51
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Tommasone S, Allabush F, Tagger YK, Norman J, Köpf M, Tucker JHR, Mendes PM. The challenges of glycan recognition with natural and artificial receptors. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5488-5505. [PMID: 31552920 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycans - simple or complex carbohydrates - play key roles as recognition determinants and modulators of numerous physiological and pathological processes. Thus, many biotechnological, diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities abound for molecular recognition entities that can bind glycans with high selectivity and affinity. This review begins with an overview of the current biologically and synthetically derived glycan-binding scaffolds that include antibodies, lectins, aptamers and boronic acid-based entities. It is followed by a more detailed discussion on various aspects of their generation, structure and recognition properties. It serves as the basis for highlighting recent key developments and technical challenges that must be overcome in order to fully deal with the specific recognition of a highly diverse and complex range of glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tommasone
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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52
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Blsakova A, Kveton F, Kasak P, Tkac J. Antibodies against aberrant glycans as cancer biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:1057-1068. [PMID: 31665948 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1687295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The review provides a comprehensive overview about applicability of serological detection of autoantibodies against aberrant glycans as cancer biomarkers.Areas covered: Clinical usefulness of autoantibodies as cancer biomarkers is discussed for seven types of cancers with sensitivity and specificity of such biomarkers provided. Moreover, an option of using serological antibodies against a non-natural form of sialic acid - N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), which is taken into our bodies together with red meat, as a potential cancer biomarker is discussed shortly as well.Expert opinion: In the final part of the review, we discuss what measures need to be applied for selective implementation of autoantibody assays into a clinical practice. Moreover, we discuss key challenges ahead for reliable and robust detection of autoantibodies against aberrant glycans as biomarkers for disease diagnostics and for stratification of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blsakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Filip Kveton
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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53
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Temme JS, Campbell CT, Gildersleeve JC. Factors contributing to variability of glycan microarray binding profiles. Faraday Discuss 2019; 219:90-111. [PMID: 31338503 PMCID: PMC9335900 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions play significant roles in a wide variety of biological systems. Glycan microarrays are commonly utilized to interrogate the selectivity, sensitivity, and breadth of these complex protein-carbohydrate interactions. During the past two decades, numerous distinct glycan microarray platforms have been developed, each assembled from a variety of slide-surface chemistries, glycan-attachment chemistries, glycan presentations, linkers, and glycan densities. Comparative analyses of glycan microarray data have shown that while many protein-carbohydrate interactions behave predictably across microarrays, there are instances when various array formats produce different results. For optimal construction and use of this technology, it is important to understand sources of variances across array platforms. In this study, we performed a systematic comparison of microarray data from 8 lectins across a range of concentrations on the CFG and neoglycoprotein array platforms. While there was good general agreement on the binding specificity of the lectins on the two arrays, there were some cases of large discrepancies. Differences in glycan density and linker composition contributed significantly to variability. The results provide insights for interpreting microarray data and designing future glycan microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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54
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Schmidt S, Paul TJ, Strzelczyk AK. Interactive Polymer Gels as Biomimetic Sensors for Carbohydrate Interactions and Capture–Release Devices for Pathogens. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Tanja Janine Paul
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
| | - Alexander Klaus Strzelczyk
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Dusseldorf Germany
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55
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Mucin O-glycan microarrays. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 56:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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56
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Mattes DS, Jung N, Weber LK, Bräse S, Breitling F. Miniaturized and Automated Synthesis of Biomolecules-Overview and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806656. [PMID: 31033052 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is performed by reacting different chemical building blocks with defined stoichiometry, while meeting additional conditions, such as temperature and reaction time. Such a procedure is especially suited for automation and miniaturization. Life sciences lead the way to synthesizing millions of different oligonucleotides in extremely miniaturized reaction sites, e.g., pinpointing active genes in whole genomes, while chemistry advances different types of automation. Recent progress in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) imaging could match miniaturized chemical synthesis with a powerful analytical tool to validate the outcome of many different synthesis pathways beyond applications in the life sciences. Thereby, due to the radical miniaturization of chemical synthesis, thousands of molecules can be synthesized. This in turn should allow ambitious research, e.g., finding novel synthesis routes or directly screening for photocatalysts. Herein, different technologies are discussed that might be involved in this endeavor. A special emphasis is given to the obstacles that need to be tackled when depositing tiny amounts of materials to many different extremely miniaturized reaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Mattes
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laura K Weber
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breitling
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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57
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Le Mai Hoang K, Pardo-Vargas A, Zhu Y, Yu Y, Loria M, Delbianco M, Seeberger PH. Traceless Photolabile Linker Expedites the Chemical Synthesis of Complex Oligosaccharides by Automated Glycan Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9079-9086. [PMID: 31091089 PMCID: PMC6750752 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Automated glycan
assembly (AGA) aims at accelerating access to
synthetic oligosaccharides to meet the demand for defined glycans
as tools for molecular glycobiology. The linkers used to connect the
growing glycan chain to the solid support play a pivotal role in the
synthesis strategy as they determine all chemical conditions used
during the synthesis and the form of the glycan obtained at the end
of it. Here, we describe a traceless photolabile linker used to prepare
carbohydrates with a free reducing end. Modification of the o-nitrobenzyl scaffold of the linker is key to high yields
and compatibility with the AGA workflow. The assembly of an asymmetrical
biantennary N-glycan from oligosaccharide fragments
prepared by AGA and linear as well as branched β-oligoglucans
is described to illustrate the power of the method. These substrates
will serve as standards and biomarkers to examine the unique specificity
of glycosyl hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Le Mai Hoang
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Alonso Pardo-Vargas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Yuntao Zhu
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mirco Loria
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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58
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Valles DJ, Naeem Y, Carbonell C, Wong AM, Mootoo DR, Braunschweig AB. Maskless Photochemical Printing of Multiplexed Glycan Microarrays for High-Throughput Binding Studies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3131-3138. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Valles
