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Liu J, Chen Q, Xiao L, Shang J, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shao X, Li J, Chen W, Xu GQ, Tang H, Zhao D, Wu K. Lattice-Directed Formation of Covalent and Organometallic Molecular Wires by Terminal Alkynes on Ag Surfaces. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6305-6314. [PMID: 25990647 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface reactions of 2,5-diethynyl-1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene on Ag(111), Ag(110), and Ag(100) were systematically explored and scrutinized by scanning tunneling microscopy, molecular mechanics simulations, and density functional theory calculations. On Ag(111), Glaser coupling reaction became dominant, yielding one-dimensional molecular wires formed by covalent bonds. On Ag(110) and Ag(100), however, the terminal alkynes reacted with surface metal atoms, leading to one-dimensional organometallic nanostructures. Detailed experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that such a lattice dependence of the terminal alkyne reaction at surfaces originated from the matching degree between the periodicities of the produced molecular wires and the substrate lattice structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiang Shao
- ∥Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- #SPURc, 1 CREATE Way, #15-01, CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
| | - Guo Qin Xu
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- #SPURc, 1 CREATE Way, #15-01, CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
| | - Hao Tang
- ¶Groupe Matériaux Crystallins sous Contrainte, CEMES-CNRS, Boîte Postale 94347, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Kai Wu
- #SPURc, 1 CREATE Way, #15-01, CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
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53
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Yang B, Björk J, Lin H, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li Y, Fan J, Li Q, Chi L. Synthesis of Surface Covalent Organic Frameworks via Dimerization and Cyclotrimerization of Acetyls. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4904-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Haiping Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Youyong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jian Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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54
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Geng Y, Dai H, Chang S, Hu F, Zeng Q, Wang C. Formation of C═C bond via knoevenagel reaction between aromatic aldehyde and barbituric acid at liquid/HOPG and vapor/HOPG interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4659-4666. [PMID: 25664650 DOI: 10.1021/am508068m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Controlling chemical reactions on surface is of great importance to constructing self-assembled covalent nanostructures. Herein, Knoevenagel reaction between aromatic aldehyde compound 2,5-di(5-aldehyde-2-thienyl)-1,4-dioctyloxybenzene (PT2) and barbituric acid (BA) has been successfully performed for the first time at liquid/HOPG interface and vapor/HOPG interface. The resulting surface nanostructures and the formation of C═C bond are recorded through scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR/FT-IR) spectrometer and UV-vis absorption. The obtained results reveal that Knoevenagel condensation reaction can efficiently occur at both interfaces. This surface reaction would be an important step toward further reaction to produce innovative conjugated nanomaterial on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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55
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Sun Q, Cai L, Ding Y, Xie L, Zhang C, Tan Q, Xu W. Dehydrogenative homocoupling of terminal alkenes on copper surfaces: a route to dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4549-52. [PMID: 25704284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201412307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Homocouplings of hydrocarbon groups including alkynyl (sp(1) ), alkyl (sp(3) ), and aryl (sp(2) ) have recently been investigated on surfaces with the interest of fabricating novel carbon nanostructures/nanomaterials and getting fundamental understanding. Investigated herein is the on-surface homocoupling of an alkenyl group which is the last elementary unit of hydrocarbons. Through real-space direct visualization (scanning tunneling microscopy imaging) and density functional theory calculations, the two terminal alkenyl groups were found to couple into a diene moiety on copper surfaces, and is contrary to the common dimerization products of alkenes in solution. Furthermore, detailed DFT-based transition-state searches were performed to unravel this new reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804 (P.R. China)
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56
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Sun Q, Cai L, Ding Y, Xie L, Zhang C, Tan Q, Xu W. Dehydrogenative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkenes on Copper Surfaces: A Route to Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201412307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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57
