51
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Choi SH, Byeon HJ, Choi JS, Thao L, Kim I, Lee ES, Shin BS, Lee KC, Youn YS. Inhalable self-assembled albumin nanoparticles for treating drug-resistant lung cancer. J Control Release 2015; 197:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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52
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Khalilzadeh B, Shadjou N, Eskandani M, Charoudeh HN, Omidi Y, Rashidi MR. A reliable self-assembled peptide based electrochemical biosensor for detection of caspase 3 activity and apoptosis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08561f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemical self-assembled peptide based biosensor was developed for the detection of caspase 3 activity and apoptosis using a Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) modified peptide and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as cleaving and electron transfer agents, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balal Khalilzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Nasrin Shadjou
- Department of Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology Center
- Urmia University
- Urmia
- Iran
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | | | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN)
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy
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53
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Excellent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles on human melanoma cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1619-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shimizu Y, Miyakura R, Otsuka Y. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1 inhibits extrinsic apoptosis and reduces caspase-8 activity in H2O2-induced human HUC-F2 fibroblasts. Redox Rep 2014; 20:81-8. [PMID: 25330024 PMCID: PMC4340241 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Apoptosis is characterized by distinct morphological and
biochemical changes that occur upon activation of a family of serine proteases known as
caspases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce apoptosis in many cell systems. Nuclear
receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1 (NR4A1) has been shown to induce apoptosis in a
number of cell lineages, but can also paradoxically act as a death inhibitory factor. In
the current study, we focused on the potential role of NR4A1 in hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)-induced apoptosis of normal human umbilical cord fibroblast (HUC-F2) cells. Methods: Growth of HUC-F2 cells treated with H2O2 was measured by MTT assay.
Analysis of gene expression was performed with a STEP ONE PLUS Real Time PCR system.
Inactivation of NR4A1 was treated with siRNA. Apoptosis was measured by Beckman Coulter
flow cytometer after inhibition of NR4A1 with siRNA and H2O2 treatment. Caspase -3, -8 and
-9 was measured by caspase assay kit. Results: H2O2 treatment led to enhanced NR4A1 expression. Moreover
inhibition of NR4A1 with specific siRNA in HUC-F2 cells triggered an increase in apoptosis
and caspase-8 and -3 activities following the addition of H2O2. Discussion: Our results collectively suggest that NR4A1 is a regulator that
inhibits extrinsic apoptosis in HUC-F2 cells during oxidative stress through reduction of
caspase-8 and -3 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Shimizu
- Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesOchanomizu
University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence to: Yuri Shimizu, Graduate School of Humanities and
Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo 1128610, Japan.
| | - Reiko Miyakura
- Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesOchanomizu
University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Otsuka
- Graduate School of Humanities and SciencesOchanomizu
University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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55
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Bai FL, Yu YH, Tian H, Ren GP, Wang H, Zhou B, Han XH, Yu QZ, Li DS. Genetically engineered Newcastle disease virus expressing interleukin-2 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1226-38. [PMID: 24971746 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) have shown oncolytic therapeutic efficacy in preclinical studies and are currently in clinical trials. In this study, we have evaluated the possibility to enhance the cancer therapeutic potential of NDV by means of inserting both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) delivered by rNDV. We demonstrated that rNDV expressing TRAIL (rNDV-TRAIL) or both human IL-2 and TRAIL (rNDV-IL-2-TRAIL) significantly enhanced inherent anti-neoplastic of rNDV by inducing apoptosis. And we showed that apoptosis-related genes mRNA expression was increased after treated with rNDV-TRAIL or rNDV-IL-2-TRAIL compared with rNDV and rNDV-IL-2. We also demonstrated that both rNDV-IL-2 and rNDV-IL-2-TRAIL induced proliferation of the CD4(+) and CD8(+) in treated mice and elicited expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ antitumor cytokines. These mice treated with oncolytic agents exhibited significant reduction in tumor development compared with mice treated with the parental virus. In addition, experiments in both hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma-bearing mice demonstrated that the genetically engineered rNDV-IL-2-TRAIL exhibited prolonged animals' survival compared with rNDV, rNDV-IL-2, and rNDV-TRAIL. In conclusion, the immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy properties of NDV can be enhanced by the introduction of IL-2 and TRAIL genes, whose products initiated a broad cascade of immunological affects and induced tumor cells apoptosis in the microenvironment of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Liang Bai
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
| | - Yin-Hang Yu
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
| | - Gui-Ping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Han
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
| | - Qing-Zhong Yu
- USDA-ARS; Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory; Athens, GA USA
| | - De-Shan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China; Biopharmaceutical Teaching and Research Department; College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin, China
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56
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Methotrexate inhibits the viability of human melanoma cell lines and enhances Fas/Fas-ligand expression, apoptosis and response to interferon-alpha: rationale for its use in combination therapy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:101-7. [PMID: 24862567 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, a highly aggressive form of cancer, is notoriously resistant to available therapies. Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate, competitively inhibits DNA synthesis and is effective for several types of cancer. In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), MTX increases Fas death receptor by decreasing Fas promoter methylation by blocking the synthesis of SAM, the principal methyl donor for DNMTs, resulting in enhanced Fas-mediated apoptosis. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of MTX in human melanoma. MTX variably inhibited the survival of melanoma cells and induced apoptosis as evident by annexin V positivity and senescence associated β-galactosidase activity induction. Furthermore, MTX caused increased transcript and protein levels of extrinsic apoptotic pathway factors Fas and Fas-ligand, albeit at different levels in different cell lines. Our pyrosequencing studies showed that this increased expression of Fas was associated with Fas promoter demethylation. Overall, the ability of MTX to up-regulate Fas/FasL and enhance melanoma apoptosis through extrinsic as well as intrinsic pathways might make it a useful component of novel combination therapies designed to affect multiple melanoma targets simultaneously. In support of this concept, combination therapy with MTX and interferon-alpha (IFNα) induced significantly greater apoptosis in the aggressive A375 cell line than either agent alone.
