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McKinnell ZE, Maze T, Ramos A, Challans B, Plakke B. Valproic acid treated female Long-Evans rats are impaired on attentional set-shifting. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112966. [PMID: 33053383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits, communication impairments, restrictive behaviors, and cognitive flexibility deficits. The valproic acid (VPA) model of autism has been widely used to examine changes in rodent behavior and neurobiology to better understand ASD. This study examined social and anxiety behavior as well as cognitive flexibility in VPA and control offspring. Results for social behavior were consistent with prior studies showing reduced sociability in VPA rats and increased self-grooming, which may be viewed as a repetitive behavior. VPA rats also had deficits in performing the set-shifting task, with female VPA rats demonstrating greater impairment compared to female control rats and male VPA rats. These results support the hypothesis that females diagnosed with ASD may suffer from different symptoms and present a unique behavioral profile compared to males with ASD. Female VPA rats were also less likely to form an attentional set; offering evidence that the VPA model of autism is encompassing executive function deficits similar to those observed in humans with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach E McKinnell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Tessa Maze
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alejandro Ramos
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brandon Challans
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Bethany Plakke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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52
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Neurobiological Mechanisms of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy, Insights from Animal Models. Neuroscience 2020; 445:69-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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53
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Characterization of the intergenerational impact of in utero and postnatal oxycodone exposure. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:329. [PMID: 32968044 PMCID: PMC7511347 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription opioid abuse during and after pregnancy is a rising public health concern. While earlier studies have documented that offspring exposed to opioids in utero have impaired neurodevelopment, a significant knowledge gap remains in comparing the overall development between offspring exposed in utero and postnatally. Adding a layer of complexity is the role of heredity in the overall development of these exposed offspring. To fill in these important knowledge gaps, the current study uses a preclinical rat model mimicking oxycodone (oxy) exposure in utero (IUO) and postnatally (PNO) to investigate comparative and intergenerational effects in the two different treatment groups. While significant phenotypic attributes were observed with the two treatments and across the two generations, RNA sequencing revealed alterations in the expression of key synaptic genes in the two exposed groups in both generations. RNA sequencing and post validation of genes using RT-PCR highlighted the differential expression of several neuropeptides associated with the hypocretin system, a system recently implicated in addiction. Further, behavior studies revealed anxiety-like behaviors and social deficits that persisted even in the subsequent generations in the two treatment groups. To summarize, our study for the first time reveals a new line of investigation on the potential risks associated with oxy use during and after pregnancy, specifically the disruption of neurodevelopment and intergenerational impact on behavior.
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Reynolds VL, Butler P, Abernathy MM, Aschenbrenner L, Best DD, Blank J, Crosby M, Custer L, Escobar PA, Kolaja K, Moggs J, Shuey D, Snyder C, Van Vleet T, Zhou J, Hart TK. Nonclinical safety assessment of epigenetic modulatory drugs: Current status and industry perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104746. [PMID: 32911461 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutic products designed to perturb the function of epigenetic modulators have been approved by regulatory authorities for treatment of advanced cancer. While the predominant effort in epigenetic drug development continues to be in oncology, non-oncology indications are also garnering interest. A survey of pharmaceutical companies was conducted to assess the interest and concerns for developing small molecule direct epigenetic effectors (EEs) as medicines. Survey themes addressed (1) general levels of interest and activity with EEs as therapeutic agents, (2) potential safety concerns, and (3) possible future efforts to develop targeted strategies for nonclinical safety assessment of EEs. Thirteen companies contributed data to the survey. Overall, the survey data indicate the consensus opinion that existing ICH guidelines are effective and appropriate for nonclinical safety assessment activities with EEs. Attention in the framework of study design should, on a case by case basis, be considered for delayed or latent toxicities, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and the theoretical potential for transgenerational effects. While current guidelines have been appropriate for the nonclinical safety assessments of epigenetic targets, broader experience with a wide range of epigenetic targets will provide information to assess the potential need for new or revised risk assessment strategies for EE drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Derek D Best
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jim Blank
- Takeda Pharmaceutical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meredith Crosby
- AbbVie Inc. Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Preclinical Safety, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kyle Kolaja
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Translational Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dana Shuey
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cutoff, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | | | - Terry Van Vleet
- AbbVie Inc. Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Preclinical Safety, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Junguo Zhou
- Nonclinical Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC., Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Timothy K Hart
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, USA
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55
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Chaliha D, Albrecht M, Vaccarezza M, Takechi R, Lam V, Al-Salami H, Mamo J. A Systematic Review of the Valproic-Acid-Induced Rodent Model of Autism. Dev Neurosci 2020; 42:12-48. [DOI: 10.1159/000509109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Saxena R, Babadi M, Namvarhaghighi H, Roullet FI. Role of environmental factors and epigenetics in autism spectrum disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 173:35-60. [PMID: 32711816 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder thought to be caused by predisposing high-risk genes that may be altered during the early development by environmental factors. The impact of maternal challenges during pregnancy on the prevalence of ASD has been widely studied in clinical and animal studies. Here, we review some clinical and pre-clinical evidence that links environmental factors (i.e., infection, air pollution, pesticides, valproic acid and folic acid) and the risk of ASD. Additionally, certain prenatal environmental challenges such as the valproate and folate prenatal exposures allow us to study mechanisms possibly linked to the etiology of ASD, for instance the epigenetic processes. These mechanistic pathways are also presented and discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roheeni Saxena