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Tsuya T, Iritani K, Tahara K, Tobe Y, Iwanaga T, Toyota S. Chemistry of Anthracene-Acetylene Oligomers XXV: On-Surface Chirality of a Self-Assembled Molecular Network of a Fan-Blade-Shaped Anthracene-Acetylene Macrocycle with a Long Alkyl Chain. Chemistry 2015; 21:5520-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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58
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Chen Z, Klyatskaya S, Urgel JI, Écija D, Fuhr O, Auwärter W, Barth JV, Ruben M. Synthesis, characterization, monolayer assembly and 2D lanthanide coordination of a linear terphenyl-di(propiolonitrile) linker on Ag(111). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:327-35. [PMID: 25821671 PMCID: PMC4362489 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a continuation of our work employing polyphenylene-dicarbonitrile molecules and in particular the terphenyl derivative 1 (TDCN), we have synthesized a novel ditopic terphenyl-4,4"-di(propiolonitrile) (2) linker for the self-assembly of organic monolayers and metal coordination at interfaces. The structure of the organic linker 2 was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). On the densely packed Ag(111) surface, the terphenyl-4,4"-di(propiolonitrile) linkers self-assemble in a regular, molecular chevron arrangement exhibiting a Moiré pattern. After the exposure of the molecular monolayer to a beam of Gd atoms, the propiolonitrile groups get readily involved in metal-ligand coordination interactions. Distinct coordination motifs evolve with coordination numbers varying between three and six for the laterally-bound Gd centers. The linker molecules retain an overall flat adsorption geometry. However, only networks with restricted local order were obtained, in marked contrast to previously employed, simpler polyphenylene-dicarbonitrile 1 linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Svetlana Klyatskaya
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - José I Urgel
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David Écija
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
- IMDEA Nanoscience, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Universite de Strasbourg, Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Materiaux de Strasbourg, CNRS UMP 7504, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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59
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Zhuang X, Mai Y, Wu D, Zhang F, Feng X. Two-dimensional soft nanomaterials: a fascinating world of materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:403-27. [PMID: 25155302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of graphene has triggered great interest in two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials for scientists in chemistry, physics, materials science, and related areas. In the family of newly developed 2D nanostructured materials, 2D soft nanomaterials, including graphene, Bx Cy Nz nanosheets, 2D polymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and 2D supramolecular organic nanostructures, possess great advantages in light-weight, structural control and flexibility, diversity of fabrication approaches, and so on. These merits offer 2D soft nanomaterials a wide range of potential applications, such as in optoelectronics, membranes, energy storage and conversion, catalysis, sensing, biotechnology, etc. This review article provides an overview of the development of 2D soft nanomaterials, with special highlights on the basic concepts, molecular design principles, and primary synthesis approaches in the context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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60
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Eichhorn J, Nieckarz D, Ochs O, Samanta D, Schmittel M, Szabelski PJ, Lackinger M. On-surface Ullmann coupling: the influence of kinetic reaction parameters on the morphology and quality of covalent networks. ACS NANO 2014; 8:7880-7889. [PMID: 25036422 DOI: 10.1021/nn501567p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
On-surface Ullmann coupling is a versatile and appropriate approach for the bottom-up fabrication of covalent organic nanostructures. In two-dimensional networks, however, the kinetically controlled and irreversible coupling leads to high defect densities and a lack of long-range order. To derive general guidelines for optimizing reaction parameters, the structural quality of 2D porous covalent networks was evaluated for different preparation protocols. For this purpose, polymerization of an iodine- and bromine-functionalized precursor was studied on Au(111) by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. By taking advantage of the vastly different temperature thresholds for C-Br and C-I cleavage, two different polymerization routes were compared - hierarchical and direct polymerization. The structural quality of the covalent networks was evaluated for different reaction parameters, such as surface temperatures, heating rates, and deposition rates by statistical analysis of STM data. Experimental results are compared to Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eichhorn
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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61
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Alberti MN, Nowakowska S, Tzirakis MD, Nowakowski J, Fesser P, Schweizer WB, Shchyrba A, Thilgen C, Jung TA, Diederich F. Synthesis oftrans-A2B2- andtrans-A2BC-Porphyrins with Polar 4′-(Dimethylamino)tolan-4-yl Substituents, and a Screening Protocol for Vapor-Phase Deposition on Metal Surfaces. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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62