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57
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Indomethacin Sensitizes TRAIL-Resistant Melanoma Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through ROS-Mediated Upregulation of Death Receptor 5 and Downregulation of Survivin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1397-1407. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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58
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Gunda V, Bucur O, Varnau J, Vanden Borre P, Bernasconi MJ, Khosravi-Far R, Parangi S. Blocks to thyroid cancer cell apoptosis can be overcome by inhibition of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1104. [PMID: 24603332 PMCID: PMC3973207 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment for recurrent and aggressive/anaplastic thyroid cancers is ineffective. Novel targeted therapies aimed at the inhibition of the mutated oncoprotein BRAFV600E have shown promise in vivo and in vitro but do not result in cellular apoptosis. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in a tumor-selective manner by activating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Here, we show that a TRAIL-R2 agonist antibody, lexatumumab, induces apoptosis effectively in some thyroid cancer cell lines (HTh-7, TPC-1 and BCPAP), while more aggressive anaplastic cell lines (8505c and SW1736) show resistance. Treatment of the most resistant cell line, 8505c, using lexatumumab in combination with the BRAFV600E inhibitor, PLX4720, and the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, (triple-drug combination) sensitizes the cells by triggering both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in vitro as well as 8505c orthotopic thyroid tumors in vivo. A decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins, pAkt, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1 and c-FLIP, coupled with an increase in the activator proteins, Bax and Bim, results in an increase in the Bax to Bcl-xL ratio that appears to be critical for sensitization and subsequent apoptosis of these resistant cells. Our results suggest that targeting the death receptor pathway in thyroid cancer can be a promising strategy for inducing apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells, although combination with other kinase inhibitors may be needed in some of the more aggressive tumors initially resistant to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gunda
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - O Bucur
- 1] Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - J Varnau
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - P Vanden Borre
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M J Bernasconi
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Khosravi-Far
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Parangi
- Thyroid Cancer Research Laboratory, Unit of Endocrine Surgery Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Altered mRNA expression related to the apoptotic effect of three xanthones on human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:715603. [PMID: 24175297 PMCID: PMC3794626 DOI: 10.1155/2013/715603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that α-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and 8-deoxygartanin have significant cytotoxic effects on human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line. The current study revealed the underlying mechanisms. α-Mangostin (7.5 μg/mL) activated caspase activity, with a 3-fold and 4-fold increased caspase 8 and 9 activity, respectively. The molecular mechanisms were investigated by qRT-PCR for mRNA related to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase (p21WAF1 and cyclin D1), apoptosis (cytochrome C, Bcl-2, and Bax), and survival pathways (Akt1, NFκB, and IκBα). α-Mangostin significantly upregulated mRNA expression of cytochrome C and p21WAF1 and downregulated that of cyclin D1, Akt1, and NFκB. γ-Mangostin significantly downregulated mRNA expression of Akt1 and NFκB and upregulated p21WAF1 and IκBα. 8-Deoxygartanin significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of p21WAF1 and downregulated that of cyclin D1 and NFκB. The three xanthones significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the BRAF V600E mutation. Moreover, α-mangostin and γ-mangostin significantly downregulated Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. In conclusion, the three xanthones induced an inhibitory effect on SK-MEL-28 cells by modulating the molecular targets involved in the apoptotic pathways.
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60
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Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling increases apoptosis in melanoma cells treated with trail. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69593. [PMID: 23869245 PMCID: PMC3711908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the TRAIL pathway represents a promising therapeutic target in melanoma, resistance to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis remains a barrier to its successful adoption. Since the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been implicated in facilitating melanoma cell apoptosis, we investigated the effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on regulating the responses of melanoma cells to TRAIL. Co-treatment of melanoma cell lines with WNT3A-conditioned media and recombinant TRAIL significantly enhanced apoptosis compared to treatment with TRAIL alone. This apoptosis correlates with increased abundance of the pro-apoptotic proteins BCL2L11 and BBC3, and with decreased abundance of the anti-apoptotic regulator Mcl1. We then confirmed the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by demonstrating that siRNA-mediated knockdown of an intracellular β-catenin antagonist, AXIN1, or treating cells with an inhibitor of GSK-3 also enhanced melanoma cell sensitivity to TRAIL. These studies describe a novel regulation of TRAIL sensitivity in melanoma by Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and suggest that strategies to enhance Wnt/β-catenin signaling in combination with TRAIL agonists warrant further investigation.
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61
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Biron-Pain K, Grosset AA, Poirier F, Gaboury L, St-Pierre Y. Expression and functions of galectin-7 in human and murine melanomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63307. [PMID: 23658821 PMCID: PMC3643947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of galectin-7 as a p53-induced gene and its ability to induce apoptosis in many cell types support the hypothesis that galectin-7 has strong antitumor activity. This has been well documented in colon cancer. However, in some cases, such as breast cancer and lymphoma, its high expression level correlates with aggressive subtypes of cancer, suggesting that galectin-7 may have a dual role in cancer progression. In fact, in breast cancer, overexpression of galectin-7 alone is sufficient to promote metastasis to the bone and lung. In the present work, we investigated the expression and function of galectin-7 in melanoma. An analysis of datasets obtained from whole-genome profiling of human melanoma tissues revealed that galectin-7 mRNA was detected in more than 90% of biopsies of patients with nevi while its expression was more rarely found in biopsies collected from patients with malignant melanoma. This frequency, however, was likely due to the presence of normal epidermis tissues in biopsies, as shown our studies at the protein level by immunohistochemical analysis. Using the experimental melanoma B16F1 cell line, we found that melanoma cells can express galectin-7 at the primary tumor site and in lung metastasis. Moreover, we found that overexpression of galectin-7 increased the resistance of melanoma cells to apoptosis while inducing de novo egr-1 expression. Overexpression of galectin-7, however, was insufficient to modulate the growth of tumors induced by the subcutaneous injection of B16F1 cells. It also failed to modulate the dissemination of B16F1 cells to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Françoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Louis Gaboury
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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OUYANG WEN, YANG CHUNXU, ZHANG SIMIN, LIU YU, YANG BO, ZHANG JUNHONG, ZHOU FUXIANG, ZHOU YUNFENG, XIE CONGHUA. Absence of death receptor translocation into lipid rafts in acquired TRAIL-resistant NSCLC cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:699-711. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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63
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MicroRNA-26a is strongly downregulated in melanoma and induces cell death through repression of silencer of death domains (SODD). J Invest Dermatol 2012. [PMID: 23190898 PMCID: PMC3898712 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive cancer that metastasizes rapidly, and is refractory to conventional chemotherapies. Identifying miRNAs that are responsible for this pathogenesis is therefore a promising means of developing new therapies. We identified miR-26a through microarray and qRT-PCR experiments as an miRNA that is strongly down-regulated in melanoma cell lines as compared to primary melanocytes. Treatment of cell lines with miR-26a mimic caused significant and rapid cell death compared to a negative control in most melanoma cell lines tested. In surveying targets of miR-26a, we found that protein levels of SMAD1 and BAG-4/SODD were strongly decreased in sensitive cells treated with miR-26a mimic compared to the control. The luciferase reporter assays further demonstrated that miR-26a can repress gene expression through the binding site in the 3′UTR of SODD. Knockdown of these proteins with siRNA showed that SODD plays an important role in protecting melanoma cells from apoptosis in most cell lines sensitive to miR-26a, while SMAD1 may play a minor role. Furthermore, transfecting cells with a miR-26a inhibitor increased SODD expression. Our findings indicate that miR-26a replacement is a potential therapeutic strategy for metastatic melanoma, and that SODD in particular is a potentially useful therapeutic target.
