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Hertz E, Thörnqvist M, Holmberg B, Machaczka M, Sidransky E, Svenningsson P. First Clinicogenetic Description of Parkinson's Disease Related to GBA Mutation S107L. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2019; 6:254-258. [PMID: 30949558 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) are a common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in the N-terminus part of GBA are less commonly found in association with PD than those in the C-terminus. Phenotypic characterization of GBA-related PD has been challenging, in part attributed to differential impact of distinct GBA mutations. Aim To provide a phenotypic description of two patients with PD heterozygous for the GBA mutation S107L. The S107L mutation is located in the catalytic domain of glucocerebrosidase and has not previously been reported in patients with PD. Methods Motor and nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of PD were evaluated using established rating scales and questionnaires. The genotype was determined by Sanger sequencing. Results Two half-brothers, both heterozygous carriers of S107L, exhibited an early PD onset with several NMS. Conclusions In these patients, heterozygosity for S107L was associated with an early onset of PD with NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hertz
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Björn Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Maciej Machaczka
- Hematology Center Karolinska and Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm Sweden.,Medical Faculty University of Rzeszow Rzeszow Poland
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
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Mechanism of glucocerebrosidase activation and dysfunction in Gaucher disease unraveled by molecular dynamics and deep learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5086-5095. [PMID: 30808805 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818411116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase-1 (GCase) catalyzes the cleavage of a major glycolipid glucosylceramide into glucose and ceramide. The absence of fully functional GCase leads to the accumulation of its lipid substrates in lysosomes, causing Gaucher disease, an autosomal recessive disorder that displays profound genotype-phenotype nonconcordance. More than 250 disease-causing mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding GCase, have been discovered, although only one of these, N370S, causes 70% of disease. Here, we have used a knowledge-based docking protocol that considers experimental data of protein-protein binding to generate a complex between GCase and its known facilitator protein saposin C (SAPC). Multiscale molecular-dynamics simulations were used to study lipid self-assembly, membrane insertion, and the dynamics of the interactions between different components of the complex. Deep learning was applied to propose a model that explains the mechanism of GCase activation, which requires SAPC. Notably, we find that conformational changes in the loops at the entrance of the substrate-binding site are stabilized by direct interactions with SAPC and that the loss of such interactions induced by N370S and another common mutation, L444P, result in destabilization of the complex and reduced GCase activation. Our findings provide an atomistic-level explanation for GCase activation and the precise mechanism through which N370S and L444P cause Gaucher disease.
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Exploring substituent diversity on pyrrolidine-aryltriazole iminosugars: Structural basis of β-glucocerebrosidase inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:652-664. [PMID: 30825709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a library of pyrrolidine-aryltriazole hybrids through CuAAC between two epimeric dihydroxylated azidomethylpyrrolidines and differently substituted phenylacetylenes is reported. The evaluation of the new compounds as inhibitors of lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase showed the importance of the substitution pattern of the phenyl moiety in the inhibition. Crystallization and docking studies revealed key interactions of the pyrrolidine motif with aminoacid residues of the catalytic site while the aryltriazole moiety extended along a hydrophobic surface groove. Some of these compounds were able to increase the enzyme activity in Gaucher patient fibroblasts, acting as a new type of chemical chaperone for Gaucher disease.
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Westbrook JD, Burley SK. How Structural Biologists and the Protein Data Bank Contributed to Recent FDA New Drug Approvals. Structure 2019; 27:211-217. [PMID: 30595456 PMCID: PMC7325526 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Discovery and development of 210 new molecular entities (NMEs; new drugs) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration 2010-2016 was facilitated by 3D structural information generated by structural biologists worldwide and distributed on an open-access basis by the PDB. The molecular targets for 94% of these NMEs are known. The PDB archive contains 5,914 structures containing one of the known targets and/or a new drug, providing structural coverage for 88% of the recently approved NMEs across all therapeutic areas. More than half of the 5,914 structures were published and made available by the PDB at no charge, with no restrictions on usage >10 years before drug approval. Citation analyses revealed that these 5,914 PDB structures significantly affected the very large body of publicly funded research reported in publications on the NME targets that motivated biopharmaceutical company investment in discovery and development programs that produced the NMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Westbrook
- Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Stephen K Burley
- Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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55
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Thomas R, Kermode AR. Enzyme enhancement therapeutics for lysosomal storage diseases: Current status and perspective. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:83-97. [PMID: 30528228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule- enzyme enhancement therapeutics (EETs) have emerged as attractive agents for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), a broad group of genetic diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes, or proteins required for lysosomal function. The underlying enzyme deficiencies characterizing LSDs cause a block in the stepwise degradation of complex macromolecules (e.g. glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids and others), such that undegraded or partially degraded substrates progressively accumulate in lysosomal and non-lysosomal compartments, a process leading to multisystem pathology via primary and secondary mechanisms. Missense mutations underlie many of the LSDs; the resultant mutant variant enzyme hydrolase is often impaired in its folding and maturation making it subject to rapid disposal by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD). Enzyme deficiency in the lysosome is the result, even though the mutant enzyme may retain significant catalytic functioning. Small molecule modulators - pharmacological chaperones (PCs), or proteostasis regulators (PRs) are being identified through library screens and computational tools, as they may offer a less costly approach than enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for LSDs, and potentially treat neuronal forms of the diseases. PCs, capable of directly stabilizing the mutant protein, and PRs, which act on other cellular elements to enhance protein maturation, both allow a proportion of the synthesized variant protein to reach the lysosome and function. Proof-of-principle for PCs and PRs as therapeutic agents has been demonstrated for several LSDs, yet definitive data of their efficacy in disease models and/or in downstream clinical studies in many cases has yet to be achieved. Basic research to understand the cellular consequences of protein misfolding such as perturbed organellar crosstalk, redox status, and calcium balance is needed. Likewise, an elucidation of the early in cellulo pathogenic events underlying LSDs is vital and may lead to the discovery of new small molecule modulators and/or to other therapeutic approaches for driving proteostasis toward protein rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Allison R Kermode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr., Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Baudoin-Dehoux C, Castellan T, Rodriguez F, Rives A, Stauffert F, Garcia V, Levade T, Compain P, Génisson Y. Selective Targeting of the Interconversion between Glucosylceramide and Ceramide by Scaffold Tailoring of Iminosugar Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:E354. [PMID: 30669468 PMCID: PMC6359432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of simple C-alkyl pyrrolidines already known as cytotoxic inhibitors of ceramide glucosylation in melanoma cells can be converted into their corresponding 6-membered analogues by means of a simple ring expansion. This study illustrated how an isomerisation from iminosugar pyrrolidine toward piperidine could invert their targeting from glucosylceramide (GlcCer) formation toward GlcCer hydrolysis. Thus, we found that the 5-membered ring derivatives did not inhibit the hydrolysis reaction of GlcCer catalysed by lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA). On the other hand, the ring-expanded C-alkyl piperidine isomers, non-cytotoxic and inactive regarding ceramide glucosylation, revealed to be potent inhibitors of GBA. A molecular docking study showed that the positions of the piperidine ring of the compound 6b and its analogous 2-O-heptyl DIX 8 were similar to that of isofagomine. Furthermore, compound 6b promoted mutant GBA enhancements over 3-fold equivalent to that of the related O-Hept DIX 8 belonging to one of the most potent iminosugar-based pharmacological chaperone series reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Baudoin-Dehoux
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/ CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Tessa Castellan
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/ CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Frédéric Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/ CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Arnaud Rives
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/ CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Fabien Stauffert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA). Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Virginie Garcia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - Thierry Levade
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, CHU Purpan, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Application (LIMA). Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Yves Génisson
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III/ CNRS (UMR5068), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
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X-Ray Crystallography in Structure-Function Characterization of Therapeutic Enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:81-103. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Progressive myoclonus epilepsy in Gaucher Disease due to a new Gly-Gly mutation causing loss of an Exonic Splicing Enhancer. J Neurol 2018; 266:92-101. [PMID: 30382391 PMCID: PMC6342868 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-9084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Gaucher Disease (GD) exhibit three phenotypes, including type 1 (non-neuronopathic), type 2 (acute neuronopathic), and type 3 (subacute neuronopathic). AIM Identifying which GBA changes represent benign polymorphisms and which may result in disease-causing mutations is essential for diagnosis and genotype/phenotype correlations but is often challenging. RESULTS Here, we describe a patient with type 3 GD, presenting with drug-resistant epilepsy, who bears a set of GBA polymorphic variants including the novel c.363A > G (Gly82Gly) synonymous mutation. In silico predictions, mRNA and functional studies revealed that the new Gly82Gly mutation causes skipping of GBA exon 4, leading to a severe reduction of the wild type GBA mRNA. This is the first report of a synonymous change causing GD through loss of an exonic splicing enhancer sequence. The synonymous mutation is in trans with the Asn188Ser missense mutation, thus making the Asn188Ser responsible for the patient's phenotype and strengthening the association of Asn188Ser with the particular neurological phenotype of type 3 GD. CONCLUSION We strengthen the association of Asn188Ser with the type 3 GD phenotype and progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Our data confirm that in silico predictions and mRNA analysis are mandatory in discriminating pathological mutations from the background of harmless polymorphisms, especially synonymous changes.
