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Durán GM, Benavidez TE, Contento AM, Ríos A, García CD. Analysis of penicillamine using Cu-modified graphene quantum dots synthesized from uric acid as single precursor. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:324-331. [PMID: 29404056 PMCID: PMC5790703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple methodology was developed to quantify penicillamine (PA) in pharmaceutical samples, using the selective interaction of the drug with Cu-modified graphene quantum dots (Cu-GQDs). The proposed strategy combines the advantages of carbon dots (over other nanoparticles) with the high affinity of PA for the proposed Cu-GQDs, resulting in a significant and selective quenching effect. Under the optimum conditions for the interaction, a linear response (in the 0.10–7.50 µmol/L PA concentration range) was observed. The highly fluorescent GQDs used were synthesized using uric acid as single precursor and then characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence, and absorption spectroscopy. The proposed methodology could also be extended to other compounds, further expanding the applicability of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema M Durán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Camilo José Cela Av., Ciudad Real E 13004, Spain.,IRICA (Regional Institute of Applied Scientific Research), Camilo José Cela Av., E 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tomás E Benavidez
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 219 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ana M Contento
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Camilo José Cela Av., Ciudad Real E 13004, Spain
| | - Angel Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Camilo José Cela Av., Ciudad Real E 13004, Spain
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 219 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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52
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Li K, Liu W, Ni Y, Li D, Lin D, Su Z, Wei G. Technical synthesis and biomedical applications of graphene quantum dots. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4811-4826. [PMID: 32263997 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01073g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have generated enormous excitement because of their superiority in chemical inertness, biocompatibility and low toxicity. Due to quantum confinement and edge effects, GQDs have excellent properties, attracting extensive attention from scientists in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, biology, and other interdisciplinary sciences. In this review, we aim to present a comprehensive view on the synthesis of GQDs for biological applications. We highlight potential methods like acid oxidation, hydrothermal and solvothermal reactions, microwave-assisted methods, electrochemical oxidation, as well as pyrolysis and carbonization for the successful preparation of GQDs. Meanwhile, four representative types of biomedical application based on GQDs, bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, and antimicrobial materials, are introduced and discussed in detail. This work will be very useful for quickly gaining knowledge and experience for synthesizing various GQDs, and developing advanced strategies for creating novel functional GQD-based nanomaterials for further applications in biomedicine, materials science, analytical science, and optical nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
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53
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Zhang W, Ni Y, Xu X, Lu W, Ren P, Yan P, Siu CK, Ruan S, Yu SF. Realization of multiphoton lasing from carbon nanodot microcavities. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5957-5963. [PMID: 28440826 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of organosilane chains to link carbon nanodots (CDs) through organosilane surface functional groups is proposed to improve the efficiency of multiphoton absorption. As a result, a large absorption coefficient of 1.16 × 10-6 cm5 per GW3 is obtained and four-photon luminescence under 1900 nm excitation is observed from the CDs at room temperature. Furthermore, a CD laser, which demonstrates random lasing under three-photon (i.e. 1400 nm) excitation, can be realized by sandwiching a CD film between a quartz substrate and a dielectric mirror. The formation of strongly confined microcavities, which arise from the non-uniform distribution of refractive indices inside the CD film, is attributed to the realization of lasing emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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54
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Sedrpoushan A, Heidari M, Akhavan O. Nanoscale graphene oxide sheets as highly efficient carbocatalysts in green oxidation of benzylic alcohols and aromatic aldehydes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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55