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Melika Babadi
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Florence I Roullet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Fisher EMC, Bannerman DM. Mouse models of neurodegeneration: Know your question, know your mouse. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/493/eaaq1818. [PMID: 31118292 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many mutant mouse strains have been developed as models to investigate neurodegenerative disease in humans. However, variability in results among studies using these mouse strains has led to questions about the value of these models. Here, we appraise various mouse models for dissecting neurodegenerative disease mechanisms and emphasize the importance of asking appropriate research questions. In therapeutic studies, we suggest that understanding variability among and within mouse models is crucial for preventing translational failures in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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58
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Ozkul Y, Taheri S, Bayram KK, Sener EF, Mehmetbeyoglu E, Öztop DB, Aybuga F, Tufan E, Bayram A, Dolu N, Zararsiz G, Kianmehr L, Beyaz F, Doganyigit Z, Cuzin F, Rassoulzadegan M. A heritable profile of six miRNAs in autistic patients and mouse models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9011. [PMID: 32514154 PMCID: PMC7280218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of developmental pathologies that impair social communication and cause repetitive behaviors. The suggested roles of noncoding RNAs in pathology led us to perform a comparative analysis of the microRNAs expressed in the serum of human ASD patients. The analysis of a cohort of 45 children with ASD revealed that six microRNAs (miR-19a-3p, miR-361-5p, miR-3613-3p, miR-150-5p, miR-126-3p, and miR-499a-5p) were expressed at low to very low levels compared to those in healthy controls. A similar but less pronounced decrease was registered in the clinically unaffected parents of the sick children and in their siblings but never in any genetically unrelated control. Results consistent with these observations were obtained in the blood, hypothalamus and sperm of two of the established mouse models of ASD: valproic acid-treated animals and Cc2d1a+/- heterozygotes. In both instances, the same characteristic miRNA profile was evidenced in the affected individuals and inherited together with disease symptoms in the progeny of crosses with healthy animals. The consistent association of these genetic regulatory changes with the disease provides a starting point for evaluating the changes in the activity of the target genes and, thus, the underlying mechanism(s). From the applied societal and medical perspectives, once properly confirmed in large cohorts, these observations provide tools for the very early identification of affected children and progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ozkul
- Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Medical Genetics Department, Kayseri, Turkey. .,Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Serpil Taheri
- Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey.,Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Medical Biology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kezban Korkmaz Bayram
- Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Medical Genetics Department, Kayseri, Turkey.,Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Elif Funda Sener
- Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey.,Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Medical Biology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ecmel Mehmetbeyoglu
- Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Didem Behice Öztop
- Ankara University, Medical Faculty, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aybuga
- Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Tufan
- Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Arslan Bayram
- Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Medical Genetics Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazan Dolu
- Baskent University, Medical Faculty, Physiology Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Zararsiz
- Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Feyzullah Beyaz
- Erciyes University Veterinary Faculty, Histology and Embryology Department, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Züleyha Doganyigit
- Bozok University, Medical Faculty, Histology and Embryology Department, Yozgat, Turkey
| | | | - Minoo Rassoulzadegan
- Erciyes University, Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Kayseri, Turkey. .,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, France.
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59
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López-Escobar B, Fernández-Torres R, Vargas-López V, Villar-Navarro M, Rybkina T, Rivas-Infante E, Hernández-Viñas A, Álvarez Del Vayo C, Caro-Vega J, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, González-Meneses A, Carrión MÁ, Ybot-González P. Lacosamide intake during pregnancy increases the incidence of foetal malformations and symptoms associated with schizophrenia in the offspring of mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7615. [PMID: 32376856 PMCID: PMC7203245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of first and second generation antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy doubles the risk of major congenital malformations and other teratogenic defects. Lacosamide (LCM) is a third-generation antiepileptic drug that interacts with collapsing response mediator protein 2, a protein that has been associated with neurodevelopmental diseases like schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to test the potential teratogenic effects of LCM on developing embryos and its effects on behavioural/histological alterations in adult mice. We administered LCM to pregnant mice, assessing its presence, and that of related compounds, in the mothers’ serum and in embryonic tissues using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry detection. Embryo morphology was evaluated, and immunohistochemistry was performed on adult offspring. Behavioural studies were carried out during the first two postnatal weeks and on adult mice. We found a high incidence of embryonic lethality and malformations in mice exposed to LCM during embryonic development. Neonatal mice born to dams treated with LCM during gestation displayed clear psychomotor delay and behavioural and morphological alterations in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala that were associated with behaviours associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adulthood. We conclude that LCM and its metabolites may have teratogenic effects on the developing embryos, reflected in embryonic lethality and malformations, as well as behavioural and histological alterations in adult mice that resemble those presented by patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Escobar
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Rut Fernández-Torres
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad Química, Universidad Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Viviana Vargas-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.,Behavioral Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Tatyana Rybkina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eloy Rivas-Infante
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Anatomía Patología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ayleen Hernández-Viñas
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Concepción Álvarez Del Vayo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Caro-Vega
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Meneses
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Ángel Carrión
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41013, Spain. .,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurología y Neurofisiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, 41009, Spain.