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Genotypes and phenotypes in 20 Chinese patients with type 2 Gaucher disease. Brain Dev 2018; 40:876-883. [PMID: 29934114 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most common lysosomal storage diseases resulting from a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase. Three main types have been described, with type 2 being the most rare and severe form. Here we investigated the clinical symptoms and mutation spectrum in 20 unrelated type 2 GD patients. METHOD The diagnosis of GD was based on the acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) enzyme activity and direct sequencing of the GBA gene. GBA activity was measured in leukocytes and the GBA gene was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For patient 7, the GBA gene was analyzed by PCR as well as quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The age of onset was under 12 months for all patients. All patients experienced severe neurological involvement. A total of 19 different GBA gene mutations were identified, including 6 novel mutations: two were exonic point mutations, c.1127T > C (p.Phe376Ser), c.1418T > G (p.Val473Gly); one was splicing error, ISV7-1G > C; one was insertion, c.717_718insACAG; and the other two were a gross deletion that involved exon 6 and a recombinant allele. The most prevalent mutation was Leu483Pro, which constituted 42.5% of all mutant alleles and was associated with a neurological form in Chinese GD patients as calculated by a Fisher's exact test. CONCLUSION The clinical characteristics of Chinese type 2 GD were consistent with reports from other ethnic populations. We identified 6 novel mutations that contribute to the spectrum of GBA gene mutations. Our study confirmed that GD patients with the Leu483Pro allele were prone to experience neurological symptoms.
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In Silico Analysis of Missense Mutations as a First Step in Functional Studies: Examples from Two Sphingolipidoses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113409. [PMID: 30384423 PMCID: PMC6275066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to delineate a better approach to functional studies, we have selected 23 missense mutations distributed in different domains of two lysosomal enzymes, to be studied by in silico analysis. In silico analysis of mutations relies on computational modeling to predict their effects. Various computational platforms are currently available to check the probable causality of mutations encountered in patients at the protein and at the RNA levels. In this work we used four different platforms freely available online (Protein Variation Effect Analyzer- PROVEAN, PolyPhen-2, Swiss-model Expert Protein Analysis System—ExPASy, and SNAP2) to check amino acid substitutions and their effect at the protein level. The existence of functional studies, regarding the amino acid substitutions, led to the selection of the distinct protein mutants. Functional data were used to compare the results obtained with different bioinformatics tools. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is not feasible to carry out functional tests in all the variants detected. In silico analysis seems to be useful for the delineation of which mutants are worth studying through functional studies. Therefore, prediction of the mutation impact at the protein level, applying computational analysis, confers the means to rapidly provide a prognosis value to genotyping results, making it potentially valuable for patient care as well as research purposes. The present work points to the need to carry out functional studies in mutations that might look neutral. Moreover, it should be noted that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), occurring in coding and non-coding regions, may lead to RNA alterations and should be systematically verified. Functional studies can gain from a preliminary multi-step approach, such as the one proposed here.
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Evaluation of the activity of β-glucosidase immobilized on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a microfluidic flow injection analyzer with embedded optical fibers. Talanta 2018; 185:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW GBA mutations are the most common known genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Its biological pathway may be important in idiopathic PD, since activity of the enzyme encoded by GBA, glucocerebrosidase, is reduced even among PD patients without GBA mutations. This article describes the structure and function of GBA, reviews recent literature on the clinical phenotype of GBA PD, and suggests future directions for research, counseling, and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Several longitudinal studies have shown that GBA PD has faster motor and cognitive progression than idiopathic PD and that this effect is dose dependent. New evidence suggests that GBA mutations may be important in multiple system atrophy. Further, new interventional studies focusing on GBA PD are described. These studies may increase the interest of PD patients and caregivers in genetic counseling. GBA mutation status may help clinicians estimate PD progression, though mechanisms underlying GBA and synucleinopathy require further understanding.
