51
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Özgün A, Marote A, Behie LA, Salgado A, Garipcan B. Extremely low frequency magnetic field induces human neuronal differentiation through NMDA receptor activation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1281-1290. [PMID: 31317262 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic fields with different frequency and intensity parameters exhibit a wide range of effects on different biological models. Extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) exposure is known to augment or even initiate neuronal differentiation in several in vitro and in vivo models. This effect holds potential for clinical translation into treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as autism, Parkinson's disease and dementia by promoting neurogenesis, non-invasively. However, the lack of information on underlying mechanisms hinders further investigation into this phenomenon. Here, we examine involvement of glutamatergic Ca2+ channel, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the process of human neuronal differentiation under ELF MF exposure. We show that human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) differentiate more efficiently under ELF MF exposure in vitro, as demonstrated by the abundance of neuronal markers. Furthermore, they exhibit higher intracellular Ca2+ levels as evidenced by c-fos expression and more elongated mature neurites. We were able to neutralize these effects by blocking NMDA receptors with memantine. As a result, we hypothesize that the effects of ELF MF exposure on neuronal differentiation originate from the effects on NMDA receptors, which sequentially triggers Ca2+-dependent cascades that lead to differentiation. Our findings identify NMDA receptors as a new key player in this field that will aid further research in the pursuit of effect mechanisms of ELF MFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alp Özgün
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Leo A Behie
- Canada Research Chair in Biomedical Engineering (Emeritus), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - António Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Bora Garipcan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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52
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Zhou Y, Yamamoto Y, Xiao Z, Ochiya T. The Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Mediated via Paracrine Activity. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8071025. [PMID: 31336889 PMCID: PMC6678920 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8071025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) exist in almost all tissues, possessing the potential to differentiate into specialized cell types and exert immunomodulatory functions. Thus, they have attracted much attention as a promising therapeutic candidate. Recent studies have demonstrated that paracrine signaling is mainly responsible for the involvement of MSCs in the modulation of immune responses and the progression of diseases. Through release of secretome consisting of a diverse range of cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), MSCs convey regulatory messages to recipient immune cells in the microenvironment. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in how MSCs contribute to immunomodulation through the secretion of paracrine factors. The further improved understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the interactions between MSCs and immune cells highlights the paracrine biology of MSCs in the modulation of the immune microenvironment and promotes the clinical application of MSCs in regenerative medicine and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
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53
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Mizukami A, Thomé CH, Ferreira GA, Lanfredi GP, Covas DT, Pitteri SJ, Swiech K, Faça VM. Proteomic Identification and Time-Course Monitoring of Secreted Proteins During Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal in Stirred-Tank Bioreactor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:154. [PMID: 31297369 PMCID: PMC6607109 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) is widely recognized for the treatment of several diseases, including acute graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), hematological malignancies, cardiovascular, bone, and cartilage diseases. More recently, this therapeutic efficacy has been attributed to the bioactive molecules that these cells secrete (secretome), now being referred as medicinal signaling cells. This fact raises the opportunity of therapeutically using MSC-derived soluble factors rather than cells themselves, enabling their translation into the clinic. Indeed, many clinical trials are now studying the effects of MSC-secretome in the context of cell-free therapy. MSC secretome profile varies between donors, source, and culture conditions, making their therapeutic use very challenging. Therefore, identifying these soluble proteins and evaluating their production in a reproducible and scalable manner is even more relevant. In this work, we analyzed the global profile of proteins secreted by umbilical cord matrix (UCM) derived-MSC in static conditions by using mass spectrometry, enabling the identification of thousands of proteins. Afterwards, relevant proteins were chosen and monitored in the supernatant of a fully-controllable, closed and scalable system (bioreactor) by using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometric technique in a time-dependent manner. The results showed that the majority of interesting proteins were enriched through time in culture, with the last day of culture being the ideal time for supernatant collection. The use of this regenerative "soup," which is frequently discarded, could represent a step toward a safe, robust and reproducible cell-free product to be used in the medical therapeutic field. The future use of chemically defined culture-media will certainly facilitate secretome production according to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mizukami
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carolina Hassibe Thomé
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Germano Aguiar Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pauperio Lanfredi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor Marcel Faça
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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54