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60
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Prenatal S-Adenosine Methionine (SAMe) Induces Changes in Gene Expression in the Brain of Newborn Mice That Are Prevented by Co-Administration of Valproic Acid (VPA). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082834. [PMID: 32325788 PMCID: PMC7215397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we produced changes in gene expression in the brain of mice by early postnatal administration of valproic acid (VPA), with distinct differences between genders. The addition of S-adenosine methionine (SAMe) normalized the expression of most genes in both genders, while SAMe alone induced no changes. We treated pregnant dams with a single injection of VPA on day 12.5 of gestation, or with SAMe during gestational days 12–14, or by a combination of VPA and SAMe. In the frontal half of the brain, we studied the expression of 770 genes of the pathways involved in neurophysiology and neuropathology using the NanoString nCounter method. SAMe, but not VPA, induced statistically significant changes in the expression of many genes, with differences between genders. The expression of 112 genes was changed in both sexes, and another 170 genes were changed only in females and 31 only in males. About 30% of the genes were changed by more than 50%. One of the most important pathways changed by SAMe in both sexes was the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) pathway. Pretreatment with VPA prevented almost all the changes in gene expression induced by SAMe. We conclude that large doses of SAMe, if administered prenatally, may induce significant epigenetic changes in the offspring. Hence, SAMe and possibly other methyl donors may be epigenetic teratogens.
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Gao Y, Yu Y, Xiao J, Luo J, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Zhang J, Olsen J, Li J, Liew Z. Association of Grandparental and Parental Age at Childbirth With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e202868. [PMID: 32293683 PMCID: PMC7160691 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Advanced parental age has been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in children. However, little is known about the association between grandparental age at the time of birth of the parent and the risk of ASD in the grandchildren. OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations between parental and grandparental age and ASD risk in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based, multigenerational cohort study used data from Danish national health registries. A parental age cohort was constructed to evaluate the association between parental age and ASD in 1 476 783 singleton children born from 1990 to 2013, and a multigenerational cohort was also constructed including 362 438 fathers and 458 234 mothers born from 1973 to 1990 for whom information on grandparental age was available. Data analyses were conducted from November 1, 2018, through February 7, 2020. EXPOSURES Parental age at childbirth and grandparental age at the time of the birth of the parent. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Diagnoses of ASD in children were obtained from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register (1994-2017). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the associations between parental or grandparental age and ASD in children. RESULTS Of the 1 476 783 children born from 1990 to 2013, 758 066 (51.3%) were male, and 27 616 (1.9%) had ASD (20 467 [74.1%] were male). Advanced paternal or maternal age over 30 years was monotonically associated with increased ASD risk, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.56 (95% CI, 1.45-1.68) for maternal age 40 years and older and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.39-1.78) for paternal age 50 years and older, compared with parents aged 25 to 29 years. In the multigenerational cohort, 9364 grandchildren (1.7%) had ASD. This study found U-shaped associations, in that ASD risk was higher among grandchildren of younger (≤19 years) maternal grandmothers (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.52-1.85), younger maternal grandfathers (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.26-1.78), and younger paternal grandmothers (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.34), and older (≥40 years) paternal grandmothers (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.03-1.90) compared with the grandchildren of grandparents who were aged 25 to 29 years at the time of giving birth to the parents. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings corroborate previous studies suggesting that advanced parental age is independently associated with increased ASD risk in children. This study also found that children with young maternal grandparents and children with young and old paternal grandparents had elevated ASD risk. Possible transmission of ASD risk across generations should be considered in etiological research on ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfu Yu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jingyuan Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Romoli M, Mazzocchetti P, D'Alonzo R, Siliquini S, Rinaldi VE, Verrotti A, Calabresi P, Costa C. Valproic Acid and Epilepsy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidences. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:926-946. [PMID: 30592252 PMCID: PMC7052829 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666181227165722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than a century from its discovery, valproic acid (VPA) still represents one of the most efficient antiepi-leptic drugs (AEDs). Pre and post-synaptic effects of VPA depend on a very broad spectrum of actions, including the regu-lation of ionic currents and the facilitation of GABAergic over glutamatergic transmission. As a result, VPA indirectly mod-ulates neurotransmitter release and strengthens the threshold for seizure activity. However, even though participating to the anticonvulsant action, such mechanisms seem to have minor impact on epileptogenesis. Nonetheless, VPA has been reported to exert anti-epileptogenic effects. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone deacetylases (HDACs), BDNF and GDNF modulation are pivotal to orientate neurons toward a neuroprotective status and promote dendritic spines organization. From such broad spectrum of actions comes constantly enlarging indications for VPA. It represents a drug of choice in child and adult with epilepsy, with either general or focal seizures, and is a consistent and safe IV option in generalized convulsive sta-tus epilepticus. Moreover, since VPA modulates DNA transcription through HDACs, recent evidences point to its use as an anti-nociceptive in migraine prophylaxis, and, even more interestingly, as a positive modulator of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Furthermore, VPA-induced neuroprotection is under investigation for benefit in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Hence, VPA has still got its place in epilepsy, and yet deserves attention for its use far beyond neurological diseases. In this review, we aim to highlight, with a translational intent, the molecular basis and the clinical indications of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Romoli
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato D'Alonzo
- Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Victoria Elisa Rinaldi
- Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of L'Aquila - San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy.,IRCCS "Santa Lucia", Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Costa