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Zheng J, Chen L, Skinner OS, Ysselstein D, Remis J, Lansbury P, Skerlj R, Mrosek M, Heunisch U, Krapp S, Charrow J, Schwake M, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB, Krainc D. β-Glucocerebrosidase Modulators Promote Dimerization of β-Glucocerebrosidase and Reveal an Allosteric Binding Site. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5914-5924. [PMID: 29676907 PMCID: PMC6098685 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) mutations cause Gaucher's disease and are a high risk factor in Parkinson's disease. The implementation of a small molecule modulator is a strategy to restore proper folding and lysosome delivery of degradation-prone mutant GCase. Here, we present a potent quinazoline modulator, JZ-4109, which stabilizes wild-type and N370S mutant GCase and increases GCase abundance in patient-derived fibroblast cells. We then developed a covalent modification strategy using a lysine targeted inactivator (JZ-5029) for in vitro mechanistic studies. By using native top-down mass spectrometry, we located two potentially covalently modified lysines. We obtained the first crystal structure, at 2.2 Å resolution, of a GCase with a noniminosugar modulator covalently bound, and were able to identify the exact lysine residue modified (Lys346) and reveal an allosteric binding site. GCase dimerization was induced by our modulator binding, which was observed by native mass spectrometry, its crystal structure, and size exclusion chromatography with a multiangle light scattering detector. Finally, the dimer form was confirmed by negative staining transmission electron microscopy studies. Our newly discovered allosteric site and observed GCase dimerization provide a new mechanistic insight into GCase and its noniminosugar modulators and facilitate the rational design of novel GCase modulators for Gaucher's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Owen S. Skinner
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jonathan Remis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter Lansbury
- Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., 19 Blackstone Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Renato Skerlj
- Lysosomal Therapeutics Inc., 19 Blackstone Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Mrosek
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Ursula Heunisch
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Stephan Krapp
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstrasse 7a, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Joel Charrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Michael Schwake
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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Abstract
Studies of bioactive lipids in general and sphingolipids in particular have intensified over the past several years, revealing an unprecedented and unanticipated complexity of the lipidome and its many functions, which rivals, if not exceeds, that of the genome or proteome. These results highlight critical roles for bioactive sphingolipids in most, if not all, major cell biological responses, including all major cell signalling pathways, and they link sphingolipid metabolism to key human diseases. Nevertheless, the fairly nascent field of bioactive sphingolipids still faces challenges in its biochemical and molecular underpinnings, including defining the molecular mechanisms of pathway and enzyme regulation, the study of lipid-protein interactions and the development of cellular probes, suitable biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf A Hannun
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York 11794, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York 11794, USA
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York 11768, USA
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Pereira DM, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Tuning protein folding in lysosomal storage diseases: the chemistry behind pharmacological chaperones. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1740-1752. [PMID: 29719681 PMCID: PMC5896381 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04712f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding of proteins is the basis of several proteinopathies. Chemical and pharmacological chaperones are small molecules capable of inducing the correct conformation of proteins, thus being of interest for human therapeutics. The most recent developments in medicinal chemistry and in the drug development of pharmacological chaperones are discussed, with focus on lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV , Laboratório de Farmacognosia , Departamento de Química , Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV , Laboratório de Farmacognosia , Departamento de Química , Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV , Laboratório de Farmacognosia , Departamento de Química , Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228 , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal .
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Feng Y, Huang Y, Tang C, Hu H, Zhao X, Sheng H, Zhang W, Tan M, Xie T, Zheng J, Liu Z, Su X, Shao Y, Li X, Cheng J, Mao X, Liu L. Clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with Gaucher disease in Southern China. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2018; 68:30-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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67
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Smith L, Mullin S, Schapira AHV. Insights into the structural biology of Gaucher disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:180-190. [PMID: 28923368 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the acid-β-glucosidase lysosomal hydrolase enzyme that cleaves glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide. Reduced enzyme activity and impaired structural stability arise due to >300 known disease-causing mutations. Several of these mutations have also been associated with an increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD). Since the discovery of the acid-β-glucosidase X-ray structure, there have been major advances in our understanding of the structural properties of the protein. Analysis of specific residues has provided insight into their functional and structural importance and provided insight into the pathogenesis of Gaucher disease and the contribution to PD. Disease-causing mutations are positioned throughout the acid-β-glucosidase structure, with many located far from the active site and thus retaining some enzymatic activity however, thus far no clear relationship between mutation location and disease severity has been established. Here, we review the crystal structure of acid-β-glucosidase, while highlighting important structural aspects of the protein in detail. This review discusses the structural stability of acid-β-glucosidase, which can be altered by pH and glycosylation, and explores the relationship between known Gaucher disease and PD mutations, structural stability and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Stephen Mullin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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68
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Gómez G, Arias S, Cárdenas L, Zoghbi D, Paradisi I. GBA mutations in Gaucher type I Venezuelan patients: ethnic origins and frequencies. J Genet 2017; 96:583-589. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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69
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Martínez-Bailén M, Carmona AT, Moreno-Clavijo E, Robina I, Ide D, Kato A, Moreno-Vargas AJ. Tuning of β-glucosidase and α-galactosidase inhibition by generation and in situ screening of a library of pyrrolidine-triazole hybrid molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:532-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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70
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Ben Bdira F, Kallemeijn WW, Oussoren SV, Scheij S, Bleijlevens B, Florea BI, van Roomen CPAA, Ottenhoff R, van Kooten MJFM, Walvoort MTC, Witte MD, Boot RG, Ubbink M, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Stabilization of Glucocerebrosidase by Active Site Occupancy. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1830-1841. [PMID: 28485919 PMCID: PMC5525105 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Glucocerebrosidase
(GBA) is a lysosomal β-glucosidase that
degrades glucosylceramide. Its deficiency results in Gaucher disease
(GD). We examined the effects of active site occupancy of GBA on its
structural stability. For this, we made use of cyclophellitol-derived
activity-based probes (ABPs) that bind irreversibly to the catalytic
nucleophile (E340), and for comparison, we used the potent reversible
inhibitor isofagomine. We demonstrate that cyclophellitol ABPs improve
the stability of GBA in vitro, as revealed by thermodynamic
measurements (Tm increase by 21 °C),
and introduce resistance to tryptic digestion. The stabilizing effect
of cell-permeable cyclophellitol ABPs is also observed in intact cultured
cells containing wild-type GBA, N370S GBA (labile in lysosomes), and
L444P GBA (exhibits impaired ER folding): all show marked increases
in lysosomal forms of GBA molecules upon exposure to ABPs. The same
stabilization effect is observed for endogenous GBA in the liver of
wild-type mice injected with cyclophellitol ABPs. Stabilization effects
similar to those observed with ABPs were also noted at high concentrations
of the reversible inhibitor isofagomine. In conclusion, we provide
evidence that the increase in cellular levels of GBA by ABPs and by
the reversible inhibitor is in part caused by their ability to stabilize
GBA folding, which increases the resistance of GBA against breakdown
by lysosomal proteases. These effects are more pronounced in the case
of the amphiphilic ABPs, presumably due to their high lipophilic potential,
which may promote further structural compactness of GBA through hydrophobic
interactions. Our study provides further rationale for the design
of chaperones for GBA to ameliorate Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saskia Scheij
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Bleijlevens
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cindy P. A. A. van Roomen
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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71
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Ma DL, Dong ZZ, Vellaisamy K, Cheung KM, Yang G, Leung CH. Luminescent Strategies for Label-Free G-Quadruplex-Based Enzyme Activity Sensing. CHEM REC 2017; 17:1135-1145. [PMID: 28467681 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By catalyzing highly specific and tightly controlled chemical reactions, enzymes are essential to maintaining normal cellular physiology. However, aberrant enzymatic activity can be linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Therefore, the unusual activity of particular enzymes can represent testable biomarkers for the diagnosis or screening of certain diseases. In recent years, G-quadruplex-based platforms have attracted wide attention for the monitoring of enzymatic activities. In this Personal Account, we discuss our group's works on the development of G-quadruplex-based sensing system for enzyme activities by using mainly iridium(III) complexes as luminescent label-free probes. These studies showcase the versatility of the G-quadruplex for developing assays for a variety of different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen-Zhen Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ka-Man Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