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Hasan MT, Senger BJ, Mulford P, Ryan C, Doan H, Gryczynski Z, Naumov AV. Modifying optical properties of reduced/graphene oxide with controlled ozone and thermal treatment in aqueous suspensions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:065705. [PMID: 28050974 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene possesses a number of advantageous properties, however, does not exhibit optical emission, which limits its use in optoelectronics. Unlike graphene, its functional derivative, graphene oxide (GO) exhibits fluorescence emission throughout the visible. Here, we focus on controlled methods for tuning the optical properties of GO. We introduce ozone treatment of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in order to controllably transform it from non-emissive graphene-like material into GO with a specific fluorescence emission response. Solution-based treatment of RGO for 5-45 min with ∼1.2 g l-1 ozone/oxygen gas mixture yields a drastic color change, bleaching of the absorption in the visible and the stepwise increase in fluorescence intensity and lifetime. This is attributed to the introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups to RGO graphitic platform as detected by the infrared spectroscopy. A reverse process: controllable quenching of this fluorescence is achieved by the thermal treatment of GO in aqueous suspension up to 90 °C. This methodology allows for the wide range alteration of GO optical properties starting from the dark-colored non-emissive RGO material up to nearly transparent highly ozone-oxidized GO showing substantial fluorescence emission. The size of the GO flakes is concomitantly altered by oxidation-induced scission. Semi-empirical PM3 theoretical calculations on HyperChem models are utilized to explore the origins of optical response from GO. Two models are considered, attributing the induced emission either to the localized states produced by oxygen-containing addends or the islands of graphitic carbon enclosed by such addends. Band gap values calculated from the models are in the agreement with experimentally observed transition peak maxima. The controllable variation of GO optical properties in aqueous suspension by ozone and thermal treatments shown in this work provides a route to tune its optical response for particular optoelectronics or biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tanvir Hasan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Sid Richardson Building, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
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56
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Kumar H, Tengli PN, Mishra VK, Tripathi P, Bhushan A, Mishra PK. The effect of reduced graphene oxide on the catalytic activity of Cu–Cr–O–TiO2 to enhance the thermal decomposition rate of ammonium perchlorate: an efficient fuel oxidizer for solid rocket motors and missiles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic image of rocket having solid composite propellant modified with prepared catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi-221005
- India
- SF Complex
| | - Prahalad N. Tengli
- Aeronautical Systems
- Defence Research and Development Organization
- Bangalore-560075
- India
| | - Vijay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics
- Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Pankaj Tripathi
- Department of Ceramic Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology, (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Awani Bhushan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology, (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi-221005
- India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University)
- Varanasi-221005
- India
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57
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Suzuki K, Yamato K, Sekiya R, Haino T. Photoluminescence responses of graphene quantum dots toward organic bases and an acid. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:623-626. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
GQD-1 showed unusual base-dependent PL. Strong bases enhanced the PL intensity and then caused quenching, whereas quenching was not observed when weak bases were used. PL quenching can be explained by PET from the bases anchored at the periphery to the photoexcited emissive sites of GQD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Hiroshima
- Japan
| | - Kairi Yamato
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Hiroshima
- Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Hiroshima
- Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Hiroshima
- Japan
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58
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Ultrafast Method for Selective Design of Graphene Quantum Dots with Highly Efficient Blue Emission. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38423. [PMID: 27929121 PMCID: PMC5144005 DOI: 10.1038/srep38423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have attractive properties and potential applications. However, their various applications are limited by a current synthetic method which requires long processing time. Here, we report a facile and remarkably rapid method for production of GQDs exhibiting excellent optoelectronic properties. We employed the pulsed laser ablation (PLA) technique to exfoliate GQDs from multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs), which can be referred to as a pulsed laser exfoliation (PLE) process. Strikingly, it takes only 6 min to transform all MWCNTs precursors to GQDs by using PLE process. Furthermore, we could selectively produce either GQDs or graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) by simply changing the organic solvents utilized in the PLE processing. The synthesized GQDs show distinct blue photoluminescence (PL) with excellent quantum yield (QY) up to 12% as well as sufficient brightness and resolution to be suitable for optoelectronic applications. We believe that the PLE process proposed in this work will further open up new routes for the preparation of different optoelectronic nanomaterials.