- Neurology Clinic, University of Perugia - S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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Escher J, Ford LD. General anesthesia, germ cells and the missing heritability of autism: an urgent need for research. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa007. [PMID: 32704384 PMCID: PMC7368377 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agents of general anesthesia (GA) are commonly employed in surgical, dental and diagnostic procedures to effectuate global suppression of the nervous system, but in addition to somatic targets, the subject's germ cells-from the embryonic primordial stage to the mature gametes-may likewise be exposed. Although GA is generally considered safe for most patients, evidence has accumulated that various compounds, in particular the synthetic volatile anesthetic gases (SVAGs) such as sevoflurane, can exert neurotoxic, genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects, with adverse consequences for cellular and genomic function in both somatic and germline cells. The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence demonstrating that GA, and in particular, SVAGs, may in some circumstances adversely impact the molecular program of germ cells, resulting in brain and behavioral pathology in the progeny born of the exposed cells. Further, we exhort the medical and scientific communities to undertake comprehensive experimental and epidemiological research programs to address this critical gap in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Escher
- Correspondence address. Escher Fund for Autism, 1590 Calaveras Avenue, San Jose, CA 95126, USA. E-mail:
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Endogenous Retroviruses Activity as a Molecular Signature of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236050. [PMID: 31801288 PMCID: PMC6928979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are genetic elements resulting from relics of ancestral infection of germline cells, now recognized as cofactors in the etiology of several complex diseases. Here we present a review of findings supporting the role of the abnormal HERVs activity in neurodevelopmental disorders. The derailment of brain development underlies numerous neuropsychiatric conditions, likely starting during prenatal life and carrying on during subsequent maturation of the brain. Autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental disorders that arise clinically during early childhood or adolescence, currently attributed to the interplay among genetic vulnerability, environmental risk factors, and maternal immune activation. The role of HERVs in human embryogenesis, their intrinsic responsiveness to external stimuli, and the interaction with the immune system support the involvement of HERVs in the derailed neurodevelopmental process. Although definitive proofs that HERVs are involved in neurobehavioral alterations are still lacking, both preclinical models and human studies indicate that the abnormal expression of ERVs could represent a neurodevelopmental disorders-associated biological trait in affected individuals and their parents.
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Medishetti R, Rani R, Kavati S, Mahilkar A, Akella V, Saxena U, Kulkarni P, Sevilimedu A. A DNAzyme based knockdown model for Fragile-X syndrome in zebrafish reveals a critical window for therapeutic intervention. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 101:106656. [PMID: 31734279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION FXS is the leading cause of intellectual disabilities in males and a major monogenic cause of ASD (Autism spectrum disorders). It occurs due to the loss of FMRP, whose role in early development is not well understood. In this study, we have used a novel DNAzyme based approach to create a larval model of FXS in zebrafish with specific focus on the early developmental window. METHODS Fmr1specific DNAzymes were electroporated into embryos to create the knockdown. Changes in RNA and protein levels of FMRP and relevant biomarkers were measured in the 0-7dpf window. Behavioral tests to measure anxiety, cognitive impairments and irritability in the larvae were conducted at the 7dpf stage. Drug treatment was carried out at various time points in the 0-7dpf window to identify the critical window for pharmacological intervention. RESULTS The DNAzyme based knockdown approach led to a significant knockdown of FMRP in the zebrafish embryos, accompanied by increased anxiety, irritability and cognitive impairments at 7dpf, thus creating a robust larval model of FXS. Treatment with the Mavoglurant was able to rescue the behavioral phenotypes in the FXS larvae, and found to be more efficacious in the 0-3dpf window. DISCUSSION The results from this study have revealed that a) a DNAzyme based knockdown approach can be used to create robust larval zebrafish model of disease, in a high-throughput manner and b) optimal window for therapeutic intervention for FXS as well as other pediatric diseases with a monogenic cause can be identified using such a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavender Medishetti
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Rita Rani
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Srinivas Kavati
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Anjali Mahilkar
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Akella
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Uday Saxena
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Pushkar Kulkarni
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
| | - Aarti Sevilimedu
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS), Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
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Prenatal valproate in rodents as a tool to understand the neural underpinnings of social dysfunctions in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropharmacology 2019; 159:107477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gender Related Changes in Gene Expression Induced by Valproic Acid in A Mouse Model of Autism and the Correction by S-adenosyl Methionine. Does It Explain the Gender Differences in Autistic Like Behavior? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215278. [PMID: 31652960 PMCID: PMC6862653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we produced autism like behavioral changes in mice by Valproic acid (VPA) with significant differences between genders. S-adenosine methionine (SAM) prevented the autism like behavior in both genders. The expression of 770 genes of pathways involved in neurophysiology and neuropathology was studied in the prefrontal cortex of 60 days old male and female mice using the NanoString nCounter. In females, VPA induced statistically significant changes in the expression of 146 genes; 71 genes were upregulated and 75 downregulated. In males, VPA changed the expression of only 19 genes, 16 were upregulated and 3 downregulated. Eight genes were similarly changed in both genders. When considering only the genes that were changed by at least 50%, VPA changed the expression of 15 genes in females and 3 in males. Only Nts was similarly downregulated in both genders. SAM normalized the expression of most changed genes in both genders. We presume that genes that are involved in autism like behavior in our model were similarly changed in both genders and corrected by SAM. The behavioral and other differences between genders may be related to genes that were differently affected by VPA in males and females and/or differently affected by SAM.