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72
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Santos DM, Tiscornia G. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Modeling of Gaucher's Disease: What Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040888. [PMID: 28430167 PMCID: PMC5412467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher’s disease (GD) is the most frequently inherited lysosomal storage disease, presenting both visceral and neurologic symptoms. Mutations in acid β-glucocerebrosidase disrupt the sphingolipid catabolic pathway promoting glucosylceramide (GlcCer) accumulation in lysosomes. Current treatment options are enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT). However, neither of these approaches is effective in treating the neurological aspect of the disease. The use of small pharmacological compounds that act as molecular chaperones is a promising approach that is still experimental. In recent years, an association between GD and Parkinson like synucleinopathies has been discovered. Since 1992, a number of mouse models of GD have been the developed and partially reproduce phenotype of the disease. More recently, the discovery of direct reprograming has allowed the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) from fibroblasts obtained from GD patients. iPSc can be expanded indefinitely in vitro and differentiated to macrophages and neurons, the main relevant cell types involved in GD. In this work, we review iPSc models of GD and summarize what we have learned from this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Matias Santos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Gustavo Tiscornia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Clínica EUGIN, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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73
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García-Moreno MI, de la Mata M, Sánchez-Fernández EM, Benito JM, Díaz-Quintana A, Fustero S, Nanba E, Higaki K, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, García Fernández JM, Ortiz Mellet C. Fluorinated Chaperone-β-Cyclodextrin Formulations for β-Glucocerebrosidase Activity Enhancement in Neuronopathic Gaucher Disease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1829-1842. [PMID: 28171725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic glycomimetics encompassing a rigid, undistortable nortropane skeleton based on 1,6-anhydro-l-idonojirimycin and a polyfluorinated antenna, when formulated as the corresponding inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin (βCD), have been shown to behave as pharmacological chaperones (PCs) that efficiently rescue lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase mutants associated with the neuronopathic variants of Gaucher disease (GD), including the highly refractory L444P/L444P and L444P/P415R single nucleotide polymorphs, in patient fibroblasts. The body of work here presented includes the design criteria for the PC prototype, the synthesis of a series of candidates, the characterization of the PC:βCD complexes, the determination of the selectivity profiles toward a panel of commercial and human lysosomal glycosidases, the evaluation of the chaperoning activity in type 1 (non-neuronopathic), type 2 (acute neuronopathic), and type 3 (adult neuronopathic) GD fibroblasts, the confirmation of the rescuing mechanism by immunolabeling, and the analysis of the PC:GCase binding mode by docking experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel García-Moreno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla , c/Profesor García González 1, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario de la Mata
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena M Sánchez-Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla , c/Profesor García González 1, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Benito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC, and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC, and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia , 46100 Burjassot, Spain.,Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe , 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University , 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University , 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC, and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sevilla , c/Profesor García González 1, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
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74
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Futerman AH, Platt FM. The metabolism of glucocerebrosides - From 1965 to the present. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 120:22-26. [PMID: 27955980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.11.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is caused by the defective catabolism of the simple glycosphingolipid, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), due to mutations in the GBA1 gene which encodes for acid β-glucosidase (GCase), the lysosomal enzyme that degrades GlcCer. Today, Gaucher disease patients are routinely treated with recombinant GCase, in a treatment regimen known as enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). We now review the biochemical basis of ERT and discuss how this treatment has advanced since it was first pioneered by Dr. Roscoe Brady in the 1960s. We will place particular emphasis on the three dimensional structure of GCase, and subsequently discuss a relatively new treatment paradigm, substrate reduction therapy (SRT), in which GlcCer synthesis is partially inhibited, thus reducing its accumulation. Both of these approaches are based on studies and concepts developed by Dr. Brady over his remarkable research career spanning six decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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75
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Sánchez-Fernández EM, García Fernández JM, Mellet CO. Glycomimetic-based pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage disorders: lessons from Gaucher, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry diseases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5497-515. [PMID: 27043200 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are often caused by mutations that destabilize native folding and impair the trafficking of enzymes, leading to premature endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation, deficiencies of specific hydrolytic functions and aberrant storage of metabolites in the lysosomes. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT) are available for a few of these conditions, but most remain orphan. A main difficulty is that virtually all LSDs involve neurological decline and neither proteins nor the current SRT drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier. Twenty years ago a new therapeutic paradigm better suited for neuropathic LSDs was launched, namely pharmacological chaperone (PC) therapy. PCs are small molecules capable of binding to the mutant protein at the ER, inducing proper folding, restoring trafficking and increasing enzyme activity and substrate processing in the lysosome. In many LSDs the mutated protein is a glycosidase and the accumulated substrate is an oligo- or polysaccharide or a glycoconjugate, e.g. a glycosphingolipid. Although it might appear counterintuitive, substrate analogues (glycomimetics) behaving as competitive glycosidase inhibitors are good candidates to perform PC tasks. The advancements in the knowledge of the molecular basis of LSDs, including enzyme structures, binding modes, trafficking pathways and substrate processing mechanisms, have been put forward to optimize PC selectivity and efficacy. Moreover, the chemical versatility of glycomimetics and the variety of structures at hand allow simultaneous optimization of chaperone and pharmacokinetic properties. In this Feature Article we review the advancements made in this field in the last few years and the future outlook through the lessons taught by three archetypical LSDs: Gaucher disease, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
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76
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Charoenwattanasatien R, Pengthaisong S, Breen I, Mutoh R, Sansenya S, Hua Y, Tankrathok A, Wu L, Songsiriritthigul C, Tanaka H, Williams S, Davies GJ, Kurisu G, Cairns JRK. Bacterial β-Glucosidase Reveals the Structural and Functional Basis of Genetic Defects in Human Glucocerebrosidase 2 (GBA2). ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1891-900. [PMID: 27115290 PMCID: PMC4949581 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human glucosylcerebrosidase 2 (GBA2) of the CAZy family GH116 is responsible for the breakdown of glycosphingolipids on the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Genetic defects in GBA2 result in spastic paraplegia and cerebellar ataxia, while cross-talk between GBA2 and GBA1 glucosylceramidases may affect Gaucher disease. Here, we report the first three-dimensional structure for any GH116 enzyme, Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum TxGH116 β-glucosidase, alone and in complex with diverse ligands. These structures allow identification of the glucoside binding and active site residues, which are shown to be conserved with GBA2. Mutagenic analysis of TxGH116 and structural modeling of GBA2 provide a detailed structural and functional rationale for pathogenic missense mutations of GBA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratana Charoenwattanasatien
- Institute
for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,School
of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
Univerity of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,Center
for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Salila Pengthaisong
- School
of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
Univerity of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,Center
for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Imogen Breen
- Structural
Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Risa Mutoh
- Institute
for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sompong Sansenya
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rajamangala
University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
| | - Yanling Hua
- Center
for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,Center for
Scientific and Technological Equipment, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Anupong Tankrathok
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Liang Wu
- Structural
Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Chomphunuch Songsiriritthigul
- Center
for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,Synchrotron
Light Research Institute, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Hideaki Tanaka
- Institute
for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Spencer
J. Williams
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Structural
Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom,Tel.: +44 1904 322511. Fax: +44 1904 322516. E-mail:
| | - Genji Kurisu
- Institute
for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,Tel.: +81 6-6879-8604. Fax: +81-6-6879-8606. E-mail:
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School
of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree
Univerity of Technology, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,Center
