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Lee SY, Choi MK, Lim JM, Wu HG, Kim JH, Park WY. Differential Expressions of Apoptosis-related Genes in Lung Cancer Cell Lines Determine the Responsiveness to Ionizing Radiation. Genomics Inform 2008. [DOI: 10.5808/gi.2008.6.1.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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52
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Tanaka H, Kamita SG, Wolf NM, Harris TR, Wu Z, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Transcriptional regulation of the human soluble epoxide hydrolase gene EPHX2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2007; 1779:17-27. [PMID: 18078836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a multifunctional protein encoded by the EPHX2 gene. The biological functions and enzyme kinetics of sEH have been extensively investigated, however, little is known about its transcriptional regulation and mechanisms of tissue specific expression. Here, a luciferase gene based reporter assay was used to identify the minimal promoter and cis regulatory elements of EPHX2. The minimal promoter was identified as a GC-rich region between nts -374 and +28 with respect to the putative transcriptional start site. A reporter plasmid carrying this minimal promoter showed higher or similar activities in comparison to a reporter plasmid carrying nts -5,974 to +28 of EPHX2 in 9 human cell lines that were tested. Sp1 binding sites that are involved in augmenting the minimal promoter activity of EPHX2 were identified by nested deletion analysis, site-specific mutation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Tanaka
- Department of Entomology and the Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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53
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Lin R, Sun Y, Li C, Xie C, Wang S. Identification of differentially expressed genes in human lymphoblastoid cells exposed to irradiation and suppression of radiation-induced apoptosis with antisense oligonucleotides against caspase-4. Oligonucleotides 2007; 17:314-26. [PMID: 17854271 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2007.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To identify candidate genes in response to ionizing radiation (IR) and discover new targets for basic research and radiation protection, whole human genome bioarrays were used to examine gene expression profiles in human lymphoblastoid AHH-1 cells exposed to IR. The results were confirmed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the effects of ionizing radiation on cell growth, cell cycles and apoptosis were also examined. The microarray analysis revealed a set of IR responsive genes, including 906 genes at 4 hours and 789 genes at 24 hours after exposure to 5 Gy IR. The processes of cell cycles, apoptosis, signal transduction, and DNA repair involved a high percentage of IR responsive genes, among which, caspase-4 was most strongly induced by irradiation. Consistent with this, downregulation of caspase-4 expression by antisense oligonucleotides significantly increased cell viability and protected cells from undergoing apoptosis induced by IR. Taken together, the results suggested that caspase-4 plays an important role in radiation-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxian Lin
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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54
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Lee HJ, Lee M, Kang CM, Jeoung D, Bae S, Cho CK, Lee YS. Identification of Possible Candidate Biomarkers for Local or Whole Body Radiation Exposure in C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69:1272-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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55
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Orre LM, Pernemalm M, Lengqvist J, Lewensohn R, Lehtiö J. Up-regulation, modification, and translocation of S100A6 induced by exposure to ionizing radiation revealed by proteomics profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:2122-31. [PMID: 17785350 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700202-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular response to genotoxic stress is a complex cascade of events including altered protein expression, interactions, modifications, and relocalization, leading to cell cycle arrest and DNA repair or to apoptosis. p53 protein has a central role in this process, and p53 status is an important factor in the response of a tumor to genotoxic anticancer therapy. We studied p53-related changes postexposure to ionizing radiation using top-down mass spectrometry. Initially two cell lines were compared, HCT116 p53 wild type (wt) and p53(-/-), in a time course study postirradiation. In the p53 wt cell line a striking increase of a 10.2-kDa protein was detected, and this protein was identified with MS/MS analysis as S100A6. Further MS profiling led to detection of two post-translationally modified variants of S100A6, namely glutathionylated and cysteinylated forms. In p53 wt cells, a specific shift from glutathionylated to cysteinylated S100A6 occurred postirradiation. The p53 dependence of this specific change in protein level and modification pattern of S100A6 postirradiation was confirmed in a panel of four lung cancer cell lines (H23, U1810, H69, and A549) with different p53 status and using small interfering RNA against p53. Interestingly the closely related S100 family protein S100A4 showed the same changes in modification pattern post-ionizing radiation in the p53 wt lung cancer cell line, and S100A4 also showed p53-dependent expression. Using confocal microscopy, relocalization of S100A6 from nucleus to cytosol and a colocalization with tropomyosin in stress fibers was detected in A549 cells postirradiation. This relocalization coincided with the change in S100A6 modification pattern. Based on these results, we suggest that S100A6 and S100A4 are regulated via redox modifications in vivo and that these proteins are involved in the cellular response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Orre
- Karolinska Biomics Center (KBC), Karolinska Institutet, Z5 plan 02, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm Sweden
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56
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Alexander GA, Swartz HM, Amundson SA, Blakely WF, Buddemeier B, Gallez B, Dainiak N, Goans RE, Hayes RB, Lowry PC, Noska MA, Okunieff P, Salner AL, Schauer DA, Trompier F, Turteltaub KW, Voisin P, Wiley AL, Wilkins R. BiodosEPR-2006 Meeting: Acute dosimetry consensus committee recommendations on biodosimetry applications in events involving uses of radiation by terrorists and radiation accidents. RADIAT MEAS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kim N, Park WY, Kim JM, Park YS, Lee DH, Park JH, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS. Analysis of Gene Expression Profile of AGS Cells Stimulated by Helicobacter pylori Adhesion. Gut Liver 2007; 1:40-8. [PMID: 20485657 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2007.1.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Interactions between H. pylori and gastric epithelial cells contribute to gastric inflammation and epithelial damage. This study was performed to evaluate the gene expression profile of AGS cells by adhesion of H. pylori. METHODS Changes in AGS cell gene expression induced by co-culturing with H. pylori (G69a strain) (4, 12, 24, 48 hours) were monitored using oligonucleotide microarray. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for data validation by the Assay-on-Demand Gene Expression product method. RESULTS A total of 270 (2.66%) and 19 genes (0.19%) were up-regulated in AGS cells by H. pylori adhesion. Gene ontology analysis showed that up-regulated genes were categorized into endolipidase activity (17 genes), receptor binding (17 genes), integrin binding (4 genes), and two down-regulated genes into GTP binding category. The expression levels of 20 up- and 5 down-regulated genes were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Sixteen genes involving cytokine activity (IL8, IL1B, TNF), hydrolase activity (PTP4A1, ERCC1, CASP8, CASP7, ACIN1), VIP receptor activity (VIPR2), and neuropeptide Y receptor activity (GPR83) were confirmed to be up-regulated. Five genes, namely, ARF3, M17S2, DDB2, AWP1, and WTAP were confirmed to be down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Host genes are significantly changed by H. pylori adhesion, which might explain the gastroduodenal pathogenesis induced by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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58