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Zheng W, Hu Y, Chen D, Li Y, Wang S. [Improvement of a mouse model of valproic acid-induced autism]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:718-723. [PMID: 31270052 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.06.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish an improved mouse model of valproic acid (VPA)-induced autism that better mimics human autism. METHODS We established mouse models of autism in female C57 mice by intraperitoneal injection of sodium valproate either at a single dose (600 mg/kg) on day 12.5 after conception (conventional group) or in two doses of 300 mg/kg each on days 10 and 12 after conception (modified group), and the control mice were injected with saline only on day 12.5. The responses of the mice to VPA injection, the uterus, mortality rate, and abortion rate were compared among the 3 groups. The morphology and development of the offspring mice were assessed, and their behavioral ontogeny was evaluated using 3- chambered social test, social test, juvenil play test, and open field test. RESULTS The mortality and abortion rates were significantly lower in the modified model group than in the conventional group (P < 0.01). Compared with those in the control group, the offspring mice in both the conventional group and the modified group showed developmental disorders (P < 0.05). The mortality rate of the newborn mice was significantly lower in the modified group than in the conventional group with a rate of curvy tail of up to 100% (P < 0.001). The offspring mice in both the modified group and conventional group exhibited autism-like behavioral abnormalities, including social disorder and repetitive stereotyped behavior (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The mouse model of autism established using the modified method better mimics human autism with reduced mortality and abortion rates of the pregnant mice and also decreased mortality rate of the newborn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Zheng
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shali Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Escher J, Robotti S. Pregnancy drugs, fetal germline epigenome, and risks for next-generation pathology: A call to action. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:445-454. [PMID: 30891817 DOI: 10.1002/em.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drugs taken during pregnancy can affect three generations at once: the gestating woman (F0), her exposed fetus (F1), and the fetal germ cells that confer heritable information for the grandchildren (F2). Unfortunately, despite growing evidence for connections between F0 drug exposures and F2 pathology, current approaches to risk assessment overlook this important dimension of risk. In this commentary, we argue that the unique molecular vulnerabilities of the fetal germline, particularly with regard to global epigenomic reprogramming, combined with empirical evidence for F2 effects of F1 in utero drug and other exposures, should change the way we consider potential long-term consequences of pregnancy drugs and alter toxicology's standard somatic paradigm. Specifically, we (1) suggest that pregnancy drugs common in the postwar decades should be investigated as potential contributors to the "missing heritability" of many pathologies now surging in prevalence; (2) call for inclusion of fetal germline risks in pregnancy drug safety assessment; and (3) highlight the need for intensified research to ascertain generational impacts of diethylstilbestrol, a vanguard question of human germline toxicity. Only by fully addressing this important dimension of transplacental exposure can we responsibly evaluate safety of drug exposures during pregnancy and convey the full scope of risks, while also retrospectively comprehending the generational legacy of recent history's unprecedented glut of evolutionarily novel intrauterine exposures. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:445-454, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Escher
- Escher Fund for Autism, San Jose, California
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Jarred EG, Bildsoe H, Western PS. Out of sight, out of mind? Germ cells and the potential impacts of epigenomic drugs. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30613387 PMCID: PMC6305226 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15935.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, determine the way DNA is packaged within the nucleus and regulate cell-specific gene expression. The heritability of these modifications provides a memory of cell identity and function. Common dysregulation of epigenetic modifications in cancer has driven substantial interest in the development of epigenetic modifying drugs. Although these drugs have the potential to be highly beneficial for patients, they act systemically and may have “off-target” effects in other cells such as the patients’ sperm or eggs. This review discusses the potential for epigenomic drugs to impact on the germline epigenome and subsequent offspring and aims to foster further examination into the possible effects of these drugs on gametes. Ultimately, the information gained by further research may improve the clinical guidelines for the use of such drugs in patients of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Jarred
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Heidi Bildsoe
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick S Western
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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Tartaglione AM, Cipriani C, Chiarotti F, Perrone B, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Calamandrei G, Ricceri L. Early Behavioral Alterations and Increased Expression of Endogenous Retroviruses Are Inherited Across Generations in Mice Prenatally Exposed to Valproic Acid. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3736-3750. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Daghsni M, Rima M, Fajloun Z, Ronjat M, Brusés JL, M'rad R, De Waard M. Autism throughout genetics: Perusal of the implication of ion channels. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00978. [PMID: 29934975 PMCID: PMC6085908 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in social interactions, interpersonal communication, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and may be associated with intellectual disabilities. The description of ASD as a synaptopathology highlights the importance of the synapse and the implication of ion channels in the etiology of these disorders. METHODS A narrative and critical review of the relevant papers from 1982 to 2017 known by the authors was conducted. RESULTS Genome-wide linkages, association studies, and genetic analyses of patients with ASD have led to the identification of several candidate genes and mutations linked to ASD. Many of the candidate genes encode for proteins involved in neuronal development and regulation of synaptic function including ion channels and actors implicated in synapse formation. The involvement of ion channels in ASD is of great interest as they represent attractive therapeutic targets. In agreement with this view, recent findings have shown that drugs modulating ion channel function are effective for the treatment of certain types of patients with ASD. CONCLUSION This review describes the genetic aspects of ASD with a focus on genes encoding ion channels and highlights the therapeutic implications of ion channels in the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Daghsni
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM UMR1087/CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, LR99ES10 Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, 1007, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Mohamad Rima
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Application, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Michel Ronjat