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64
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Westekemper H, Freistuehler M, Bornfeld N, Steuhl KP, Scheulen M, Hilger RA. Chemosensitivity of conjunctival melanoma cell lines to target-specific chemotherapeutic agents. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:279-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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65
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Berardi R, Maccaroni E, Mandolesi A, Mantello G, Onofri A, Biscotti T, Pierantoni C, Siquini W, Marmorale C, Guerrieri M, Bearzi I, Cascinu S. Nuclear factor-κB predicts outcome in locally advanced rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:617-22. [PMID: 22440241 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-κB expression has been shown to be responsible for resistance to antineoplastic agents. AIMS The aim of our study was to investigate the importance of NF-κB expression as prognostic factor in locally advanced rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. METHODS We retrospectively analysed the immunoreactivity for NF-κB in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who underwent neoadjuvant treatment (chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) in our Institution between March 2003 and June 2006. RESULTS Seventy-four consecutive patients were enrolled into this study. Immunohistochemistry analysis for NF-κB was performed both in biopsies and in primary tumour samples. NF-κB was considered positive when at least 1% of the tumour cells showed nuclear positivity. A significant correlation between a positive NF-κB nuclear expression, both in biopsies and in tumour samples, and a worse overall survival was observed. Moreover, median time to progression was significantly shorter in the NF-κB-positive subgroup of patients. CONCLUSION Globally, our findings seem to suggest that NF-κB could represent an important parameter able to predict the outcome in patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer. It also could be useful in order to select patients to receive adjuvant chemotherapy, intensifying the adjuvant therapy and, in the next future, obviating the use of drugs involving NF-κB system in their mechanism of action in NF-κB-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - GM Lancisi - G Salesi di Ancona, Italy
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66
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Death inducer-obliterator 1 (Dido1) is a BMP target gene and promotes BMP-induced melanoma progression. Oncogene 2012; 32:837-48. [PMID: 22469980 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to play an important role in melanoma development and progression. However, the downstream targets of BMPs have not been investigated thus far. Therefore, we treated melanoma cell lines with the Smad-specific BMP inhibitor Dorsomorphin and performed a cDNA microarray. We identified death inducer-obliterator 1 (Dido1) as a BMP-specific Smad-regulated target gene, which was confirmed by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments. An analysis of Dido1 expression revealed an upregulation of Dido1 levels in melanoma cell lines and tissues compared with normal melanocytes. Colony-formation assays showed that siDido1-transfected cells formed significantly smaller colonies when grown in soft agar compared with control cells. In addition, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and western blot experiments revealed that transfection of melanoma cells with Dido1 small interfering RNAs led to an upregulation of apoptosis. Furthermore, cell migratory and invasive potentials were strongly reduced in siDido1-transfected cells compared with control cells. Finally, we demonstrated that Dido1 induces the expression of Integrin αV, thereby promoting the attachment, migration, invasion and apoptosis resistance of melanoma cells.
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67
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Camptothecin induces p53-dependent and -independent apoptogenic signaling in melanoma cells. Apoptosis 2012; 16:1165-76. [PMID: 21809047 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Various DNA-targeting agents may initiate p53-dependent as well as p53-independent response and subsequent apoptosis via alternative cellular systems which include for instance p73, caspase-2 or Bcl-2 family proteins. The scope of involvement of individual molecules in this process and the mechanisms governing their potential interplay are still not entirely understood, in particular in highly aggressive cancers such as in malignant melanoma. In this work we investigated the role and involvement of both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms in selected melanoma cell lines with differing status of p53 using a model DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin (CPT). Here we report that CPT induced in Bowes melanoma cells apoptosis which is essentially p53 and mitochondria-dependent but with some involvement of caspase-2 and p73. Conversely, in mutant p53 melanoma cells overall levels of CPT-induced apoptosis are significantly lower, with p73 and caspase-2 signaling playing important roles. In addition, in these cells the expression of micro RNAs family 34 (miR-34) were low compared to wild-type p53 cells. The ectopic expression of wild type p53 than restored apoptotic response of cells to CPT despite the fact that the expression of miR-34 and miR-155 were not influenced. These results suggest that CPT induces multivariate cellular stress responses including activation of DNA-damage response-p53 pathway as well as p53-independent signaling and their mutual crosstalk play the decisive role in the efficient triggering of apoptosis in melanoma cells.
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68
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Henrich CJ, Thomas CL, Brooks AD, Booth NL, Lowery EM, Pompei RJ, McMahon JB, Sayers TJ. Effects of cucurbitacins on cell morphology are associated with sensitization of renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 2012; 17:79-89. [PMID: 21928090 PMCID: PMC3345813 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbitacins B and D were among the compounds identified as sensitizers of cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in a high-throughput screen. Therefore a series of cucurbitacins was further investigated for TRAIL sensitization and possible mechanisms of action. A total of six cucurbitacins promoted TRAIL-induced apoptosis (B, I, E, C, D, and K) and one (P) was inactive. Sensitization of renal adenocarcinoma cells to TRAIL was apparent after as little as 1-4 h pretreatment and did not require continued presence of cucurbitacin. Active cucurbitacins induced caspase-8 activation only after subsequent TRAIL addition and caspase activation was required for apoptosis suggesting amplified proximal signaling from TRAIL death receptors. Cucurbitacin-sensitized TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine. Structure-activity relationship analysis in comparison to published studies suggests that TRAIL-sensitizing and general cytotoxic activities of cucurbitacins may be decoupled. Cucurbitacins are reported to be inhibitors of STAT3 activation. However, their TRAIL-sensitizing activity is STAT3-independent. Treatment of renal carcinoma cells with active cucurbitacins produced rapid and dramatic changes in cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization (also prevented by NAC). Therefore, cucurbitacins may be useful as tools for investigating the molecular mechanism(s) of action of TRAIL sensitizers, particularly with regard to temporal aspects of sensitization and modulation of TRAIL signaling by cell morphology, and could form the basis for future therapeutic development in combination with TRAIL death receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J Henrich
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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69
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70
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Liu S, Yu H, Kumar SM, Martin JS, Bing Z, Sheng W, Bosenberg M, Xu X. Norcantharidin induces melanoma cell apoptosis through activation of TR3 dependent pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:1005-14. [PMID: 22123174 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.11.18380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Norcantharidin (NCTD) has been reported to induce tumor cell apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism behinds its antitumor effect remains elusive. We have previously shown that TR3 expression is significantly decreased in metastatic melanomas and involved in melanoma cell apoptosis. In this study, we showed that NCTD inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose related manner. NCTD induced translocation of TR3 from nucleus to mitochondria where it co-localized with Bcl-2 in melanoma cells. NCTD also increased cytochome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. These changes were accompanied by increased expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 along with decreased expression of Bcl2 and NF-κB2. The effects of NCTD were inhibited by knockdown of TR3 expression using TR3 specific shRNA in melanoma cells. Furthermore, NCTD significantly decreased tumor volume and improved survival of Tyr::CreER; BRAF(Ca/+); Pten(lox/lox) transgenic mice. Our data indicates that NCTD inhibits melanoma growth by inducing tumor cell apoptosis via activation of a TR3 dependent pathway. These results suggest that NCTD is a potential therapeutic agent for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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71
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Bae S, Ma K, Kim TH, Lee ES, Oh KT, Park ES, Lee KC, Youn YS. Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles surface-modified with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and transferrin for targeting multiple tumor types. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1536-46. [PMID: 22118776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (NPs) surface modified with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and transferrin, and containing doxorubicin were designed and prepared. Surface amines of HSA were reversibly protected with dimethylmaleic anhydride (DMMA), and HSA-NPs were prepared using a desolvation technique. Furthermore, the surfaces of HSA-NPs were modified with thiolated TRAIL or transferrin using sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC). The prepared TRAIL/transferrin plus doxorubicin HSA-NPs were characterized by TEM, FE-SEM, and particle size analysis, and their cytotoxic and apoptotic activities were evaluated in several cancer cell lines, namely, HCT 116, doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7, and CAPAN-1. In addition, the tumor-targeting abilities of NPs were assessed using an infrared imaging system in HCT 116-xenografted nu/nu mice. Results showed that the TRAIL/transferrin/doxorubicin HSA-NPs had remarkable cytotoxic and apoptotic activities in all cancer cells examined with a general or a drug-resistant character, and that these NPs had obvious synergistic cytotoxic effects particularly on CAPAN-1 cells. Moreover, these HSA-NPs were effectively localized to tumors in a HCT 116-xenografted nu/nu mouse over 32 h. The findings of this study suggest that the described TRAIL/transferrin/doxorubicin HSA-NPs are a useful targeting agent capable of killing different types of tumor cells in various tissue organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
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A shear stress responsive gene product PP1201 protects against Fas-mediated apoptosis by reducing Fas expression on the cell surface. Apoptosis 2011; 16:162-73. [PMID: 21107705 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cells that form vascular system employ different mechanisms to offset deleterious consequences of exposure to cytokines and cells present in blood. Vascular homeostasis is sustained in part by genes, whose expression increases in response to hemodynamic forces in these cells. PP1201 (also known as RECS1) is one such gene whose expression level increases in response to laminar shear stress. Aged mice deficient in PP1201 are prone to develop cystic medial degeneration (CMD), a form of aortic aneurism manifested with loss of smooth muscle cells and accumulation of basophilic substances. Here we found that higher levels of PP1201 can protect against Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptosis. PP1201 interacted with the Fas receptor (CD95/Apo1) and colocalized with it in the Golgi compartment. Unlike its homolog lifeguard (LFG), PP1201 overexpression in several types of cells including primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC) decreased the expression of Fas on the plasma membrane without changing the total Fas levels. Only high but not constitutive level of PP1201 controls Fas signaling. Our data suggest that PP1201 functions as an anti-apoptotic protein and its increased expression in vascular cells can contribute to homeostasis by reducing Fas trafficking to the cell membrane.