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Mayourian J, Ceholski DK, Gonzalez DM, Cashman TJ, Sahoo S, Hajjar RJ, Costa KD. Physiologic, Pathologic, and Therapeutic Paracrine Modulation of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling. Circ Res 2019; 122:167-183. [PMID: 29301848 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is the orchestrated process of initial myocyte electrical excitation, which leads to calcium entry, intracellular trafficking, and subsequent sarcomere shortening and myofibrillar contraction. Neurohumoral β-adrenergic signaling is a well-established mediator of ECC; other signaling mechanisms, such as paracrine signaling, have also demonstrated significant impact on ECC but are less well understood. For example, resident heart endothelial cells are well-known physiological paracrine modulators of cardiac myocyte ECC mainly via NO and endothelin-1. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated other resident noncardiomyocyte heart cells (eg, physiological fibroblasts and pathological myofibroblasts), and even experimental cardiotherapeutic cells (eg, mesenchymal stem cells) are also capable of altering cardiomyocyte ECC through paracrine mechanisms. In this review, we first focus on the paracrine-mediated effects of resident and therapeutic noncardiomyocytes on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, electrophysiology, and calcium handling, each of which can modulate ECC, and then discuss the current knowledge about key paracrine factors and their underlying mechanisms of action. Next, we provide a case example demonstrating the promise of tissue-engineering approaches to study paracrine effects on tissue-level contractility. More specifically, we present new functional and molecular data on the effects of human adult cardiac fibroblast conditioned media on human engineered cardiac tissue contractility and ion channel gene expression that generally agrees with previous murine studies but also suggests possible species-specific differences. By contrast, paracrine secretions by human dermal fibroblasts had no discernible effect on human engineered cardiac tissue contractile function and gene expression. Finally, we discuss systems biology approaches to help identify key stem cell paracrine mediators of ECC and their associated mechanistic pathways. Such integration of tissue-engineering and systems biology methods shows promise to reveal novel insights into paracrine mediators of ECC and their underlying mechanisms of action, ultimately leading to improved cell-based therapies for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Mayourian
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Delaine K Ceholski
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - David M Gonzalez
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Timothy J Cashman
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kevin D Costa
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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55
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Mobini S, Song YH, McCrary MW, Schmidt CE. Advances in ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 198:146-166. [PMID: 29880219 PMCID: PMC6957334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The technologies related to ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for studying the regeneration of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve tissues are essential tools for neural tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research. The need for ex vivo systems, lab-on-a-chip technologies and disease models for neural tissue engineering applications are emerging to overcome the shortages and drawbacks of traditional in vitro systems and animal models. Ex vivo models have evolved from traditional 2D cell culture models to 3D tissue-engineered scaffold systems, bioreactors, and recently organoid test beds. In addition to ex vivo model systems, we discuss lab-on-a-chip devices and technologies specifically for neural tissue engineering applications. Finally, we review current commercial products that mimic diseased and normal neural tissues, and discuss the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Mobini
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michaela W McCrary
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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56
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Gunawardena TNA, Rahman MT, Abdullah BJJ, Abu Kasim NH. Conditioned media derived from mesenchymal stem cell cultures: The next generation for regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:569-586. [PMID: 30644175 DOI: 10.1002/term.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the main driving force behind the therapeutic activity observed in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the paracrine factors secreted by these cells. These biomolecules also trigger antiapoptotic events to prevent further degeneration of the diseased organ through paracrine signalling mechanisms. In comparison with the normal physiological conditions, an increased paracrine gradient is observed within the peripheral system of diseased organs that enhances the migration of tissue-specific MSCs towards the site of infection or injury to promote healing. Thus, upon administration of conditioned media derived from mesenchymal stem cell cultures (MSC-CM) could contribute in maintaining the increased paracrine factor gradient between the diseased organ and the stem cell niche in order to speed up the process of recovery. Based on the principle of the paracrine signalling mechanism, MSC-CM, also referred as the secretome of the MSCs, is a rich source of the paracrine factors and are being studied extensively for a wide range of regenerative therapies such as myocardial infarction, stroke, bone regeneration, hair growth, and wound healing. This article highlights the current technological applications and advances of MSC-CM with the aim to appraise its future potential as a regenerative therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Tariqur Rahman
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Regenerative Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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57
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells-derived Exosomes: A New Possible Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson's Disease? Cells 2019; 8:cells8020118. [PMID: 30717429 PMCID: PMC6406999 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Clinically, it is characterized by severe motor complications caused by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn) and dopamine loss. Current treatment is focused on mitigating the symptoms through administration of levodopa, rather than on preventing DAn damage. Therefore, the use and development of neuroprotective/disease-modifying strategies is an absolute need, which can lead to promising gains on PD translational research. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)–derived exosomes have been proposed as a promising therapeutic tool, since it has been demonstrated that they can act as biological nanoparticles with beneficial effects in different pathological conditions, including PD. Thus, considering their potential protective action in lesioned sites, MSCs-derived exosomes might also be active modulators of the neuroregeneration processes, opening a door for their future use as therapeutical strategies in human clinical trials. Therefore, in this review, we analyze the current understanding of MSCs-derived exosomes as a new possible therapeutic strategy for PD, by providing an overview about the potential role of miRNAs in the cellular and molecular basis of PD.