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59
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Yang F, He D, Wang M, Zheng B, Wu L, Xiao D, Guo Y. Ultrastrong Chemiluminescence Activity of Nanocarbon Materials after Ozonation and Their Effects on Different Chemiluminescent Systems. Chemistry 2016; 22:8966-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Duhong He
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Meina Wang
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Baozhan Zheng
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Li Wu
- Analytical & Testing Center; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
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60
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Yang F, He D, Zheng B, Xiao D, Wu L, Guo Y. Self-assembled hybrids with xanthate functionalized carbon nanotubes and electro-exfoliating graphene sheets for electrochemical sensing of copper ions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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61
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2-Dimensional graphene as a route for emergence of additional dimension nanomaterials. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:8-27. [PMID: 26992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dimension has a different and impactful significance in the field of innovation, research and technologies. Starting from one-dimension, now, we all are moving towards 3-D visuals and try to do the things in this dimension. However, we still have some very innovative and widely applicable nanomaterials, which have tremendous potential in the form of 2-D only i.e. graphene. In this review, we have tried to incorporate the reported pathways used so far for modification of 2-D graphene sheets to make is three-dimensional. The modified graphene been applied in many fields like supercapacitors, sensors, catalysis, energy storage devices and many more. In addition, we have also incorporated the conversion of 2-D graphene to their various other dimensions like zero-, one- or three-dimensional nanostructures.
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62
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Ali J, Siddiqui GUD, Yang YJ, Lee KT, Um K, Choi KH. Direct synthesis of graphene quantum dots from multilayer graphene flakes through grinding assisted co-solvent ultrasonication for all-printed resistive switching arrays. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21699k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQD) with diameters as small as ∼2 nm were synthesized by an efficient chemo-mechanical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ali
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering
- Jeju National University
- Korea
| | | | - Young Jin Yang
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering
- Jeju National University
- Korea
| | - Kang Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Korea
| | - Kiju Um
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering
- Jeju National University
- Korea
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63
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Jovanović SP, Syrgiannis Z, Marković ZM, Bonasera A, Kepić DP, Budimir MD, Milivojević DD, Spasojević VD, Dramićanin MD, Pavlović VB, Todorović Marković BM. Modification of Structural and Luminescence Properties of Graphene Quantum Dots by Gamma Irradiation and Their Application in a Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25865-25874. [PMID: 26540316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the ability of gamma irradiation to enhance the photoluminescence properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was investigated. Different doses of γ-irradiation were used on GQDs to examine the way in which their structure and optical properties can be affected. The photoluminescence quantum yield was increased six times for the GQDs irradiated with high doses compared to the nonirradiated material. Both photoluminescence lifetime and values of optical band gap were increased with the dose of applied gamma irradiation. In addition, the exploitation of the gamma-irradiated GQDs as photosensitizers was examined by monitoring the production of singlet oxygen under UV illumination. The main outcome was that the GQDs irradiated at lower doses act as better photoproducers than the ones irradiated at higher doses. These results corroborate that the structural changes caused by gamma irradiation have a direct impact on GQD ability to produce singlet oxygen and their photostability under prolonged UV illumination. This makes low-dose irradiated GQDs promising candidates for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Jovanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zois Syrgiannis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT), University of Trieste , via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Zoran M Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT), University of Trieste , via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Dejan P Kepić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica D Budimir
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan D Milivojević
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk D Spasojević
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav D Dramićanin
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir B Pavlović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 127, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia
| | - Biljana M Todorović Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade , P.O. Box 522, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Lin L, Song X, Chen Y, Rong M, Zhao T, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Chen X. One-pot synthesis of highly greenish-yellow fluorescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for pyrophosphate sensing via competitive coordination with Eu(3+) ions. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15427-15433. [PMID: 26335520 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) with greenish-yellow emission and quantum yield of 13.2% have been synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal method. The obtained N-GQDs displayed excellent optical properties, high photostability and resistance to strong ion strength. Based on the higher affinity of pyrophosphate (PPi) than carboxyl and amido groups on the surface of the N-GQDs to Eu(3+), a Eu(3+)-modulated N-GQD off-on fluorescent probe for PPi detection was constructed with a detection limit of 0.074 μM. The detection process was simple in design, easy to operate, and showed a highly selective response to PPi in the presence of co-existing anions. This work widens the applications of N-GQDs with versatile functionality and reactivity in clinical diagnostics and as biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Lin
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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65
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66
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Large Scale Synthesis and Light Emitting Fibers of Tailor-Made Graphene Quantum Dots. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14163. [PMID: 26383257 PMCID: PMC4585659 DOI: 10.1038/srep14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), which is an oxidized form of graphene, has a mixed structure consisting of graphitic crystallites of sp(2) hybridized carbon and amorphous regions. In this work, we present a straightforward route for preparing graphene-based quantum dots (GQDs) by extraction of the crystallites from the amorphous matrix of the GO sheets. GQDs with controlled functionality are readily prepared by varying the reaction temperature, which results in precise tunability of their optical properties. Here, it was concluded that the tunable optical properties of GQDs are a result of the different fraction of chemical functionalities present. The synthesis approach presented in this paper provides an efficient strategy for achieving large-scale production and long-time optical stability of the GQDs, and the hybrid assembly of GQD and polymer has potential applications as photoluminescent fibers or films.