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Cimini A, Ippoliti R. Innovative Therapies against Human Glioblastoma Multiforme. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:787490. [PMID: 22091432 PMCID: PMC3195804 DOI: 10.5402/2011/787490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most invasive and aggressive brain tumor in humans, and despite the latest chemical and radiative therapeutic approaches, it is still scarcely sensitive to these treatments and is generally considered an incurable disease. This paper will focus on the latest approaches to the treatment of this cancer, including the new chemicals such as proautophagic drugs and kinases inhibitors, and differentiating agents. In this field, there have been opening new perspectives as the discovery of possible specific targets such as the EGFRvIII, a truncated form of the EGF receptor. Antibodies against these targets can be used as proapoptotic agents and as possible carriers for chemicals, drugs, radioisotopes, and toxins. In this paper, we review the possible mechanism of action of these therapies, with particular attention to the combined use of toxic substances (for example, immunotoxins) and antiproliferative/differentiating compounds (i.e., ATRA, PPARγ agonists). All these aspects will be discussed in the view of progress clinical trials and of possible new approaches for directed drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of l'Aquila, Via Vetoio No. 10, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy
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Yang JF, Cao JG, Tian L, Liu F. 5, 7-Dimethoxyflavone sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 69:195-206. [PMID: 21660448 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5, 7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) has been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. The aim of this study was to examine whether DMF sensitizes human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis and its mechanism. METHODS Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines Hep3B, Huh-7, and Hep G2 and human embryo liver L-02 cells were cultured in vitro. The cytotoxic activities were determined using MTT assay. The apoptotic cell death was examined using Flow cytometry using PI staining and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. The activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were measured using ELISA. Intracellular ROS was measured by FCM using the fluorescent probe DCHF-DA, and the expression of DR4, DR5, CHOP, GPR78, and ATF4 proteins was analyzed using Western blot. RESULTS Our results demonstrated subtoxic concentrations of DMF sensitize HCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and induce the death receptor 5 (DR5) expression level, accompanying the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the upregulation of CHOP, GPR78, and ATF4 protein expression. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited DMF-induced upregulation of DR5, CHOP, GPR78, and ATF4 protein expression and blocked the cotreatment-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, DMF-mediated sensitization of HCC cells to TRAIL was reduced by administration of a blocking antibody or small interfering RNAs for DR5, salubrinal, an inhibitor of ER stress, and the small interfering RNAs for CHOP. However, DMF could not induce the upregulation of DR5 expression, generation of ROS, and sensitization of TRAIL-induced apoptotic cell death in human embryo liver L-02 cells or normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that DMF selectively enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis by ROS-stimulated ER-stress triggering CHOP-mediated DR5 upregulation in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Yang
- Medical College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
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75
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Ivanov VN, Partridge MA, Huang SXL, Hei TK. Suppression of the proinflammatory response of metastatic melanoma cells increases TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:463-75. [PMID: 21268068 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal form of human skin cancer. However, only limited chemotherapy is currently available for the metastatic stage of the disease. Since chemotherapy, radiation and sodium arsenite treatment operate mainly through induction of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, a strongly decreased mitochondrial function in metastatic melanoma cells, could be responsible for low efficacy of the conventional therapy of melanoma. Another feature of metastatic melanoma cells is their proinflammatory phenotype, linked to endogenous expression of the inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα IL6 and IL8, their receptors, and constitutive NF-κB- and STAT3-dependent gene expression, including cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX2). In the present study, we treated melanoma cells with immunological (monoclonal antibody against TNFα or IL6), pharmacological (small molecular inhibitors of IKKβ-NF-κB and JAK2-STAT3) or genetic (specific RNAi for COX-2) agents that suppressed the inflammatory response in combination with induction of apoptosis via TRAIL. As a result of these combined treatments, exogenous TRAIL via interactions with TRAIL-R2/R1 strongly increased levels of apoptosis in resistant melanoma cells. The present study provides new understanding of the regulation of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in melanoma and will serve as the foundation for the potential development of a novel approach for a therapy of resistant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Ivanov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Aydemir EA, Oz ES, Göktürk RS, Ozkan G, Fiskin K. Glycyrrhiza flavescens subsp. antalyensis exerts antiproliferative effects on melanoma cells via altering TNF-α and IFN-α levels. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:820-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hemon P, Jean-Louis F, Ramgolam K, Brignone C, Viguier M, Bachelez H, Triebel F, Charron D, Aoudjit F, Al-Daccak R, Michel L. MHC Class II Engagement by Its Ligand LAG-3 (CD223) Contributes to Melanoma Resistance to Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5173-83. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Characterization and mechanistic studies of a novel melanoma-targeting construct containing IκBa for specific inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activity. Neoplasia 2011; 12:766-77. [PMID: 20927315 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a central mediator of growth and homeostasis for both normal and neoplastic cells. IκBα is the natural intracellular inhibitor of NF-κB and can effectively complex with and thereby inhibit the biologic activity and translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. We designed a fusion protein designated IκBα/scFvMEL composing of human IκBα and the single-chain antibody scFvMEL, targets melanoma gp240 antigen. Cells treated with IκBα/scFvMEL before irradiation showed specifically inhibition of both constitutive and radiation-induced NF-κB activity on gp240 antigen-positive A375M cells. Pretreatment of A375M cells with IκBα/scFvMEL significantly sensitized melanoma cells to ionizing radiation assessed using a clonogenic survival assay. Mechanistic studies showed that IκBα/scFvMEL, when exogenously added to A375M cells, could be coimmunoprecipitated with the p65 subunit of NF-κB. IκBα/scFvMEL inhibited in a time and/or dose-dependent manner of tumor necrosis factor α- or radiation-induced NF-κB activity in vitro. IκBα/scFvMEL was also shown to specifically inhibit the translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit to the cell nucleus and NF-κB-mediated gene transcription. Further, initial studies showed that mice bearing well-established A375M xenografts were treated (intravenously) with IκBα/scFvMEL and showed a significant suppression of tumor growth. We also observed a decrease in levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL signaling events downstream of NF-κB in the tumor model. These studies demonstrate for the first time that tumor cell-targeted delivery of IκBα may be beneficial for the treatment of melanoma when combined with standard anticancer therapies such as radiation.
