Hesperetin ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation via the PI3K/AKT-Nrf2-ARE pathway in oleic acid-induced HepG2 cells and a rat model of high-fat diet-induced NAFLD

The Nutritional Intervention of Ingredients from Food Medicine Homology Regulating Macrophage Polarization on Atherosclerosis

The polarization of macrophages plays a crucial regulatory role in a range of physiological and pathological processes involving macrophages. There are numerous concerns with macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis; however, most focus on modulating macrophage polarization to improve the microenvironment, and the mechanism of action remains unknown. In recent years, the advantages of natural and low-toxicity side effects of food medicine homology-derived substances have been widely explored. Few reports have started from ingredients from food medicine homology to regulate the polarization of macrophages so that early intervention can reduce or delay the process of atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the classification of macrophage polarization and related markers in the process of atherosclerosis. It summarizes the regulatory role of ingredients from food medicine homology in macrophage polarization and their possible mechanisms to provide ideas and inspiration for the nutritional intervention in vascular health.

Nobiletin Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Deposition, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation by Mechanisms That Involve the Nrf2/NF-κB Axis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nobiletin (NOB), a flavonoid with significant antioxidant potential, holds promise for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this work, we aim to assess the effects and investigate the molecular mechanisms of NOB on NAFLD. After using a methionine choline-deficient diet to induce C57BL/6J mice, as well as oleic acid to induce HepG2 and L02 cells, we administered NOB as an intervention. The results indicated that the NOB significantly ameliorated lipid deposition, oxidative stress, and inflammation in NAFLD in both models. Its mechanism may involve the Nrf2, SREBP-1c, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, Nrf2 is not only a direct target for NOB to improve oxidative damage but also indirectly involved in lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory processes in NAFLD. By inhibiting Nrf2, we found that the regulatory role of Nrf2 in lipid metabolism is not related to SREBP-1c but is closely associated with NF-κB in terms of inflammation. Our results suggest that Nrf2 is one of the most critical targets for NOB against NAFLD in multiple aspects.

Full-Length Transcriptome and Gene Expression Analysis of Different Ovis aries Adipose Tissues Reveals Transcript Variants Involved in Lipid Biosynthesis

Sheep have historically been bred globally as a vital food source. To explore the transcriptome of adipose tissue and investigate key genes regulating adipose metabolism in sheep, adipose tissue samples were obtained from F1 Dorper × Hu sheep. High-throughput sequencing libraries for second- and third-generation sequencing were constructed using extracted total RNA. Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes and isoforms facilitated the identification of key regulatory genes and isoforms associated with sheep fat metabolism. SMRT-seq generated 919,259 high-accuracy cDNA sequences after filtering. Full-length sequences were corrected using RNA-seq sequences, and 699,680 high-quality full-length non-chimeric (FLNC) reads were obtained. Upon evaluating the ratio of total lengths based on FLNC sequencing, it was determined that 36,909 out of 56,316 multiple-exon isoforms met the criteria for full-length status. This indicates the identification of 330,375 full-length FLNC transcripts among the 370,114 multiple-exon FLNC transcripts. By comparing the reference genomes, 60,276 loci and 111,302 isoforms were identified. In addition, 43,423 new genes and 44,563 new isoforms were identified. The results identified 185 (3198), 394 (3592), and 83 (3286) differentially expressed genes (transcripts) between tail and subcutaneous, tail and visceral, and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues, respectively. Functional annotation and pathway analysis revealed the following observations. (1) Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of TF and SF tissues, the downregulation of ACADL, ACSL6, and NC_056060.1.2536 was observed in SF, while FFAR4 exhibited upregulation. (2) Among the DEGs of TF and VF tissues, expressions of ACADL, ACSL6, COL1A1, COL1A2, and SCD were downregulated in VF, with upregulation of FFAR4. (3) Among SF and VF expressions of COL1A1, COL1A2, and NC_056060.1.2536 were downregulated in VF. Specific differentially expressed genes (ACADL, ACSL6, COL1A1, COL1A2, FFAR4, NC_056060.1.2536, and SCD) and transcripts (NC_056066.1.1866.16 and NC_056066.1.1866.22) were identified as relevant to fat metabolism. These results provide a dataset for further verification of the regulatory pathway associated with fat metabolism in sheep.