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67
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Zhu C, Yang S, Wang G, Mo R, He P, Sun J, Di Z, Kang Z, Yuan N, Ding J, Ding G, Xie X. A new mild, clean and highly efficient method for the preparation of graphene quantum dots without by-products. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. B 2015; 3:6871-6876. [PMID: 32262536 DOI: 10.1039/c5tc01933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that graphene oxide (GO) can be oxidized and cut into graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), which is obtained by the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a tungsten oxide nanowire (W18O49) catalyst. The clean oxidizing agent (H2O2) and the solid catalyst lead to a simple GQD preparing method without any by-products. The obtained GQD aqueous solution can be directly applied to fluorescence imaging in vitro without any further purification. The effect of the W18O49 catalyst on the ˙OH formation is discussed, and the size of GQDs can be controlled via changing the concentration of hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovolatic Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, China.
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68
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Zhuang Q, Wang Y, Ni Y. Solid-phase synthesis of graphene quantum dots from the food additive citric acid under microwave irradiation and their use in live-cell imaging. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 31:746-53. [PMID: 26310294 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The work demonstrated that solid citric acid, one of the most common food additives, can be converted to graphene quantum dots (GQDs) under microwave heating. The as-prepared GQDs were further characterized by various analytical techniques like transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity of the GQDs was evaluated using HeLa cells. The result showed that the GQDs almost did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 1000 µg mL(-1). In addition, it was found that the GQDs showed good solubility, excellent photostability, and excitation-dependent multicolor photoluminescence. Subsequently, the multicolor GQDs were successfully used as a fluorescence light-up probe for live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfen Zhuang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yongnian Ni
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
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69
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Hua M, Wang C, Qian J, Wang K, Yang Z, Liu Q, Mao H, Wang K. Preparation of graphene quantum dots based core-satellite hybrid spheres and their use as the ratiometric fluorescence probe for visual determination of mercury(II) ions. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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70
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Zhang X, Ke R, Zhang S, Niu H, Song J, Mao C, Jin B, Tian Y. One-Step Electrosynthesis and Photoelectric Conversion of Selenium Nanowires Wrapped with Graphene Quantum Dots. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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71
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Georgakilas V, Perman JA, Tucek J, Zboril R. Broad Family of Carbon Nanoallotropes: Classification, Chemistry, and Applications of Fullerenes, Carbon Dots, Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanodiamonds, and Combined Superstructures. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4744-822. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1191] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason A. Perman
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Tucek
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 listopadu
1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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72
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Liu Y, Wang R, Lang J, Yan X. Insight into the formation mechanism of graphene quantum dots and the size effect on their electrochemical behaviors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14028-35. [PMID: 25953407 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00646e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To study the formation mechanism and influencing factors of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), GQDs with different average sizes were prepared using a modified hydrothermal method with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an etching agent and ammonia as an assistant. It is found that size-controlled GQDs were prepared by adjusting the amount of ammonia and porous reduced graphene oxide (PRGO) debris can be synthesized by reducing the hydrothermal reaction time. Structural changes of final products were mainly attributed to the changes in the etching ability of the hydroxyl radical (OH˙) against the reduction ability of the hydroxyl group (OH(-)) in different alkaline environments regulated by ammonia. Furthermore, we studied the electrochemical properties of GQDs and PRGO. The results showed that the specific capacitance of all samples increases linearly with the size and the smallest GQDs can work at the highest scan rate of as high as 5000 V s(-1) with an ultra-fast power response (τ0 = 63.3 μs). Thus, these findings elucidate the formation mechanism of GQDs and demonstrate that GQDs are applicable in microelectronic devices with high power response requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghuan Liu
- Laboratory of Clean Energy Chemistry and Materials, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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73
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Guan Y, Feng L. Uncovering the pKa dependent fluorescence quenching of carbon dots induced by chlorophenols. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6348-55. [PMID: 25785565 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00490j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence quenching induced by targets is always an alluring strategy to elucidate the possible photoluminescence origin of carbon dots. In this study, a new kind of N, S co-doped carbon dots (NSCDs) was synthesized and the fluorescence of NSCDs was surprisingly found to be quenched by chlorophenols (CPs) in a pKa dependent mode. Detailed investigation of this behavior demonstrated that phenolate was the responsible species and N and/or S dopants in NSCDs failed to play a role in the fluorescence quenching. Further evidence uncovered that the quenching was a static one, where a non-fluorescent intermediate was formed between electron-deficient C=O on the CDs surface and the electron-rich phenolic oxygen anion of chlorophenolate via nucleophilic addition. Moreover, one of the main photoluminescence origins of this kind of CDs was derived, namely surface emissive sites mostly attributed to carbonyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China.