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West CML, Elliott RM, Burnet NG. The genomics revolution and radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:470-80. [PMID: 17419040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of our knowledge through the Human Genome Project has been accompanied by the development of new high-throughput techniques, which provide extensive capabilities for the analysis of a large number of genes or the whole genome. These assays can be carried out in various clinical samples at the DNA (genome), RNA (transcriptome) or protein (proteome) level. There is a belief that this genomic revolution, i.e. sequencing of the human genome and developments in high-throughput technology, heralds a future of personalised medicine. For clinical oncology, this progress should increase the possibility of predicting individual patient responses to radiotherapy. This review highlights some of the work involving sparsely ionising radiation and the new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M L West
- Academic Radiation Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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59
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Hochberg M, Zeligson S, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Ingber A, Enk CD. Genomic-scale analysis of psoriatic skin reveals differentially expressed insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 after phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:289-300. [PMID: 17223869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phototherapy is an effective therapy for psoriasis. The molecular mechanisms underlying its efficacy are not yet understood. OBJECTIVES To compare the expression profiles of psoriatic epidermis in patients before and after undergoing phototherapy with the purpose of expounding the molecular mechanisms underlying the efficacy of this therapeutic modality. METHODS Patients with psoriasis were investigated before and after full courses of phototherapy: three patients completed 3 weeks of heliotherapy at the Dead Sea; three patients received narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) for a total of 20-27 treatments. Epidermal samples were analysed using oligonucleotide microarrays. Our microarray results led us to explore further and to quantify a specific gene, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP7), using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays and immunohistochemical protein expression. RESULTS We identified 315 genes modulated by phototherapy: the expressions of 248 genes (142 up; 106 down) were changed by Dead Sea treatment, 116 (71 up; 45 down) by NB-UVB and 49 (37 up; 12 down) were modulated regardless of treatment. The differentially changed genes include S100 calcium-binding proteins, dendritic cell markers, tumour necrosis factor-alpha target genes, matrix metalloproteinases and NFkappaB target genes. We also found that IGFBP7 mRNA and protein were significantly underexpressed in psoriatic compared with normal epidermis, and that phototherapy significantly increased their expression. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP7 is underexpressed in psoriatic epidermis but is inducible by UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hochberg
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical School, IL-91010 Jerusalem, Israel.
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60
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Malone J, Ullrich R. Novel Radiation Response Genes Identified in Gene-Trapped MCF10A Mammary Epithelial Cells. Radiat Res 2007; 167:176-84. [PMID: 17390725 DOI: 10.1667/rr0656.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have used a gene-trapping strategy to screen human mammary epithelial cells for radiation response genes. Relative mRNA expression levels of five candidate genes in MCF10A cells were analyzed, both with and without exposure to radiation. In all five cases, the trapped genes were significantly down-regulated after radiation treatment. Sequence analysis of the fusion transcripts identified the trapped genes: (1) the human androgen receptor, (2) the uncharacterized DREV1 gene, which has known homology to DNA methyltransferases, (3) the human creatine kinase gene, (4) the human eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2, and (5) the human ribosomal protein L27. All five genes were down-regulated significantly after treatment with varying doses of ionizing radiation (0.10 to 4.0 Gy) and at varying times (2-30 h after treatment). The genes were also analyzed in human fibroblast and lymphoblastoid cell lines to determine whether the radiation response being observed was cell-type specific. The results verified that the observed radiation response was not a cell-type-specific phenomenon, suggesting that the genes play essential roles in the radiation damage control pathways. This study demonstrates the potential of the gene-trap approach for the identification and functional analysis of novel radiation response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Malone
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508, USA.
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61
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Hellweg CE, Baumstark-Khan C. Getting ready for the manned mission to Mars: the astronauts' risk from space radiation. Naturwissenschaften 2007; 94:517-26. [PMID: 17235598 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-006-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Space programmes are shifting towards planetary exploration and, in particular, towards missions by human beings to the Moon and to Mars. Radiation is considered to be one of the major hazards for personnel in space and has emerged as the most critical issue to be resolved for long-term missions both orbital and interplanetary. The two cosmic sources of radiation that could impact a mission outside the Earth's magnetic field are solar particle events (SPE) and galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Exposure to the types of ionizing radiation encountered during space travel may cause a number of health-related problems, but the primary concern is related to the increased risk of cancer induction in astronauts. Predictions of cancer risk and acceptable radiation exposure in space are extrapolated from minimal data and are subject to many uncertainties. The paper describes present-day estimates of equivalent doses from GCR and solar cosmic radiation behind various shields and radiation risks for astronauts on a mission to Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Hellweg
- DLR, Institut für Luft-und Raumfahrtmedizin, Strahlenbiologie, 51147, Cologne, Germany
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62
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Okazaki R, Ootsuyama A, Norimura T. TP53 and TP53-Related Genes Associated with Protection from Apoptosis in the Radioadaptive Response. Radiat Res 2007; 167:51-7. [PMID: 17214514 DOI: 10.1667/rr0623.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of administering priming low-dose radiation prior to high-dose radiation on the level of apoptosis and on the expression of TP53 and TP53-related genes in mouse splenocytes. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in TP53(+/+) mice receiving priming radiation 2 to 168 h before the high-dose irradiation, compared to TP53(+/+) mice exposed to 2 Gy alone. In contrast, TP53(+/-) mice exhibited a reduced level of apoptosis only when priming was performed for 2 or 4 h prior to the high-dose irradiation. In TP53(+/+) mice, primed mice had higher TP53 expression than mice exposed to 2 Gy. Phospho-TP53 (ser15/18) expression was the highest in mice exposed to 2 Gy and intermediate in primed mice. Expression of p21 (CDKN1A) was higher in primed mice compared with mice exposed to 2 Gy. MDM2 expression remained at a high level in all mice receiving 2 Gy. Elevated phospho-ATM expression was observed only in mice exposed to 2 Gy. We conclude that TP53 plays a critical role in the radioadaptive response and that TP53 and TP53-related genes might protect cells from apoptosis through activation of the intracellular repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Okazaki