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58
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Baberg F, Geyh S, Waldera-Lupa D, Stefanski A, Zilkens C, Haas R, Schroeder T, Stühler K. Secretome analysis of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:434-441. [PMID: 30716505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As an essential cellular component of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) play a pivotal role for the physiological regulation of hematopoiesis, in particular through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Mass spectrometry (MS) facilitates the identification and quantification of a large amount of secreted proteins (secretome), but can be hampered by the false-positive identification of contaminating proteins released from dead cells or derived from cell medium. To reduce the likelihood of contaminations we applied an approach combining secretome and proteome analysis to characterize the physiological secretome of BM derived human MSC. Our analysis revealed a secretome consisting of 315 proteins. Pathway analyses of these proteins revealed a high abundance of proteins related to cell growth and/or maintenance, signal transduction and cell communication thereby representing key biological functions of BM derived MSC on protein level. Within the MSC secretome we identified several cytokines and growth factors such as VEGFC, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and GDF6 which are known to be involved in the physiological regulation of hematopoiesis. By comparing the peptide patterns of secretomes and cell lysates 17 proteins were identified as candidates for proteolytic processing. Taken together, our combined MS work-flow reduced the likelihood of contaminations and enabled us to carve out a specific overview about the composition of the secretome from human BM derived MSC. This methodological approach and the specific secretome signature of BM derived MSC may serve as basis for future comparative analyses of the interplay of MSC and HSPC in patients with hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Baberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Geyh
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Waldera-Lupa
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Zilkens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Schroeder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (BMFZ), Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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59
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Eisenberg CA, Eisenberg LM. A Consideration of the Non-Pregnant Human Uterus as a Stem Cell Source for Medical Therapy. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:77-78. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x1401181217130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Eisenberg
- New York Medical College / Westchester Medical Center Stem Cell Laboratory, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Leonard M. Eisenberg
- New York Medical College / Westchester Medical Center Stem Cell Laboratory, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
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60
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Serra M, Cunha B, Peixoto C, Gomes-Alves P, Alves PM. Advancing manufacture of human mesenchymal stem cells therapies: technological challenges in cell bioprocessing and characterization. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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61
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Yousefi F, Lavi Arab F, Saeidi K, Amiri H, Mahmoudi M. Various strategies to improve efficacy of stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: Focus on mesenchymal stem cells and neuroprotection. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 328:20-34. [PMID: 30557687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which predominantly affect young adults and undergo heavy socioeconomic burdens. Conventional therapeutic modalities for MS mostly downregulate aggressive immune responses and are almost insufficient for management of progressive course of the disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties have been known as practical cells for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like MS. However, clinical translation of MSCs is associated with some limitations such as short-life engraftment duration, little in vivo trans-differentiation and restricted accessibility into damaged sites. Therefore, laboratory manipulation of MSCs can improve efficacy of MSCs transplantation in MS patients. In this review, we discuss several novel approaches, which can potentially enhance MSCs capabilities for treating MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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62
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Marques CR, Marote A, Mendes-Pinheiro B, Teixeira FG, Salgado AJ. Cell secretome based approaches in Parkinson’s disease regenerative medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:1235-1245. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1546840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia R. Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G. Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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63
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Phan J, Kumar P, Hao D, Gao K, Farmer D, Wang A. Engineering mesenchymal stem cells to improve their exosome efficacy and yield for cell-free therapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1522236. [PMID: 30275938 PMCID: PMC6161586 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1522236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through traditional medicine, there were diseases and disorders that previously remained untreated or were simply thought to be incurable. Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), there has been a flurry of research to develop MSC-based therapy for diseases and disorders. It is now well-known that MSCs do not typically engraft after transplantation and exhibit their therapeutic effect via a paracrine mechanism. In addition to secretory proteins, MSCs also produce extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound nanovesicles containing proteins, DNA and RNA. The secreted vesicles then interact with target cells and deliver their contents, imparting their ultimate therapeutic effect. Unlike the widely studied cancer cells, the yield of MSC-exosomes is a limiting factor for large-scale production for cell-free therapies. Here we summarise potential approaches to increase the yield of such vesicles while maintaining or enhancing their efficacy by engineering the extracellular environment and intracellular components of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Phan