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74
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Li Z, Wang Y, Ni Y, Kokot S. A sensor based on blue luminescent graphene quantum dots for analysis of a common explosive substance and an industrial intermediate, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:1213-21. [PMID: 25305613 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and effective sensor for the analysis of nitrophenol-based explosive substances, represented by trinitrophenol (TNP), has been developed with the use of the blue luminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs); these GQDs are derived from citric acid by a pyrolysis procedure. They emit strong blue fluorescence at 450 nm after excitation at 365 nm, and TNP can quench this fluorescence because a fluorescence resonance energy transfer occurs. The quenching ratio (F0-F)/F0 was related linearly to the concentration of TNP in the range of 0.1-15 μmol L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.091 μmol L(-1) (S/N=3). The developed method exhibits high sensitivity, good linearity and reliable reproducibility for the quantitative analysis of TNP in water samples. The GQDs were used directly without any further treatment or complicated modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yongnian Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Serge Kokot
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4001, Australia.
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75
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Huang CL, Huang CC, Mai FD, Yen CL, Tzing SH, Hsieh HT, Ling YC, Chang JY. Application of paramagnetic graphene quantum dots as a platform for simultaneous dual-modality bioimaging and tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:651-664. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a multifunctional nanocarrier platform consisting of paramagnetic graphene quantum dots, folate, and doxorubicin for simultaneous fluorescence and MR imaging, and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology
- National Taiwan Ocean UniVersity
- Keelung
- Republic of China
| | - Fu-Der Mai
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Medicine
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Chia-Liang Yen
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
| | - Shin-Hwa Tzing
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Republic of China
| | - Hsiao-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Medicine
- Taipei Medical University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chien Ling
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu
- Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yaw Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei 10607
- Republic of China
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76
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Hassanzadeh S, Adolfsson KH, Hakkarainen M. Controlling the cooperative self-assembly of graphene oxide quantum dots in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09704e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D supramolecular association behavior of the synthesized 2D graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) could be smartly controlled in dilute aqueous solutions to tune their final properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Hassanzadeh
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Karin H. Adolfsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- Stockholm
- Sweden
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77
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Fan Z, Li S, Yuan F, Fan L. Fluorescent graphene quantum dots for biosensing and bioimaging. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots with unique properties have great potential applications for biosensing and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetan Fan
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Fanglong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Louzhen Fan
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
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78
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Hai X, Mao QX, Wang WJ, Wang XF, Chen XW, Wang JH. An acid-free microwave approach to prepare highly luminescent boron-doped graphene quantum dots for cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:9109-9114. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01954k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly luminescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are obtained by restoring the defects of GQDs via incorporation of B atoms into the graphene framework, which exhibits great potential in bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hai
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Quan-Xing Mao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Xu-Wei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang
- China
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79
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Shi W, Fan H, Ai S, Zhu L. Preparation of fluorescent graphene quantum dots from humic acid for bioimaging application. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00760g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Humic acid as a raw material was applied for the preparation of graphene quantum dots by a one-step hydrothermal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Shi
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian
- P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment
| | - Hai Fan
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian
- P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Ai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian
- P. R. China
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Taian
- P. R. China
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80
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Meng X, Ding T, Xu Y, Xu H, Ren Y, Liu B, Huang J, Yang J, Fang X. Graphenol defects induced blue emission enhancement in chemically reduced graphene quantum dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:22361-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphenol topological defects are proposed to explain the enhanced blue luminescence in chemically reduced graphene quantum dots.