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Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity is triggered by sensing viral nucleic acids. RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I) is an intracellular molecule that responds to viral nucleic acids and activates downstream signaling, resulting in the induction of members of the type I interferon (IFN) family, which are regarded among the most important effectors of the innate immune system. Although RIG-I is expressed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm, its levels are subject to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. RIG-I belongs to the IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) family, but certain cells regulate its expression through IFN-independent mechanisms. Several lines of evidence indicate that deregulated RIG-I signaling is associated with autoimmune disorders. Further studies suggest that RIG-I has functions in addition to those directly related to its role in RNA sensing and host defense. We have much to learn and discover regarding this interesting cytoplasmic sensor so that we can capitalize on its properties for the treatment of viral infections, immune disorders, cancer, and perhaps other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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80
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de Bruyn M, Rybczynska AA, Wei Y, Schwenkert M, Fey GH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A, Helfrich W, Bremer E. Melanoma-associated Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan (MCSP)-targeted delivery of soluble TRAIL potently inhibits melanoma outgrowth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:301. [PMID: 21092273 PMCID: PMC3000402 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced melanoma is characterized by a pronounced resistance to therapy leading to a limited patient survival of ~6 - 9 months. Here, we report on a novel bifunctional therapeutic fusion protein, designated anti-MCSP:TRAIL, that is comprised of a melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP)-specific antibody fragment (scFv) fused to soluble human TRAIL. MCSP is a well-established target for melanoma immunotherapy and has recently been shown to provide important tumorigenic signals to melanoma cells. TRAIL is a highly promising tumoricidal cytokine with no or minimal toxicity towards normal cells. Anti-MCSP:TRAIL was designed to 1. selectively accrete at the cell surface of MCSP-positive melanoma cells and inhibit MCSP tumorigenic signaling and 2. activate apoptotic TRAIL-signaling. RESULTS Treatment of a panel of MCSP-positive melanoma cell lines with anti-MCSP:TRAIL induced TRAIL-mediated apoptotic cell death within 16 h. Of note, treatment with anti-MCSP:sTRAIL was also characterized by a rapid dephosphorylation of key proteins, such as FAK, implicated in MCSP-mediated malignant behavior. Importantly, anti-MCSP:TRAIL treatment already inhibited anchorage-independent growth by 50% at low picomolar concentrations, whereas > 100 fold higher concentrations of non-targeted TRAIL failed to reduce colony formation. Daily i.v. treatment with a low dose of anti-MCSP:TRAIL (0.14 mg/kg) resulted in a significant growth retardation of established A375 M xenografts. Anti-MCSP:TRAIL activity was further synergized by co-treatment with rimcazole, a σ-ligand currently in clinical trials for the treatment of various cancers. CONCLUSIONS Anti-MCSP:TRAIL has promising pre-clinical anti-melanoma activity that appears to result from combined inhibition of tumorigenic MCSP-signaling and concordant activation of TRAIL-apoptotic signaling. Anti-MCSP:TRAIL alone, or in combination with rimcazole, may be of potential value for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco de Bruyn
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen (Hanzeplein 1), University of Groningen, Groningen (9713 GZ), The Netherlands
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Hamaï A, Benlalam H, Meslin F, Hasmim M, Carré T, Akalay I, Janji B, Berchem G, Noman MZ, Chouaib S. Immune surveillance of human cancer: if the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes play the music, does the tumoral system call the tune? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 75:1-8. [PMID: 20196816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the innate and adaptive immune systems participate in the recognition and destruction of cancer cells by a process known as cancer immunosurveillance. Tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) are the major effectors in the immune response against tumor cells. The identification of tumor-associated antigen (TAA) recognized primarily by CD 8(+) T-lymphocytes has led to the development of several vaccination strategies that induce or potentiate specific immune responses. However, large established tumors, which are associated with the acquisition of tumor resistance to specific lysis, are usually not fully controlled by the immune system. Recently, it has become clear that the immune system not only protects the host against tumor development but also sculpts the immunogenic phenotype of a developing tumor and can favor the emergence of resistant tumor cell variants. Moreover, it has become obvious that the evasion of immunosurveillance by tumor cells is under the control of the tumor microenvironment complexity and plasticity. In this review, we will focus on some new mechanisms associated with the acquisition of tumor resistance to specific lysis during tumor progression, involving genetic instability, structural changes in cytoskeleton, and hypoxic stress. We will also discuss the interaction between CTLs and tumor endothelial cells, a major component of tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamaï
- INSERM, U753, Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines: Interaction Effecteurs Cytotoxiques-Système Tumoral, Institut Gustave-Roussy PR1 and IFR 54, Villejuif, France
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Van Goietsenoven G, Hutton J, Becker JP, Lallemand B, Robert F, Lefranc F, Pirker C, Vandenbussche G, Van Antwerpen P, Evidente A, Berger W, Prévost M, Pelletier J, Kiss R, Kinzy TG, Kornienko A, Mathieu V. Targeting of eEF1A with Amaryllidaceae isocarbostyrils as a strategy to combat melanomas. FASEB J 2010; 24:4575-84. [PMID: 20643906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-162263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas display poor response rates to adjuvant therapies because of their intrinsic resistance to proapoptotic stimuli. This study indicates that such resistance can be overcome, at least partly, through the targeting of eEF1A elongation factor with narciclasine, an Amaryllidaceae isocarbostyril controlling plant growth. Narciclasine displays IC(50) growth inhibitory values between 30-100 nM in melanoma cell lines, irrespective of their levels of resistance to proapoptotic stimuli. Normal noncancerous cell lines are much less affected. At nontoxic doses, narciclasine also significantly improves (P=0.004) the survival of mice bearing metastatic apoptosis-resistant melanoma xenografts in their brain. The eEF1A targeting with narciclasine (50 nM) leads to 1) marked actin cytoskeleton disorganization, resulting in cytokinesis impairment, and 2) protein synthesis impairment (elongation and initiation steps), whereas apoptosis is induced at higher doses only (≥200 nM). In addition to molecular docking validation and identification of potential binding sites, we biochemically confirmed that narciclasine directly binds to human recombinant and yeast-purified eEF1A in a nanomolar range, but not to actin or elongation factor 2, and that 5 nM narciclasine is sufficient to impair eEF1A-related actin bundling activity. eEF1A is thus a potential target to combat melanomas regardless of their apoptosis-sensitivity, and this finding reconciles the pleiotropic cytostatic of narciclasine. -
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Hyter S, Bajaj G, Liang X, Barbacid M, Ganguli-Indra G, Indra AK. Loss of nuclear receptor RXRα in epidermal keratinocytes promotes the formation of Cdk4-activated invasive melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:635-48. [PMID: 20629968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes contribute to melanocyte transformation by affecting their microenvironment, in part through the secretion of paracrine factors. Here we report a loss of expression of nuclear receptor RXRα in epidermal keratinocytes during human melanoma progression. In the absence of keratinocytic RXRα, in combination with mutant Cdk4, cutaneous melanoma was generated that metastasized to lymph nodes in a bigenic mouse model. Expression of several keratinocyte-derived mitogenic growth factors (Et-1, Hgf, Scf, α-MSH and Fgf 2 ) was elevated in skin of bigenic mice, whereas Fas, E-cadherin and Pten, implicated in apoptosis, cellular invasion and melanomagenesis, respectively, were downregulated within the microdissected melanocytic tumors. We demonstrated that RXRα is recruited on the proximal promoter of both Et-1 and Hgf, possibly directly regulating their transcription in keratinocytes. These studies demonstrate the contribution of keratinocytic paracrine signaling during the cellular transformation and malignant conversion of melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hyter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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84
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The role of endogenous reactive oxygen species in oxymatrine-induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma A375 cells. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:494-501. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328336e927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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85