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yasir Naeem
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carlos Carbonell
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Alexa M. Wong
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - David R. Mootoo
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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59
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Koroniak-Szejn K, Tomaszewska J, Grajewski J, Koroniak H. Long chain alkyl and fluoroalkyl glucose and glucosamine derivatives as hyaluronic acid subunits—Scaffolds for drug delivery. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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60
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Direct immobilization of sugar probes on bovine serum albumin-coated gold substrate for the development of glycan biosensors. Biointerphases 2019; 14:011003. [PMID: 30727738 DOI: 10.1116/1.5082005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy have attracted a great deal of interest due to their potential applications in numerous biological and biomedical fields. Controlled immobilization of sugar probes on a gold substrate is believed to be critical for the performance of these SPR biosensors. In this regard, herein the authors report a direct coupling of mannose probes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) layer on the gold substrate via a squaric acid-mediated reaction under mild conditions, in which the BSA layer provides not only reactive amine groups but also a nonfouling surface property. SPR measurements show that the resultant biosensor with an appropriate amount of mannose probes exhibits high affinity to its corresponding lectin (i.e., concanavalin A) and at the same time could resist nonspecific adsorption of other lectins. The limit of detection of the current SPR biosensor is 1.9 nM. Thus, the squaric acid-mediated immobilization strategy appears to be effective and useful for the fabrication of bioanalytical devices.
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61
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Geissner A, Reinhardt A, Rademacher C, Johannssen T, Monteiro J, Lepenies B, Thépaut M, Fieschi F, Mrázková J, Wimmerova M, Schuhmacher F, Götze S, Grünstein D, Guo X, Hahm HS, Kandasamy J, Leonori D, Martin CE, Parameswarappa SG, Pasari S, Schlegel MK, Tanaka H, Xiao G, Yang Y, Pereira CL, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Microbe-focused glycan array screening platform. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1958-1967. [PMID: 30670663 PMCID: PMC6369816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800853116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between glycans and glycan binding proteins are essential for numerous processes in all kingdoms of life. Glycan microarrays are an excellent tool to examine protein-glycan interactions. Here, we present a microbe-focused glycan microarray platform based on oligosaccharides obtained by chemical synthesis. Glycans were generated by combining different carbohydrate synthesis approaches including automated glycan assembly, solution-phase synthesis, and chemoenzymatic methods. The current library of more than 300 glycans is as diverse as the mammalian glycan array from the Consortium for Functional Glycomics and, due to its microbial focus, highly complementary. This glycan platform is essential for the characterization of various classes of glycan binding proteins. Applications of this glycan array platform are highlighted by the characterization of innate immune receptors and bacterial virulence factors as well as the analysis of human humoral immunity to pathogenic glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geissner
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Reinhardt
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Johannssen
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - João Monteiro
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Jana Mrázková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Schuhmacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Götze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Grünstein
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heung Sik Hahm
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christopher E Martin
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sandip Pasari
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark K Schlegel
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - You Yang
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claney L Pereira
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany;
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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62
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Liu C, Li C, Niu Q, Cai C, Li G, Yu G. Fabrication of carbohydrate microarrays on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-cyanuric chloride-modified substrates for the analysis of carbohydrate–lectin interactions. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01369e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pHEMA polymer provides an anti-fouling surface and the CC linker allows the covalent immobilization of intact carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
- Ocean University of China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
- Ocean University of China
| | - Qingfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
- Ocean University of China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
- Ocean University of China
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
- Ocean University of China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs
- Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology
- Ocean University of China
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63
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Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic Oligosaccharides Mimicking Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:1-16. [PMID: 31875266 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall of pathogenic fungi is highly important for the development of fungal infections and is the first cellular component to interact with the host immune system. The fungal cell wall is mainly built up of different polysaccharides representing ligands for pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells and antibodies. Purified fungal polysaccharides are not easily available; in addition, they are structurally heterogenic and have wide molecular weight distribution that limits the possibility to use natural polysaccharides to assess the structure of their active determinants. The synthetic oligosaccharides of definite structure representing distinct polysaccharide fragments are indispensable tools for a variety of biological investigations and represent an advantageous alternative to natural polysaccharides. The attachment of a spacer group to these oligosaccharides permits their efficient transformation into immunogenic glycoconjugates as well as their immobilization on plates or microbeads. Herein, we summarize current information on synthetic availability of the variety of oligosaccharides related to main types of fungal cell wall components: galactomannan, α- and β-mannan, α- and β-(1 → 3)-glucan, chitin, chitosan, and others. These data are supplemented with published results of biochemical and immunological applications of synthetic oligosaccharides as molecular probes especially as the components of thematic glycoarrays suitable for characterization of anti-polysaccharide antibodies and cellular lectins or PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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64
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Davis TC, Bechtold JO, Hayes TR, Villarreal TA, Claridge SA. Hierarchically patterned striped phases of polymerized lipids: toward controlled carbohydrate presentation at interfaces. Faraday Discuss 2019; 219:229-243. [PMID: 31298259 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcontact printing can be used to generate well-defined microscopic areas of striped phases of both single-chain and dual-chain amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson C. Davis
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | | | - Tyler R. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | | | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering
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65
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Pardo-Vargas A, Delbianco M, Seeberger PH. Automated glycan assembly as an enabling technology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 46:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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66
