study (p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Flow cytometry is a valuable technique for characterizing tumor-associated inflammatory cells in gliomas. Even at low doses, dexamethasone was found to inhibit significantly the infiltration of brain tumors by lymphocytes and microglia. These findings should be considered when experimental immunotherapeutic strategies are evaluated for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Badie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison 53792-3232, USA.
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67
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Abstract
Fever is the hallmark of the stereotyped host response to microbial infection, although it is just one of a number of high-risk strategies employed by the infected host to clear itself of invading pathogens. The febrile response is accompanied by activation of multiple endogenous antipyretic systems that serve to suppress its magnitude or duration. These include neuroactive substances of neural and humoral origin, some of which (e.g., glucocorticoids, melanocortins, and IL-10) have broad-ranging anti-inflammatory actions. Glucocorticoids, vasopressin, and melanocortins appear to exert their antipyretic effects by acting on receptors within the brain, but beyond this the mechanisms involved are unknown. It is hypothesized, but not proven, that endogenous antipyretic systems protect the host against the destructive consequences of unchecked fever. Importantly, pharmacological blockade of the actions of endogenous antipyretic systems increases fevers of even low to moderate intensity. Therefore, in addition to protecting against catastrophic consequences of high fever, endogenous antipyretic systems seem to play a fundamental physiological role in determining the normal course of fever. Elucidating the neural and biochemical mechanisms involved in suppression of fever by physiological antipyretic systems will yield a rich benefit, both by advancing the basic understanding of host defense strategies, and by permitting the design of novel antipyretic and anti-inflammatory strategies for therapeutic intervention in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Tatro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine and New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, Bradt B, Bauer J, Cole GM, Cooper NR, Eikelenboom P, Emmerling M, Fiebich BL, Finch CE, Frautschy S, Griffin W, Hampel H, Hull M, Landreth G, Lue L, Mrak R, Mackenzie IR, McGeer PL, O’Banion MK, Pachter J, Pasinetti G, Plata–Salaman C, Rogers J, Rydel R, Shen Y, Streit W, Strohmeyer R, Tooyoma I, Van Muiswinkel FL, Veerhuis R, Walker D, Webster S, Wegrzyniak B, Wenk G, Wyss–Coray T. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21:383-421. [PMID: 10858586 PMCID: PMC3887148 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3213] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation clearly occurs in pathologically vulnerable regions of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and it does so with the full complexity of local peripheral inflammatory responses. In the periphery, degenerating tissue and the deposition of highly insoluble abnormal materials are classical stimulants of inflammation. Likewise, in the AD brain damaged neurons and neurites and highly insoluble amyloid beta peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles provide obvious stimuli for inflammation. Because these stimuli are discrete, microlocalized, and present from early preclinical to terminal stages of AD, local upregulation of complement, cytokines, acute phase reactants, and other inflammatory mediators is also discrete, microlocalized, and chronic. Cumulated over many years, direct and bystander damage from AD inflammatory mechanisms is likely to significantly exacerbate the very pathogenic processes that gave rise to it. Thus, animal models and clinical studies, although still in their infancy, strongly suggest that AD inflammation significantly contributes to AD pathogenesis. By better understanding AD inflammatory and immunoregulatory processes, it should be possible to develop anti-inflammatory approaches that may not cure AD but will likely help slow the progression or delay the onset of this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Steven Barger
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Scott Barnum
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Bonnie Bradt
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Joachim Bauer
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Greg M. Cole
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Neil R. Cooper
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Piet Eikelenboom
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Mark Emmerling
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Berndt L. Fiebich
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Sally Frautschy
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - W.S.T. Griffin
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Michael Hull
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Gary Landreth
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Lih–Fen Lue
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Robert Mrak
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Ian R. Mackenzie
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Patrick L. McGeer
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Joel Pachter
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Guilio Pasinetti
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Carlos Plata–Salaman
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Joseph Rogers
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Russell Rydel
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Yong Shen
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Wolfgang Streit
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Ronald Strohmeyer
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Ikuo Tooyoma
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Freek L. Van Muiswinkel
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Douglas Walker
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Scott Webster
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Beatrice Wegrzyniak
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Gary Wenk
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
| | - Tony Wyss–Coray
- Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, P.O. Box 1278, Sun City, AZ, USA 85372
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