for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand,Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand,Tel.: +66 44
224304. Fax: +66 44 224185. E-mail:
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77
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Geiger JT, Ding J, Crain B, Pletnikova O, Letson C, Dawson TM, Rosenthal LS, Pantelyat A, Gibbs JR, Albert MS, Hernandez DG, Hillis AE, Stone DJ, Singleton AB, Hardy JA, Troncoso JC, Scholz SW. Next-generation sequencing reveals substantial genetic contribution to dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:55-62. [PMID: 27312774 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Although an increasing number of genetic factors have been connected to this debilitating condition, the proportion of cases that can be attributed to distinct genetic defects is unknown. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the frequency and spectrum of pathogenic missense mutations and coding risk variants in nine genes previously implicated in DLB, we performed exome sequencing in 111 pathologically confirmed DLB patients. All patients were Caucasian individuals from North America. Allele frequencies of identified missense mutations were compared to 222 control exomes. Remarkably, ~25% of cases were found to carry a pathogenic mutation or risk variant in APP, GBA or PSEN1, highlighting that genetic defects play a central role in the pathogenesis of this common neurodegenerative disorder. In total, 13% of our cohort carried a pathogenic mutation in GBA, 10% of cases carried a risk variant or mutation in PSEN1, and 2% were found to carry an APP mutation. The APOE ε4 risk allele was significantly overrepresented in DLB patients (p-value <0.001). Our results conclusively show that mutations in GBA, PSEN1, and APP are common in DLB and consideration should be given to offer genetic testing to patients diagnosed with Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Geiger
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Crain
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Letson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Synder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neuroregeneration Program, Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Pantelyat
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Argye E Hillis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Stone
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - John A Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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78
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Astudillo L, Therville N, Colacios C, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Levade T. Glucosylceramidases and malignancies in mammals. Biochimie 2016; 125:267-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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79
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Hoitsema K, Amato D, Khan A, Sirrs S, Choy FYM. Identification of novel splice site mutation IVS9 + 1(G > A) and novel complex allele G355R/R359X in Type 1 Gaucher patients heterozygous for mutation N370S. Meta Gene 2016; 9:47-51. [PMID: 27222815 PMCID: PMC4856859 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from deficient glucocerebrosidase activity. More than 350 mutations that cause Gaucher disease have been described to date. Novel mutations can potentially provide insight into the glucocerebrosidase structure–function relationship and biochemical basis of the disease. Here, we report the identification of two novel mutations in two unrelated patients with type I (non-neuronopathic) Gaucher disease: 1) a splice site mutation IVS9 + 1G > A; and (2) a complex allele (cis) G355R/R359X. Both patients have a common N370S mutation in the other allele. The splice site mutation results from an intronic base substitution (G to A, c.1328 + 1, g.5005) at the donor splice site of exon and intron 9. The complex allele results from two point mutations in exon 8 of glucocerebrosidase (G to C at c.1180, g.4396, and T to C at c. 1192, g.4408) substituting glycine by arginine (G355R) and arginine by a premature termination (R359X), respectively. In order to demonstrate that G355R/R359X are in cis arrangement, PCR-amplified glucocerebrosidase exon 8 genomic DNA from the patient was cloned into the vector pJET1.2 in Escherichia coli TOP10® strain. Out of the 15 clones that were sequence analyzed, 10 contained the normal allele sequence and 5 contained the complex allele G355R/R359X sequence showing both mutations in cis arrangement. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using Hph1 restriction endonuclease digest was established for the IVS9 + 1G > A mutation for confirmation and efficient identification of this mutation in future patients. Past literature suggests that mutations affecting splicing patterns of the glucocerebrosidase transcript as well as mutations in Gaucher complex alleles are detrimental to enzyme activity. However, compound heterozygosity with N370S, a mild mutation, will lead to a mild phenotype. The cases reported here support these past findings.
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Key Words
- Complex alleles
- EC, enzyme commission number
- GBA novel mutations
- GBA, glucocerebrosidase enzyme protein
- GBA, glucocerebrosidase gene
- GD, Gaucher disease
- Gaucher disease
- Glucocerebrosidase
- Hb, hemoglobin
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man entry number
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RFLP analysis
- RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-PCR
- Sequence analysis
- bp, base pairs
- pJET cloning
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourtnee Hoitsema
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dominick Amato
- Mark Freedman and Judy Jacobs Program for Gaucher Disease, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aneal Khan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandra Sirrs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Francis Y M Choy
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Liu LY, Liu F, Du SC, Jiang SY, Wang HJ, Zhang J, Wang W, Ma D. A Novel Functional Missense Mutation p.T219A in Type 1 Gaucher's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 129:1072-7. [PMID: 27098793 PMCID: PMC4852675 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.180523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gaucher's disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid β-glucosidase (glucocerebrosidase [GBA]) that results in the accumulation of glucocerebroside within macrophages. Many mutations have been reported to be associated with this disorder. This study aimed to discover more mutations and provide data for the genetic pattern of the gene, which will help the development of quick and accurate genetic diagnostic tools for this disease. Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes of the patient and Sanger sequencing is used to sequence GBA gene. Sequence alignments of mammalian β-GBA (GCase) and three-dimensional protein structure prediction of the mutation were made. A construct of this mutant and its compound heterozygous counterpart were used to measure GCase in vitro. Results: GCase is relatively conserved at p.T219A. This novel mutation differs from its wild-type in structure. Moreover, it also causes a reduction in GCase enzyme activity. Conclusion: This novel mutation (c.655A>G, p.T219A) is a pathogenic missense mutation, which contributes to GD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Duan Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032; Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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81
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Hayashi Y, Ito M. Klotho-Related Protein KLrP: Structure and Functions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 101:1-16. [PMID: 27125736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Klotho (KL) family proteins share one or two glycoside hydrolase (GH) motifs homologous to GH family 1. However, the biological significance of GH motifs in KL family proteins remains elusive. We describe here that KL-related protein (KLrP), which is composed of a single GH motif, is a cytosolic β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase, EC 3.2.1.145). We detected a neutral conduritol B epoxide (CBE)-insensitive glucosylceramide (GlcCer)-degrading activity in the cytosol fractions of human fibroblasts, rat brains, and zebrafish embryos. KL family proteins emerged as a potent candidate for the neutral GCase using a bioinformatics approach. Recombinant human KLrP, but not α-KL, β-KL, or KLPH, exhibited GCase activity with a neutral pH optimum in the presence of CBE. We solved the crystal structures of KLrP and a KLrP mutant (E165Q) in complex with glucose, which indicate that KLrP forms a (β/α)8TIM barrel structure with the double-displacement mechanism of the retaining β-glycosidase. Furthermore, knockdown of endogenous KLrP in CHOP cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased the CBE-insensitive neutral GCase activity and increased the cellular levels of GlcCer, which suggests that KLrP is involved in a novel GlcCer catabolism pathway. A KLrP D106N mutant was discovered in patients with severe Gaucher disease; however, this mutation did not affect the GCase activity of KLrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hayashi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Ito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Glycosylation is crucial for a proper catalytic site organization in human glucocerebrosidase. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:237-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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83
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Characterization of the complex formed by β-glucocerebrosidase and the lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3791-6. [PMID: 27001828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514005113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2 (LIMP-2) plays a pivotal role in the delivery of β-glucocerebrosidase (GC) to lysosomes. Mutations in GC result in Gaucher's disease (GD) and are the major genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Variants in the LIMP-2 gene cause action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome and also have been linked to PD. Given the importance of GC and LIMP-2 in disease pathogenesis, we studied their interaction sites in more detail. Our previous data demonstrated that the crystal structure of LIMP-2 displays a hydrophobic three-helix bundle composed of helices 4, 5, and 7, of which helix 5 and 7 are important for ligand binding. Here, we identified a similar helical motif in GC through surface potential analysis. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies revealed a triple-helical interface region within GC as critical for LIMP-2 binding and lysosomal transport. Based on these findings, we generated a LIMP-2 helix 5-derived peptide that precipitated and activated recombinant wild-type and GD-associated N370S mutant GC in vitro. The helix 5 peptide fused to a cell-penetrating peptide also activated endogenous lysosomal GC and reduced α-synuclein levels, suggesting that LIMP-2-derived peptides can be used to activate endogenous as well as recombinant wild-type or mutant GC efficiently. Our data also provide a structural model of the LIMP-2/GC complex that will facilitate the development of GC chaperones and activators as potential therapeutics for GD, PD, and related synucleinopathies.