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Gutzler R, Cardenas L, Lipton-Duffin J, El Garah M, Dinca LE, Szakacs CE, Fu C, Gallagher M, Vondráček M, Rybachuk M, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Ullmann-type coupling of brominated tetrathienoanthracene on copper and silver. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2660-2668. [PMID: 24441565 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05710k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of extended two-dimensional organic networks on Cu(111), Ag(111), Cu(110), and Ag(110) from thiophene-based molecules. A combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy yields insight into the reaction pathways from single molecules towards the formation of two-dimensional organometallic and polymeric structures via Ullmann reaction dehalogenation and C-C coupling. The thermal stability of the molecular networks is probed by annealing at elevated temperatures of up to 500 °C. On Cu(111) only organometallic structures are formed, while on Ag(111) both organometallic and covalent polymeric networks were found to coexist. The ratio between organometallic and covalent bonds could be controlled by means of the annealing temperature. The thiophene moieties start degrading at 200 °C on the copper surface, whereas on silver the degradation process becomes significant only at 400 °C. Our work reveals how the interplay of a specific surface type and temperature steers the formation of organometallic and polymeric networks and describes how these factors influence the structural integrity of two-dimensional organic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Gutzler
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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63
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Cirera B, Zhang YQ, Björk J, Klyatskaya S, Chen Z, Ruben M, Barth JV, Klappenberger F. Synthesis of extended graphdiyne wires by vicinal surface templating. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1891-7. [PMID: 24564910 DOI: 10.1021/nl4046747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface-assisted covalent synthesis currently evolves into an important approach for the fabrication of functional nanostructures at interfaces. Here, we employ scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the homocoupling reaction of linear, terminal alkyne-functionalized polyphenylene building-blocks on noble metal surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum. On the flat Ag(111) surface, thermal activation triggers a variety of side-reactions resulting in irregularly branched polymeric networks. Upon alignment along the step-edges of the Ag(877) vicinal surface drastically improves the chemoselectivity of the linking process permitting the controlled synthesis of extended-graphdiyne wires with lengths reaching 30 nm. The ideal hydrocarbon scaffold is characterized by density functional theory as a 1D, direct band gap semiconductor material with both HOMO and LUMO-derived bands promisingly isolated within the electronic structure. The templating approach should be applicable to related organic precursors and different reaction schemes thus bears general promise for the engineering of novel low-dimensional carbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Cirera
- Physik Department E20, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße, 85748 Garching, Germany
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64
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Wang J, Zhang S, Zhou J, Liu R, Du R, Xu H, Liu Z, Zhang J, Liu Z. Identifying sp–sp2 carbon materials by Raman and infrared spectroscopies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11303-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work provides important clues for synthesizing and characterizing 2D sp–sp2 carbon materials by combining Raman and IR spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Wang
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Zhou
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Rong Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ran Du
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Hua Xu
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871, PR China
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65
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Liu J, Ruffieux P, Feng X, Müllen K, Fasel R. Cyclotrimerization of arylalkynes on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11200-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02859g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotrimerization of arylalkynes on Au(111) proceeds readily at modest temperatures, and affords two-dimensional covalently bonded polyphenylene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Bern
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66
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Björk J, Hanke F. Towards Design Rules for Covalent Nanostructures on Metal Surfaces. Chemistry 2013; 20:928-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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67
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Cirera B, Zhang YQ, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M, Klappenberger F, Barth JV. 2 D Self-Assembly and Catalytic Homo-coupling of the Terminal Alkyne 1,4-Bis(3,5-diethynyl-phenyl)butadiyne-1,3 on Ag(111). ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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