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,CIRM Bridges to Stem Cell Research Program, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarsini Kumar
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Paediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dake Hao
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Paediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kewa Gao
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Diana Farmer
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Paediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Paediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children/UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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64
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Mendes-Pinheiro B, Teixeira FG, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Behie LA, Salgado AJ. Secretome of Undifferentiated Neural Progenitor Cells Induces Histological and Motor Improvements in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:829-838. [PMID: 30238668 PMCID: PMC6216452 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results from the death of dopamine (DA) neurons. Over recent years, differentiated or undifferentiated neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation has been widely used as a means of cell replacement therapy. However, compelling evidence has brought attention to the array of bioactive molecules produced by stem cells, defined as secretome. As described in the literature, other cell populations have a high‐neurotrophic activity, but little is known about NSCs. Moreover, the exploration of the stem cell secretome is only in its initial stages, particularly as applied to neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we have characterized the secretome of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) through proteomic analysis and investigated its effects in a 6‐hydroxidopamine (6‐OHDA) rat model of PD in comparison with undifferentiated hNPCs transplantation. Results revealed that the injection of hNPCs secretome potentiated the histological recovery of DA neurons when compared to the untreated group 6‐OHDA and those transplanted with cells (hNPCs), thereby supporting the functional motor amelioration of 6‐OHDA PD animals. Additionally, hNPCs secretome proteomic characterization has revealed that these cells have the capacity to secrete a wide range of important molecules with neuroregulatory actions, which are most likely support the effects observed. Overall, we have concluded that the use of hNPCs secretome partially modulate DA neurons cell survival and ameliorate PD animals’ motor deficits, disclosing improved results when compared to cell transplantation approaches, indicating that the secretome itself could represent a route for new therapeutic options for PD regenerative medicine. stem cells translational medicine2018;7:829–838
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leo A Behie
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
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Phelps J, Sanati-Nezhad A, Ungrin M, Duncan NA, Sen A. Bioprocessing of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derivatives: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutics. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:9415367. [PMID: 30275839 PMCID: PMC6157150 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9415367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted tremendous research interest due to their ability to repair tissues and reduce inflammation when implanted into a damaged or diseased site. These therapeutic effects have been largely attributed to the collection of biomolecules they secrete (i.e., their secretome). Recent studies have provided evidence that similar effects may be produced by utilizing only the secretome fraction containing extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-derived, membrane-bound vesicles that contain various biomolecules. Due to their small size and relative mobility, they provide a stable mechanism to deliver biomolecules (i.e., biological signals) throughout an organism. The use of the MSC secretome, or its components, has advantages over the implantation of the MSCs themselves: (i) signals can be bioengineered and scaled to specific dosages, and (ii) the nonliving nature of the secretome enables it to be efficiently stored and transported. However, since the composition and therapeutic benefit of the secretome can be influenced by cell source, culture conditions, isolation methods, and storage conditions, there is a need for standardization of bioprocessing parameters. This review focuses on key parameters within the MSC culture environment that affect the nature and functionality of the secretome. This information is pertinent to the development of bioprocesses aimed at scaling up the production of secretome-derived products for their use as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Phelps
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heritage Medical Research Building, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Neil A. Duncan
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Musculoskeletal Mechanobiology and Multiscale Mechanics Bioengineering Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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Jahandideh S, Khatami S, Eslami Far A, Kadivar M. Anti-inflammatory effects of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells secretome preconditioned with diazoxide, trimetazidine and MG-132 on LPS-induced systemic inflammation mouse model. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:1178-1187. [PMID: 29929400 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1481862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a complex pathophysiologic and immunologic response to an insult. Sepsis is a life-threatening condition happening when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. Stem cell therapy is a new approach to modulate immune responses. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) establish a regenerative niche by secreting secretome and modulating immune responses. MSC secretome can be leveraged for therapeutic applications if production of secretary molecules were optimized. Pharmacological preconditioning using small molecules can increase survival of MSCs after transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of secretome of human embryonic-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hESC-MSCs) preconditioned with MG-132,Trimetazidine (TMZ) and Diazoxide (DZ) on immunomodulatory efficiency of these cells in Lipo polysaccharide (LPS) challenged mice models. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS and groups of animals were intraperitoneally given 1 ml 30× secretome 6 h after LPS injection. Serum levels of biochemical parameters were then measured by an auto analyser and serum inflammatory cytokine levels were analysed using commercially available RayBio Mouse Inflammation Antibody Array. Ultimately, histopathology and survival studies were conducted. The results showed that TMZ and DZ-conditioned medium significantly increasing the survival and improvement of histopathological score. We found that MG-132-conditioned medium failed to show significant outcomes. This study demonstrated that human MSC secretome has the potential to control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Jahandideh
