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Kim SH, Kim H. Astaxanthin Modulation of Signaling Pathways That Regulate Autophagy. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100546. [PMID: 31547619 PMCID: PMC6836186 DOI: 10.3390/md17100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal pathway that degrades and recycles unused or dysfunctional cell components as well as toxic cytosolic materials. Basal autophagy favors cell survival. However, the aberrant regulation of autophagy can promote pathological conditions. The autophagy pathway is regulated by several cell-stress and cell-survival signaling pathways that can be targeted for the purpose of disease control. In experimental models of disease, the carotenoid astaxanthin has been shown to modulate autophagy by regulating signaling pathways, including the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cellular homolog of murine thymoma virus akt8 oncogene (Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Astaxanthin is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhn Hyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Astaxanthin Protects OTA-Induced Lung Injury in Mice through the Nrf2/NF-κB Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090540. [PMID: 31533259 PMCID: PMC6784241 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential protective mechanism of astaxanthin (ASTA) against oxidative damage and inflammation caused by ochratoxin (OTA) in mouse lung. We divided mice into a control group (CG), an OTA group (PG), an astaxanthin group (AG), and an OTA+ASTA group (JG). Oxidative indices (malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH)) and inflammatory markers (interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)) were assayed in the lung, and the lung-weight-to-body-weight ratio was calculated. Apoptosis was detected in pathological sections by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Oxidative damage and inflammation were detected in the lung of mice after exposure to OTA. Besides, Nrf2- and NF-κB-pathway-associated proteins were detected by Western blot. In contrast with OTA, ASTA significantly raised the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and MnSOD, while the expression of other proteins (Keap1, TLR4, and NF-κB) was significantly decreased. These results indicate that ASTA exerted protective effects against OTA-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in the lung by regulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways.
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Singh KN, Patil S, Barkate H. Protective effects of astaxanthin on skin: Recent scientific evidence, possible mechanisms, and potential indications. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:22-27. [PMID: 31141292 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring ketocarotenoid which has been found to have numerous biological functions, with its strong antioxidant property being the prominent feature. The compound has attracted a great amount of interest with respect to its potential utilization in the betterment of human health. In the recent past, astaxanthin has been extensively studied with respect to its possible effect on skin health, with positive results. Astaxanthin has also shown to have anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and DNA repair properties, which have further encouraged its usage to maintain skin health and tackle skin damage. In this review article, we highlight the pharmacokinetic profile of the antioxidant in brief and describe the findings of various recent published research articles which studied the effect of astaxanthin in improvement of skin health. We also mention the possible mechanisms which form the basis of the positive dermatological effects of astaxanthin and the potential indications of the antioxidant molecule in cosmetology and dermatology.
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Matsuura Y, Noda K, Suzuki S, Kawai K. Glucocorticoids suppress fibroblast apoptosis in an in vitro thermal injury model. Burns 2018; 45:173-179. [PMID: 30253958 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The wounds of full- and deep partial-thickness burns result in hypertrophic scars and lead to skin contracture more severely than those of superficial partial-thickness burns. Therefore, preventing burn progression may help improve the aesthetic and functional outcomes after healing. Although a number of studies have focused on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of and preventing burn wound progression, it is still difficult to rescue burned dermis unless early tangential excision is performed. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of and prevent cell death of heat-injured fibroblasts, we developed an in vitro experimental model of heat-injured fibroblasts. We confirmed that heating at 55°C for 30s caused fibroblast necrosis immediately after heating, whereas heating at 46°C for 30s induced apoptosis 24h after heating. We also found that the supplementation of 100ng/ml betamethasone to the culture medium after heating decreased the number of apoptotic cells and increased that of live cells. Our studies suggest that glucocorticoids suppress apoptosis of heat-injured fibroblasts and may be useful for preventing burn wound progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Matsuura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuo Noda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Suzuki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kawai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nagahama Red Cross Hospital, Shiga 526-8585, Japan.
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Beiraghi-Toosi A, Askarian R, Sadrabadi Haghighi F, Safarian M, Kalantari F, Hashemy SI. Burn-induced Oxidative Stress and Serum Glutathione Depletion; a Cross Sectional Study. EMERGENCY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2018; 6:e54. [PMID: 30584570 PMCID: PMC6289156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown the role of oxidative stress in pathophysiology of burn injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the changes of oxidant-antioxidant levels during the week following burn injuries and its correlation with grade of burn. METHODS In this prospective cross-sectional study, changes of total glutathione, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized GSH (GSSG), GSH/GSSG ratio, as well as Pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) were investigated on the 1st, 2nd and 7th days of admission in patients with > 15 % burns. RESULTS 40 patients with the mean age of 21.1 ± 14.5 were studied (47.5% male). More than 50% of patients were in the 18 - 55 years age range and over 70% had 20% - 60% grade of burn. Total serum glutathione level and GSH had significant decreasing trends (P < 0.001) and GSSG and GSH/GSSG ratio had increasing trends (p < 0.001). No significant correlation was observed between serum GSH level and the total body surface area (TBSA) of burn injury (r = 0.047; p = 0.779). The evaluation of PAB and its correlation with TBSA showed a significant and direct association between them on the 1st (coefficient = 0.516; p = 0.001), 2nd (coefficient = 0.62; p <0.001), and 3rd (coefficient = 0.471; p = 0.002) day of follow up. CONCLUSION According to this study, the redox perturbation occurred in burn injury which was measured and proved by decreased GSH/GSSG ratio as well as the shift of PAB in favour of oxidants. Besides, since PAB positively correlated with the severity of dermal damage, it might suggest the application of antioxidants as a part of therapeutic protocol for which the dosage should be proportionate to the surface area of the damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Beiraghi-Toosi
- Surgical Oncology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roya Askarian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Sadrabadi Haghighi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Kalantari
- Surgical Oncology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Surgical Oncology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kim SH, Kim H. Inhibitory Effect of Astaxanthin on Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction-A Mini-Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091137. [PMID: 30134611 PMCID: PMC6165470 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of various human diseases as well as to the aging process. Mitochondria, as the center of cellular metabolism and major regulators of redox balance, play a critical role in disease development and progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction involving structural and metabolic impairment is prominent in oxidative stress-related diseases. Increased oxidative stress can damage mitochondria, and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction generates excesses of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species that cause cellular damage. Mitochondrial dysfunction also activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, resulting in cellular death. Astaxanthin, a red-colored xanthophyll carotenoid, exerts an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect on various cell lines. In this manner astaxanthin maintains mitochondrial integrity under various pathological conditions. In this review, the inhibitory effects of astaxanthin on oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and related disease development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhn Hyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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Choi J, Kim R, Kim J, Jeong W, Park SW, Lee HW, Chung HY. Nicorandil reduces burn wound progression by enhancing skin blood flow. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 71:1196-1206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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The Protective Role of Astaxanthin for UV-Induced Skin Deterioration in Healthy People-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070817. [PMID: 29941810 PMCID: PMC6073124 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a major safeguard tissue in humans. Because biological barrier function is deteriorated by several kinds of stresses including exposure to ultra-violet (UV) rays, the protection and treatment of skin conditions by dietary supplements are important. We therefore evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with an algal food-derived antioxidant, astaxanthin, on UV-induced skin deterioration. Twenty-three healthy Japanese participants were recruited to a 10-week double-blind placebo-controlled study. They were assigned to the astaxanthin group supplemented with a capsule containing 4 mg of astaxanthin or the placebo group. To assess the protective role of astaxanthin for UV-induced skin deterioration, we determined the minimal erythema dose (MED) and analyzed UV-induced changes of moisture and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at baseline and after 9 weeks of supplementation. Subjective skin conditions were assessed by the visual analog scale. The astaxanthin group showed increased MED compared with placebo. In addition, the astaxanthin group had a reduced loss of skin moisture in the irradiated area compared with placebo. Subjective skin conditions for “improvement of rough skin” and “texture” in non-irradiated areas were significantly improved by astaxanthin. Astaxanthin seems protective against UV-induced skin deterioration and helps maintain healthy skin in healthy people.