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84
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Ma DL, Wang W, Mao Z, Yang C, Chen XP, Lu JJ, Han QB, Leung CH. A tutorial review for employing enzymes for the construction of G-quadruplex-based sensing platforms. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 913:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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85
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Migdalska-Richards A, Schapira AHV. The relationship between glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:77-90. [PMID: 26860875 PMCID: PMC5111601 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease, whereas Gaucher disease (GD) is the most frequent lysosomal storage disorder caused by homozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene. Increased risk of developing PD has been observed in both GD patients and carriers. It has been estimated that GBA1 mutations confer a 20‐ to 30‐fold increased risk for the development of PD, and that at least 7–10% of PD patients have a GBA1 mutation. To date, mutations in the GBA1 gene constitute numerically the most important risk factor for PD. The type of PD associated with GBA1 mutations (PD‐GBA1) is almost identical to idiopathic PD, except for a slightly younger age of onset and a tendency to more cognitive impairment. Importantly, the pathology of PD‐GBA1 is identical to idiopathic PD, with nigral dopamine cell loss, Lewy bodies, and neurites containing alpha‐synuclein. The mechanism by which GBA1 mutations increase the risk for PD is still unknown. However, given that clinical manifestation and pathological findings in PD‐GBA1 patients are almost identical to those in idiopathic PD individuals, it is likely that, as in idiopathic PD, alpha‐synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic impairment, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress may contribute to the development and progression of PD‐GBA1. Here, we review the GBA1 gene, its role in GD, and its link with PD.
The impact of glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) mutations on functioning of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and mitochondria. GBA1 mutations resulting in production of misfolded glucocerebrosidase (GCase) significantly affect the ER functioning. Misfolded GCase trapped in the ER leads to both an increase in the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the ER stress. The presence of ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) and/or endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD). The prolonged activation of UPR and ERAD subsequently leads to increased apoptosis. The presence of misfolded GCase in the lysosomes together with a reduction in wild‐type GCase levels lead to a retardation of alpha‐synuclein degradation via chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA), which subsequently results in alpha‐synuclein accumulation and aggregation. Impaired lysosomal functioning also causes a decrease in the clearance of autophagosomes, and so their accumulation. GBA1 mutations perturb normal mitochondria functioning by increasing generation of free radical species (ROS) and decreasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, oxygen consumption, and membrane potential. GBA1 mutations also lead to accumulation of dysfunctional and fragmented mitochondria.
This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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86
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Bennett LL, Turcotte K. Eliglustat tartrate for the treatment of adults with type 1 Gaucher disease. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4639-47. [PMID: 26345314 PMCID: PMC4554398 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s77760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review eliglustat tartrate, a substrate reduction therapy, for the treatment of Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1). GD is an rare inborn error of metabolism caused by accumulation of lipid substrates such as glucosylceramide within the monocyte-macrophage system that affects the body by causing enlargement of the spleen and liver, destruction of bone, and abnormalities of the lungs and blood, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. GD is classified into three types: GD1, a chronic and non-neuronopathic disease accounting for 95% of GD cases; and types 2 and 3 (GD2 GD3) which are more progressive diseases with no approved drugs available at this time. Treatment options for GD1 include enzyme replacement therapy and substrate reduction therapy. Eliglustat works by inhibiting UDP-glucosylceramide synthase, the first enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, thus reducing the load of glucosylceramide influx into the lysosome. Eliglustat was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration after three Phase I, two Phase II, and two Phase III clinical trials. The dose of eliglustat is 84 mg twice a day or once daily depending on the cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype of the patient.
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87
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Abstract
Mutations in the GBA1 gene are associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease, and the protein produced by the gene, glucocerebrosidase, interacts with α-synuclein, the protein at the center of the disease etiology. One possibility is that the mutations disrupt a beneficial interaction between the proteins, and a beneficial interaction would imply that the proteins have coevolved. To explore this possibility, a correlated mutation analysis has been performed for all 72 vertebrate species where complete sequences of α-synuclein and glucocerebrosidase are known. The most highly correlated pair of residue variations is α-synuclein A53T and glucocerebrosidase G115E. Intriguingly, the A53T mutation is a Parkinson's disease risk factor in humans, suggesting the pathology associated with this mutation and interaction with glucocerebrosidase might be connected. Correlations with β-synuclein are also evaluated. To assess the impact of lowered species number on accuracy, intra and inter-chain correlations are also calculated for hemoglobin, using mutual information Z-value and direct coupling analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Gruschus
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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Abstract
Pharmacological chaperone therapy is an emerging approach to treat lysosomal storage diseases. Small-molecule chaperones interact with mutant enzymes, favor their correct conformation and enhance their stability. This approach shows significant advantages when compared with existing therapies, particularly in terms of the bioavailability of drugs, oral administration and positive impact on the quality of patients' lives. On the other hand, future research in this field must confront important challenges. The identification of novel chaperones is indispensable to expanding the number of patients amenable to this treatment and to optimize therapeutic efficacy. It is important to develop new allosteric drugs, to address the risk of inhibiting target enzymes. Future research must also be directed towards the exploitation of synergies between chaperone treatment and other therapeutic approaches.
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89
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Tool compounds robustly increase turnover of an artificial substrate by glucocerebrosidase in human brain lysates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119141. [PMID: 25763858 PMCID: PMC4357465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) cause Gaucher disease and also represent a common risk factor for Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. Recently, new tool molecules were described which can increase turnover of an artificial substrate 4MUG when incubated with mutant N370S GBA1 from human spleen. Here we show that these compounds exert a similar effect on the wild-type enzyme in a cell-free system. In addition, these tool compounds robustly increase turnover of 4MUG by GBA1 derived from human cortex, despite substantially lower glycosylation of GBA1 in human brain, suggesting that the degree of glycosylation is not important for compound binding. Surprisingly, these tool compounds failed to robustly alter GBA1 turnover of 4MUG in the mouse brain homogenate. Our data raise the possibility that in vivo models with humanized glucocerebrosidase may be needed for efficacy assessments of such small molecules.