- a Department of Biochemistry , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shohreh Khatami
- a Department of Biochemistry , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Eslami Far
- b Department of Clinical Research , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Kadivar
- a Department of Biochemistry , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
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Petry F, Weidner T, Czermak P, Salzig D. Three-Dimensional Bioreactor Technologies for the Cocultivation of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Beta Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2547098. [PMID: 29731775 PMCID: PMC5872596 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2547098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prominent health problem caused by the failure of pancreatic beta cells. One therapeutic approach is the transplantation of functional beta cells, but it is difficult to generate sufficient beta cells in vitro and to ensure these cells remain viable at the transplantation site. Beta cells suffer from hypoxia, undergo apoptosis, or are attacked by the host immune system. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) can improve the functionality and survival of beta cells in vivo and in vitro due to direct cell contact or the secretion of trophic factors. Current cocultivation concepts with beta cells are simple and cannot exploit the favorable properties of hMSCs. Beta cells need a three-dimensional (3D) environment to function correctly, and the cocultivation setup is therefore more complex. This review discusses 3D cultivation forms (aggregates, capsules, and carriers) for hMSCs and beta cells and strategies for large-scale cultivation. We have determined process parameters that must be balanced and considered for the cocultivation of hMSCs and beta cells, and we present several bioreactor setups that are suitable for such an innovative cocultivation approach. Bioprocess engineering of the cocultivation processes is necessary to achieve successful beta cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Winchesterstr. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Soluble Factors from Human Olfactory Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Influence the Fate Decisions of Hippocampal Neural Precursor Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8014-8037. [PMID: 29498005 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis plays a significant role during adulthood, and the observation that neural stem cells reside in the central nervous system and the olfactory epithelium has attracted attention due to their importance in neuronal regeneration. In addition, soluble factors (SFs) release by neural stem cells may modulate the neurogenic process. Thus, in this study, we identified the SFs released by olfactory human neural stem/progenitor cells (hNS/PCs-OE). These cells express Ki67, nestin, and βIII-tubulin, indicating their neural lineage. The hNS/PCs-OE also express PSD95 and tau proteins during proliferation, but increased levels are observed after differentiation. Thus, we evaluated the effects of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE on the viability, proliferation, and differentiation potential of adult murine hippocampal neural precursor cells (AHPCs). SFs from hNS/PCs-OE maintain cells in the precursor and proliferative stages and mainly promote the astrocytic differentiation of AHPCs. These effects involved the activation, as measured by phosphorylation, of several proteins (Erk1/2; Akt/PRAS40/GSK3β and JAK/STAT) involved in key events of the neurogenic process. Moreover, according to the results from the antibody-based microarray approach, among the soluble factors, hNS/PCs-OE produce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neurotrophin 4 (NT4). However, residual epidermal growth factor (EGF) was also detected. These proteins partially reproduced the effects of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE on AHPCs, and the mechanism underlying these effects is mediated by Src proteins, which have been implicated in EGF-induced transactivation of TrkB receptor. The results of the present study suggest the potential use of SFs from hNS/PCs-OE in controlling the differentiation potential of AHPCs. Thus, the potential clinical relevance of hNS/PCs-OE is worth pursuing.
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Sevivas N, Teixeira FG, Portugal R, Direito-Santos B, Espregueira-Mendes J, Oliveira FJ, Silva RF, Sousa N, Sow WT, Nguyen LTH, Ng KW, Salgado AJ. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Improves Tendon Cell Viability In Vitro and Tendon-Bone Healing In Vivo When a Tissue Engineering Strategy Is Used in a Rat Model of Chronic Massive Rotator Cuff Tear. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:449-459. [PMID: 29053925 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517735850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) represent a major clinical concern, especially when degeneration and chronicity are involved, which highly compromise healing capacity. PURPOSE To study the effect of the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on tendon cells (TCs) followed by the combination of these activated TCs with an electrospun keratin-based scaffold to develop a tissue engineering strategy to improve tendon-bone interface (TBi) healing in a chronic MRCT rat model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Human TCs (hTCs) cultured with the human MSCs (hMSCs) secretome (as conditioned media [CM]) were combined with keratin electrospun scaffolds and further implanted in a chronic MRCT rat model. Wistar-Han rats (N = 15) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: untreated lesion (MRCT group, n = 5), lesion treated with a scaffold only (scaffold-only group, n = 5), and lesion treated with a scaffold seeded with hTCs preconditioned with hMSCs-CM (STC_hMSC_CM group, n = 5). After sacrifice, 16 weeks