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Beneyton T, Krafft D, Bednarz C, Kleineberg C, Woelfer C, Ivanov I, Vidaković-Koch T, Sundmacher K, Baret JC. Out-of-equilibrium microcompartments for the bottom-up integration of metabolic functions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2391. [PMID: 29921909 PMCID: PMC6008305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-sustained metabolic pathways in microcompartments are the corner-stone for living systems. From a technological viewpoint, such pathways are a mandatory prerequisite for the reliable design of artificial cells functioning out-of-equilibrium. Here we develop a microfluidic platform for the miniaturization and analysis of metabolic pathways in man-made microcompartments formed of water-in-oil droplets. In a modular approach, we integrate in the microcompartments a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent enzymatic reaction and a NAD-regeneration module as a minimal metabolism. We show that the microcompartments sustain a metabolically active state until the substrate is fully consumed. Reversibly, the external addition of the substrate reboots the metabolic activity of the microcompartments back to an active state. We therefore control the metabolic state of thousands of independent monodisperse microcompartments, a step of relevance for the construction of large populations of metabolically active artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beneyton
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Dorothee Krafft
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bednarz
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christin Kleineberg
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Woelfer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Vidaković-Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Process Systems Engineering, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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Leijten J, Seo J, Yue K, Santiago GTD, Tamayol A, Ruiz-Esparza GU, Shin SR, Sharifi R, Noshadi I, Álvarez MM, Zhang YS, Khademhosseini A. Spatially and Temporally Controlled Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2017; 119:1-35. [PMID: 29200661 PMCID: PMC5708586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen tremendous advances in the field of hydrogel-based biomaterials. One of the most prominent revolutions in this field has been the integration of elements or techniques that enable spatial and temporal control over hydrogels' properties and functions. Here, we critically review the emerging progress of spatiotemporal control over biomaterial properties towards the development of functional engineered tissue constructs. Specifically, we will highlight the main advances in the spatial control of biomaterials, such as surface modification, microfabrication, photo-patterning, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, as well as advances in the temporal control of biomaterials, such as controlled release of molecules, photocleaving of proteins, and controlled hydrogel degradation. We believe that the development and integration of these techniques will drive the engineering of next-generation engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Leijten
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jungmok Seo
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kan Yue
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guillermo U. Ruiz-Esparza
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roholah Sharifi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Iman Noshadi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mario Moisés Álvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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Xia B, Jiang Z, Debroy D, Li D, Oakey J. Cytocompatible cell encapsulation via hydrogel photopolymerization in microfluidic emulsion droplets. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:044102. [PMID: 28794813 PMCID: PMC5507704 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating cells within biocompatible materials is a widely pursued and promising element of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies. Recently, extensive interest in microfluidic-enabled cell encapsulation has emerged as a strategy to structure hydrogels and establish custom cellular microenvironments. In particular, it has been shown that the microfluidic-enabled photoencapsulation of cells within PEG diacrylate (PEGDA)-based microparticles can be performed cytocompatibly within gas-permeable, nitrogen-jacketed polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices, which mitigate the oxygen inhibition of radical chain growth photopolymerization. Compared to bulk polymerization, in which cells are suspended in a static hydrogel-forming solution during gelation, encapsulating cells via microfluidic processing exposes cells to a host of potentially deleterious stresses such as fluidic shear rate, transient oxygen depletion, elevated pressures, and UV exposure. In this work, we systematically examine the effects of these factors on the viability of cells that have been microfluidically photoencapsulated in PEGDA. It was found that the fluidic shear rate during microdroplet formation did not have a direct effect on cell viability, but the flow rate ratio of oil to aqueous solution would impart harmful effects to cells when a critical threshold was exceeded. The effects of UV exposure time and intensity on cells, however, are more complex, as they contribute unequally to the cumulative rate of peroxy radical generation, which is strongly correlated with cell viability. A reaction-diffusion model has been developed to calculate the cumulative peroxy radical concentration over a range of UV light intensity and radiation times, which was used to gain further quantitative understanding of experimental results. Conclusions drawn from this work provide a comprehensive guide to mitigate the physical and biochemical damage imparted to cells during microfluidic photoencapsulation and expands the potential for this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhao Xia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Daniel Debroy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
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Xia B, Krutkramelis K, Oakey J. Oxygen-Purged Microfluidic Device to Enhance Cell Viability in Photopolymerized PEG Hydrogel Microparticles. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2459-65. [PMID: 27285343 PMCID: PMC7442217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulating cells within biocompatible materials is a widely used strategy for cell delivery and tissue engineering. While cells are commonly suspended within bulk hydrogel-forming solutions during gelation, substantial interest in the microfluidic fabrication of miniaturized cell encapsulation vehicles has more recently emerged. Here, we utilize multiphase microfluidics to encapsulate cells within photopolymerized picoliter-volume water-in-oil droplets at high production rates. The photoinitiated polymerization of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) is used to continuously produce solid particles from aqueous liquid drops containing cells and hydrogel forming solution. It is well understood that this photoinitiated addition reaction is inhibited by oxygen. In contrast to bulk polymerization in which ambient oxygen is rapidly and harmlessly consumed, allowing the polymerization reaction to proceed, photopolymerization within air permeable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices allows oxygen to be replenished by diffusion as it is depleted. This sustained presence of oxygen and the consequential accumulation of peroxy radicals produce a dramatic effect upon both droplet polymerization and post-encapsulation cell viability. In this work we employ a nitrogen microjacketed microfluidic device to purge oxygen from flowing fluids during photopolymerization. By increasing the purging nitrogen pressure, oxygen concentration was attenuated, and increased post-encapsulation cell viability was achieved. A reaction-diffusion model was used to predict the cumulative intradroplet concentration of peroxy radicals, which corresponded directly to post-encapsulation cell viability. The nitrogen-jacketed microfluidic device presented here allows the droplet oxygen concentration to be finely tuned during cell encapsulation, leading to high post-encapsulation cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhao Xia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Kaspars Krutkramelis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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