- Department of Radiation Biology and Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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63
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Wu J, Daino K, Ichimura S, Nenoi M. The initiator motif is preferentially used as the core promoter element in ionizing radiation-responsive genes. Radiat Res 2006; 166:810-3. [PMID: 17067207 DOI: 10.1667/rr0570.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvements in DNA microarray technologies and bioinformatics have made it possible to look for common features of ionizing radiation-responsive genes and their regulatory regions. We analyzed the promoters of 217 radiation-responsive human genes, compiled from microarray databases available in the literature. Using the DBTSS database, the transcriptional start sites were determined, and the core promoter elements, such as the TATA-box, initiator (Inr), GC-box and CCAAT-box, were searched for in the -1000 bp/ +200 bp region of each gene by using MATCH. It was found that the frequency of Inr in radiation-responsive genes was higher than that in general genes, and the frequencies of the GC-box and CCAAT-box were significantly lower than those in general genes. Use of the GC-box and the CCAAT-box in radiation-responsive genes was found to be dependent on the TATA-box status; that is, GC-box frequency was low in TATA box-containing genes, and CCAAT-box frequency was also low in TATA-less genes. When correlations between gene functions and frequencies of core promoter elements were examined, no apparent biased use of the core promoter element in association with a specific gene function was observed. It may be speculated that use of Inr in the core promoter correlates with appearance of radiation-responsive enhancer (silencer) elements in the upstream (downstream) regulatory region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wu
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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64
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Kimura S, Ishidou E, Kurita S, Suzuki Y, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Iwahashi H. DNA microarray analyses reveal a post-irradiation differential time-dependent gene expression profile in yeast cells exposed to X-rays and γ-rays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:51-60. [PMID: 16759639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is the most enigmatic of genotoxic stress inducers in our environment that has been around from the eons of time. IR is generally considered harmful, and has been the subject of numerous studies, mostly looking at the DNA damaging effects in cells and the repair mechanisms therein. Moreover, few studies have focused on large-scale identification of cellular responses to IR, and to this end, we describe here an initial study on the transcriptional responses of the unicellular genome model, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain S288C), by cDNA microarray. The effect of two different IR, X-rays, and gamma (gamma)-rays, was investigated by irradiating the yeast cells cultured in YPD medium with 50 Gy doses of X- and gamma-rays, followed by resuspension of the cells in YPD for time-course experiments. The samples were collected for microarray analysis at 20, 40, and 80 min after irradiation. Microarray analysis revealed a time-course transcriptional profile of changed gene expressions. Up-regulated genes belonged to the functional categories mainly related to cell cycle and DNA processing, cell rescue defense and virulence, protein and cell fate, and metabolism (X- and gamma-rays). Similarly, for X- and gamma-rays, the down-regulated genes belonged to mostly transcription and protein synthesis, cell cycle and DNA processing, control of cellular organization, cell fate, and C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism categories, respectively. This study provides for the first time a snapshot of the genome-wide mRNA expression profiles in X- and gamma-ray post-irradiated yeast cells and comparatively interprets/discusses the changed gene functional categories as effects of these two radiations vis-à-vis their energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinzo Kimura
- Laboratory of Environmental Biology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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65
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Enk CD, Jacob-Hirsch J, Gal H, Verbovetski I, Amariglio N, Mevorach D, Ingber A, Givol D, Rechavi G, Hochberg M. The UVB-induced gene expression profile of human epidermis in vivo is different from that of cultured keratinocytes. Oncogene 2006; 25:2601-14. [PMID: 16434974 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain a comprehensive picture of the molecular events regulating cutaneous photodamage of intact human epidermis, suction blister roofs obtained after a single dose of in vivo ultraviolet (UV)B exposure were used for microarray profiling. We found a changed expression of 619 genes. Half of the UVB-regulated genes had returned to pre-exposure baseline levels at 72 h, underscoring the transient character of the molecular cutaneous UVB response. Of special interest was our finding that several of the central p53 target genes remained unaffected following UVB exposure in spite of p53 protein accumulation. We next compared the in vivo expression profiles of epidermal sheets to that of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to UVB in vitro. We found 1931 genes that differed in their expression profiles between the two groups. The expression profile in intact epidemis was geared mainly towards DNA repair, whereas cultured keratinocytes responded predominantly by activating genes associated with cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. These differences in expression profiles might reflect differences between mature differentiating keratinocytes in the suprabasal epidermal layers versus exponentially proliferating keratinocytes in cell culture. Our findings show that extreme care should be taken when extrapolating from findings based on keratinocyte cultures to changes in intact epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Enk
- Department of Dermatology, The Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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66
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Lee MS, Jun DH, Hwang CI, Park SS, Kang JJ, Park HS, Kim J, Kim JH, Seo JS, Park WY. Selection of neural differentiation-specific genes by comparing profiles of random differentiation. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1946-55. [PMID: 16627687 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into neurons requires a high level of transcriptional regulation. To further understand the transcriptional regulation of neural differentiation of ESCs, we used oligonucleotide microarray to examine the gene expressions of the guided differentiation (GD) model for dopaminergic (DA) neurons from mouse ESCs. We also determined the gene expression profiles of the random differentiation (RD) model of mouse ESCs into embryoid bodies. From K-means clustering analysis using the expression patterns of the two models, most of the genes (1,282 of 1,884 genes [68.0%]) overlapped in their expression patterns. Six hundred twenty-two differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the GD model by random variance F-test were classified by their critical molecular functions in neurogenesis and DNA replication (Gene Ontology analysis). However, 400 genes among GD-DEGs (64.3%) showed a high correlation with RD in Spearman's correlation analysis (Spearman's coefficient p(s) >or= .6). The genes showing marginal correlation (-.4 < p(s) < .6) were present in the early stages of differentiation of both GD and RD, which were non-specific to brain development. Finally, we distinguished 66 GD-specific genes based on p(s) <or= -.4, the molecular functions of which were related mainly to vesicle formation, neurogenesis, and transcription factors. From among these GD-specific genes, we confirmed the expression of Serpini1 and Rab33a in P19 differentiation models and adult brains. From these results, we identified the specific genes required for neural differentiation by comparing gene expressions of GD with RD; these would potentially be the highly specific candidate genes necessary for differentiation of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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67