after surgery, the rotator cuff TBi was harvested for histological analysis and biomechanical testing. RESULTS The hMSCs secretome increased hTCs viability and density in vitro. In vivo, a significant improvement of the tendon maturing score was observed in the STC_hMSC_CM group (mean ± standard error of the mean, 15.6 ± 1.08) compared with the MRCT group (11.0 ± 1.38; P < .05). Biomechanical tests revealed a significant increase in the total elongation to rupture (STC_hMSC_CM, 11.99 ± 3.30 mm; scaffold-only, 9.89 ± 3.47 mm; MRCT, 5.86 ± 3.16 mm; P < .05) as well as a lower stiffness (STC_hMSC_CM, 6.25 ± 1.74 N/mm; scaffold-only, 6.72 ± 1.28 N/mm; MRCT, 11.54 ± 2.99 N/mm; P < .01). CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that hMSCs-CM increased hTCs viability and density in vitro. Clear benefits also were observed when these primed cells were integrated into a tissue engineering strategy with an electrospun keratin scaffold, as evidenced by improved histological and biomechanical properties for the STC_hMSC_CM group compared with the MRCT group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This work supports further investigation into the use of MSC secretome for priming TCs toward a more differentiated phenotype, and it promotes the tissue engineering strategy as a promising modality to help improve treatment outcomes for chronic MRCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sevivas
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Orthopaedics Department, Hospital de Braga and Hospital Privado de Braga, Braga, Portugal.,Clínica Espregueira-Mendes, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Estádio do Dragão, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fábio Gabriel Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Bruno Direito-Santos
- Orthopaedics Department, Hospital de Braga and Hospital Privado de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Espregueira-Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clínica Espregueira-Mendes, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Estádio do Dragão, Porto, Portugal.,3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipe J Oliveira
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui F Silva
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Wan Ting Sow
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Luong T H Nguyen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Szekiova E, Slovinska L, Blasko J, Plsikova J, Cizkova D. The neuroprotective effect of rat adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium on cortical neurons using an in vitro model of SCI inflammation. Neurol Res 2018; 40:258-267. [PMID: 29384015 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1432266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In this study, a new approach was used with an in vitro model in which neural cells were exposed to conditioned media from the injured spinal cord (SCI-CM) mimicking a local inflammatory microenvironment . Subsequently, the neuroprotective effect of rat adipose tissue-derived msesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media (ATMSC-CM) was investigated through a cell-free based therapy, which was used to treat cortical neurons and astrocytes under inflammation. Methods Primary cell cultures isolated from postnatal day (P6) Wistar rat brain cortex were exposed to SCI-CM derived from the central lesion, rostral and caudal segments of injured spinal cord. After 48 h incubation, the SCI-CM was replaced and primary cultures were cultivated either in DMEM media alone or in ATMSC-CM for 72 h. The impact of ATMSC-CM on the viability of neurons and astrocytes was assessed using a CyQUANT® Direct Cell Proliferation Assay Kit as well as immunocytochemistry analysis. Results Immunocytochemical analysis revealed significant decrease in the number of MAP2 positive neurons exposed to SCI-CM compared to Control. Protection by ATMSC-CM was associated with increased survival of neurons compared to primary culture cultivated in DMEM media alone. The ATMSC-CM effect on astrocytes was more variable and without any significant impact. Conclusion The results demonstrate that SCI-CM mimicking inflammation can reduce cortical neuron survival, and subsequent exposure to ATMSC-CM can stabilize the neuronal population most likely via released neuroprotective and trophic factors. In addition, astrogliosis was not affected by ATMSC-CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Szekiova
- a Institute of Neurobiology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Kosice , Slovakia
| | - Lucia Slovinska
- a Institute of Neurobiology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Kosice , Slovakia
| | - Juraj Blasko
- a Institute of Neurobiology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Kosice , Slovakia
| | - Jana Plsikova
- b Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine , P. J. Safarik Univerzity and L. Pasteur University Hospital , Kosice , Slovakia
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- c Institute of Neuroimmunology , Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia.,d Department of Ananatomy, Histology and Physiology , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice , Košice , Slovakia
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Haque N, Abdullah BJJ, Kasim NHA. Secretome: Pharmaceuticals for Cell-Free Regenerative Therapy. STEM CELL DRUGS - A NEW GENERATION OF BIOPHARMACEUTICALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99328-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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72
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Vertès AA. Methods and practices to diversify cell-based products. Regen Med 2017; 12:997-1013. [PMID: 29243940 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal signaling cell (MSC)-based products represent emerging treatments in various therapeutic areas including cardiometabolic, inflammation, autoimmunity, orthopedics, wound healing and oncology. Exploring innovation beyond minimally manipulated plastic-adherent ex vivo expanded allogeneic MSCs enables product delineation. Product delineation is on the critical path to maximize clinical benefits and market access. An innovation framework is presented here along various innovation dimensions comprising composition-of-matter by means of positive cell surface markers, formulation varying for example the cell dose or the preservation mode and medium, manufacturing to adapt the secretome of MSCs to the condition of interest, the mode of delivery and corresponding delivery devices, as well as molecular engineering and biomarkers. The rationale of the innovation space thus described applies generally to all cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain A Vertès