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Karasic TB, Hei TK, Ivanov VN. Disruption of IGF-1R signaling increases TRAIL-induced apoptosis: a new potential therapy for the treatment of melanoma. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1994-2007. [PMID: 20417200 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis is dependent on a balance of multiple genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which up-regulate efficacy of the surviving growth factor-receptor signaling pathways and suppress death-receptor signaling pathways. The Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathway is highly active in metastatic melanoma cells by mediating downstream activation of PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways and controlling general cell survival and proliferation. In the present study, we used human melanoma lines with established genotypes that represented different phases of cancer development: radial-growth-phase WM35, vertical-growth-phase WM793, metastatic LU1205 and WM9 [1]. All these lines have normal NRAS. WM35, WM793, LU1205 and WM9 cells have mutated BRAF (V600E). WM35 and WM9 cells express normal PTEN, while in WM793 cells PTEN expression is down-regulated; finally, in LU1205 cells PTEN is inactivated by mutation. Cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP), a specific inhibitor of IGF-1R kinase activity, strongly down-regulated the basal levels of AKT activity in WM9 and in WM793 cells, modestly does so in LU1205, but has no effect on AKT activity in the early stage WM35 cells that are deficient in IGF-1R. In addition, PPP partially down-regulated the basal levels of active ERK1/2 in all lines used, highlighting the role of an alternative, non-BRAF pathway in MAPK activation. The final result of PPP treatment was an induction of apoptosis in WM793, WM9 and LU1205 melanoma cells. On the other hand, dose-dependent inhibition of IGF-1R kinase activity by PPP at a relatively narrow dose range (near 500 nM) has different effects on melanoma cells versus normal cells, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and G2/M arrest of fibroblasts. To further enhance the pro-apoptotic effects of PPP on melanoma cells, we used a combined treatment of TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) and PPP. This combination substantially increased death by apoptosis for WM793 and WM9 cells, but did so only modestly for LU1205 cells with very high basal activity of AKT. The ultimate goal of this direction of research is the discovery of a new treatment method for highly resistant human metastatic melanomas. Our findings provide the rationale for further preclinical evaluation of this novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Karasic
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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86
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Kalvakolanu DV, Nallar SC, Kalakonda S. Cytokine-induced tumor suppressors: a GRIM story. Cytokine 2010; 52:128-42. [PMID: 20382543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines belonging to the IFN family are potent growth suppressors. In a number of clinical and preclinical studies, vitamin A and its derivatives like retinoic acid (RA) have been shown to exert synergistic growth-suppressive effects on several tumor cells. We have employed a genome-wide expression-knockout approach to identify the genes critical for IFN/RA-induced growth suppression. A number of novel genes associated with Retinoid-Interferon-induced Mortality (GRIM) were isolated. In this review, we will describe the molecular mechanisms of actions of one, GRIM-19, which participates in multiple pathways for exerting growth control and/or cell death. This protein is emerging as a new tumor suppressor. In addition, GRIM-19 appears to participate in innate immune responses as its activity is modulated by several viruses and bacteria. Thus, GRIMs seem to couple with multiple biological responses by acting at critical nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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López-Fauqued M, Gil R, Grueso J, Hernandez-Losa J, Pujol A, Moliné T, Recio JA. The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103 promotes immunosuppression, in vivo tumor growth and increases survival of sorafenib-treated melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:1549-61. [PMID: 19810100 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal human skin cancer. If metastatic, it becomes very aggressive and resistant to standard modalities of anticancer treatment. During the last 10 years, several therapeutic strategies have been tested including the use of single and combined small drugs. Experimental results indicate that RAS and PI3K pathways are important for the development and maintenance of melanoma. In this study, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo inhibition potential of PI-103, a PI3K (p110alpha)/mTOR inhibitor and sorafenib, a BRAF inhibitor, as single agents and in combination in primary melanoma cell lines. Although PI-103 and sorafenib inhibited melanoma in vitro cell proliferation and viability, the inhibition of RAS pathway appeared to be more effective. The combination of the two agents in in vitro showed a synergistic effect inhibiting RAS and PI3K pathways in a cell line dependent manner. However, no cooperative effect was observed in blocking in vivo tumor growth in immunocompetent mice. In contrary to the expected, the data indicate that PI-103 induced immunosuppression promoting in vivo tumor growth and inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, in vitro studies examining the effects of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in tumor derived cell lines indicated that PI-103 induced the anti-apoptotic BH3 family proteins Mcl1, Bcl2 and Bcl(xL) favoring, the in vitro survival of sorafenib treated melanoma cells. These data certainly makes an argument for investigating unexpected effects of rational drug combinations on immunocompetent animal models prior to conducting clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta López-Fauqued
- Medical Oncology Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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88
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Jung YH, Heo J, Lee YJ, Kwon TK, Kim YH. Quercetin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via increased protein stability of death receptor 5. Life Sci 2010; 86:351-7. [PMID: 20096292 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Quercetin has been shown to enhance tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells via mechanisms that include upregulation of death receptor (DR) 5, a protein reported to play an important role in sensitizing cancer cells to apoptosis. We aimed to determine the specific mechanisms underlying quercetin-induced DR5 expression. MAIN METHODS Human prostate cancer cells were exposed to quercetin and TRAIL. Trypan blue assays and terminal transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays evaluated changes in TRAIL resistance after quercetin treatment, and flow cytometry examined quercetin-induced death receptor expression in DU-145 cells. Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and transiently transfection were utilized to confirm apoptotic patterns of prostate cancer cells. KEY FINDINGS After stimulation with quercetin, DU-145 cells exhibited stronger sensitization to TRAIL. Quercetin treatment enhanced TRAIL-induced activation proteins in the caspase pathway, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3, and caspase-9. Quercetin dose-dependently increased DR5 levels in prostate cancer cells, which was mediated by increased transcription and protein stability, but not mRNA stability. Ectopic expression of DR5 dose-dependently increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Our results showed that the role of quercetin and TRAIL combination therapy may provide a novel strategy for treating prostate cancer by overcoming critical mechanisms of apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 602-703, Korea
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89
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Amschler K, Schön MP, Pletz N, Wallbrecht K, Erpenbeck L, Schön M. NF-kappaB inhibition through proteasome inhibition or IKKbeta blockade increases the susceptibility of melanoma cells to cytostatic treatment through distinct pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:1073-86. [PMID: 19940859 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasized melanoma is almost universally resistant to chemotherapy. Given that constitutive or drug-induced upregulation of NF-kappaB activity is associated with this chemoresistance, NF-kappaB inhibition may increase the susceptibility to antitumoral therapy. On the cellular level, two principles of NF-kappaB inhibition, proteasome inhibition by bortezomib and IkappaB kinase-beta (IKKbeta) inhibition by the kinase inhibitor of NF-kappaB-1 (KINK-1), significantly increased the antitumoral efficacy of camptothecin. When combined with camptothecin, either of the two NF-kappaB-inhibiting principles synergistically influenced progression-related in vitro functions, including cell growth, apoptosis, and invasion through an artificial basement membrane. In addition, when C57BL/6 mice were intravenously injected with B16F10 melanoma cells, the combination of cytostatic treatment with either of the NF-kappaB-inhibiting compounds revealed significantly reduced pulmonary metastasis compared to either treatment alone. However, on the molecular level, nuclear translocation of p65, cell cycle analysis, and expression of NF-kappaB-dependent gene products disclosed distinctly different molecular mechanisms, resulting in the same functional effect. That proteasome inhibition and IKKbeta inhibition affect distinct molecular pathways downstream of NF-kappaB, both leading to increased chemosensitivity, is previously unreported. Thus, it is conceivable that switching the two principles of NF-kappaB inhibition, once resistance to one of the agents occurs, will improve future treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Amschler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
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90
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Rudolf K, Cervinka M, Rudolf E. Cytotoxicity and mitochondrial apoptosis induced by etoposide in melanoma cells. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:704-17. [PMID: 19488905 DOI: 10.1080/07357900802653480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by etoposide were studied during 72 hr in human melanoma cells. Etoposide initiated DNA-damage signaling via ATM kinase and activated p53 pathway and caspase-2. In response to treatment with etoposide, mitochondria of melanoma cells first increased their abundance and activity, and at later treatment intervals their dynamic behavior and functions became suppressed. Observed mitochondrial perturbation was not preceded by membrane potential loss but cytochrome c release was observed together with a rise in caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities. The pharmacological inhibition of relevant induced targets proved the importance of ATM and caspase-2 in etoposide-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Rudolf
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Pharmacology, 2nd Internal Clinic, Faculty Teaching Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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91
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Abstract
Melanoma cells acquire multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote their metastasis and resistance to available therapies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Soengas and colleagues reveal that the induction of endosome-mediated autophagy results in efficient melanoma cell death, thereby offering new potential means for treatment of this devastating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsoo Kim
- Signal Transduction Program, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92130, USA
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92
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Nihal M, Ahsan H, Siddiqui IA, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N, Wood GS. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) sensitizes melanoma cells to interferon induced growth inhibition in a mouse model of human melanoma. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:2057-63. [PMID: 19502799 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.13.8862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma incidence has increased over the last few decades and metastatic melanoma is one of the hardest malignancies to treat. Thus, novel approaches are needed for an effective management of melanoma. Interferon-alpha2b (IFN), an immunomodulatory cytokine commonly used in melanoma treatment, has shown marginal efficacy and often results in discontinuation of therapy due to toxicity. We earlier demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic constituent of green tea, caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human melanoma cells via modulation in cki-cyclin-cdk machinery and Bcl-2 family proteins. This study was undertaken to determine if EGCG could enhance the anti-proliferative effects of IFN. In this study, we demonstrated that EGCG and/or IFN treatments to melanoma cells resulted in a marked (1) decrease in cell proliferation and colony formation ability, and (2) induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, the combination was found to be more effective than either of the agents alone. Further, the anti-proliferative effects of EGCG and/or IFN were accompanied with an increase in Fas protein levels and a decrease in nuclear factor NFkappaB/p65 in the nucleus as well as NFkappaB promoter activity. EGCG and/or IFN also resulted in an increase in Fas-L mediated apoptosis. Further, EGCG and/or IFN treatments resulted in a decrease in melanoma tumor growth and protein levels of proliferation marker PCNA, in athymic nude mice implanted with melanoma tumors. The combination of the two modalities demonstrated a better response than either of them alone. Our data suggest that EGCG could impart therapeutic advantage if used in conjunction with IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin Medical School and William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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93
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Transglutaminase 2 expression levels regulate sensitivity to cystamine plus TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:224-30. [PMID: 19632032 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that cystamine, an inhibitor of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), enhanced tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in Caki cells, but not in normal human mesangial cells. Cystamine plus TRAIL-induced down-regulation of c-FLIP was recovered to basal levels by addition of the pancaspase inhibitor, z-VAD. The forced expression of c-FLIP attenuated cystamine plus TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in Caki cells. Although, cells expressing high levels of TG2 were more sensitive to cystamine plus TRAIL-mediated apoptosis than were cells expressing low levels of TG2, cystamine plus TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in the cell line expressing high levels of TG2 was reduced when TG2 levels were knocked down with siRNA. These results indicate that the level of TG2 modulates cystamine plus TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Taken together, the present findings suggest that cystamine may be an effective sensitizer of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells expressing high levels of TG2.
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94
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Lee TJ, Um HJ, Min DS, Park JW, Choi KS, Kwon TK. Withaferin A sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated up-regulation of death receptor 5 and down-regulation of c-FLIP. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1639-49. [PMID: 19345731 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (Wit A) has reportedly shown cytotoxicity in a variety of tumor cell lines. Here, we show that cotreatment with subtoxic doses of Wit A and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in human renal cancer cells, Caki cells, but not in human normal mesangial cells. Moreover, the combined treatment with Wit A and TRAIL dramatically induces apoptosis in various cancer cell types, suggesting that this combined treatment might offer an attractive strategy for safely treating human cancers. Treatment of Caki cells with Wit A up-regulated death receptor 5 (DR5) in a C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-dependent manner. Interestingly, a Wit A-induced increase in ROS levels preceded the up-regulation of CHOP and DR5. The involvement of ROS in CHOP-mediated DR5 up-regulation was confirmed by the result that pretreatment with an antioxidant, NAC or catalase, inhibited Wit A-induced up-regulation of both CHOP and DR5. We also found that Wit A treatment down-regulated c-FLIP via NF-kappaB-mediated transcriptional control as well as ROS signaling pathways. Taken together, our results show that DR5 up-regulation and c-FLIP down-regulation contribute to the sensitizing effect of Wit A on TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 Dong San-Dong Jung-Gu, Taegu 700-712, South Korea
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95
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Rozanov DV, Savinov AY, Golubkov VS, Rozanova OL, Postnova TI, Sergienko EA, Vasile S, Aleshin AE, Rega MF, Pellecchia M, Strongin AY. Engineering a leucine zipper-TRAIL homotrimer with improved cytotoxicity in tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1515-25. [PMID: 19509255 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Successful cancer therapies aim to induce selective apoptosis in neoplastic cells. The current suboptimal efficiency and selectivity drugs have therapeutic limitations and induce concomitant side effects. Recently, novel cancer therapies based on the use of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) have emerged. TRAIL, a key component of the natural antitumor immune response, selectively kills many tumor cell types. Earlier studies with recombinant TRAIL, however, revealed its many shortcomings including a short half-life, off-target toxicity, and existence of TRAIL-resistant tumor cells. We improved the efficacy of recombinant TRAIL by redesigning its structure and the expression and purification procedures. The result is a highly stable leucine zipper (LZ)-TRAIL chimera that is simple to produce and purify. This chimera functions as a trimer in a manner that is similar to natural TRAIL. The formulation of the recombinant LZ-TRAIL we have developed has displayed high specific activity in both cell-based assays in vitro and animal tests in vivo. Our results have shown that the half-life of LZ-TRAIL is improved and now exceeds 1 h in mice compared with a half-life of only minutes reported earlier for recombinant TRAIL. We have concluded that our LZ-TRAIL construct will serve as a foundation for a new generation of fully human LZ-TRAIL proteins suitable for use in preclinical and clinical studies and for effective combination therapies to overcome tumor resistance to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Rozanov
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
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96
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Chen SY, Takeuchi S, Moroi Y, Hayashida S, Kido M, Tomoeda H, Uenotsuchi T, Tu YT, Furue M, Urabe K. Concordant overexpression of phosphorylated ATF2 and STAT3 in extramammary Paget's disease. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:402-8. [PMID: 19278424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play important roles in the pathogenesis of various tumors, but ATF2 expression/activation and the relationship with STAT3 activation have not yet been investigated in extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). OBJECTIVE To investigate potential contributions of ATF2 and STAT3 pathways to the pathogenesis of EMPD. METHOD Paraffin-embedded 45 EMPD specimens (43 primary EMPD and 2 nodal metastases) were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for ATF2, phosphorylated (p)-ATF2 and p-STAT3. RESULTS P-ATF2 expression in advanced EMPD, non-invasive EMPD and normal skin (NS) controls were 97.9 +/- 1.8%, 82.0 +/- 23.4% and 45.8 +/- 3.2%, respectively, and p-STAT3 expression in advanced EMPD, non-invasive EMPD and NS were 97.0 +/- 2.9%, 83.2 +/- 23.3% and 50.1 +/- 6.7%, respectively. P-ATF2 and p-STAT3 expressions in EMPD were significantly higher than those in NS, indicating a possible contribution of these pathways to the tumor development. P-ATF2 and p-STAT3 expressions in advanced EMPD were significantly higher than those in non-invasive EMPD, possibly indicating that these pathways might also contribute to the tumor invasion and/or metastasis. We also found an exceptionally high positive correlation between p-ATF2 and p-STAT3 expressions in EMPD. CONCLUSIONS P-ATF2 and p-STAT3 are concordantly overexpressed in EMPD and their expressions may possibly be associated with the tumor stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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97
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Caspases and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in cutaneous and mucosal melanoma: expression profile and clinicopathologic significance. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:950-6. [PMID: 19269012 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is characterized by apoptotic dysfunction, presumably due to abnormal expression of caspases and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. However, the expression status and clinicopathologic significance of caspases and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in cutaneous and particularly in mucosal melanomas have not been established. We investigated the expression of the major caspases (CASP3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (survivin, CIAP1, CIAP2, XIAP, and Livin) by immunohistochemistry in 52 primary cutaneous and 25 mucosal melanomas, and 24 common nevi. Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance was investigated by statistical analysis. Our data showed that the significantly up-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in primary cutaneous and mucosal melanomas as compared with nevus (P < .01) were survivin, CIAP1, CIAP2, and Livin. Percentage of cases with positive caspase or IAP immunostaining was not significantly different between primary cutaneous and mucosal melanomas or between lower- and higher-stage melanomas (P > .05). Tumor location (cutaneous versus mucosal), stage, and positive cytoplasmic and nuclear survivin staining correlated significantly with prognosis by univariate analysis (P < .01). Multivariate analysis by Cox regression model showed that the most useful prognostic indicators were tumor location (cutaneous versus mucosal, relative risk = 6.021, 95% confidence interval = 2.623 approximately 13.821, P = .000), stage (relative risk = 4.129, 95% confidence interval = 1.817 approximately 9.383, P = .001), and nuclear survivin staining (relative risk = 3.383, 95% confidence interval = 1.137 approximately 10.008, P = .028).
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98
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Chowdhury R, Chowdhury S, Roychoudhury P, Mandal C, Chaudhuri K. Arsenic induced apoptosis in malignant melanoma cells is enhanced by menadione through ROS generation, p38 signaling and p53 activation. Apoptosis 2009; 14:108-23. [PMID: 19082730 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance to apoptosis is a prominent feature of melanoma. Pharmacological concentration of arsenic in combination with a widely known oxidant, menadione was explored in this study to synergistically sensitize malignant melanoma cells to apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of apoptosis and the signaling-pathways involved were thoroughly investigated. MATERIALS METHODS AND RESULTS: Menadione synergized NaAsO(2) to significantly increase ROS generation and facilitate the major apoptotic signaling events: alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 down-regulation and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 followed by poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 cleavage. Antioxidant N-acetyl-L: -cysteine antagonized these events. Investigation of the signaling-pathway revealed significant suppression of AP-1 activity but not NF-kappaB upon NaAsO(2) and menadione application. An increase in p38 phosphorylation and p53 protein expression did also dictate the apoptotic response. Suppression of p38 activation with SB203580 and inhibition of p53 expression by siRNA attenuated apoptosis. Transfection of p53, in p53 null HCT cells augmented the apoptotic events. Moreover, the treatment also led to tumor size reduction in BALB/c mice developed by intra-dermal B16 mouse melanoma cell injection; however, it had no detectable pro-proliferative or pro-apoptotic effect on non-tumor keratinocytes, normal fibroblasts or PBMC. CONCLUSION This study thus provides an insight into innovative mechanisms of melanoma sensitization, a proper cure against which is still elusive. Taken together, our data also provides the first evidence of arsenic activity accentuation by menadione through modulation of specific signaling-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Chowdhury
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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99
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Chen SY, Takeuchi S, Urabe K, Hayashida S, Kido M, Tomoeda H, Uchi H, Dainichi T, Takahara M, Shibata S, Tu YT, Furue M, Moroi Y. Overexpression of phosphorylated-ATF2 and STAT3 in cutaneous angiosarcoma and pyogenic granuloma. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:722-30. [PMID: 18700251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor-2/Activator protein-1 (AP-1), Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and p53 are important regulators of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation in the pathogenesis of many human tumors, but the expression of phosphorylated (p)-activating transcription factor-2 (p-ATF2), phosphorylated (p)-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3) and p53 family (p63 and p73) has not been investigated in cutaneous angiosarcoma (CAS) and pyogenic granuloma (PG) so far. OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of p-ATF2, p-STAT3 and p53 and its family in cutaneous vascular tumors (CAS and PG). METHODS Paraffin-embedded specimens of 14 CAS and 19 PG were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for p-ATF2, p-STAT3, p53, p63 and p73. RESULTS P-ATF2 was expressed in 13 out of 14 CAS and in all of 19 PG. P-STAT3 was expressed in all of 14 CAS and 19 PG. P53 was expressed in all of 14 CAS and 19 PG, while both p63 and p73 were negative in CAS and PG. The p-ATF2-, p-STAT3- and p53 expression (% positive cells) in CAS and PG were significantly higher than in normal dermal vessels, but none of these transcription factors distinguished malignant (CAS)- from benign (PG) vascular tumor. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that overexpression of p-ATF2, p-STAT3 and possibly p53, but not p63 or p73, may contribute to the tumorigenesis of cutaneous vascular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Chen CL, Cen L, Kohout J, Hutzen B, Chan C, Hsieh FC, Loy A, Huang V, Cheng G, Lin J. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation is associated with bladder cancer cell growth and survival. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:78. [PMID: 18939995 PMCID: PMC2577686 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) signaling pathway plays an important role in several human cancers. Activation of Stat3 is dependent on the phosphorylation at the tyrosine residue 705 by upstream kinases and subsequent nuclear translocation after dimerization. It remains unclear whether oncogenic Stat3 signaling pathway is involved in the oncogenesis of bladder cancer. Results We found that elevated Stat3 phosphorylation in 19 of 100 (19%) bladder cancer tissues as well as bladder cancer cell lines, WH, UMUC-3 and 253J. To explore whether Stat3 activation is associated with cell growth and survival of bladder cancer, we targeted the Stat3 signaling pathway in bladder cancer cells using an adenovirus-mediated dominant-negative Stat3 (Y705F) and a small molecule compound, STA-21. Both prohibited cell growth and induction of apoptosis in these bladder cancer cell lines but not in normal bladder smooth muscle cell (BdSMC). The survival inhibition might be mediated through apoptotic caspase 3, 8 and 9 pathways. Moreover, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin) and a cell cycle regulating gene (cyclin D1) was associated with the cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Conclusion These results indicated that activation of Stat3 is crucial for bladder cancer cell growth and survival. Therefore, interference of Stat3 signaling pathway emerges as a potential therapeutic approach for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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