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Coleman MA, Yin E, Peterson LE, Nelson D, Sorensen K, Tucker JD, Wyrobek AJ. Low-dose irradiation alters the transcript profiles of human lymphoblastoid cells including genes associated with cytogenetic radioadaptive response. Radiat Res 2005; 164:369-82. [PMID: 16187739 DOI: 10.1667/rr3356.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose ionizing radiation alters the gene expression profiles of mammalian cells, yet there is little understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for these changes or of their consequences for genomic stability. We investigated the cytogenetic adaptive response of human lymphoblastoid cell lines exposed to 5 cGy (priming dose) followed by 2 Gy (challenge dose) compared to cells that received a single 2-Gy dose to (a) determine how the priming dose influences subsequent gene transcript expression in reproducibly adapting and non-adapting cell lines, and (b) identify gene transcripts that are associated with reductions in the magnitude of chromosomal damage after the challenge dose. The transcript profiles were evaluated using oligonucleotide arrays and RNA obtained 4 h after the challenge dose. A set of 145 genes (false discovery rate = 5%) with transcripts that were affected by the 5-cGy priming dose fell into two categories: (a) a set of common genes that were similarly modulated by the 5-cGy priming dose irrespective of whether the cells subsequently adapted or not and (b) genes with differential transcription in accordance with the cell lines that showed either adaptive or non-adaptive outcomes. The common priming-dose response genes showed up-regulation for protein synthesis genes and down-regulation of metabolic and signal transduction genes (>10-fold differences). The genes associated with subsequent adaptive and non-adaptive outcomes involved DNA repair, stress response, cell cycle control and apoptosis. Our findings support the importance of TP53-related functions in the control of the low-dose cytogenetic radioadaptive response and suggest that certain low-dose-induced alterations in cellular functions are predictive for the risk of subsequent genomic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Coleman
- Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore, National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Huang C, Liu XY, Rehemtulla A, Lawrence TS. Identification of peptides that bind to irradiated pancreatic tumor cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62:1497-503. [PMID: 16029812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptides targeting tumor vascular cells or tumor cells themselves have the potential to be used as vectors for delivering either DNA in gene therapy or antitumor agents in chemotherapy. We wished to determine if peptides identified by phage display could be used to target irradiated pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS Irradiated Capan-2 cells were incubated with 5 x 10(12) plaque-forming units of a phage display library. Internalized phage were recovered and absorbed against unirradiated cells. After five such cycles of enrichment, the recovered phage were subjected to DNA sequencing analysis and synthetic peptides made. The binding of both phage and synthetic peptides was evaluated by fluorescence staining and flow cytometry in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We identified one 12-mer peptide (PA1) that binds to irradiated Capan-2 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells but not to unirradiated cells. The binding of peptide was significant after 48 h incubation with cells. In vivo experiments with Capan-2 xenografts in nude mice demonstrated that these small peptides are able to penetrate tumor tissue after intravenous injections and bind specifically to irradiated tumor cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest that peptides can be identified that target tumors with radiation-induced cell markers and may be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010, USA
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69
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Azenabor AA, Job G, Adedokun OO. Chlamydia pneumoniae infected macrophages exhibit enhanced plasma membrane fluidity and show increased adherence to endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 269:69-84. [PMID: 15786718 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-2537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular prokaryote, is known to have requirement for some lipids which it is incapable of synthesizing, and these lipids have important fluidizing roles in plasma membrane. We decided to examine if the trafficking of these lipids to C. pneumoniae alters the physicochemical properties of macrophage plasma membrane, affects the expression of genes and proteins of enzymes associated with metabolism of some of these lipids and assess if Ca2+ signaling usually induced in macrophages infected with C. pneumoniae modulates the genes of these selected enzymes. Chlamydia pneumoniae induced the depletion of macrophage membrane cholesterol, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin but caused an increase in phosphotidylcholine resulting in a relative increase in total phospholipids. There was increased membrane fluidity, enhanced macrophage fragility and heightened adherence of macrophages to endothelial cells despite the application of inhibitor of adhesion molecules. Also, there was impairment of macrophage 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase gene and protein expression independent of Ca2+ signaling, while phospholipase C gene and protein were up-regulated in a manner minimally dependent on Ca2+ signaling. The implications of these findings are that macrophages infected with C. pneumoniae have altered membrane physicochemical characteristics which may render them atherogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Azenabor
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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70
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Franco N, Lamartine J, Frouin V, Le Minter P, Petat C, Leplat JJ, Libert F, Gidrol X, Martin MT. Low-Dose Exposure to γ Rays Induces Specific Gene Regulations in Normal Human Keratinocytes. Radiat Res 2005; 163:623-35. [PMID: 15913394 DOI: 10.1667/rr3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the organ most exposed to various environmental aggressors, including ionizing radiation. Low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to gamma rays account for most occupational, medical or environmental irradiations. To examine whether this type of exposure triggers specific molecular responses, cultured primary keratinocytes isolated from adult normal skin were irradiated with single acute doses of 1 cGy or 2 Gy. DNA microarrays containing 10,500 probes were used to assess transcriptional changes over a time course between 3 and 72 h postirradiation. Keratinocytes were studied at a differentiated stage to mimic the response of cells from the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. A major finding of this study was the identification of an important number of low-dose-specific genes (140), most of which were modulated at 48 h. Clustering analysis also revealed low-dose-specific profiles. One of these clusters (17 known genes) was further analyzed using Gibbs sampling algorithm, which led to the identification of 7 putative promoter sequences. These results show for the first time that low-dose ionizing radiation is able to induce specific transcriptional responses in human keratinocytes. Our findings support the potential usefulness of microarrays in biological dosimetry studies after low-dose exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreli Franco
- Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CEA, 91057, Evry, France
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71
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Koike M, Shiomi T, Koike A. Identification of Skin injury-related genes induced by ionizing radiation in human keratinocytes using cDNA microarray. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2005; 46:173-84. [PMID: 15988135 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.46.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin is an external organ that is most frequently exposed to radiation. High-dose radiation initiates and promotes skin cancer and acute radiation injury. It is important to investigate the influence of high-dose radiation exposure on the skin at the molecular level to understand acute radiation injury. To identify genes that are associated with injury caused by high-dose radiation exposure of the skin, we used microarray technology to examine the effect of irradiation on approximately 1000 genes in normal human epidermal keratinocytes at 3 h postirradiation with a cytotoxic dose of X-ray (5 Gy). We found that 16 and 59 genes were up- and down-regulated respectively in the keratinocytes. Several apoptosis-related genes, for example, BAK and TSC-22, and anti-proliferative genes, for example, BTG-1 and BTG-3, were up-regulated. We focused on ATF3 because ATF3 is induced most strongly by X-irradiation, and its function in keratinocytes is unknown. The induction of the ATF3 mRNA and protein in keratinocytes following X-ray was confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. ATF3 was also induced and accumulated within the nuclei of keratinocytes after X-ray irradiation in vivo and in vitro. Exogenous EYFP-ATF3 also accumulated within the nuclei of keratinocytes. In the transient expression assay, EYFP-ATF3, but not EYFP, induced apoptosis in keratinocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that ATF3 plays a role in apoptosis in keratinocytes and is associated with skin injury caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- Radiation Hazards Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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72
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Kim JH, Ha IS, Hwang CI, Lee YJ, Kim J, Yang SH, Kim YS, Cao YA, Choi S, Park WY. Gene expression profiling of anti-GBM glomerulonephritis model: the role of NF-kappaB in immune complex kidney disease. Kidney Int 2005; 66:1826-37. [PMID: 15496153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune complexes may cause an irreversible onset of chronic renal disease. Most patients with chronic renal disease undergo a final common pathway, marked by glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. We attempted to draw a molecular map of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis in mice using oligonucleotide microarray technology. METHODS Kidneys were harvested at days 1, 3, 7, 11, and 16 after inducing glomerulonephritis by using anti-GBM antibody. In parallel with examining the biochemical and histologic changes, gene expression profiles were acquired against five pooled control kidneys. Gene expression levels were cross-validated by either reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Pathologic changes in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis were confirmed in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains. Among the 13,680 spotted 65mer oligonucleotides, 1112 genes showing significant temporal patterns by permutation analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple testing correction [false discovery ratio (FDR) < 0.05] were chosen for cluster analysis. From the expression profile, acute inflammatory reactions characterized by the elevation of various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, were identified within 3 days of disease onset. After 7 days, tissue remodeling response was prominent with highly induced extracellular-matrix (ECM) genes. Although cytokines related to lymphocyte activation were not detected, monocyte or mesangial cell proliferation-related genes were increased. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway were consistently activated along the entire disease progression, inducing various target genes like complement 3, IL-1b, IL-6, Traf1, and Saa1. CONCLUSION We made a large-scale gene expression time table for mouse anti-GBM glomerulonephritis model, providing a comprehensive overview on the mechanism governing the initiation and the progression of inflammatory renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Han Kim
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul, Korea
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73
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Amundson SA, Do KT, Vinikoor L, Koch-Paiz CA, Bittner ML, Trent JM, Meltzer P, Fornace AJ. Stress-specific signatures: expression profiling of p53 wild-type and -null human cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:4572-9. [PMID: 15824734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression responses of human cell lines exposed to a diverse set of stress agents were compared by cDNA microarray hybridization. The B-lymphoblastoid cell line TK6 (p53 wild-type) and its p53-null derivative, NH32, were treated in parallel to facilitate investigation of p53-dependent responses. RNA was extracted 4 h after the beginning of treatment when no notable decrease in cell viability was evident in the cultures. Gene expression signatures were defined that discriminated between four broad general mechanisms of stress agents: Non-DNA-damaging stresses (heat shock, osmotic shock, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate), agents causing mainly oxidative stress (arsenite and hydrogen peroxide), ionizing radiations (neutron and gamma-ray exposures), and other DNA-damaging agents (ultraviolet radiation, methyl methanesulfonate, adriamycin, camptothecin, and cis-Platinum(II)diammine dichloride (cisplatin)). Within this data set, non-DNA-damaging stresses could be discriminated from all DNA-damaging stresses, and profiles for individual agents were also defined. While DNA-damaging stresses showed a strong p53-dependent element in their responses, no discernible p53-dependent responses were triggered by the non-DNA-damaging stresses. A set of 16 genes did exhibit a robust p53-dependent pattern of induction in response to all nine DNA-damaging agents, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Amundson
- Gene Response Section, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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74
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Szkanderová S, Vávrová J, Hernychová L, Neubauerová V, Lenco J, Stulík J. Proteome alterations in gamma-irradiated human T-lymphocyte leukemia cells. Radiat Res 2005; 163:307-15. [PMID: 15733044 DOI: 10.1667/rr3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of the protein expression profiles of irradiated cells may be beneficial for identification of new biomolecules of radiation-induced cell damage. Therefore, in this study we exploited the proteomic approach to identify proteins whose expression is significantly altered in gamma-irradiated human T-lymphocyte leukemia cells. MOLT-4 cells were irradiated with 7.5 Gy and the cell lysates were collected at different times after irradiation (2, 5 and 12 h). The proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and quantified using an image evaluation system. Proteins exhibiting significant radiation-induced alterations in abundance were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. We identified 14 proteins that were either up- or down-regulated. Cellular levels of four of the proteins (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 1 and 2, Ran binding protein 1, serine/threonine protein kinase PAK2) were further analyzed by two-dimensional immunoblotting to confirm the data obtained from proteome analysis. All identified proteins were classified according to their cellular function, including their participation in biochemical and signaling pathways. Taken together, our results suggest the feasibility of the proteome method for monitoring of cellular radiation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Szkanderová
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic.