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90
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Ye H, Hill J, Gucinski AC, Boyne MT, Buhse LF. Direct site-specific glycoform identification and quantitative comparison of glycoprotein therapeutics: imiglucerase and velaglucerase alfa. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:405-15. [PMID: 25501675 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal metabolic disorder, can be treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). Recombinant human glucocerebrosidase imiglucerase (Cerezyme(®)), produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, has been used for ERT of Gaucher disease for 20 years. Another recombinant glucocerebrosidase velaglucerase alfa (VPRIV), expressed in a human fibroblast cell line, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2010. The amino acid sequence difference at residue 495 of these two products is well documented. The overall N-linked qualitative glycan composition of these two products has also been reported previously. Herein, employing our recently developed approach utilizing isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and an LTQ Orbitrap XL electron transfer dissociation (ETD) hybrid mass spectrometer, the site-specific glycoforms of these products were identified with ETD and collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra. The quantitative comparison of site-specific glycans was achieved utilizing higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) spectra with a NanoMate used as both a fraction collector and a sample introduction device. From the trypsin-digested mixture of these two products, over 90 glycopeptides were identified by accurate mass matching. In addition to those previously reported, additional glycopeptides were detected with moderate abundance. The relative amount of each glycoform at a specific glycosylation site was determined based on reporter signal intensities of the TMT labeling reagents. This is the first report of site-specific simultaneous qualitative and quantitative comparison of glycoforms for Cerezyme(®) and VPRIV. The results demonstrate that this method could be utilized for biosimilarity determination and counterfeit identification of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Ye
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, CDER, US Food and Drug Administration, 645 South Newstead Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA,
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91
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Increased glucocerebrosidase expression and activity in preeclamptic placenta. Placenta 2014; 36:160-9. [PMID: 25552189 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysosomal glucosidase beta acid (GBA) deficiency is inherent to Gaucher disease, Parkinsonism and Lewy-body dementia. Increased GBA expression has never been associated with human disease. We describe increased GBA expression and activity in placenta from preeclamptic pregnancies. METHODS 112 placenta biopsies were available for qPCR, analysis of GBA gene expression and activity. Microanalysis was performed on 20 placenta samples. Alternatively spliced placental GBA transcripts were cloned, expressed in HEK293 cells and analyzed by Western blot and activity assay. RESULTS GBA is expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer of human placenta already at 5 weeks of gestation. We identified five novel GBA transcripts in placenta that enzymatically inactive when expressed in HEK293 cells. Both GBA RNA expression and enzymatic activity are upregulated in preeclamptic placenta. Microarray analysis of 20 placenta tissues identified 158 genes co-regulating with GBA expression and gene enrichment analysis highlights lysosomal function. In our micro-array data GBA expression does not correlate with FLT1 expression, currently the most powerful marker for preeclampsia. There are 89 transcripts that are negatively correlated with GBA expression of which BMP4 and TFEB are interesting as they are essential to early placenta function. DISCUSSION Although very speculative, we hypothesize that increased GBA expression might relate to placentation through decreased BMP4 signaling or vascularization through downregulation of TFEB. Ceramide, the product of hydrolysis of glucosylceramide by GBA and involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, survival and apoptosis, is another putative candidate linking increased GBA activity to preeclampsia. Both pathways merit further investigation.
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92
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Yap TL, Jiang Z, Heinrich F, Gruschus JM, Pfefferkorn CM, Barros M, Curtis JE, Sidransky E, Lee JC. Structural features of membrane-bound glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein probed by neutron reflectometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:744-54. [PMID: 25429104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.610584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GCase), the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease, are a common genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson disease and related disorders, implicating the role of this lysosomal hydrolase in the disease etiology. A specific physical interaction exists between the Parkinson disease-related protein α-synuclein (α-syn) and GCase both in solution and on the lipid membrane, resulting in efficient enzyme inhibition. Here, neutron reflectometry was employed as a first direct structural characterization of GCase and α-syn·GCase complex on a sparsely-tethered lipid bilayer, revealing the orientation of the membrane-bound GCase. GCase binds to and partially inserts into the bilayer with its active site most likely lying just above the membrane-water interface. The interaction was further characterized by intrinsic Trp fluorescence, circular dichroism, and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Both Trp fluorescence and neutron reflectometry results suggest a rearrangement of loops surrounding the catalytic site, where they extend into the hydrocarbon chain region of the outer leaflet. Taking advantage of contrasting neutron scattering length densities, the use of deuterated α-syn versus protiated GCase showed a large change in the membrane-bound structure of α-syn in the complex. We propose a model of α-syn·GCase on the membrane, providing structural insights into inhibition of GCase by α-syn. The interaction displaces GCase away from the membrane, possibly impeding substrate access and perturbing the active site. GCase greatly alters membrane-bound α-syn, moving helical residues away from the bilayer, which could impact the degradation of α-syn in the lysosome where these two proteins interact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiping Jiang
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, NHLBI, and
| | - Frank Heinrich
- the Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and the Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | | | | | - Marilia Barros
- the Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- the Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- the Medical Genetics Branch, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Vitner EB, Vardi A, Cox TM, Futerman AH. Emerging therapeutic targets for Gaucher disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:321-34. [PMID: 25416676 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.981530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gaucher disease (GD) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene. Although infusions of recombinant GBA ameliorate the systemic effects of GD, this therapy has no effect on the neurological manifestations. Patients with the neuronopathic forms of GD (nGD) are often severely disabled and die prematurely. The search for innovative drugs is thus urgent for the neuronopathic forms. AREAS COVERED Here we briefly summarize the available treatments for GD. We then review recent studies of the molecular pathogenesis of GD, which suggest new avenues for therapeutic development. EXPERT OPINION Existing treatments for GD are designed to target the primary consequence of the inborn defects of sphingolipid metabolism, that is, lysosomal accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer). Here we suggest that targeting other pathways, such as those that are activated as a consequence of GlcCer accumulation, may also have salutary clinical effects irrespective of whether excess substrate persists. These pathways include those implicated in neuroinflammation, and specifically, receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) and related components of this pathway, which appear to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of nGD. Once available, inhibitors to components of the RIP kinase pathway will hopefully offer new therapeutic opportunities in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biological Chemistry , Rehovot 76100 , Israel +972 8 9342353 ; +972 8 9344112 ;
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Kallemeijn WW, Witte MD, Voorn-Brouwer TM, Walvoort MTC, Li KY, Codée JDC, van der Marel GA, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. A sensitive gel-based method combining distinct cyclophellitol-based probes for the identification of acid/base residues in human retaining β-glucosidases. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35351-62. [PMID: 25344605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retaining β-exoglucosidases operate by a mechanism in which the key amino acids driving the glycosidic bond hydrolysis act as catalytic acid/base and nucleophile. Recently we designed two distinct classes of fluorescent cyclophellitol-type activity-based probes (ABPs) that exploit this mechanism to covalently modify the nucleophile of retaining β-glucosidases. Whereas β-epoxide ABPs require a protonated acid/base for irreversible inhibition of retaining β-glucosidases, β-aziridine ABPs do not. Here we describe a novel sensitive method to identify both catalytic residues of retaining β-glucosidases by the combined use of cyclophellitol β-epoxide- and β-aziridine ABPs. In this approach putative catalytic residues are first substituted to noncarboxylic amino acids such as glycine or glutamine through site-directed mutagenesis. Next, the acid/base and nucleophile can be identified via classical sodium azide-mediated rescue of mutants thereof. Selective labeling with fluorescent β-aziridine but not β-epoxide ABPs identifies the acid/base residue in mutagenized enzyme, as only the β-aziridine ABP can bind in its absence. The Absence of the nucleophile abolishes any ABP labeling. We validated the method by using the retaining β-glucosidase GBA (CAZy glycosylhydrolase family GH30) and then applied it to non-homologous (putative) retaining β-glucosidases categorized in GH1 and GH116: GBA2, GBA3, and LPH. The described method is highly sensitive, requiring only femtomoles (nanograms) of ABP-labeled enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Kallemeijn