- London Business School, UK & NxR Biotechnologies GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
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73
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Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Enhances the Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells by Notch, PI3K/AKT, and Wnt/β-catenin Signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15321. [PMID: 29127399 PMCID: PMC5681501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation play a pivotal role in the repair of brain function in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) is a non-invasive and innovative treatment for many conditions, yet little is known about the effects of this treatment on NSCs. Mouse NSCs (NE-4C) were exposed to rESWT with 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 bar (500 impulses, and 2 Hz) in vitro. Cell viability test results indicated that rESWT, at a dose of 2.5 bar, 500 impulses, and 2 Hz, increased NE-4C viability within 72 h, and that the PI3K/AKT pathway was involved in its mechanisms. Exposure to rESWT also affected proliferation and differentiation of NE-4C after 8 weeks, which may be associated with Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways. This assessment is corroborated by the ability of inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin [Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1)] and the Notch pathway (DAPT) to weaken proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. In summary, a proper dose of rESWT enhanced NSCs augment via the PI3K/AKT pathway initially. Also, Wnt/β-catenin and the Notch pathway play important roles in regulation of the long-term efficacy of rESWT. This study reveals a novel approach to culture NSCs in vitro and support neurogenesis.
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74
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A New Chapter for Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Decellularized Extracellular Matrices. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:587-597. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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75
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Wu Q, Cai H, Song J, Chang Q. The effects of sEH inhibitor on depression-like behavior and neurogenesis in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2483-2492. [PMID: 28699310 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently antidepressants take several weeks to be effective, which is one of the main reasons why patients with depression quit therapy. In the present study, we examine the acute and subacute effects of soluble epoxide hydolase (sEH) inhibitor (sEHI), a compound shown to have antidepressant effects, on mice. We found that acute administration of sEHI TPPU decreases immobility time in the forced swimming test and reduces latency to feed in the novelty suppressed-feeding test in adult male mice. Intraperitoneal administration of TPPU for seven days also increased interaction time of socially defeated mice in the social defeat test. Hippocampal BDNF expression and cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus increased six and 24 hours after TPPU treatment, respectively. Improvement in antidepressant behavior and cell proliferation were inhibited by BDNF-trkB antagonist K252a, which suggests that anti-depressant effects of sEHI may be involved in BDNF signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that sEHI may provide a rapid antidepressant effect through alterations to BDNF-trkB signaling in the hippocampus and may provide an alternative to current slow-acting antidepressants. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Pathophysiolog, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China
| | - Hongyang Cai
- Department of Pathophysiolog, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China
| | - Jingfang Song
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China
| | - Quanzhong Chang
- Department of Physiology, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, China
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76
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Martins LF, Costa RO, Pedro JR, Aguiar P, Serra SC, Teixeira FG, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Almeida RD. Mesenchymal stem cells secretome-induced axonal outgrowth is mediated by BDNF. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28646200 PMCID: PMC5482809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine, with increasing importance in central and peripheral nervous system repair. However, MSCs grafting present disadvantages, such as, a high number of cells required for transplantation and low survival rate when transplanted into the central nervous system (CNS). In line with this, MSCs secretome which present on its composition a wide range of molecules (neurotrophins, cytokines) and microvesicles, can be a solution to surpass these problems. However, the effect of MSCs secretome in axonal elongation is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that application of MSCs secretome to both rat cortical and hippocampal neurons induces an increase in axonal length. In addition, we show that this growth effect is axonal intrinsic with no contribution from the cell body. To further understand which are the molecules required for secretome-induced axonal outgrowth effect, we depleted brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from the secretome. Our results show that in the absence of BDNF, secretome-induced axonal elongation effect is lost and that axons present a reduced axonal growth rate. Altogether, our results demonstrate that MSCs secretome is able to promote axonal outgrowth in CNS neurons and this effect is mediated by BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Martins
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui O Costa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Pedro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Aguiar