Didymin alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) via the stimulation of Sirt1-mediated lipophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most prevalent metabolic syndromes worldwide. However, no approved pharmacological treatments are available for MAFLD. Chenpi, one kind of dried peel of citrus fruits, has traditionally been utilized as a medicinal herb for liver diseases. Didymin is a newly identified oral bioactive dietary flavonoid glycoside derived from Chenpi. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Didymin as an anti-MAFLD drug and elucidated its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced MAFLD mice and alpha mouse liver 12 (AML12) cells were utilized to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of Didymin in the treatment of MAFLD. Liver weight, serum biochemical parameters, and liver morphology were examined to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of Didymin in MAFLD treatment. RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify potential pathways that could be affected by Didymin. The impact of Didymin on Sirt1 was corroborated through western blot, molecular docking analysis, microscale thermophoresis (MST), and deacetylase activity assay. Then, a Sirt1 inhibitor (EX-527) was utilized to confirm that Didymin alleviates MAFLD via Sirt1. Western blot and additional assays were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

Our results suggested that Didymin may possess therapeutic potential against MAFLD in vitro and in vivo. By promoting Sirt1 expression as well as directly binding to and activating Sirt1, Didymin triggers downstream pathways that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and function while reducing apoptosis and enhancing lipophagy.

CONCLUSIONS

These suggest that Didymin could be a promising medication for MAFLD treatment. Furthermore, its therapeutic effects are mediated by Sirt1.

Mass Spectrometry Rearrangement Ions and Metabolic Pathway-Based Discovery of Indole Derivatives during the Aging Process in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'

The rapid analysis and characterization of compounds using mass spectrometry (MS) may overlook trace compounds. Although targeted analysis methods can significantly improve detection sensitivity, it is hard to discover novel scaffold compounds in the trace. This study developed a strategy for discovering trace compounds in the aging process of traditional Chinese medicine based on MS fragmentation and known metabolic pathways. Specifically, we found that the characteristic component of C. reticulata 'Chachi', methyl N-methyl anthranilate (MMA), fragmented in electrospray ionization coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) to produce the rearrangement ion 3-hydroxyindole, which was proven to exist in trace amounts in C. reticulata 'Chachi' based on comparison with the reference substance using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Combining the known metabolic pathways of 3-hydroxyindole and the possible methylation reactions that may occur during aging, a total of 10 possible indole derivatives were untargeted predicted. These compounds were confirmed to originate from MMA using purchased or synthesized reference substances, all of which were detected in C. reticulata 'Chachi' through LC-MS/MS, achieving trace compound analysis from untargeted to targeted. These results may contribute to explaining the aging mechanism of C. reticulata 'Chachi', and the strategy of using the CID-induced special rearrangement ion-binding metabolic pathway has potential application value for discovering trace compounds.

Digeda-4 decoction and its disassembled prescriptions improve dyslipidemia and apoptosis by regulating AMPK/SIRT1 pathway on tyloxapol-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a manifestation of metabolic syndrome in the liver and the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Digeda-4 decoction (DGD-4) is a commonly prescribed Mongolian herbal drug for treating acute and chronic liver injury and fatty liver. However, the mechanisms underlying the improvement of dislipidemia and liver injury via treatment with DGD-4 remain unclear. Disassembling a prescription is an effective approach to studying the effects and mechanisms underlying Mongolian medicine prescriptions. By disassembling a prescription, it is feasible to discover effective combinations of individual herbs to optimize a given prescription. Accordingly, we disassembled DGD-4 into two groups: the single Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries ex Nym (LR) (DGD-1) and non-LR (DGD-3).

AIM OF THIS STUDY

To study whether DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions have protective effects against tyloxapol (TY)-induced NAFLD and to explore the underlying mechanisms of action and compatibility of prescriptions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

NAFLD mice were developed by TY induction. Biochemical horizontal analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and liver histological staining were performed to explore the protective effects of DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions DGD-3 and DGD-1. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemical analyses and Western blotting to further explore the expression of target proteins.