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75
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Tosa M, Ghazizadeh M, Shimizu H, Hirai T, Hyakusoku H, Kawanami O. Global Gene Expression Analysis of Keloid Fibroblasts in Response to Electron Beam Irradiation Reveals the Involvement of Interleukin-6 Pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:704-13. [PMID: 15816827 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Keloid is a dermal fibroproliferative lesion of unknown etiology that commonly recurs after surgical excision. Post-operative adjuvant electron beam (EB) irradiation has been successfully used to reduce keloid recurrences. To provide new insights into the molecular mechanism behind the effect of EB irradiation, we used a cDNA microarray screening of more than 5000 genes to assess early changes in gene expression between EB-irradiated and non-irradiated keloid and non-lesional dermal fibroblasts. Primary fibroblast cultures from keloid and associated non-lesional dermis obtained from five patients were exposed to 15 Gy EB irradiation and analyzed after 15 min incubation. Early response to EB irradiation showed that 96 (1.8%) genes were modulated 2-fold or more in keloid fibroblasts. Upregulated genes accounted for 29.2% (28 genes), whereas downregulated genes comprised 70.8% (68 genes), indicating a silencing of many genes in keloid fibroblasts after EB irradiation. Many of the downregulated genes play roles in the enhancement of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production, whereas several of the upregulated genes involves in the promotion of apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Using emerging bioinformatic tools and further corroboration, the interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling pathway was found to be mainly involved in EB irradiation response. We also showed co-expression of IL-6 and its specific receptor (IL-6Ralpha) in keloid fibroblasts that points to the existence of an IL-6 autocrine loop in these cells. These results suggested that at the molecular level, EB irradiation might hinder keloid formation by regularizing disturbances in the homeostatic equilibrium between inducer and inhibitor activities in the matrix system most likely through the IL-6 pathway. Our study provides clues for the molecular mechanism(s) behind the beneficial effect of EB irradiation in reducing keloid recurrences and may help develop alternative strategies for the therapy and prophylaxis of this lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Tosa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan
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Russell NS, Bartelink H. Sophisticated radiotherapy with optimal surgery is the way forward. Curr Opin Oncol 2005; 16:529-35. [PMID: 15627013 DOI: 10.1097/01.cco.0000142484.04720.7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Radiotherapy has been one of the cornerstones of treatment for breast cancer for more than a century and has contributed to conservation of the breast and improved locoregional control after mastectomy. This review assesses the most recent evidence generated by clinical scientists in the field of radiotherapy for breast cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Results from mature trials investigating the role of radiotherapy in breast cancer treatment and the publication of meta-analyses of treatment effects have shown that in addition to improvements in local control, a survival benefit is obtained in several disease settings. These include breast-conserving therapy and postmastectomy radiotherapy. Further, improved diagnostic abilities and surgical techniques, together with advances in treatment delivery, will help to increase the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy. SUMMARY There is increasing evidence for long-term benefits of radiotherapy for breast cancer and a reduction in the risks of late side effects in recent decades. This can have a profound impact on clinical practice in the future, leading to a broadening and individualizing of the indications for radiotherapy and improvements in patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S Russell
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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77
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Lee KM, Lee JG, Seo EY, Lee WH, Nam YH, Yang JM, Kee SH, Seo YJ, Park JK, Kim CD, Lee JH. Analysis of genes responding to ultraviolet B irradiation of HaCaT keratinocytes using a cDNA microarray. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:52-9. [PMID: 15656800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation causes many important biological changes in skin, which lead to pathophysiological alterations of the homeostatic environment. OBJECTIVES To gain more insight into the molecular events provoked by UVB irradiation, we performed cDNA microarray analysis. METHODS Immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes were irradiated with a high cytotoxic dose of UVB (50 mJ cm(-2)), and total RNA was isolated. Fluorescently labelled probes were prepared by reverse transcription and were hybridized with cDNA microarray slides made using 840 cDNA clones. RESULTS Time-course cDNA microarray analysis revealed the global gene expression profile after UVB exposure. Of 840 genes tested, 192 genes showed changes in their expression levels at one or more of four time points. The genes were clustered into four groups according to their expression patterns in a self-organizing maps analysis. Classification of these genes into nine functional categories revealed that UVB irradiation affected several biological processes. The genes that were first upregulated and then returned to normal levels included several genes related to the inhibition of cell growth and the proteasome pathway. Conversely, the expressions of many genes involved in the cytoskeleton, signal transduction, metabolism and transcription were first downregulated or unchanged and then upregulated later, reflecting the recovery of UVB-damaged cellular activities. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the complexity of the transcriptional profile of the UVB response, and provide a basis for the global characterization of UV-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 640 Daesa-dong, Daejeon 301-040, Korea
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78
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Silasi G, Diaz-Heijtz R, Besplug J, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Titov V, Kolb B, Kovalchuk O. Selective brain responses to acute and chronic low-dose X-ray irradiation in males and females. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:1223-35. [PMID: 15555557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Radiation exposure is known to have profound effects on the brain, leading to precursor cell dysfunction and debilitating cognitive declines [Nat. Med. 8 (2002) 955]. Although a plethora of data exist on the effects of high radiation doses, the effects of low-dose irradiation, such as ones received during repetitive diagnostic and therapeutic exposures, are still under-investigated [Am. J. Otolaryngol. 23 (2002) 215; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 889; Curr. Opin. Neurol. 16 (2003) 129]. Furthermore, most studies of the biological effects of ionizing radiation have been performed using a single acute dose, while clinically and environmentally relevant exposures occur predominantly under chronic/repetitive conditions. Here, we have used a mouse model to compare the effects of chronic/repetitive and acute low-dose radiation (LDR) exposure (0.5Gy) to ionizing radiation on the brain in vivo. We examined the LDR effects on p42/44 MAPK (ERK1/ERK2), CaMKII, and AKT signaling-the interconnected pathways that have been previously shown to be crucial for neuronal survival upon irradiation. We report perturbations in ERK1/2, AKT, and CREB upon acute and chronic/repetitive low-dose exposure in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of mice. These studies were paralleled by the analysis of radiation effects on neurogenesis and cellular proliferation. Repetitive exposure had a much more pronounced effect on cellular signaling and neurogenesis than acute exposure. These results suggest that studies of single acute exposures might be limited in terms of their predictive value. We also present the first evidence of sex differences in radiation-induced signaling in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. We show the role of estrogens in brain radiation responses and discuss the implications of the observed changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Silasi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alta., Canada T1K 3M4
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79
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Hardy K, Mansfield L, Mackay A, Benvenuti S, Ismail S, Arora P, O'Hare MJ, Jat PS. Transcriptional networks and cellular senescence in human mammary fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:943-53. [PMID: 15574883 PMCID: PMC545924 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-05-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence, the molecular program that limits the finite proliferative potential of a cell, acts as an important barrier to protect the body from cancer. Techniques for measuring transcriptome changes and for modulating their expression suggest that it may be possible to dissect the transcriptional networks underlying complex cellular processes. HMF3A cells are conditionally immortalized human mammary fibroblasts that can be induced to undergo coordinated senescence. Here, we used these cells in conjunction with microarrays, RNA interference, and in silico promoter analysis to promote the dissection of the transcriptional networks responsible for regulating cellular senescence. We first identified changes in the transcriptome when HMF3A cells undergo senescence and then compared them with those observed upon replicative senescence in primary human mammary fibroblasts. In addition to DUSP1 and known p53 and E2F targets, a number of genes such as PHLDA1, NR4A3, and a novel splice variant of STAC were implicated in senescence. Their role in senescence was then analyzed by RNA silencing followed by microarray analysis. In silico promoter analysis of all differential genes predicted that nuclear factor-kappaB and C/EBP transcription factors are activated upon senescence, and we confirmed this by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results suggest a putative signaling network for cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hardy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College School of Medicine, London W1W 7BS, United Kingdom
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Troester MA, Hoadley KA, Parker JS, Perou CM. Prediction of toxicant-specific gene expression signatures after chemotherapeutic treatment of breast cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1607-13. [PMID: 15598611 PMCID: PMC1247657 DOI: 10.1289/txg.7204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Global gene expression profiling has demonstrated that the predominant cellular response to a range of toxicants is a general stress response. This stereotyped environmental stress response commonly includes repression of protein synthesis and cell-cycle-regulated genes and induction of DNA damage and oxidative stress-responsive genes. Our laboratory recently characterized the general stress response of breast cell lines derived from basal-like and luminal epithelium after treatment with doxorubicin (DOX) or 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and showed that each cell type has a distinct response. However, we expected that some of the expression changes induced by DOX and 5FU would be unique to each compound and might reflect the underlying mechanisms of action of these agents. Therefore, we employed supervised analyses (significance analysis of microarrays) to identify genes that showed differential expression between DOX-treated and 5FU-treated cell lines. We then used cross-validation analyses and identified genes that afforded high predictive accuracy in classifying samples into the two treatment classes. To test whether these gene lists had good predictive accuracy in an independent data set, we treated our panel of cell lines with etoposide, a compound mechanistically similar to DOX. We demonstrated that using expression patterns of 100 genes we were able to obtain 100% predictive accuracy in classifying the etoposide samples as being more similar in expression to DOX-treated than to 5FU-treated samples. These analyses also showed that toxicant-specific gene expression patterns, similar to general stress responses, vary according to cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Troester
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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81
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Rieger KE, Chu G. Portrait of transcriptional responses to ultraviolet and ionizing radiation in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:4786-803. [PMID: 15356296 PMCID: PMC519099 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the human response to DNA damage, we used microarrays to measure transcriptional responses of 10 000 genes to ionizing radiation (IR) and ultraviolet radiation (UV). To identify bona fide responses, we used cell lines from 15 individuals and a rigorous statistical method, Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM). By exploring how sample number affects SAM, we rendered a portrait of the human damage response with a degree of accuracy unmatched by previous studies. By showing how SAM can be used to estimate the total number of responsive genes, we discovered that 24% of all genes respond to IR and 32% respond to UV, although most responses were less than 2-fold. Many genes were involved in known damage-response pathways for cell cycling and proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair or the stress response. However, the majority of genes were involved in unexpected pathways, with functions in signal transduction, RNA binding and editing, protein synthesis and degradation, energy metabolism, metabolism of macromolecular precursors, cell structure and adhesion, vesicle transport, or lysosomal metabolism. Although these functions were not previously associated with the damage response in mammals, many were conserved in yeast. These insights reveal new directions for studying the human response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri E Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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82
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Troester MA, Hoadley KA, Sørlie T, Herbert BS, Børresen-Dale AL, Lønning PE, Shay JW, Kaufmann WK, Perou CM. Cell-type-specific responses to chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4218-26. [PMID: 15205334 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent microarray studies have identified distinct subtypes of breast tumors that arise from different cell types and that show statistically significant differences in patient outcome. To gain insight into these differences, we identified in vitro and in vivo changes in gene expression induced by chemotherapeutics. We treated two cell lines derived from basal epithelium (immortalized human mammary epithelial cells) and two lines derived from luminal epithelium (MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) with chemotherapeutics used in the treatment of breast cancer and assayed for changes in gene expression using DNA microarrays. Treatment doses for doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil were selected to cause comparable cytotoxicity across all four cell lines. The dominant expression response in each of the cell lines was a general stress response; however, distinct expression patterns were observed. Both cell types induced DNA damage-response genes such as p21(waf1), but the response in the luminal cells showed higher fold changes and included more p53-regulated genes. Luminal cell lines repressed a large number of cell cycle-regulated genes and other genes involved in cellular proliferation, whereas the basal cell lines did not. Instead, the basal cell lines repressed genes that were involved in differentiation. These in vitro responses were compared with expression responses in breast tumors sampled before and after treatment with doxorubicin or 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin C. The in vivo data corroborated the cell-type-specific responses to chemotherapeutics observed in vitro, including the induction of p21(waf1). Similarities between in vivo and in vitro responses help to identify important response mechanisms to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Troester
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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83
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Koch-Paiz CA, Amundson SA, Bittner ML, Meltzer PS, Fornace AJ. Functional genomics of UV radiation responses in human cells. Mutat Res 2004; 549:65-78. [PMID: 15120963 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene expression responses of MCF-7, a p53 wild-type (wt) human cell line, were monitored by cDNA microarray hybridization after exposure to different wavelengths of UV irradiation. Equitoxic doses of UVA, UVB, and UVC radiation were used to reduce survival to 37%. The effects of suramin, a signal pathway inhibitor, on the gene expression responses to the three UV wavelengths were also compared in this model system. UVB radiation triggered the broadest gene expression responses, and 172 genes were found to be consistently responsive in at least two-thirds of independent UVB experiments. These UVB radiation-responsive genes encode proteins with diverse cellular roles including cell cycle control, DNA repair, signaling, transcription, protein synthesis, protein degradation, and RNA metabolism. The set of UVB-responsive genes included most of the genes responding to an equitoxic dose of UVC radiation, plus additional genes that were not strongly triggered by UVC radiation. There was also some overlap with genes responding to an equitoxic dose of UVA radiation, although responses to this lower energy UV radiation were overall weaker. Signaling through growth factor receptors and other cytokine receptors was shown to have a major role in mediating UV radiation stress responses, as suramin, which inhibits such receptors, attenuated responses to UV radiation in nearly all the cases. Inhibition by suramin was greater for UVC than for UVB irradiation. This probably reflects the more prominent role in UVB damage response of signaling by reactive oxygen species, which would not be affected by suramin. Our results with suramin demonstrate the power of cDNA microarray hybridization to illuminate the global effects of a pharmacologic inhibitor on cell signaling.
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84
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Hu T, Gibson DP, Carr GJ, Torontali SM, Tiesman JP, Chaney JG, Aardema MJ. Identification of a gene expression profile that discriminates indirect-acting genotoxins from direct-acting genotoxins. Mutat Res 2004; 549:5-27. [PMID: 15120960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
During the safety evaluation process of new drugs and chemicals, a battery of genotoxicity tests is conducted starting with in vitro genotoxicity assays. Obtaining positive results in in vitro genotoxicity tests is not uncommon. Follow-up studies to determine the biological relevance of positive genotoxicity results are costly, time consuming, and utilize animals. More efficient methods, especially for identifying a putative mode of action like an indirect mechanism of genotoxicity (where DNA molecules are not the initial primary targets), would greatly improve the risk assessment for genotoxins. To this end, we are participating in an International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) project involving studies of gene expression changes caused by model genotoxins. The purpose of the work is to evaluate gene expression tools in general, and specifically for discriminating genotoxins that are direct-acting from indirect-acting. Our lab has evaluated gene expression changes as well as micronuclei (MN) in L5178Y TK(+/-) mouse lymphoma cells treated with six compounds. Direct-acting genotoxins (where DNA is the initial primary target) that were evaluated included the DNA crosslinking agents, mitomycin C (MMC) and cisplatin (CIS), and an alkylating agent, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Indirect-acting genotoxins included hydroxyurea (HU), a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, taxol (TXL), a microtubule inhibitor, and etoposide (ETOP), a DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor. Microarray gene expression analysis was conducted using Affymetrix mouse oligonucleotide arrays on RNA samples derived from cells which were harvested immediately after the 4 h chemical treatment, and 20 h after the 4 h chemical treatment. The evaluation of these experimental results yields evidence of differentially regulated genes at both 4 and 24 h time points that appear to have discriminating power for direct versus indirect genotoxins, and therefore may serve as a fingerprint for classifying chemicals when their mechanism of action is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hu
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, P.O. Box 538707 09, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA
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85
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Weinmann M, Jendrossek V, Handrick R, Güner D, Goecke B, Belka C. Molecular ordering of hypoxia-induced apoptosis: critical involvement of the mitochondrial death pathway in a FADD/caspase-8 independent manner. Oncogene 2004; 23:3757-69. [PMID: 15034549 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dys-regulated growth and improper angiogenesis commonly lead to areas of hypoxia in human tumors. Hypoxia is known to be associated with a worse outcome since a lack of oxygen interferes with the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In parallel, hypoxia-induced apoptosis may also impose a selection pressure favoring growth of more resistant tumor cells. However, the mechanisms of hypoxia-induced apoptosis and the relative contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways are not understood. Therefore, Jurkat cell lines with defined defects in the extrinsic or intrinsic signaling cascades were used to evaluate the role of either pathway for induction of apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. Jurkat cells were incubated in hypoxia and the rate of apoptosis induction was determined by Western blotting, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis was not affected by lack of caspase-8 or FADD, whereas overexpression of Bcl-2 or expression of dominant-negative caspase-9 mutant rendered the cells resistant to hypoxia-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that hypoxia-induced apoptosis mainly relies on intrinsic, mitochondrial pathways, whereas extrinsic pathways have no significant implications in this process. Thus, in human tumors, hypoxia will mainly lead to the selection of hypoxia-resistant cells with defects in mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Weinmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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86
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Han SS, Kim K, Hahm ER, Lee SJ, Surh YJ, Park HK, Kim WS, Jung CW, Lee MH, Park K, Yang JH, Yoon SS, Riordan NH, Riordan HD, Kimler BF, Park CH, Lee JH, Park S. L-ascorbic acid represses constitutive activation of NF-?B and COX-2 expression in human acute myeloid leukemia, HL-60. J Cell Biochem 2004; 93:257-70. [PMID: 15368354 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that L-ascorbic acid (LAA) is selectively toxic to some types of cancer cells at pharmacological concentrations, functioning as a pro-oxidant rather than as an anti-oxidant. However, the molecular mechanisms by which LAA initiates cellular signaling leading to cell death are still unclear. In an effort to gain insight into these mechanisms, the effects of LAA on eukaryotic transcription nuclear factor NF-kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were investigated. In the present study, LAA suppressed DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB, composed of a p65/p50 heterodimer, through inhibition of degradation of inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) and prevention of nuclear translocation of p65. The inhibitory effect of LAA on NF-kappaB activity was dependent upon glutathione levels in HL-60 cells, as well as generation of H2O2 but not superoxide anion. LAA also downregulated the expression of COX-2, which has a NF-kappaB binding site on its promoter, through repressing NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. Moreover, cotreatment of 1 microM arsenic trioxide (As2O3) with various concentrations of LAA enhanced an LAA-induced repression of NF-kappaB activity and COX-2 expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that LAA exerts its anti-tumor activity through downregulation of NF-kappaB activity and COX-2 expression, and these inhibitory effects can be enhanced by co-treatment with As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Samsung Medical Center, and Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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Amundson SA, Bittner M, Fornace AJ. Functional genomics as a window on radiation stress signaling. Oncogene 2003; 22:5828-33. [PMID: 12947389 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation, as well as other stresses, results in the activation of complex signal transduction pathways, which eventually shape the response of cells and organisms. Some of the important pathways responding to radiation include the ATM/P53 pathway, MAPK cascades and NF-kappaB activation, as well as signaling events initiated at the cell membrane and within the cytoplasm. Alterations in gene expression play roles both as intermediaries in signaling and as downstream effector genes. Differences in cell type, interindividual genetic differences and crosstalk occurring between signaling pathways may help to channel radiation stress signals between cell cycle delay, enhanced DNA repair, and apoptosis. These differences may in turn help determine the likelihood of late effects of radiation exposure, including carcinogenesis and fibrosis. The tools of the postgenomic era enable high-throughput studies of the multiple changes resulting from the interplay of radiation signaling pathways. Gene expression profiling, in particular shows great promise, both in terms of insight into basic molecular mechanisms and for the future hope of biomarker development and individual tailoring of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Amundson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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88
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2003. [PMCID: PMC2448450 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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