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Li Z, Feizi T. The neoglycolipid (NGL) technology-based microarrays and future prospects. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3976-3991. [PMID: 30074246 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The neoglycolipid (NGL) technology is the basis of a state-of-the-art oligosaccharide microarray system, which we offer for screening analyses to the broad scientific community. We review here the sequential development of the technology and its power in pinpointing and isolating naturally occurring ligands for glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) within glycan populations. We highlight our Designer Array approach and Beam Search Array approach for generating natural glycome arrays to identify novel ligands of biological relevance. These two microarray approaches have been applied for assignments of ligands or antigens on glucan polysaccharides for effector proteins of the immune system (Dectin-1, DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR) and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) on bacterial hydrolases. We also discuss here the more recent applications to elucidate the structure of a prostate cancer- associated antigen F77 and identify ligands for adhesins of two rotaviruses, P[10] and P[19], expressed on an epithelial mucin glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College London, UK
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67
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Preparation and study of a carbohydrate-functionalized carbon surface by electrochemical oxidation of 4-aminophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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68
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Anomeric O-Functionalization of Carbohydrates for Chemical Conjugation to Vaccine Constructs. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071742. [PMID: 30018207 PMCID: PMC6099650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates mediate a wide range of biological interactions, and understanding these processes benefits the development of new therapeutics. Isolating sufficient quantities of glycoconjugates from biological samples remains a significant challenge. With advances in chemical and enzymatic carbohydrate synthesis, the availability of complex carbohydrates is increasing and developing methods for stereoselective conjugation these polar head groups to proteins and lipids is critically important for pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of commonly employed strategies for installing a functionalized linker at the anomeric position as well as examples of further transformations that have successfully led to glycoconjugation to vaccine constructs for biological evaluation as carbohydrate-based therapeutics.
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69
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Wen L, Edmunds G, Gibbons C, Zhang J, Gadi MR, Zhu H, Fang J, Liu X, Kong Y, Wang PG. Toward Automated Enzymatic Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8151-8187. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Garrett Edmunds
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Christopher Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yun Kong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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70
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O'Neil CL, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Immobilization of glycans on solid surfaces for application in glycomics. J Carbohydr Chem 2018; 37:225-249. [PMID: 30505067 PMCID: PMC6261488 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1462372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are an important class of biomolecules which are involved in a multitude of cellular functions. In the field of glycomics, the structure and function of various carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, glycans and their conjugates are constantly under investigation. In the continuing quest to understand the roles of carbohydrates in their interactions with proteins, immunogens, and other cell-surface carbohydrates, scientists have developed methods for observing the effects of specific saccharide sequences on various cellular components. Carbohydrate immobilization has allowed researchers to study the impact of specific sequences, leading to a deeper understanding of many cellular processes. The goal of this review is to highlight the chemical reactions and interactions that have been used for glycan immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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71
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Bojarová P, Křen V. Sugared biomaterial binding lectins: achievements and perspectives. Biomater Sci 2018; 4:1142-60. [PMID: 27075026 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lectins, a distinct group of glycan-binding proteins, play a prominent role in the immune system ranging from pathogen recognition and tuning of inflammation to cell adhesion or cellular signalling. The possibilities of their detailed study expanded along with the rapid development of biomaterials in the last decade. The immense knowledge of all aspects of glycan-lectin interactions both in vitro and in vivo may be efficiently used in bioimaging, targeted drug delivery, diagnostic and analytic biological methods. Practically applicable examples comprise photoluminescence and optical biosensors, ingenious three-dimensional carbohydrate microarrays for high-throughput screening, matrices for magnetic resonance imaging, targeted hyperthermal treatment of cancer tissues, selective inhibitors of bacterial toxins and pathogen-recognising lectin receptors, and many others. This review aims to present an up-to-date systematic overview of glycan-decorated biomaterials promising for interactions with lectins, especially those applicable in biology, biotechnology or medicine. The lectins of interest include galectin-1, -3 and -7 participating in tumour progression, bacterial lectins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-IL), E. coli (Fim-H) and Clostridium botulinum (HA33) or DC-SIGN, receptors of macrophages and dendritic cells. The spectrum of lectin-binding biomaterials covered herein ranges from glycosylated organic structures, calixarene and fullerene cores over glycopeptides and glycoproteins, functionalised carbohydrate scaffolds of cyclodextrin or chitin to self-assembling glycopolymer clusters, gels, micelles and liposomes. Glyconanoparticles, glycan arrays, and other biomaterials with a solid core are described in detail, including inorganic matrices like hydroxyapatite or stainless steel for bioimplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - V Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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72
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Carbonell C, Valles DJ, Wong AM, Tsui MW, Niang M, Braunschweig AB. Massively Multiplexed Tip-Based Photochemical Lithography under Continuous Capillary Flow. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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73
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van der Es D, Berni F, Hogendorf WFJ, Meeuwenoord N, Laverde D, van Diepen A, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, Hokke CH, Huebner J, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Streamlined Synthesis and Evaluation of Teichoic Acid Fragments. Chemistry 2018; 24:4014-4018. [PMID: 29389054 PMCID: PMC5887911 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Teichoic acids (TAs) are key components of the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall that are composed of alditol phosphate repeating units, decorated with alanine or carbohydrate appendages. Because of their microhetereogeneity, pure well-defined TAs for biological or immunological evaluation cannot be obtained from natural sources. We present here a streamlined automated solid-phase synthesis approach for the rapid generation of well-defined glycosylated, glycerol-based TA oligomers. Building on the use of a "universal" linker system and fluorous tag purification strategy, a library of glycerolphosphate pentadecamers, decorated with various carbohydrate appendages, is generated. These are used to create a structurally diverse TA-microarray, which is used to reveal, for the first time, the binding preferences of anti-LTA (lipoteichoic acids) antibodies at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van der Es
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Francesca Berni
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter F. J. Hogendorf
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Nico Meeuwenoord
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Diana Laverde
- Division of Paediatric Infectious DiseasesDr. von Hauner Children's HospitalLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Hokke
- Department of ParasitologyLeiden University Medical CenterAlbinusdreef 22333 ZALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Infectious DiseasesDr. von Hauner Children's HospitalLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 55, 2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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74
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Yang J, Hsieh PH, Liu X, Zhou W, Zhang X, Zhao J, Xu Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Construction and characterisation of a heparan sulphate heptasaccharide microarray. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:1743-1746. [PMID: 28106177 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A targeted heptasaccharide library was synthesised to prepare a heparan sulphate (HS) microarray. The array was probed with two glycan-binding proteins, HS 3-O-sulphotransferase 1 and antithrombin, demonstrating the binding selectivity between HS and proteins. The HS microarray technique will accelerate the understanding of the structure and function relationships of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Yang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. and College of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. and School of Chinese Medical Material, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Centre for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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75
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Hyun JY, Kang NR, Shin I. Carbohydrate Microarrays Containing Glycosylated Fluorescent Probes for Assessment of Glycosidase Activities. Org Lett 2018; 20:1240-1243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Hyun
- Center for Biofunctional
Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Rae Kang
- Center for Biofunctional
Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Center for Biofunctional
Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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76
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Campbell MT, Chen D, Glish GL. Distinguishing Linkage Position and Anomeric Configuration of Glucose–Glucose Disaccharides by Water Adduction to Lithiated Molecules. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2048-2054. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry,
Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Dazhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gary L. Glish
- Department of Chemistry,
Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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77
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Hu XB, Liu YL, Wang WJ, Zhang HW, Qin Y, Guo S, Zhang XW, Fu L, Huang WH. Biomimetic Graphene-Based 3D Scaffold for Long-Term Cell Culture and Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1136-1141. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bo Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry
of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry
of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hai-Wei Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry
of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry
of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shan Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry
of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry
of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry
of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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78
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Kim HS, Hyun JY, Park SH, Shin I. Analysis of binding properties of pathogens and toxins using multivalent glycan microarrays. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14898-14905. [PMID: 35541319 PMCID: PMC9080041 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01285g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens infect hosts often through initial binding of their cell surface lectins to glycans expressed on the exterior of host cells. Thus, methods to evaluate the glycan-binding properties of pathogens are of great importance. Because of the multivalent nature of interactions of pathogens with glycans, the ability to assess the glycan density-dependent binding of pathogens is particularly important. In this study, we developed a facile technique to construct multivalent carbohydrate microarrays through immobilization of unmodified glycans on multivalent hydrazide-derivatized glass surfaces. This immobilization strategy does not require the use of multivalent glycoconjugates, which are typically prepared by using multistep sequences. The results of analysis of microarray images, obtained after incubation of multivalent glycan microarrays with cholera toxin B and pathogens such as uropathogenic E. coli and H. pylori, show that the binding affinities of toxins and pathogens for glycans are highly glycan density-dependent. Specifically, toxins and pathogens bind to glycans more strongly as the valency of the glycans on the microarrays is increased from 1 to 4. It is anticipated that the newly developed immobilization method will be applicable to the preparation of multivalent carbohydrate microarrays that are employed to evaluate multivalent glycan binding properties of a variety of pathogens and toxins. Microarrays constructed by immobilizing free glycans on multivalent hydrazide-coated surfaces were applied to evaluate multivalent glycan binding properties of pathogens.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Sub Kim
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Center for Biofunctional Molecules
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
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79
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Lin TH, Lin CH, Liu YJ, Huang CY, Lin YC, Wang SK. Controlling Ligand Spacing on Surface: Polyproline-Based Fluorous Microarray as a Tool in Spatial Specificity Analysis and Inhibitor Development for Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41691-41699. [PMID: 29148699 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions are essential for many biological processes. Convenient characterization for multivalent binding property of proteins will aid the development of molecules to manipulate these processes. We exploited the polyproline helix II (PPII) structure as molecular scaffolds to adjust the distances between glycan ligand attachment sites at 9, 18, and 27 Å on a peptide scaffold. Optimized fluorous groups were also introduced to the peptide scaffold for immobilization to the microarray surface through fluorous interaction to control the orientation of the helical scaffolds. Using lectin LecA and antibody 2G12 as model proteins, the binding preference to the 27 Å glycopeptide scaffold, matched the distance of 26 Å between its two galactose binding sites on LecA and 31 Å spacing between oligomannose binding sites on 2G12, respectively. We further demonstrate this microarray system can aid the development of inhibitors by transforming the selected surface-bound scaffold into multivalent ligands in solution. This strategy can be extended to analyze proteins that lacking structural information to speed up the design of potent and selective multivalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hsueh Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Cin-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ying-Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chun Yi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Yen-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
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80
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Campbell MT, Chen D, Wallbillich NJ, Glish GL. Distinguishing Biologically Relevant Hexoses by Water Adduction to the Lithium-Cationized Molecule. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10504-10510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry,
Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Dazhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Wallbillich
- Department of Chemistry,
Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gary L. Glish
- Department of Chemistry,
Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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81
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Lucas JL, Tacheny EA, Ferris A, Galusha M, Srivastava AK, Ganguly A, Williams PM, Sachs MC, Thurin M, Tricoli JV, Ricker W, Gildersleeve JC. Development and validation of a Luminex assay for detection of a predictive biomarker for PROSTVAC-VF therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182739. [PMID: 28771597 PMCID: PMC5542629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies can provide substantially improved survival in some patients while other seemingly similar patients receive little or no benefit. Strategies to identify patients likely to respond well to a given therapy could significantly improve health care outcomes by maximizing clinical benefits while reducing toxicities and adverse effects. Using a glycan microarray assay, we recently reported that pretreatment serum levels of IgM specific to blood group A trisaccharide (BG-Atri) correlate positively with overall survival of cancer patients on PROSTVAC-VF therapy. The results suggested anti-BG-Atri IgM measured prior to treatment could serve as a biomarker for identifying patients likely to benefit from PROSTVAC-VF. For continued development and clinical application of serum IgM specific to BG-Atri as a predictive biomarker, a clinical assay was needed. In this study, we developed and validated a Luminex-based clinical assay for measuring serum IgM specific to BG-Atri. IgM levels were measured with the Luminex assay and compared to levels measured using the microarray for 126 healthy individuals and 77 prostate cancer patients. This assay provided reproducible and consistent results with low %CVs, and tolerance ranges were established for the assay. IgM levels measured using the Luminex assay were found to be highly correlated to the microarray results with R values of 0.93–0.95. This assay is a Laboratory Developed Test (LDT) and is suitable for evaluating thousands of serum samples in CLIA certified laboratories that have validated the assay. In addition, the study demonstrates that discoveries made using neoglycoprotein-based microarrays can be readily migrated to a clinical assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Lucas
- MRIGlobal, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Allison Ferris
- MRIGlobal, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Apurva K. Srivastava
- Pharmacodynamics Biomarker Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Ganguly
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - P. Mickey Williams
- Molecular Characterization and Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Sachs
- Biostatistics Branch, Biometric Research Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James V. Tricoli
- Diagnostic Biomarkers and Technology Branch, Cancer Diagnosis Program Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Winnie Ricker
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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82
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Zong C, Venot A, Li X, Lu W, Xiao W, Wilkes JSL, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Wang L, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Microarray Reveals That Heparan Sulfate-Protein Binding Exhibits Different Ligand Requirements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9534-9543. [PMID: 28651046 PMCID: PMC5588662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear sulfated polysaccharides that modulate a wide range of physiological and disease-processes. Variations in HS epimerization and sulfation provide enormous structural diversity, which is believed to underpin protein binding and regulatory properties. The ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins have, however, been defined in only a few cases. We describe here a synthetic methodology that can rapidly provide a library of well-defined HS oligosaccharides. It is based on the use of modular disaccharides to assemble several selectively protected tetrasaccharides that were subjected to selective chemical modifications such as regioselective O- and N-sulfation and selective de-sulfation. A number of the resulting compounds were subjected to enzymatic modifications by 3-O-sulfotransferases-1 (3-OST1) to provide 3-O-sulfated derivatives. The various approaches for diversification allowed one tetrasaccharide to be converted into 12 differently sulfated derivatives. By employing tetrasaccharides with different backbone compositions, a library of 47 HS-oligosaccharides was prepared and the resulting compounds were used to construct a HS microarray. The ligand requirements of a number of HS-binding proteins including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were examined using the array. Although all proteins recognized multiple compounds, they exhibited clear differences in structure-binding characteristics. The HS microarray data guided the selection of compounds that could interfere in biological processes such as cell proliferation. Although the library does not cover the entire chemical space of HS-tetrasaccharides, the binding data support a notion that changes in cell surface HS composition can modulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jo-Setti L. Wilkes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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83
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Baek SJ, Best MD. A Boronic Acid Assay for the Detection of Mucin-1 Glycoprotein from Cancer Cells. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1578-1582. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; 1420 Circle Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; College of Veterinary Medicine and; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Michael D. Best
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; 1420 Circle Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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84
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Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Yu H, Chen X, Padler-Karavani V. Profiling Anti-Neu5Gc IgG in Human Sera with a Sialoglycan Microarray Assay. J Vis Exp 2017:56094. [PMID: 28745644 PMCID: PMC5612302 DOI: 10.3791/56094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are covered with a cloak of carbohydrate chains (glycans) that is commonly altered in cancer and that includes variations in sialic acid (Sia) expression. These are acidic sugars that have a 9-carbon backbone and that cap vertebrate glycans on cell surfaces. Two of the major Sia forms in mammals are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Humans cannot produce endogenous Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of the gene encoding cytidine 5'monophosphate-Neu5Ac (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH). Foreign Neu5Gc is acquired by human cells through the dietary consumption of red meat and dairy and subsequently appears on diverse glycans on the cell surface, accumulating mostly on carcinomas. Consequently, humans have circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies that play diverse roles in cancer and other chronic inflammation-mediated diseases and that are becoming potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a high-throughput sialoglycan microarray assay to assess such anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in the human sera. Neu5Gc-containing glycans and their matched pairs of controls (Neu5Ac-containing glycans), each with a core primary amine, are covalently linked to epoxy-coated glass slides. We exemplify the printing of 56 slides in a 16-well format using a specific nano-printer capable of generating up to 896 arrays per print. Each slide can be used to screen 16 different human sera samples for the evaluation of anti-Neu5Gc antibody specificity, intensity, and diversity. The protocol describes the complexity of this robust tool and provides a basic guideline for those aiming to investigate the response to Neu5Gc dietary carbohydrate antigen in diverse clinical samples in an array format.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis
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85
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Campbell MT, Chen D, Glish GL. Identifying the D-Pentoses Using Water Adduction to Lithium Cationized Molecule. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1420-1424. [PMID: 28411310 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed that is capable of distinguishing an exhaustive list of underivatized D-pentoses with only a mass spectrometer. Electrospray ionization (ESI) of a solution containing a pentose and a lithium salt yields [Pentose + Li]+. These lithiated pentoses adduct water in a quadrupole ion trap. The reaction rate of water adduction is unique for several of the pentose isomers. Additionally, there are multiple potential gas-phase lithiation sites to form [Pentose + Li]+. A mixture of ions with at least one reactive (water adducting) and at least one unreactive (non-adducting) lithiation site is formed for each pentose. The water adduction reaction rate along with the unreactive fraction of lithiated pentose can be used to completely discriminate all D-pentoses. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Dazhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA.