RESULTS

DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions could inhibit TY-induced dislipidemia and liver injury. In addition, DGD-4 and its disassembled prescriptions increased the levels of p-AMPKα and p-ACC, but decreased the levels of SREBP1c, SCD-1, SREBP-2, and HMGCS1 proteins. The activation of lipid metabolic pathways SIRT1, PGC-1α, and PPARα improved lipid accumulation in the liver. Moreover, DGD-4 could inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis and treat TY-induced liver injury by upregulating the Bcl-2 expression, downregulating the expression of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and positively regulating the imbalance of oxidative stress (OxS) markers (such as superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], malondialdehyde [MDA], and myeloperoxidase [MPO]). DGD-1 was superior to DGD-3 in regulating lipid synthesis-related proteins such as SREBP1c, SCD-1, SREBP-2, and HMGCS1. DGD-3 significantly affected the expression of lipid metabolic proteins SIRT1, PGC-1α, PPARα, apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, and the regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. However, DGD-1 showed no regulatory effects on Bax and Bcl-2 proteins.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the protective effects of DGD-4 in the TY-induced NAFLD mice through a mechanism involving improvement of dyslipidemia and apoptosis by regulating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Although the Monarch drug DGD-1 reduces lipid accumulation and DGD-3 inhibits apoptosis and protects the liver from injury, DGD-4 can be more effective overall as a therapy when compared to DGD-1 and DGD-3.

Investigation of the applicability of the zebrafish model for the evaluation of aristolochic acid-related nephrotoxicity

BACKGROUND

The risk of compounds/drugs, including aristolochic acid-induced nephrotoxicity remains high and is a significant public health concern. Therefore, it is particularly important to select reasonable animal models for rapid screening and evaluation of different samples with complex chemical systems. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used to study chemical-induced renal toxicity. However, most of the published literature was performed on individual components or drugs, and the key evidence confirming the applicability of zebrafish larvae for the evaluation of aristolochic acid-related nephrotoxicity in complex chemical systems, such as in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), was insufficient.

METHODS

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of aristolochic acid (AA) in herbs and Chinese patent medicines. The zebrafish larvae at 4 days post-fertilization (dpf) were used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of various samples, respectively, based on the phenotype of the kidney and histological, and biochemical. Transcriptome technology was used to investigate the related signaling pathways and potential mechanisms after treatment with AA, which was verified by RT-PCR technology.

RESULTS

The results showed that the total amounts of AAI, AAII, and ALI ranged from 0.0004 to 0.1858 g·g-1( %) from different samples, including Aristolochia debilis, Fibraurea recisa, Asarum, Wantongjingu tablets, Jiuweiqianghuo granules, and Xiaoqinglong granules in descending order. Moreover, compared with the negative/blank control, substantial changes in phenotype, histomorphology and biochemical parameters of renal function were observed in the groups challenged with the sublethal concentration of drugs. The transcriptomics results showed the upregulation of most genes in PERK/ATF4/CHOP, ATM/Chk2/p53, Caspase/Bax/Bcl-2a, TGF/Smad/ERK, PI3K/Akt, induced by aristolochic acid analogues, which were essentially consistent with those of the q-RT-PCR experiments, highlighting the similar toxicity response to the previously published article with the other traditional evaluation model.

CONCLUSION

The stability, accuracy and feasibility of the zebrafish larval model in screening and evaluating the nephrotoxicity of TCM were validated for the first time on the AAs-related drugs in a unified manner, confirming and promoting the applicability of zebrafish in assessing nephrotoxicity of samples with complex chemical character.

Hesperitin attenuates alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling in mice

In the peel of citrus (Rutaceae) fruit, hesperitin (Hesp), a flavanone glycoside chemical, is found naturally. Hesp has been found to have a wide range of pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer properties, according to earlier research. However, nothing is known regarding its function in alcoholic liver steatosis and inflammation. In this study, we employed a network pharmacology approach to identify the TLR4 signaling pathway as a primary target of Hesp for the treatment of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). Molecular docking results showed that Hesp bound to the representative target TLR4 and exhibited good affinity. In addition, Hesp inhibits the TLR4 target and consequently the NF-κB signaling pathway, which in turn slows the evolution of alcoholic steatohepatitis, according to further in vitro and in vivo tests. The results of this study preliminarily indicate that Hesp is an ideal drug candidate for the treatment of ASH.

A Comprehensive Review on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now known as metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease (MASLD), is a spectrum of liver disease. It can be identified by the fact that considerable amount of hepatocytes with minimal or no alcohol use have steatosis. Because of its rising incidence along with increasing rates of obesity, metabolic syndromes, and diabetes mellitus type 2, NAFLD is expected to overtake all other causes of cirrhosis over the next decade, necessitating liver transplantation. Nevertheless, heart disease persists as the most prevalent manifestation of mortality, with only a small percentage experiencing fibrosis and complications associated with the liver. Pathologically, NAFLD is linked to lipid toxicity, oxidative stress, lipid deposits, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. A healthy diet, physical exercise, and a decrease in weight are advised by current international guidelines for the treatment of NAFLD, along with a limited number of medicinal therapies, including vitamin E and pioglitazone. Various natural substances have also been identified as NAFLD in vivo and in vitro regulators. The frequency, complexity of the pathophysiology, lack of authorised medications, and difficulty in interpretation of NAFLD have made it a major problem. This article assesses MASLD's pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology. This study also reviews a few natural substances that have been shown to have therapeutic advantages for NAFLD.

Hepatoprotective effects of natural drugs: Current trends, scope, relevance and future perspectives

BACKGROUND

The liver is a well-known player in the metabolism and removal of drugs. Drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver detoxify drugs and xenobiotics, ultimately leading to the acquisition of homeostasis. However, liver toxicity and cell damage are not only related to the nature and dosage of a particular drug but are also influenced by other factors such as aging, immune status, environmental contaminants, microbial metabolites, gender, obesity, and expression of individual genes Furthermore, factors such as drugs, alcohol, and environmental contaminants could induce oxidative stress, thereby impairing the regenerative potential of the liver and causing several diseases. Persons suffering from other ailments and those with comorbidities are found to be more prone to drug-induced toxicities. Moreover, drug composition and drug-drug interactions could further aggravate the risk of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. A plethora of mechanisms are responsible for initiating liver cell damage and further aggravating liver cell injury, followed by impairment of homeostasis, ultimately leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species, immune-suppression, and oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the potential of phytochemicals and natural bioactive compounds to treat hepatotoxicity and other liver diseases.

STUDY DESIGN

A deductive qualitative content analysis approach was employed to assess the overall outcomes of the research and review articles pertaining to hepatoprotection induced by natural drugs, along with analysis of the interventions.

METHODS

An extensive literature search of bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, PUBMED, SCOPUS, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, etc., was carried out to understand the role of hepatoprotective effects of natural drugs.

RESULTS

Bioactive natural products, including curcumin, resveratrol, etc., have been seen as neutralizing agents against the side effects induced by the drugs. Moreover, these natural products are dietary and are readily available; thus, could be supplemented along with drugs to reduce toxicity to cells. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have shown promise of improving overall liver functioning, and these should be evaluated more extensively for their hepatoprotective potential. Therefore, selecting an appropriate natural product or a bioactive compound that is free of toxicity and offers a reliable solution for drug-induced liver toxicity is quintessential.

CONCLUSIONS

The current review highlights the role of natural bioactive products in neutralizing drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Efforts have been made to delineate the possible underlying mechanism associated with the neutralization process.

Eicosapentaenoic acid enhances the sensitivity of osteosarcoma to cisplatin by inducing ferroptosis through the DNA-PKcs/AKT/NRF2 pathway and reducing PD-L1 expression to attenuate immune evasion

Acquired drug resistance poses a significant challenge in osteosarcoma therapy. Therefore, it is necessary for us to discover and develop an alternative anti-cancer strategy. Previous studies have shown that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) significantly increases chemosensitivity in cancer cells. In this study, we discovered that EPA enhances the sensitivity of osteosarcoma to cisplatin (DDP). Interestingly, in addition to inhibiting growth and inducing apoptosis, EPA also enhances DDP-induced ferroptosis. Western blot analysis confirmed that EPA treatment significantly decreases the expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), p-AKT, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in cells. Knockdown of DNA-PKcs by siRNA further enhances the level of ferroptosis induced by EPA. