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Carbon fiber based electrochemical sensor for sweat cortisol measurement. Sci Rep 2019; 9:403. [PMID: 30674991 PMCID: PMC6344552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the use of a conductive carbon fiber to construct a flexible biosensing platform for monitoring biomarkers in sweat. Cortisol was chosen as a model analyte. Functionalization of the conductive carbon yarn (CCY) with ellipsoidal Fe2O3 has been performed to immobilize the antibodies specific to cortisol. 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry has been used to immobilize the antibodies onto the Fe2O3 modified CCY. Crystallinity, structure, morphology, flexibility, surface area, and elemental analysis were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Mechanical properties of the fiber such as tensile strength, young’s modulus have also been investigated. Under optimal parameters, the fabric sensor exhibited a good linearity (r2 = 0.998) for wide a linear range from 1 fg to 1 μg with a detection limit of 0.005 fg/mL for the sensitive detection of cortisol. Repeatability, reliability, reproducibility, and anti-interference properties of the current sensor have been investigated. Detection of cortisol levels in human sweat samples has also been investigated and the results were validated with commercial chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) method.
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52
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Bhide A, Cheeran S, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Enzymatic Low Volume Passive Sweat Based Assays for Multi-Biomarker Detection. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E13. [PMID: 30654428 PMCID: PMC6468720 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of correlated multi-biomarkers on a single low-cost platform in ultra-low fluid volumes with robustness is in growing demand for the development of wearable diagnostics. A non-faradaic biosensor for the simultaneous detection of alcohol, glucose, and lactate utilizing low volumes (1⁻5 μL) of sweat is demonstrated. Biosensing is implemented using nanotextured ZnO films integrated on a flexible porous membrane to achieve enhanced sensor performance. The ZnO sensing region is functionalized with enzymes specific for the detection of alcohol, glucose, and lactate in the ranges encompassing their physiologically relevant levels. A non-faradaic chronoamperometry technique is used to measure the current changes associated with interactions of the target biomarkers with their specific enzyme. The specificity performance of the biosensing platform was established in the presence of cortisol as the non-specific molecule. Biosensing performance of the platform in a continuous mode performed over a 1.5-h duration showed a stable current response to cumulative lifestyle biomarker concentrations with capability to distinguish reliably between low, mid, and high concentration ranges of alcohol (0.1, 25, 100 mg/dL), glucose (0.1, 10, 50 mg/dL), and lactate (1, 50, 100 mM). The low detection limits and a broader dynamic range for the lifestyle biomarker detection are quantified in this research demonstrating its suitability for translation into a wearable device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha Bhide
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Sarah Cheeran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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53
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Xu M, Obodo D, Yadavalli VK. The design, fabrication, and applications of flexible biosensing devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 124-125:96-114. [PMID: 30343162 PMCID: PMC6310145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flexible biosensors form part of a rapidly growing research field that take advantage of a multidisciplinary approach involving materials, fabrication and design strategies to be able to function at biological interfaces that may be soft, intrinsically curvy, irregular, or elastic. Numerous exciting advancements are being proposed and developed each year towards applications in healthcare, fundamental biomedical research, food safety and environmental monitoring. In order to place these developments in perspective, this review is intended to present an overview on field of flexible biosensor development. We endeavor to show how this subset of the broader field of flexible and wearable devices presents unique characteristics inherent in their design. Initially, a discussion on the structure of flexible biosensors is presented to address the critical issues specific to their design. We then summarize the different materials as substrates that can resist mechanical deformation while retaining their function of the bioreceptors and active elements. Several examples of flexible biosensors are presented based on the different environments in which they may be deployed or on the basis of targeted biological analytes. Challenges and future perspectives pertinent to the current and future stages of development are presented. Through these summaries and discussion, this review is expected to provide insights towards a systematic and fundamental understanding for the fabrication and utilization of flexible biosensors, as well as inspire and improve designs for smart and effective devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Dora Obodo
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Lin KC, Jagannath B, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Sub-picomolar label-free detection of thrombin using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of aptamer-functionalized MoS 2. Analyst 2018. [PMID: 28650005 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00548b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive aptasensor for the label free non-faradaic detection of thrombin has been demonstrated on molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanosheets. These nanosheets were physiochemically immobilized onto a silicon micro-electrode platform. Thrombin detection was achieved through the charge modulation of the electrical double layer due to the specific and dose dependent binding of thrombin to the surface of thiol terminated ssDNA aptamer functionalized MoS2 nanosheets. Electrical double layer charge modulation associated with thrombin binding was characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering was also used to confirm the dose dependent behavior. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and XPS analysis were independently used to validate the functionalization of the ssDNA aptamer onto MoS2 nanosheets. ssDNA aptamer functionalized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for selective and specific capture of thrombin was demonstrated both in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and human serum. The optimized immunoassay enabled the detection of thrombin ranging from 267 fM to 267 pM in phosphate buffer. The limit of detection of 53 pM and the linear dynamic range of detection of thrombin ranged from 53 to 854 pM in human serum. The rapid response time for the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy signal makes it an attractive option for the real-time detection of thrombin based point-of-care diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Badrinath Jagannath
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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55
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Upasham S, Tanak A, Jagannath B, Prasad S. Development of ultra-low volume, multi-bio fluid, cortisol sensing platform. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16745. [PMID: 30425312 PMCID: PMC6233171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a non-faradaic electrochemical sensor for screening across multiple bio-fluids that demonstrate the expression of cortisol using a gold microelectrode-based sensor is reported in this paper. Room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), BMIM[BF4] was used as the buffer to modulate the electrical double layer (EDL) to enhance the electrochemical signal response of the sensor. The sensor design and the surface chemistry was optimized using COMSOL Multiphysics software simulations and FTIR respectively. The sensor was designed so that it uses ultra-low volumes between 3-5 µL of bio-fluid for detection. Cortisol detection was achieved in the physiologically relevant ranges when tested in serum, blood, sweat, and, saliva using non-faradaic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and performance parameters of the sensor were determined. Sensor's response was tested against the only commercially available salivary cortisol point-of-care kit using regression analysis. Cross-reactive studies using prednisone indicated that the sensor is specific for cortisol. The sensor displayed a correlation value i.e. R2 > 0.95 between the signal response and the concentration of cortisol present in the system. Dynamic range of the sensor was across the physiologically relevant range of cortisol i.e. 50-200 ng/ml for serum/blood, 1-40 ng/ml for saliva, and 10-150 ng/ml for sweat. Limit of detection for serum and sweat was 10 ng/ml and 1 ng/ml for saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Upasham
- Deparatment of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, T.X-75080, USA
| | - Ambalika Tanak
- Deparatment of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, T.X-75080, USA
| | - Badrinath Jagannath
- Deparatment of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, T.X-75080, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Deparatment of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, T.X-75080, USA.
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Abstract
Hormones produced by glands in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters produced by the nervous system control many bodily functions. The concentrations of these molecules in the body are an indication of its state, hence the use of the term biomarker. Excess concentrations of biomarkers, such as cortisol, serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine, are released by the body in response to a variety of conditions, for example, emotional state (euphoria, stress) and disease. The development of simple, low-cost modalities for point-of-use (PoU) measurements of biomarkers levels in various bodily fluids (blood, urine, sweat, saliva) as opposed to conventional hospital or lab settings is receiving increasing attention. This paper starts with a review of the basic properties of 12 primary stress-induced biomarkers: origin in the body (i.e., if they are produced as hormones, neurotransmitters, or both), chemical composition, molecular weight (small/medium size molecules and polymers, ranging from ∼100 Da to ∼100 kDa), and hydro- or lipophilic nature. Next is presented a detailed review of the published literature regarding the concentration of these biomarkers found in several bodily fluids that can serve as the medium for determination of the condition of the subject: blood, urine, saliva, sweat, and, to a lesser degree, interstitial tissue fluid. The concentration of various biomarkers in most fluids covers a range of 5-6 orders of magnitude, from hundreds of nanograms per milliliter (∼1 μM) down to a few picograms per milliliter (sub-1 pM). Mechanisms and materials for point-of-use biomarker sensors are summarized, and key properties are reviewed. Next, selected methods for detecting these biomarkers are reviewed, including antibody- and aptamer-based colorimetric assays and electrochemical and optical detection. Illustrative examples from the literature are discussed for each key sensor approach. Finally, the review outlines key challenges of the field and provides a look ahead to future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Steckl
- Nanoelectronics Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0030, United States
| | - Prajokta Ray
- Nanoelectronics Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0030, United States
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57
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Lewinski NA, Avrutin V, Izadi T, Secondo LE, Ullah MB, Özgür Ü, Morkoç H, Topsakal E. Influence of ZnO thin film crystallinity on in vitro biocompatibility. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:754-759. [PMID: 30210779 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the cytocompatibility of single- and poly-crystalline ZnO thin films using extract and direct contact methods. Exposure to poly-crystalline ZnO extract resulted in reduced cell viability, on average 82%/70% as measured by MTS/LDH assays, respectively. Direct exposure to both single- and poly-crystalline ZnO thin films resulted in reduced cell viability, which was attributed to anoikis due to inhibition of cell adhesion to the substrate by zinc. Intracellular zinc imaging suggests that single crystalline ZnO thin films do not result in a significant change in intracellular zinc concentrations. Overall, the results suggest that single-crystalline ZnO thin films have better short-term (24 h) cytocompatibility and support their potential to serve as a biocompatible sensor material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastassja A Lewinski
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA . ; Tel: (+1)804-828-0452
| | - Vitaliy Avrutin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Tanin Izadi
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA . ; Tel: (+1)804-828-0452
| | - Lynn E Secondo
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA . ; Tel: (+1)804-828-0452
| | - Md Barkat Ullah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Ümit Özgür
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Hadis Morkoç
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Erdem Topsakal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 W. Main St , Richmond , VA , USA
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58
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Facile and inexpensive fabrication of zinc oxide based bio-surfaces for C-reactive protein detection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12687. [PMID: 30140055 PMCID: PMC6107546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper reports a biosensor formed from antibody coated ZnO nano-crystals which has been prepared using a rapid and inexpensive fabrication method which utilises colloidal dispersion enhanced using sonication. This technique was used to prepare highly ordered and uniform nano-crystalline sensor surfaces on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using 0.5%, 1% and 5% concentrations of zinc oxide nano-crystal suspensions. Impedance spectroscopy was employed to interrogate the sensor surfaces and confirmed high reproducibility of the fabrication process. Changes in impedance values, at a frequency of 138 Hz, were used to establish dose dependent responses for C-reactive protein (CRP) antigen. A limit of detection of less than 1 ng/ml was demonstrated for nano-surfaces fabricated from concentrations of 1% ZnO.
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59
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Jagannath B, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Electrical double layer modulation of hybrid room temperature ionic liquid/aqueous buffer interface for enhanced sweat based biosensing. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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60
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Economou A, Kokkinos C, Prodromidis M. Flexible plastic, paper and textile lab-on-a chip platforms for electrochemical biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1812-1830. [PMID: 29855637 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flexible biosensors represent an increasingly important and rapidly developing field of research. Flexible materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. On the other hand, electrochemical detection is perfectly suited to flexible biosensing devices. The present paper reviews the field of integrated electrochemical bionsensors fabricated on flexible materials (plastic, paper and textiles) which are used as functional base substrates. The vast majority of electrochemical flexible lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices are based on plastic supports in a single or layered configuration. Among these, wearable devices are perhaps the ones that most vividly demonstrate the utility of the concept of flexible biosensors while diagnostic cards represent the state-of-the art in terms of integration and functionality. Another important type of flexible biosensors utilize paper as a functional support material enabling the fabrication of low-cost and disposable paper-based devices operating on the lateral flow, drop-casting or folding (origami) principles. Finally, textile-based biosensors are beginning to emerge enabling real-time measurements in the working environment or in wound care applications. This review is timely due to the significant advances that have taken place over the last few years in the area of LOC biosensors and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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61
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Zhu X, Ju Y, Chen J, Liu D, Liu H. Nonenzymatic Wearable Sensor for Electrochemical Analysis of Perspiration Glucose. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1135-1141. [PMID: 29767510 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a nonenzymatic wearable sensor for electrochemical analysis of perspiration glucose. Multipotential steps are applied on a Au electrode, including a high negative pretreatment potential step for proton reduction which produces a localized alkaline condition, a moderate potential step for electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose under the alkaline condition, and a positive potential step to clean and reactivate the electrode surface for the next detection. Fluorocarbon-based materials were coated on the Au electrode for improving the selectivity and robustness of the sensor. A fully integrated wristband is developed for continuous real-time monitoring of perspiration glucose during physical activities, and uploading the test result to a smartphone app via Bluetooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yinhui Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Deye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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62
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Softness Induced Enhancement in Net Throughput of Non-Linear Bio-Fluids in Nanofluidic Channel under EDL Phenomenon. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7893. [PMID: 29777120 PMCID: PMC5959933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe the electro-hydrodynamics of non-Newtonian fluid in narrow fluidic channel with solvent permeable and ion-penetrable polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) grafted on channel surface with an interaction of non-overlapping electric double layer (EDL) phenomenon. In this analysis, we integrate power-law model in the momentum equation for describing the non-Newtonian rheology. The complex interplay between the non-Newtonian rheology and interfacial electrochemistry in presence of PEL on the walls leads to non-intuitive variations in the underlying flow dynamics in the channels. As such, we bring out the variations in flow dynamics and their implications on the net throughput in the channel in terms of different parameters like power-law index (n), drag parameter (α), PEL thickness (d) and Debye length ratio (κ/κPEL) are discussed. We show, in this analysis, a relative enhancement in the net throughput through a soft nanofluidic channel for both the shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids, attributed to the stronger electrical body forces stemming from ionic interactions between polyelectrolyte layer and electrolyte layer. Also, we illustrate that higher apparent viscosity inherent with the class of shear-thickening fluid weakens the softness induced enhancement in the volumetric flow rate for the shear-thickening fluids, since the viscous drag offered to the f low f ield becomes higher for the transport of shear-thickening fluid.
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63
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Jang HJ, Lee T, Song J, Russell L, Li H, Dailey J, Searson PC, Katz HE. Electronic Cortisol Detection Using an Antibody-Embedded Polymer Coupled to a Field-Effect Transistor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:16233-16237. [PMID: 29701946 PMCID: PMC6026499 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A field-effect transistor-based cortisol sensor was demonstrated in physiological conditions. An antibody-embedded polymer on the remote gate was proposed to overcome the Debye length issue (λD). The sensing membrane was made by linking poly(styrene- co-methacrylic acid) (PSMA) with anticortisol before coating the modified polymer on the remote gate. The embedded receptor in the polymer showed sensitivity from 10 fg/mL to 10 ng/mL for cortisol and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 pg/mL in 1× PBS where λD is 0.2 nm. A LOD of 1 ng/mL was shown in lightly buffered artificial sweat. Finally, a sandwich ELISA confirmed the antibody binding activity of antibody-embedded PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-June Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Taein Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Luisa Russell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Jennifer Dailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2608, United States
- Corresponding Author: (H.E.K.)
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64
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Oh DY, Na H, Song SW, Kim J, In H, Lee AC, Jeong Y, Lee D, Jang J, Kwon S. ELIPatch, a thumbnail-size patch with immunospot array for multiplexed protein detection from human skin surface. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:031101. [PMID: 30867857 PMCID: PMC6404946 DOI: 10.1063/1.5032170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Proteins secreted by skin have great potential as biomarkers for interpreting skin conditions. However, inconvenience in handling and bulky size of existing methods are existing limitations. Here, we describe a thumb-nail sized patch with the array of microdisks which captures multiple proteins from the skin surface. Microdisks with antibody on the surface enable multiplexed immunoassay. By self-assembly, microdisks are placed into 2-dimensional arrays on adhesive tape. The proposed Enzyme-Linked Immunospot array on a Patch shows sufficient sensitivity for IL-1α, IL1RA, IL-17A, IFN-g, and TNF-α, while IL-6 and IL-1β are non-detectable in some cases. As demonstrations, we quantified cytokines from different skin regions and volunteers in a high-spatial-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyunsoo In
- QuantaMatrix, Inc., Seoul 03122, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jisung Jang
- QuantaMatrix, Inc., Seoul 03122, South Korea
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65
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Bhide A, Muthukumar S, Saini A, Prasad S. Simultaneous lancet-free monitoring of alcohol and glucose from low-volumes of perspired human sweat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6507. [PMID: 29695724 PMCID: PMC5916883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A lancet-free, label-free biosensor for simultaneous detection of sweat glucose and alcohol was demonstrated using zinc oxide thin films integrated into a nanoporous flexible electrode system. Sensing was achieved from perspired human sweat at low volumes (1-3 μL), comparable to ambient conditions without external stimulation. Zinc oxide thin film electrodes were surface functionalized with alcohol oxidase enzyme and with glucose oxidase enzyme towards developing an affinity biosensor specific to the physiological relevant range of alcohol comprising of 0-2 drinks (0-50 mg/dl) and physiologically relevant range of glucose ranging from hypo- to hyper-glycaemia (50-130 mg/dl) in perspired human sweat. Sensing was achieved by measuring impedance changes associated with alcohol and glucose binding onto the sensor interface using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a dynamic range from 0.01-200 mg/dl and a limit of detection of 0.01 mg/dl for alcohol in human sweat. Sensor calibration in synthetic sweat containing interferents (25-200 mg/dl) and comparison using regression and Bland-Altman analysis of sweat sensor performance was done with BACtrack®. Combinatorial detection of glucose and ethanol in perspired human sweat and comparison of sweat sensor performance with Accu-Chek® blood glucose monitoring system that we expect would be relevant for pre-diabetics and diabetics for monitoring their glucose levels and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesha Bhide
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | | | - Amreek Saini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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66
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Kozitsina AN, Svalova TS, Malysheva NN, Okhokhonin AV, Vidrevich MB, Brainina KZ. Sensors Based on Bio and Biomimetic Receptors in Medical Diagnostic, Environment, and Food Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E35. [PMID: 29614784 PMCID: PMC6022999 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Analytical chemistry is now developing mainly in two areas: automation and the creation of complexes that allow, on the one hand, for simultaneously analyzing a large number of samples without the participation of an operator, and on the other, the development of portable miniature devices for personalized medicine and the monitoring of a human habitat. The sensor devices, the great majority of which are biosensors and chemical sensors, perform the role of the latter. That last line is considered in the proposed review. Attention is paid to transducers, receptors, techniques of immobilization of the receptor layer on the transducer surface, processes of signal generation and detection, and methods for increasing sensitivity and accuracy. The features of sensors based on synthetic receptors and additional components (aptamers, molecular imprinted polymers, biomimetics) are discussed. Examples of bio- and chemical sensors' application are given. Miniaturization paths, new power supply means, and wearable and printed sensors are described. Progress in this area opens a revolutionary era in the development of methods of on-site and in-situ monitoring, that is, paving the way from the "test-tube to the smartphone".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa N Kozitsina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana S Svalova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Natalia N Malysheva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Andrei V Okhokhonin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Marina B Vidrevich
- Scientific and Innovation Center for Sensory Technologies, Ural State University of Economics, 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Khiena Z Brainina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
- Scientific and Innovation Center for Sensory Technologies, Ural State University of Economics, 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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67
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Fully electronic urine dipstick probe for combinatorial detection of inflammatory biomarkers. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO301. [PMID: 29796304 PMCID: PMC5961415 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim An electrochemical urine dipstick probe biosensor has been demonstrated using molybdenum electrodes on nanoporous polyamide substrate for the quantitative detection of two inflammatory protein biomarkers, CRP and IL-6. Materials & methods The electrode interface was characterized using ζ-potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Detection of biomarkers was demonstrated by measuring impedance changes associated with the dose concentrations of the two biomarkers. A proof of feasibility of point-of-care implementation of the biosensor was demonstrated using a portable electronics platform. Results & conclusion Limit of detection of 1 pg/ml was achieved for CRP and IL-6 in human urine and synthetic urine buffers. The developed portable hardware demonstrated close correlation with benchtop equipment results.
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Sankhala D, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. A Four-Channel Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Module for Cortisol Biosensing in Sweat-Based Wearable Applications. SLAS Technol 2018; 23:529-539. [PMID: 29447045 DOI: 10.1177/2472630318759257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A four-channel electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyzer module has been demonstrated on flexible chemi-impedance sensors fabricated with gold electrodes for wearable applications. The module can perform time division multiplexed (TDM) impedance measurements on four sensors at 1 kHz. In this work, we characterize the system for the detection of cortisol in an ultralow volume (1-3 µL) of perspired human sweat, sensor performance, and effects during continuous cortisol dosing and with pH and temperature variations expected on the surface of the skin that would be representative of use conditions as seen by a wearable device. Detection of cortisol was shown for concentrations of 1 pg/mL to 200 ng/mL in both synthetic and perspired human sweat, and output response reported as a change in impedance with varying cortisol concentrations. Continuous dose testing was performed to demonstrate the stability of the sensors over prolonged periods of operation for cortisol concentrations within the physiologically relevant range of 10-200 ng/mL reported in human sweat. Temperature and pH effects testing was performed for pH range 4-8 and in a temperature chamber for the clinical range reported on the surface of human skin: 25-40 °C. The cortisol sensor demonstrated stability of operation with 7.58% variability under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devangsingh Sankhala
- 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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69
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Kinnamon D, Ghanta R, Lin KC, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Portable biosensor for monitoring cortisol in low-volume perspired human sweat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13312. [PMID: 29042582 PMCID: PMC5645384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-faradaic label-free cortisol biosensor was demonstrated using MoS2 nanosheets integrated into a nanoporous flexible electrode system. Low volume (1–5 μL) sensing was achieved through use of a novel sensor stack design comprised of vertically aligned metal electrodes confining semi-conductive MoS2 nanosheets. The MoS2 nanosheets were surface functionalized with cortisol antibodies towards developing an affinity biosensor specific to the physiological relevant range of cortisol (8.16 to 141.7 ng/mL) in perspired human sweat. Sensing was achieved by measuring impedance changes associated with cortisol binding along the MoS2 nanosheet interface using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensor demonstrated a dynamic range from 1–500 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 1 ng/mL. A specificity study was conducted using a metabolite expressed in human sweat, Ethyl Glucuronide. Continuous dosing studies were performed during which the sensor was able to discriminate between four cortisol concentration ranges (0.5, 5, 50, 500 ng/mL) for a 3+ hour duration. Translatability of the sensor was shown with a portable form factor device, demonstrating a comparable dynamic range and limit of detection for the sensor. The device demonstrated a R2 correlation value of 0.998 when comparing measurements to the reported impedance values of the benchtop instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kinnamon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ramesh Ghanta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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70
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Beyond the Debye length in high ionic strength solution: direct protein detection with field-effect transistors (FETs) in human serum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5256. [PMID: 28701708 PMCID: PMC5507911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new type of field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor is demonstrated to be able to overcome the problem of severe charge-screening effect caused by high ionic strength in solution and detect proteins in physiological environment. Antibody or aptamer-immobilized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are used to directly detect proteins, including HIV-1 RT, CEA, NT-proBNP and CRP, in 1X PBS (with 1%BSA) or human sera. The samples do not need any dilution or washing process to reduce the ionic strength. The sensor shows high sensitivity and the detection takes only 5 minutes. The designs of the sensor, the methodology of the measurement, and the working mechanism of the sensor are discussed and investigated. A theoretical model is proposed based on the finding of the experiments. This sensor is promising for point-of-care, home healthcare, and mobile diagnostic device.
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71
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Investigation of the Influence of the As-Grown ZnO Nanorods and Applied Potentials on an Electrochemical Sensor for In-Vitro Glucose Monitoring. CHEMOSENSORS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kamakoti V, Panneer Selvam A, Radha Shanmugam N, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Flexible Molybdenum Electrodes towards Designing Affinity Based Protein Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2016; 6:E36. [PMID: 27438863 PMCID: PMC5039655 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum electrode based flexible biosensor on porous polyamide substrates has been fabricated and tested for its functionality as a protein affinity based biosensor. The biosensor performance was evaluated using a key cardiac biomarker; cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI). Molybdenum is a transition metal and demonstrates electrochemical behavior upon interaction with an electrolyte. We have leveraged this property of molybdenum for designing an affinity based biosensor using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We have evaluated the feasibility of detection of cTnI in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and human serum (HS) by measuring impedance changes over a frequency window from 100 mHz to 1 MHz. Increasing changes to the measured impedance was correlated to the increased dose of cTnI molecules binding to the cTnI antibody functionalized molybdenum surface. We achieved cTnI detection limit of 10 pg/mL in PBS and 1 ng/mL in HS medium. The use of flexible substrates for designing the biosensor demonstrates promise for integration with a large-scale batch manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramshankar Kamakoti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Anjan Panneer Selvam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Nandhinee Radha Shanmugam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | | | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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Wang S, Chinnasamy T, Lifson MA, Inci F, Demirci U. Flexible Substrate-Based Devices for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:909-921. [PMID: 27344425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics play an important role in delivering healthcare, particularly for clinical management and disease surveillance in both developed and developing countries. Currently, the majority of POC diagnostics utilize paper substrates owing to affordability, disposability, and mass production capability. Recently, flexible polymer substrates have been investigated due to their enhanced physicochemical properties, potential to be integrated into wearable devices with wireless communications for personalized health monitoring, and ability to be customized for POC diagnostics. Here, we focus on the latest advances in developing flexible substrate-based diagnostic devices, including paper and polymers, and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuQi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China; Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, China; Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Thiruppathiraja Chinnasamy
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mark A Lifson
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Fatih Inci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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