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Qiao X, Yang L, Zhang T, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Xu J, Xue C. Synthesis, stability and bioavailability of astaxanthin succinate diester. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3182-3189. [PMID: 29230828 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We synthesized astaxanthin succinate diester (ASD), a novel astaxanthin (AST) derivate, with succinic anhydride and free AST. ASD was purified and characterized using silica gel column chromatography and spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS The ASD final synthesis rate was 82.63%. A stability test revealed a high AST and ASD retention rate at pH 5.0-7.0. ASD showed better stability than did AST under acidic conditions. Both sample ions showed lower retention rates under Fe2+ and Fe3+ states. The ASD metabolic curve showed serum and liver area under the curve from 0 h to time t (AUC0-t ) values of 45.05 ± 4.58 and 120.38 ± 23.66 µg h-1 mL-1 , respectively. The long-term accumulation was significantly higher in the ASD group than in the AST group, which showed higher accumulation in the heart, muscle and spleen than in other tissues in vivo. CONCLUSION The thermal stability and bioavailability of ASD were higher than that of the non-esterified free AST and common free AST, respectively. Additionally, AST accumulation in different tissues of the ASD group was multifold higher than that of free AST. These results prove that ASD may serve as a better source of AST for human nutrition than does free AST. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, PR China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, PR China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, Province, PR China
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Davinelli S, Nielsen ME, Scapagnini G. Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040522. [PMID: 29690549 PMCID: PMC5946307 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source for its industrial biological production. Due to its collective diverse functions in skin biology, there is mounting evidence that astaxanthin possesses various health benefits and important nutraceutical applications in the field of dermatology. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which astaxanthin might exert its benefits on skin homeostasis have been proposed, including photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the available data on the functional role of astaxanthin in skin physiology, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to astaxanthin, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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Li D, Tong W, Liu D, Zou Y, Zhang C, Xu W. Astaxanthin mitigates cobalt cytotoxicity in the MG-63 cells by modulating the oxidative stress. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:58. [PMID: 28738843 PMCID: PMC5525213 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-017-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the re-popularity of metal-on-metal (MoM) bearing in recent years, the cobalt toxicity has been a cause for concern in the total hip replacement surgery by both physicians and patients. Methods MG-63 cell line was cultured in vitro and incubated with cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) and/or with astaxanthin (ASX) for 24 h. MTT assay was conducted to evaluate the cell viability after cobalt exposure and ASX treatment. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was performed to examine the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was adopted to determine the mRNA levels of related targets. And western blot analysis was used to examine the protein expressions. One-way ANOVA with posttest Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons was adopted to analysis all the obtained data. Results In the current study, ASX exhibited significant protective effect against the Co(II)-induced cytotoxicity in MG-63 cell line. We also found that ASX protected the cells against Co-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. Besides, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) could be activated by Co exposure; ASX treatment significantly inhibited HO-1 activation, suppressing the oxidative stress induced by Co exposure. Moreover, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) phosphorylation was shown to participate in the signaling pathway of the protective effect of ASX. However, knockdown of JNK expression by siRNA transfection or JNK inhibitor SP600125 treatment did not affect the protective effect of ASX against cobalt cytotoxicity in MG-63 cells. Conclusions ASX mitigated cobalt cytotoxicity in the MG-63 cells by modulating the oxidative stress. And ASX could be a promising therapy against cobalt toxicity in the hip articulation surgery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-017-0166-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahe Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighty-eighth Military Hospital, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Wenwen Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Denghui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuming Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weidong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Xue Y, Qu Z, Fu J, Zhen J, Wang W, Cai Y, Wang W. The protective effect of astaxanthin on learning and memory deficits and oxidative stress in a mouse model of repeated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:221-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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