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM UMR1087/CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Juan L Brusés
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, USA
| | - Ridha M'rad
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, LR99ES10 Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, 1007, Tunis, Tunisie.,Service des Maladies Congénitales et Héréditaires, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Michel De Waard
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM UMR1087/CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
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Moggs J, Terranova R. Chromatin dynamics underlying latent responses to xenobiotics. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:606-617. [PMID: 30090610 PMCID: PMC6062062 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic xenobiotics can trigger dynamic alterations in mammalian chromatin structure and function but many of these are likely non-adverse and simply reflect short-term changes in DNA transactions underlying normal homeostatic, adaptive and protective cellular responses. However, it is plausible that a subset of xenobiotic-induced perturbations of somatic tissue or germline epigenomes result in delayed-onset and long-lasting adverse effects, in particular if they occur during critical stages of growth and development. These could include reprogramming, dedifferentiation, uncontrolled growth, and cumulative toxicity effects through molecular memory of prior xenobiotic exposures or altered susceptibility to subsequent xenobiotic exposures. Here we discuss the current evidence for epigenetic mechanisms underlying latent responses to xenobiotics, and the potential for identifying molecular epigenetic changes that are prodromal to overt morphologic or functional toxicity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moggs
- Preclinical Safety , Translational Medicine , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Preclinical Safety , Translational Medicine , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
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Western PS. Epigenomic drugs and the germline: Collateral damage in the home of heritability? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 468:121-133. [PMID: 29471014 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The testis and ovary provide specialised environments that nurture germ cells and facilitate their maturation, culminating in the production of mature gametes that can found the following generation. The sperm and egg not only transmit genetic information, but also epigenetic modifications that affect the development and physiology of offspring. Importantly, the epigenetic information contained in mature sperm and oocytes can be influenced by a range of environmental factors, such as diet, chemicals and drugs. An increasing range of studies are revealing how gene-environment interactions are mediated through the germline. Outside the germline, altered epigenetic state is common in a range of diseases, including many cancers. As epigenetic modifications are reversible, pharmaceuticals that directly target epigenetic modifying proteins have been developed and are delivering substantial benefits to patients, particularly in oncology. While providing the most effective patient treatment is clearly the primary concern, some patients will want to conceive children after treatment. However, the impacts of epigenomic drugs on the male and female gametes are poorly understood and whether these drugs will have lasting effects on patients' germline epigenome and subsequent offspring remains largely undetermined. Currently, evidence based clinical guidelines for use of epigenomic drugs in patients of reproductive age are limited in this context. Developing a deeper understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating the germline epigenome and its impact on inherited traits and disease susceptibility is required to determine how specific epigenomic drugs might affect the germline and inheritance. Understanding these potential effects will facilitate the development of informed clinical guidelines appropriate for the use of epigenomic drugs in patients of reproductive age, ultimately improving the safety of these therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Western
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia.
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Sisodiya SM. Valproate and childbearing potential: new regulations. Pract Neurol 2018; 18:176-178. [DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2018-001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sgadò P, Rosa-Salva O, Versace E, Vallortigara G. Embryonic Exposure to Valproic Acid Impairs Social Predispositions of Newly-Hatched Chicks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5919. [PMID: 29650996 PMCID: PMC5897402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological predispositions to attend to visual cues, such as those associated with face-like stimuli or with biological motion, guide social behavior from the first moments of life and have been documented in human neonates, infant monkeys and domestic chicks. Impairments of social predispositions have been recently reported in neonates at high familial risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using embryonic exposure to valproic acid (VPA), an anticonvulsant associated to increased risk of developing ASD, we modeled ASD behavioral deficits in domestic chicks. We then assessed their spontaneous social predispositions by comparing approach responses to a stimulus containing a face configuration, a stuffed hen, vs. a scrambled version of it. We found that this social predisposition was abolished in VPA-treated chicks, whereas experience-dependent mechanisms associated with filial imprinting were not affected. Our results suggest a specific effect of VPA on the development of biologically-predisposed social orienting mechanisms, opening new perspectives to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms involved in early ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sgadò
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Orsola Rosa-Salva
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Versace
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Giorgio Vallortigara
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, Rovereto, Italy
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Alteration of Hepatic Gene Expression along with the Inherited Phenotype of Acquired Fatty Liver in Chicken. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040199. [PMID: 29642504 PMCID: PMC5924541 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver is a widespread disease in chickens that causes a decrease in egg production and even death. The characteristics of the inherited phenotype of acquired fatty liver and the molecular mechanisms underlying it, however, are largely unknown. In the current study, fatty liver was induced in 3 breeds by a high-fat (HF) diet and a methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet. The results showed that the dwarf Jingxing-Huang (JXH) chicken was more susceptible to fatty liver compared with the layer White Leghorns (WL) and local Beijing-You (BJY) breeds. In addition, it was found that the paternal fatty livers induced by HF diet in JXH chickens were inherited. Compared to birds without fatty liver in the control group, both offsprings and their sires with fatty livers in the paternal group exhibited altered hepatic gene expression profiles, including upregulation of several key genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism (ACACA, FASN, SCD, ACSL5, FADS2, FABP1, APOA4 and ME1). This study uniquely revealed that acquired fatty liver in cocks can be inherited. The hepatic gene expression profiles were altered in chickens with the inherited phenotype of acquired paternal fatty liver and several genes could be candidate biomarkers.