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86
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Stuhr‐Hansen N, Vagianou C, Blixt O. Synthesis of BODIPY‐Labeled Cholesterylated Glycopeptides by Tandem Click Chemistry for Glycocalyxification of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs). Chemistry 2017; 23:9472-9476. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Stuhr‐Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical BiologyUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Charikleia‐Despoina Vagianou
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical BiologyUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical BiologyUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
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87
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Hyun JY, Park CW, Liu Y, Kwon D, Park SH, Park S, Pai J, Shin I. Carbohydrate Analogue Microarrays for Identification of Lectin-Selective Ligands. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1077-1082. [PMID: 28422419 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-five mono- and disaccharide analogues were prepared and used for the construction of microarrays to uncover lectin-selective ligands. The microarray study showed that two disaccharide analogues, 28' and 44', selectively bind to Solanum tuberosum lectin (STL) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), respectively. Cell studies indicated that 28' and 44' selectively block the binding of STL and WGA to mammalian cells, unlike the natural ligand LacNAc, which suppresses binding of both STL and WGA to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Cheol Wan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Daeun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Pai
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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88
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Dosekova E, Filip J, Bertok T, Both P, Kasak P, Tkac J. Nanotechnology in Glycomics: Applications in Diagnostics, Therapy, Imaging, and Separation Processes. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:514-626. [PMID: 27859448 PMCID: PMC5659385 DOI: 10.1002/med.21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively covers the most recent achievements (from 2013) in the successful integration of nanomaterials in the field of glycomics. The first part of the paper addresses the beneficial properties of nanomaterials for the construction of biosensors, bioanalytical devices, and protocols for the detection of various analytes, including viruses and whole cells, together with their key characteristics. The second part of the review focuses on the application of nanomaterials integrated with glycans for various biomedical applications, that is, vaccines against viral and bacterial infections and cancer cells, as therapeutic agents, for in vivo imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and for selective drug delivery. The final part of the review describes various ways in which glycan enrichment can be effectively done using nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers with polymer thickness controlled at the nanoscale, with a subsequent analysis of glycans by mass spectrometry. A short section describing an active glycoprofiling by microengines (microrockets) is covered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dosekova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Jaroslav Filip
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Peter Both
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
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89
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Abstract
Not only are glycan-mediated binding processes in cells and organisms essential for a wide range of physiological processes, but they are also implicated in various pathological processes. As a result, elucidation of glycan-associated biomolecular interactions and their consequences is of great importance in basic biological research and biomedical applications. In 2002, we and others were the first to utilize glycan microarrays in efforts aimed at the rapid analysis of glycan-associated recognition events. Because they contain a number of glycans immobilized in a dense and orderly manner on a solid surface, glycan microarrays enable multiple parallel analyses of glycan-protein binding events while utilizing only small amounts of glycan samples. Therefore, this microarray technology has become a leading edge tool in studies aimed at elucidating roles played by glycans and glycan binding proteins in biological systems. In this Account, we summarize our efforts on the construction of glycan microarrays and their applications in studies of glycan-associated interactions. Immobilization strategies of functionalized and unmodified glycans on derivatized glass surfaces are described. Although others have developed immobilization techniques, our efforts have focused on improving the efficiencies and operational simplicity of microarray construction. The microarray-based technology has been most extensively used for rapid analysis of the glycan binding properties of proteins. In addition, glycan microarrays have been employed to determine glycan-protein interactions quantitatively, detect pathogens, and rapidly assess substrate specificities of carbohydrate-processing enzymes. More recently, the microarrays have been employed to identify functional glycans that elicit cell surface lectin-mediated cellular responses. Owing to these efforts, it is now possible to use glycan microarrays to expand the understanding of roles played by glycans and glycan binding proteins in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Hyun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center
for Biofunctional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Pai
- National Creative Research Initiative Center
for Biofunctional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- National Creative Research Initiative Center
for Biofunctional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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90
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Thakar D, Dalonneau F, Migliorini E, Lortat-Jacob H, Boturyn D, Albiges-Rizo C, Coche-Guerente L, Picart C, Richter RP. Binding of the chemokine CXCL12α to its natural extracellular matrix ligand heparan sulfate enables myoblast adhesion and facilitates cell motility. Biomaterials 2017; 123:24-38. [PMID: 28152381 PMCID: PMC5405871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12α is a potent chemoattractant that guides the migration of muscle precursor cells (myoblasts) during myogenesis and muscle regeneration. To study how the molecular presentation of chemokines influences myoblast adhesion and motility, we designed multifunctional biomimetic surfaces as a tuneable signalling platform that enabled the response of myoblasts to selected extracellular cues to be studied in a well-defined environment. Using this platform, we demonstrate that CXCL12α, when presented by its natural extracellular matrix ligand heparan sulfate (HS), enables the adhesion and spreading of myoblasts and facilitates their active migration. In contrast, myoblasts also adhered and spread on CXCL12α that was quasi-irreversibly surface-bound in the absence of HS, but were essentially immotile. Moreover, co-presentation of the cyclic RGD peptide as integrin ligand along with HS-bound CXCL12α led to enhanced spreading and motility, in a way that indicates cooperation between CXCR4 (the CXCL12α receptor) and integrins (the RGD receptors). Our findings reveal the critical role of HS in CXCL12α induced myoblast adhesion and migration. The biomimetic surfaces developed here hold promise for mechanistic studies of cellular responses to different presentations of biomolecules. They may be broadly applicable for dissecting the signalling pathways underlying receptor cross-talks, and thus may guide the development of novel biomaterials that promote highly specific cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Thakar
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Grenoble, France; CNRS, DCM, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Dalonneau
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), Grenoble, France; Grenoble Institute of Technology, Université Grenoble Alpes, LMGP, Grenoble, France
| | - Elisa Migliorini
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Grenoble, France; CNRS, DCM, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Boturyn
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Grenoble, France; CNRS, DCM, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Liliane Coche-Guerente
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Grenoble, France; CNRS, DCM, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), Grenoble, France; Grenoble Institute of Technology, Université Grenoble Alpes, LMGP, Grenoble, France.
| | - Ralf P Richter
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Grenoble, France; CNRS, DCM, Grenoble, France; University of Leeds, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Physics and Astronomy, Leeds, United Kingdom; CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastian, Spain.
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91
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Kveton F, Blšáková A, Hushegyi A, Damborsky P, Blixt O, Jansson B, Tkac J. Optimization of the Small Glycan Presentation for Binding a Tumor-Associated Antibody: Application to the Construction of an Ultrasensitive Glycan Biosensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2709-2716. [PMID: 28248511 PMCID: PMC5659382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to optimize the interfacial presentation of a small antigen-a Tn antigen (N-acetylgalactosamine)-for binding to its analyte anti-Tn antibody. Three different methods for the interfacial display of a small glycan are compared here, including two methods based on the immobilization of the Tn antigen on a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) (2D biosensor) and the third one utilizing a layer of a human serum albumin (HSA) for the immobilization of a glycan forming a 3D interface. Results showed that the 3D interface with the immobilized Tn antigen is the most effective bioreceptive surface for binding its analyte. The 3D impedimetric glycan biosensor exhibited a limit of detection of 1.4 aM, a wide linear range (6 orders of magnitude), and high assay reproducibility with an average relative standard deviation of 4%. The buildup of an interface was optimized using various techniques with the visualization of the glycans on the biosensor surface by atomic force microscopy. The study showed that the 3D biosensor is not only the most sensitive compared to other two biosensor platforms but that the Tn antigen on the 3D biosensor surface is more accessible for antibody binding with better kinetics of binding (t50% = 137 s, t50% = the time needed to attain 50% of a steady-state signal) compared to the 2D biosensor configuration with t50% = 354 s. The 3D glycan biosensor was finally applied for the analysis of a human serum sample spiked with an analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kveton
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Blšáková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andras Hushegyi
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Damborsky
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 1871
Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Jansson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical
Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, SE 221 85 Sweden
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry,
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
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92
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van Munster JM, Thomas B, Riese M, Davis AL, Gray CJ, Archer DB, Flitsch SL. Application of carbohydrate arrays coupled with mass spectrometry to detect activity of plant-polysaccharide degradative enzymes from the fungus Aspergillus niger. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43117. [PMID: 28220903 PMCID: PMC5318901 DOI: 10.1038/srep43117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewables-based biotechnology depends on enzymes to degrade plant lignocellulose to simple sugars that are converted to fuels or high-value products. Identification and characterization of such lignocellulose degradative enzymes could be fast-tracked by availability of an enzyme activity measurement method that is fast, label-free, uses minimal resources and allows direct identification of generated products. We developed such a method by applying carbohydrate arrays coupled with MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry to identify reaction products of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. We describe the production and characterization of plant polysaccharide-derived oligosaccharides and their attachment to hydrophobic self-assembling monolayers on a gold target. We verify effectiveness of this array for detecting exo- and endo-acting glycoside hydrolase activity using commercial enzymes, and demonstrate how this platform is suitable for detection of enzyme activity in relevant biological samples, the culture filtrate of A. niger grown on wheat straw. In conclusion, this versatile method is broadly applicable in screening and characterisation of activity of CAZymes, such as fungal enzymes for plant lignocellulose degradation with relevance to biotechnological applications as biofuel production, the food and animal feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M van Munster
- Fungal Biology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Baptiste Thomas
- Chemical Biology, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Riese
- Chemical Biology, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne L Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christopher J Gray
- Chemical Biology, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David B Archer
- Fungal Biology and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- Chemical Biology, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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93
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Tao S, Jia TW, Yang Y, Chu LQ. BSA-Sugar Conjugates as Ideal Building Blocks for SPR-Based Glycan Biosensors. ACS Sens 2017; 2:57-60. [PMID: 28722428 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlled immobilization of sugar probes is of key importance for the development of glycan biosensors. To this end, a series of BSA-sugar conjugates with different numbers of mannose units are prepared via the squaric acid-mediated coupling reaction. The conjugates can absorb directly on gold substrate without any derivation reactions, thus providing a simple and effective method for the construction of SPR-based glycan biosensors. SPR measurements show that the BSA-mannose conjugate with 11 mannoses exhibit the highest affinity to the lectin concanavalin A with a limit of detection of ca. 1.8 nM. Regeneration and specificity of the obtained glycan biosensors are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Sino-French Joint Lab of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tian-Wei Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Sino-French Joint Lab of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Sino-French Joint Lab of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Li-Qiang Chu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Sino-French Joint Lab of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
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94
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gaunitz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Regional Center for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Oncological Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
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95
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Wakao M, Watanabe S, Kurahashi Y, Matsuo T, Takeuchi M, Ogawa T, Suzuki K, Yumino T, Myogadani T, Saito A, Muta KI, Kimura M, Kajikawa K, Suda Y. Optical Fiber-Type Sugar Chip Using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1086-1091. [PMID: 27989122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical fiber-type Sugar Chips were developed using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold (Au) nanoparticles. The endface of an optical fiber was first aminosilylated and then condensed with α-lipoic acid containing a dithiol group. Second, gold nanoparticles were immobilized onto the endface via an Au-S covalent bond. Finally, sugar moieties were attached to the gold nanoparticle using our original sugar chain-ligand conjugates to obtain fiber-type Sugar Chips, by which the sugar moiety-protein interaction was analyzed. The specificity, sensitivity, and quantitative binding potency against carbohydrate-binding protein were found to be identical to that of a conventional SPR sensor. In this analysis, only a small sample volume (approximately 10 μL) was required compared with 100 μL for the conventional SPR sensor, suggesting that the fiber-type Sugar Chip and LSPR are applicable for nonpure small masses of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Wakao
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kurahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ogawa
- Moritex Corporation , 1-3-3 Azamino-minami, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-0012, Japan
| | - Keigo Suzuki
- Moritex Corporation , 1-3-3 Azamino-minami, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-0012, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yumino
- Moritex Corporation , 1-3-3 Azamino-minami, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-0012, Japan
| | - Tohru Myogadani
- Moritex Corporation , 1-3-3 Azamino-minami, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-0012, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Moritex Corporation , 1-3-3 Azamino-minami, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-0012, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Muta
- Moritex Corporation , 1-3-3 Azamino-minami, Aobaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-0012, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Kimura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Midoriku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kajikawa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Midoriku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suda
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.,SUDx-Biotec Corporation , 1-42-1 Shiroyama, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0013, Japan
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96
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Yang H, Cheng Q. Chemoselective ligation reaction of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) with hydrazide functional probes to determine galactosyltransferase activity by MALDI mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:2654-2662. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A perfluorocarbon-modified gold surface is used to immobilize PF-β-NAG and allows quantification of β-GT enzymatic activity with MALDI-TOF/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojik Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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97
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Buhl M, Traboni S, Körsgen M, Lamping S, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. On surface O-glycosylation by catalytic microcontact printing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6203-6206. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate microarrays are made by microcontact printing of glycosyl donors on hydroxyl terminated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Buhl
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- I-80126 Naples
- Italy
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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98
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Hoang A, Laigre E, Goyard D, Defrancq E, Vinet F, Dumy P, Renaudet O. An oxime-based glycocluster microarray. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5135-5139. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate microarrays represent powerful tools to study and detect carbohydrate-binding proteins, pathogens or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugénie Laigre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - David Goyard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- DCM UMR 5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | | | - Pascal Dumy
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
- 34000 Montpellier
- France
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99
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Abstract
Speed and throughput are vital ingredients for discovery driven, "-omics" research. The small molecule microarray (SMM) succeeds at delivering phenomenal screening throughput and versatility. The concept at the heart of the technology is elegant, yet simple: by presenting large collections of molecules in high density on a flat surface, one is able to interrogate all possible interactions with desired targets, in just a single step. SMMs have become established as the choice platform for screening, lead discovery, and molecular characterization. This introduction describes the principles governing microarray construction and use, focusing on practical challenges faced when conducting SMM experiments. It will explain the key design considerations and lay the foundation for the chapters that follow. (An earlier version of this chapter appeared in Small Molecule Microarrays: Methods and Protocols, published in 2010.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Uttamchandani
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DMERI, DSO National Laboratories, #09-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117510. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore, 117543.
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore, 117543.
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100
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Abstract
Structurally diverse glycans are expressed by all animate beings and exert diverse biological functions through specific interactions with glycan binding proteins (GBPs). In humans, glycan-GBP interactions are implicated in many disease-relevant processes in development, infection and immune response to bacterial and viral pathogens. Recent progress in chemical synthesis, including automated glycan assembly, has facilitated access to complex glycans that cannot be isolated from biological material. Glycan immobilization on microarrays allows rapid, multiplexed glycan-GBP interaction studies to reveal biological functions. Synthetic glycan microarrays have enabled, for instance, the identification of glycan ligands for lectins, the definition of vaccine antigens, revealed viral glycan receptors and can serve as diagnostic tools for human disease. Here, we describe the methods to fabricate custom glycan microarrays that are used to examine glycan-GBP binding specificities. Conjugation-ready synthetic glycans are covalently attached to microarray surfaces through nucleophilic linker moieties. Microarrays are incubated with GBPs, and binding events are quantitatively detected by fluorescent signals. These methods are readily adaptable to a multitude of purposes from basic research to biomedical applications.
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