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81
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Shi J, Tian F, Lyu J, Yang M. Nanoparticle based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for biosensing applications. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6989-7005. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle based FRET assays have higher energy transfer efficiency and better performance compared with traditional organic fluorophore based FRET assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Shi
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Tian
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Mo Yang
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering
- the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
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82
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Abstract
Carbon based dots (CDs) including carbon quantum dots and graphene quantum dots exhibit unique luminescence properties, such as photoluminescence (PL), chemiluminescence (CL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food
- Safety
- and Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
| | - Jianhua Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food
- Safety
- and Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
| | - Xu You
- MOE Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food
- Safety
- and Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
| | - Yuwu Chi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food
- Safety
- and Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
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83
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Benítez-Martínez S, López-Lorente ÁI, Valcárcel M. Graphene Quantum Dots Sensor for the Determination of Graphene Oxide in Environmental Water Samples. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12279-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5035083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Valcárcel
- Department of Analytical
Chemistry, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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84
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Li S, Li Y, Cao J, Zhu J, Fan L, Li X. Sulfur-doped graphene quantum dots as a novel fluorescent probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of Fe(3+). Anal Chem 2014; 86:10201-7. [PMID: 25280346 DOI: 10.1021/ac503183y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-doped graphene quantum dots (S-GQDs) with stable blue-green fluorescence were synthesized by one-step electrolysis of graphite in sodium p-toluenesulfonate aqueous solution. Compared with GQDs, the S-GQDs drastically improved the electronic properties and surface chemical reactivities, which exhibited a sensitive response to Fe(3+). Therefore, the S-GQDs were used as an efficient fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of Fe(3+). Upon increasing of Fe(3+) concentration ranging from 0.01 to 0.70 μM, the fluorescence intensity of S-GQDs gradually decreased and reached a plateau at 0.90 μM. The difference in the fluorescence intensity of S-GQDs before and after adding Fe(3+) was proportional to the concentration of Fe(3+), and the calibration curve displayed linear regions over the range of 0-0.70 μM. The detection limit was 4.2 nM. Finally, this novel fluorescent probe was successfully applied to the direct analysis of Fe(3+) in human serum, which presents potential applications in clinical diagnosis and may open a new way to the design of effective fluorescence probes for other biologically related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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85
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Vempati S, Uyar T. Fluorescence from graphene oxide and the influence of ionic, π-π interactions and heterointerfaces: electron or energy transfer dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21183-203. [PMID: 25197977 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03317e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2D crystals such as graphene and its oxide counterpart have sought good research attention for their application as well as fundamental interest. Especially graphene oxide (GO) is quite interesting because of its versatility and diverse application potential. However the mechanism of fluorescence from GO is under severe discussion. To explain the emission in general two interpretations were suggested, viz localization of sp(2) clusters and involvement of oxygeneous functional groups. Despite this disagreement, it should be acknowledged that the heterogeneous atomic structure, synthesis dependent and uncontrollable implantation of oxygen functional groups on the basal plane make such explanations more difficult. Nevertheless, a suitable explanation enhances the applicability of the material which also enables the design of novel materials. At this juncture we believe that given the complexity in understanding the emission mechanism it would be very useful to review the literature. In this perspective we juxtapose various results related to fluorescence and influencing factors so that a conclusive interpretation may be unveiled. Apparently, the existing interpretations have largely ignored the factors such as self-rolling, byproduct formation etc. Vis-a-vis previous reviews did not discuss the interfacial charge transfer across heterostructures and the implication on the optical properties of GO or reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Such analysis would be very insightful to determine the energetic location of sub band gap states. Moreover, ionic and π-π type interactions are also considered for their influence on emission properties. Apart from these, quantum dots, covalent modifications and nonlinear optical properties of GO and rGO were discussed for completeness. Finally we made concluding remarks with outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesha Vempati
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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86
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Roy P, Periasamy AP, Chuang C, Liou YR, Chen YF, Joly J, Liang CT, Chang HT. Plant leaf-derived graphene quantum dots and applications for white LEDs. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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87
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Wang X, Sun X, Lao J, He H, Cheng T, Wang M, Wang S, Huang F. Multifunctional graphene quantum dots for simultaneous targeted cellular imaging and drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:638-644. [PMID: 25129696 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that ligand-modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs) facilitate the simultaneous operation of multiple tasks without the need for external dyes. These tasks include selective cell labeling, targeted drug delivery, and real-time monitoring of cellular uptake. Folic acid (FA)-conjugated GQDs are synthesized and utilized to load the antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX). The fabricated nanoassembly can unambiguously discriminate cancer cells from normal cells and efficiently deliver the drug to targeted cells. The inherent stable fluorescence of GQDs enables real-time monitoring of the cellular uptake of the DOX-GQD-FA nanoassembly and the consequent release of drugs. The nanoassembly is specifically internalized rapidly by HeLa cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, whereas DOX release and accumulation are prolonged. In vitro toxicity data suggest that the DOX-GQD-FA nanoassembly can target HeLa cells differentially and efficiently while exhibiting significantly reduced cytotoxicity to non-target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China.