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Thomas RH. Valproate: life-saving, life-changing. Clin Med (Lond) 2018; 18. [PMID: 29700085 PMCID: PMC6334031 DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2s-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Antiepileptic medications, and valproate principally, are commonly prescribed teratogens. There is significant concern that we are not doing enough to educate clinicians and potential parents about the risks of valproate in pregnancy. There is clear advice from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and the International League Against Epilepsy about the risks of valproate exposure in utero Reviews and guidelines that are focused on fetal risk, however, fall short in being able to fully replicate the complexity of a real clinical decision. Valproate is certainly life-changing if your child is one of the 10% with a major malformation or 30-40% with a neurodevelopmental disorder, but valproate is also potentially life-saving in the context of ensuring the best possible seizure control for some mothers with epilepsy. There are significant knowledge gaps regarding the risks to mothers who elect to take another drug, or to mother and baby if she comes off medication entirely. We also should be doing more to reduce rates of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is recognised as a key target when evaluating all maternal deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys H Thomas
- ARoyal Victoria Infirmary and intermediate clinical lecturer, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK,Address for correspondence: Dr Rhys Thomas, Institute of Neuroscience, Henry Wellcome Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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van Steenwyk G, Roszkowski M, Manuella F, Franklin TB, Mansuy IM. Transgenerational inheritance of behavioral and metabolic effects of paternal exposure to traumatic stress in early postnatal life: evidence in the 4th generation. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2018; 4:dvy023. [PMID: 30349741 PMCID: PMC6190267 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, evidence supporting the transmission of acquired traits across generations has reshaped the field of genetics and the understanding of disease susceptibility. In humans, pioneer studies showed that exposure to famine, endocrine disruptors or trauma can affect descendants, and has led to a paradigm shift in thinking about heredity. Studies in humans have however been limited by the low number of successive generations, the different conditions that can be examined, and the lack of mechanistic insight they can provide. Animal models have been instrumental to circumvent these limitations and allowed studies on the mechanisms of inheritance of environmentally induced traits across generations in controlled and reproducible settings. However, most models available today are only intergenerational and do not demonstrate transmission beyond the direct offspring of exposed individuals. Here, we report transgenerational transmission of behavioral and metabolic phenotypes up to the 4th generation in a mouse model of paternal postnatal trauma (MSUS). Based on large animal numbers (up to 124 per group) from several independent breedings conducted 10 years apart by different experimenters, we show that depressive-like behaviors are transmitted to the offspring until the third generation, and risk-taking and glucose dysregulation until the fourth generation via males. The symptoms are consistent and reproducible, and persist with similar severity across generations. These results provide strong evidence that adverse conditions in early postnatal life can have transgenerational effects, and highlight the validity of MSUS as a solid model of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen van Steenwyk
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich & Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Roszkowski
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich & Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Manuella
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich & Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tamara B Franklin
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich & Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Centre, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Isabelle M Mansuy
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich & Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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81
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Abstract
Antiepileptic medications, and valproate principally, are commonly prescribed teratogens. There is significant concern that we are not doing enough to educate clinicians and potential parents about the risks of valproate in pregnancy. There is clear advice from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and the International League Against Epilepsy about the risks of valproate exposure in utero Reviews and guidelines that are focused on fetal risk, however, fall short in being able to fully replicate the complexity of a real clinical decision. Valproate is certainly life-changing if your child is one of the 10% with a major malformation or 30-40% with a neurodevelopmental disorder, but valproate is also potentially life-saving in the context of ensuring the best possible seizure control for some mothers with epilepsy. There are significant knowledge gaps regarding the risks to mothers who elect to take another drug, or to mother and baby if she comes off medication entirely. We also should be doing more to reduce rates of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is recognised as a key target when evaluating all maternal deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys H Thomas
- Royal Victoria Infirmary and intermediate clinical lecturer, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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82
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Eshraghi AA, Liu G, Kay SIS, Eshraghi RS, Mittal J, Moshiree B, Mittal R. Epigenetics and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Is There a Correlation? Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:78. [PMID: 29636664 PMCID: PMC5881102 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien A Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - George Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sae-In Samantha Kay
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca S Eshraghi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Baharak Moshiree
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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83
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Needham BD, Tang W, Wu WL. Searching for the gut microbial contributing factors to social behavior in rodent models of autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:474-499. [PMID: 29411548 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Social impairment is one of the major symptoms in multiple psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Accumulated studies indicate a crucial role for the gut microbiota in social development, but these mechanisms remain unclear. This review focuses on two strategies adopted to elucidate the complicated relationship between gut bacteria and host social behavior. In a top-down approach, researchers have attempted to correlate behavioral abnormalities with altered gut microbial profiles in rodent models of ASD, including BTBR mice, maternal immune activation (MIA), maternal valproic acid (VPA) and maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) offspring. In a bottom-up approach, researchers use germ-free (GF) animals, antibiotics, probiotics or pathogens to manipulate the intestinal environment and ascertain effects on social behavior. The combination of both approaches will hopefully pinpoint specific bacterial communities that control host social behavior. Further discussion of how brain development and circuitry is impacted by depletion of gut microbiota is also included. The converging evidence strongly suggests that gut microbes affect host social behavior through the alteration of brain neural circuits. Investigation of intestinal microbiota and host social behavior will unveil any bidirectional communication between the gut and brain and provide alternative therapeutic targets for ASD. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 474-499, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D Needham