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Martin D Witte
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P. O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke M Voorn-Brouwer
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P. O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kah-Yee Li
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P. O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P. O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P. O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, P. O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
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95
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Rajabi K. Mass spectrometric study of gas-phase ions of acid β-glucosidase (Cerezyme) and iminosugar pharmacological chaperones. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:1002-1009. [PMID: 25303390 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect on the conformations and stability of gas-phase ions of Cerezyme, a glycoprotein, when bound to three small-molecule chaperones has been studied using intact ESI MS, collision cross section and MS/MS measurements. To distinguish between the peaks from apo and small-molecule complex ions, Cerezyme is deglycosylated (dg-Cer). ESI MS of dg-Cer reveals that glycosylation accounts for 8.5% of the molecular weight. When excess chaperone, either covalent (2FGF) or noncovalent (A and B iminosugars), is added to solutions of dg-Cer, mass spectra show peaks from 1:1 chaperone-enzyme complexes as well as free enzyme. On average, ions of the apoenzyme have 1.6 times higher cross sections when activated in the source region of the mass spectrometer. For a given charge state, ions of complexes of 2FGF and B have about 30% and 8.4% lower cross sections, respectively, compared to the apoenzyme. Thus, binding the chaperones causes the gas-phase protein to adopt more compact conformations. The noncovalent complex ions dissociate by the loss of charged chaperones. In the gas phase, the relative stability of dg-Cer with B is higher than that with the A, whereas in solution A binds enzyme more strongly than B. Nevertheless, the disagreement is explained based on the greater number of contacts between the B and dg-Cer than the A and dg-Cer (13 vs. 8), indicating the importance of noncovalent interactions within the protein-chaperone complex in the absence of solvent. Findings in this work suggest a hypothesis towards predicting a consistent correlation between gas-phase properties to solution binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia (UBC), 2036 Mail Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology (ACSMB), University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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96
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Selective chaperone effect of aminocyclitol derivatives on G202R and other mutant glucocerebrosidases causing Gaucher disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:245-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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97
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Deng H, Xiu X, Jankovic J. Genetic convergence of Parkinson's disease and lysosomal storage disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1554-68. [PMID: 25099932 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by predominant degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of intracellular inclusions enriched in α-synuclein, resulting in a variety motor and nonmotor symptoms. Lysosomal storage disorders are a group of disorders including Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses caused by the defective activity of lysosomal and nonlysosomal proteins. In addition to an overlap in some clinical features between lysosomal storage disorders and Parkinson's disease, the two disorders may be also linked pathogenically. There is growing support for the notion that mutations in genes causing lysosomal storage disorders including the glucocerebrosidase gene, the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 gene, and the NPC1 gene may increase risk for developing Parkinson's disease. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the genetic convergence of Parkinson's disease and lysosomal storage disorders, shedding new light on the understanding of shared pathogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China,
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98
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Zhao Y, Ren J, Padilla-Parra S, Fry EE, Stuart DI. Lysosome sorting of β-glucocerebrosidase by LIMP-2 is targeted by the mannose 6-phosphate receptor. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4321. [PMID: 25027712 PMCID: PMC4104448 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The integral membrane protein LIMP-2 has been a paradigm for mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR) independent lysosomal targeting, binding to β-glucocerebrosidase (β-GCase) and directing it to the lysosome, before dissociating in the late-endosomal/lysosomal compartments. Here we report structural results illuminating how LIMP-2 binds and releases β-GCase according to changes in pH, via a histidine trigger, and suggesting that LIMP-2 localizes the ceramide portion of the substrate adjacent to the β-GCase catalytic site. Remarkably, we find that LIMP-2 bears P-Man9GlcNAc2 covalently attached to residue N325, and that it binds MPR, via mannose 6-phosphate, with a similar affinity to that observed between LIMP-2 and β-GCase. The binding sites for β-GCase and the MPR are functionally separate, so that a stable ternary complex can be formed. By fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, we also demonstrate that LIMP-2 interacts with MPR in living cells. These results revise the accepted view of LIMP-2-β-GCase lysosomal targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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99
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatments of Gaucher disease (GD), focusing on the role of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), andsubstrate reduction therapy (SRT). DATA SOURCES A literature search through PubMed (1984-May 2013) of English language articles was performed with terms: Gaucher's disease, lysosomal storage disease. Secondary and tertiary references were obtained by reviewing related articles. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All articles in English identified from the data sources, clinical studies using ERT, SRT and articles containing other interesting aspects were included. DATA SYNTHESIS GD is the most common inherited LSD, characterized by a deficiency in the activity of the enzyme acid β-glucosidase, which leads to accumulation of glucocerebroside within lysosomes of macrophages, leading to hepatosplenomegaly, bone marrow suppression, and bone lesions. GD is classified into 3 types: type 1 GD (GD1) is chronic and non-neuronopathic, accounting for 95% of GDs, and types 2 and 3 (GD2, GD3) cause nerve cell destruction. Regular monitoring of enzyme chitotriosidase and pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokines are useful to confirm the diagnosis and effectiveness of GD treatment. CONCLUSIONS There are 4 treatments available for GD1: 3 ERTs and 1 SRT. Miglustat, an SRT, is approved for mild to moderate GD1. ERTs are available for moderate to severe GD1 and can improve quality of life within the first year of treatment. The newest ERT, taliglucerase alfa, is plant-cell derived that can be produced on a large scale at lower cost. Eliglustat tartrate, another SRT, is under phase 3 clinical trials. No drugs have been approved for GD2 or GD3.
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100
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Serra-Vinardell J, Díaz L, Casas J, Grinberg D, Vilageliu L, Michelakakis H, Mavridou I, Aerts JMFG, Decroocq C, Compain P, Delgado A. Glucocerebrosidase enhancers for selected Gaucher disease genotypes by modification of α-1-C-substituted imino-D-xylitols (DIXs) by click chemistry. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1744-54. [PMID: 24976039 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of hybrid analogues was designed by combination of the iminoxylitol scaffold of parent 1C9-DIX with triazolylalkyl side chains. The resulting compounds were considered potential pharmacological chaperones in Gaucher disease. The DIX analogues reported here were synthesized by CuAAC click chemistry from scaffold 1 (α-1-C-propargyl-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-xylitol) and screened as imiglucerase inhibitors. A set of selected compounds were tested as β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) enhancers in fibroblasts from Gaucher patients bearing different genotypes. A number of these DIX compounds were revealed as potent GBA1 enhancers in genotypes containing the G202R mutation, particularly compound DIX-28 (α-1-C-[(1-(3-trimethylsilyl)propyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-xylitol), bearing the 3-trimethylsilylpropyl group as a new surrogate of a long alkyl chain, with approximately threefold activity enhancement at 10 nM. Despite their structural similarities with isofagomine and with our previously reported aminocyclitols, the present DIX compounds behaved as non-competitive inhibitors, with the exception of the mixed-type inhibitor DIX-28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IBUB; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona (Spain)
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