| | - Xing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jun Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Tiantian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Mingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao Economic Development Zone, Qingdao 266555, China.
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88
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Luo P, Qiu Y, Guan X, Jiang L. Regulation of photoluminescence properties of graphene quantum dots via hydrothermal treatment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19011-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02652g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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89
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Ye R, Xiang C, Lin J, Peng Z, Huang K, Yan Z, Cook NP, Samuel ELG, Hwang CC, Ruan G, Ceriotti G, Raji ARO, Martí AA, Tour JM. Coal as an abundant source of graphene quantum dots. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2943. [PMID: 24309588 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coal is the most abundant and readily combustible energy resource being used worldwide. However, its structural characteristic creates a perception that coal is only useful for producing energy via burning. Here we report a facile approach to synthesize tunable graphene quantum dots from various types of coal, and establish that the unique coal structure has an advantage over pure sp2-carbon allotropes for producing quantum dots. The crystalline carbon within the coal structure is easier to oxidatively displace than when pure sp2-carbon structures are used, resulting in nanometre-sized graphene quantum dots with amorphous carbon addends on the edges. The synthesized graphene quantum dots, produced in up to 20% isolated yield from coal, are soluble and fluorescent in aqueous solution, providing promise for applications in areas such as bioimaging, biomedicine, photovoltaics and optoelectronics, in addition to being inexpensive additives for structural composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruquan Ye
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA [2]
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90
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Muthurasu A, Ganesh V. Horseradish Peroxidase Enzyme Immobilized Graphene Quantum Dots as Electrochemical Biosensors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:945-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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91
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Shin Y, Lee J, Yang J, Park J, Lee K, Kim S, Park Y, Lee H. Mass production of graphene quantum dots by one-pot synthesis directly from graphite in high yield. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:866-70. [PMID: 24745051 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the most efficient and straightforward methods for production of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) could be their direct preparation from graphite powder by one-pot synthesis using high-powered microwave irradiation. It is believed that in this way, graphite can be multiply broken by repeated redox reactions, which leads to a high yield and mass production.