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California
| | - Wei-Li Wu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California
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84
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Cherepanov SM, Akther S, Nishimura T, Shabalova AA, Mizuno A, Ichinose W, Shuto S, Yamamoto Y, Yokoyama S, Higashida H. Effects of Three Lipidated Oxytocin Analogs on Behavioral Deficits in CD38 Knockout Mice. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100132. [PMID: 29035307 PMCID: PMC5664059 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide that plays an important role in social behavior. Nasal administration of OT has been shown to improve trust in healthy humans and social interaction in autistic subjects. As is consistent with the nature of a peptide, OT has some unfavorable characteristics: it has a short half-life in plasma and shows poor permeability across the blood-brain barrier. Analogs with long-lasting effects may overcome these drawbacks. To this end, we have synthesized three analogs: lipo-oxytocin-1 (LOT-1), in which two palmitoyl groups are conjugated to the cysteine and tyrosine residues, lipo-oxytocin-2 (LOT-2) and lipo-oxytocin-3 (LOT-3), which include one palmitoyl group conjugated at the cysteine or tyrosine residue, respectively. The following behavioral deficits were observed in CD38 knockout (CD38−/−) mice: a lack of paternal nurturing in CD38−/− sires, decreased ability for social recognition, and decreased sucrose consumption. OT demonstrated the ability to recover these disturbances to the level of wild-type mice for 30 min after injection. LOT-2 and LOT-3 partially recovered the behaviors for a short period. Conversely, LOT-1 restored the behavioral parameters, not for 30 min, but for 24 h. These data suggest that the lipidation of OT has some therapeutic benefits, and LOT-1 would be most useful because of its long-last activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav M Cherepanov
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Shirin Akther
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Nishimura
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Anna A Shabalova
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Akira Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Wataru Ichinose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
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85
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Nguyen NM, de Oliveira Andrade F, Jin L, Zhang X, Macon M, Cruz MI, Benitez C, Wehrenberg B, Yin C, Wang X, Xuan J, de Assis S, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Maternal intake of high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet during pregnancy causes transgenerational increase in mammary cancer risk in mice. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:77. [PMID: 28673325 PMCID: PMC5494892 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal and paternal high-fat (HF) diet intake before and/or during pregnancy increases mammary cancer risk in several preclinical models. We studied if maternal consumption of a HF diet that began at a time when the fetal primordial germ cells travel to the genital ridge and start differentiating into germ cells would result in a transgenerational inheritance of increased mammary cancer risk. METHODS Pregnant C57BL/6NTac mouse dams were fed either a control AIN93G or isocaloric HF diet composed of corn oil high in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids between gestational days 10 and 20. Offspring in subsequent F1-F3 generations were fed only the control diet. RESULTS Mammary tumor incidence induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was significantly higher in F1 (p < 0.016) and F3 generation offspring of HF diet-fed dams (p < 0.040) than in the control offspring. Further, tumor latency was significantly shorter (p < 0.028) and burden higher (p < 0.027) in F1 generation HF offspring, and similar trends were seen in F3 generation HF offspring. RNA sequencing was done on normal mammary glands to identify signaling differences that may predispose to increased breast cancer risk by maternal HF intake. Analysis revealed 1587 and 4423 differentially expressed genes between HF and control offspring in F1 and F3 generations, respectively, of which 48 genes were similarly altered in both generations. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis validated 13 chosen up- and downregulated genes in F3 HF offspring, but only downregulated genes in F1 HF offspring. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified upregulation of Notch signaling as a key alteration in HF offspring. Further, knowledge-fused differential dependency network analysis identified ten node genes that in the HF offspring were uniquely connected to genes linked to increased cancer risk (ANKEF1, IGFBP6, SEMA5B), increased resistance to cancer treatments (SLC26A3), poor prognosis (ID4, JAM3, TBX2), and impaired anticancer immunity (EGR3, ZBP1). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that maternal HF diet intake during pregnancy induces a transgenerational increase in offspring mammary cancer risk in mice. The mechanisms of inheritance in the F3 generation may be different from the F1 generation because significantly more changes were seen in the transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen M Nguyen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Fabia de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Madisa Macon
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - M Idalia Cruz
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Carlos Benitez
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bryan Wehrenberg
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chao Yin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Jianhua Xuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Sonia de Assis
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Research Building, Room E407, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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86
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Aucamp J, Van Dyk HC, Bronkhorst AJ, Pretorius PJ. Valproic acid alters the content and function of the cell-free DNA released by hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro. Biochimie 2017; 140:93-105. [PMID: 28668269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been believed that cell-free DNA (cfDNA) actively released into circulation can serve as intercellular messengers, and their involvement in processes such as the bystander effect strongly support this. However, this intercellular messaging function of cfDNA may have clinical implications that have not yet been considered. METHODS CfDNA was isolated from the growth medium of HepG2 cells treated with valproic acid (VPA). This cfDNA was then administered to untreated cells and cellular metabolic activity was measured. RESULTS VPA altered the characteristics of cfDNA released by treated HepG2 cells in vitro. When administered to untreated cells, the cfDNA from cells treated with VPA resulted in the dose-dependent induction of glycolytic activity within 36 min of administration, but little to no alterations in oxidative phosphorylation. The glycolytic activity lasted for 4-6 h, whereas changes in subsequent cfDNA release and characteristics were found to remain persistent after two 24 h treatments. Fragmented genomic DNA from VPA-treated cells did not induce the effects observed for cfDNA obtained VPA-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS It is possible for cfDNA to, under in vitro conditions, transfer pharmaceutically-induced effects to untreated recipient cells. Further investigation regarding this occurrence under in vivo conditions is, therefore, strongly encouraged. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The intercellular messaging functions of cfDNA present in donated biological fluids has potential clinical implications that require urgent attention. These implications may, however, also have potential as new forms of treatment that can circumvent pharmacological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Aucamp
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Hayley C Van Dyk
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Abel J Bronkhorst
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Piet J Pretorius
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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