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia C Serra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fabio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto (ESS-IPP), Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Qazi TH, Mooney DJ, Duda GN, Geissler S. Biomaterials that promote cell-cell interactions enhance the paracrine function of MSCs. Biomaterials 2017. [PMID: 28644976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) secrete paracrine factors that play crucial roles during tissue regeneration. Whether this paracrine function is influenced by the properties of biomaterials in general, and those used for cell delivery in particular, largely remains unexplored. Here, we investigated if three-dimensional culture in distinct microenvironments - nanoporous hydrogels (mean pore size ∼5 nm) and macroporous scaffolds (mean pore size ∼120 μm) - affects the secretion pattern of MSCs, and consequently leads to differential paracrine effects on target progenitor cells such as myoblasts. We report that compared to MSCs encapsulated in hydrogels, scaffold seeded MSCs show an enhanced secretion profile and exert beneficial paracrine effects on various myoblast functions including migration and proliferation. Additionally, we show that the heightened paracrine effects of scaffold seeded cells can in part be attributed to N-cadherin mediated cell-cell interactions during culture. In hydrogels, this physical interaction between cells is prevented by the encapsulating matrix. Functionally blocking N-cadherin negatively affected the secretion profile and paracrine effects of MSCs on myoblasts, with stronger effects observed for scaffold seeded compared to hydrogel encapsulated cells. Together, these findings demonstrate that the therapeutic potency of MSCs can be enhanced by biomaterials that promote cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor H Qazi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Geissler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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78
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Anjo SI, Santa C, Manadas B. SWATH-MS as a tool for biomarker discovery: From basic research to clinical applications. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Isabel Anjo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Cátia Santa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (III); University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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79
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Maj M, Bajek A, Nalejska E, Porowinska D, Kloskowski T, Gackowska L, Drewa T. Influence of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Conditioned Media on Proliferation of Urinary Tract Cancer Cell Lines and Their Sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1361-1368. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Maj
- Chair of Urology, Department of Tissue Engineering; Collegium Medicum; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Karlowicza 24 85-092 Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Anna Bajek
- Chair of Urology, Department of Tissue Engineering; Collegium Medicum; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Karlowicza 24 85-092 Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Ewelina Nalejska
- Chair of Urology, Department of Tissue Engineering; Collegium Medicum; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Karlowicza 24 85-092 Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Dorota Porowinska
- Department of Biochemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Gagarina 7 87-100 Torun Poland
| | - Tomasz Kloskowski
- Chair of Urology, Department of Regenerative Medicine; Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University; Sklodowskiej-Curie 9 85-094 Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Lidia Gackowska
- Department of Immunology; Collegium Medicum; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Sklodowskiej-Curie 9 85-094 Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Chair of Urology, Clinic of General and Oncological Urology; Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University; Sklodowskiej-Curie 9 85-094 Bydgoszcz Poland
- Department of Urology; Nicolaus Copernicus Hospital; Batorego 17/19 87-100 Torun Poland
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80
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Teixeira FG, Carvalho MM, Panchalingam KM, Rodrigues AJ, Mendes‐Pinheiro B, Anjo S, Manadas B, Behie LA, Sousa N, Salgado AJ. Impact of the Secretome of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Brain Structure and Animal Behavior in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:634-646. [PMID: 28191785 PMCID: PMC5442797 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade strongly suggests that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐mediated therapeutic benefits are mainly due to their secretome, which has been proposed as a possible therapeutic tool for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, it has been shown that the MSC secretome increases neurogenesis and cell survival, and has numerous neuroprotective actions under different conditions. Additionally, using dynamic culturing conditions (through computer‐controlled bioreactors) can further modulate the MSC secretome, thereby generating a more potent neurotrophic factor cocktail (i.e., conditioned medium). In this study, we have characterized the MSC secretome by proteomic‐based analysis, investigating its therapeutic effects on the physiological recovery of a 6‐hydroxidopamine (6‐OHDA) PD rat model. For this purpose, we injected MSC secretome into the substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum (STR), characterizing the behavioral performance and determining histological parameters for injected animals versus untreated groups. We observed that the secretome potentiated the increase of dopaminergic neurons (i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive cells) and neuronal terminals in the SNc and STR, respectively, thereby supporting the recovery observed in the Parkinsonian rats’ motor performance outcomes (assessed by rotarod and staircase tests). Finally, proteomic characterization of the MSC secretome (through combined mass spectrometry analysis and Bioplex assays) revealed the presence of important neuroregulatory molecules, namely cystatin C, glia‐derived nexin, galectin‐1, pigment epithelium‐derived factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin‐6, and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor. Overall, we concluded that the use of human MSC secretome alone was able to partially revert the motor phenotype and the neuronal structure of 6‐OHDA PD animals. This indicates that the human MSC secretome could represent a novel therapeutic for the treatment of PD. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:634–646
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio G. Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Krishna M. Panchalingam
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana J. Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Mendes‐Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra Anjo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biocant ‐ Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Leo A. Behie
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's ‐ PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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