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92
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Luminescent graphene quantum dots as new fluorescent materials for environmental and biological applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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93
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Yang F, Zhao M, Wang Z, Ji H, Zheng B, Xiao D, Wu L, Guo Y. The role of ozone in the ozonation process of graphene oxide: oxidation or decomposition? RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08750j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We took ozonation as an effective method to re-oxidize graphene oxide (GO) and discussed the behaviour of ozone in ozonation process of graphene oxide according to the changes of optical properties, compositions and structure. The results indicated that the ozonation process may involve the oxidation stage and decomposition stage. The fluorescence shifted blue with prolonging ozonation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Meilian Zhao
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hongyun Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Baozhan Zheng
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
| | - Li Wu
- Analytical & Testing Center
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, P. R. China
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94
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Maciejewska BM, Jasiurkowska-Delaporte M, Vasylenko AI, Kozioł KK, Jurga S. Experimental and theoretical studies on the mechanism for chemical oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) sonicated and/or refluxed in acids (H2SO4/HNO3) was investigated using a combination of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ab initio computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. M. Maciejewska
- NanoBioMedical Center
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
| | | | - A. I. Vasylenko
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics
- National Academy of Science of Ukraine
- 79011 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - K. K. Kozioł
- University of Cambridge
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
- Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
| | - S. Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Center
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Macromolecular Physics
- Faculty of Physics
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95
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Qu D, Zheng M, Du P, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Li D, Tan H, Zhao Z, Xie Z, Sun Z. Highly luminescent S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots with broad visible absorption bands for visible light photocatalysts. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12272-7. [PMID: 24150696 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04402e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A facile hydrothermal synthesis route to N and S, N co-doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was developed by using citric acid as the C source and urea or thiourea as N and S sources. Both N and S, N doped GQDs showed high quantum yield (78% and 71%), excitation independent under excitation of 340-400 nm and single exponential decay under UV excitation. A broad absorption band in the visible region appeared in S, N co-doped GQDs due to doping with sulfur, which alters the surface state of GQDs. However, S, N co-doped GQDs show different color emission under excitation of 420-520 nm due to their absorption in the visible region. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the S, N co-doped GQD/TiO2 composites was demonstrated by degradation of rhodamine B under visible light. The apparent rate of S, N:GQD/TiO2 is 3 and 10 times higher than that of N:GQD/TiO2 and P25 TiO2 under visible light irradiation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 East Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P. R. China.
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96
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Luo P, Ji Z, Li C, Shi G. Aryl-modified graphene quantum dots with enhanced photoluminescence and improved pH tolerance. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7361-7. [PMID: 23824213 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification is an important technique to modulate the chemical and optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). In this paper, we report a versatile diazonium chemistry method to graft aryl groups including phenyl, 4-carboxyphenyl, 4-sulfophenyl and 5-sulfonaphthyl to GQDs via Gomberg-Bachmann reaction. The aryl-modified GQDs are nanocrystals with lateral dimensions in the range of 2-4 nm and an average thickness lower than 1 nm. Upon chemical modification with aryl groups, the photoluminescence (PL) bands of GQDs were tuned in the range of 418 and 447 nm, and their fluorescence quantum yields (QYs) were increased for up to about 6 times. Furthermore, the aryl-modified GQDs exhibited stable PL (both intensity and peak position) in a wide pH window of 1-11. The mechanism of improving the PL properties of GQDs by aryl-modification was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihui Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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97
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Zhou X, Guo S, Zhang J. Solution‐Processable Graphene Quantum Dots. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2627-40. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 (P.R. China)
| | - Shouwu Guo
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240 (P.R. China)
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 (P.R. China)
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98
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Li L, Wu G, Yang G, Peng J, Zhao J, Zhu JJ. Focusing on luminescent graphene quantum dots: current status and future perspectives. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:4015-39. [PMID: 23579482 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To obtain graphene-based fluorescent materials, one of the effective approaches is to convert one-dimensional (1D) graphene to 0D graphene quantum dots (GQDs), yielding an emerging nanolight with extraordinary properties due to their remarkable quantum confinement and edge effects. In this review, the state-of-the-art knowledge of GQDs is presented. The synthetic methods were summarized, with emphasis on the top-down routes which possess the advantages of abundant raw materials, large scale production and simple operation. Optical properties of GQDs are also systematically discussed ranging from the mechanism, the influencing factors to the optical tunability. The current applications are also reviewed, followed by an outlook on their future and potential development, involving the effective synthetic methods, systematic photoluminescent mechanism, bandgap engineering, in addition to the potential applications in bioimaging, sensors, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
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99
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Yin B, Deng J, Peng X, Long Q, Zhao J, Lu Q, Chen Q, Li H, Tang H, Zhang Y, Yao S. Green synthesis of carbon dots with down- and up-conversion fluorescent properties for sensitive detection of hypochlorite with a dual-readout assay. Analyst 2013; 138:6551-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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100
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Qian Z, Ma J, Shan X, Shao L, Zhou J, Chen J, Feng H. Surface functionalization of graphene quantum dots with small organic molecules from photoluminescence modulation to bioimaging applications: an experimental and theoretical investigation. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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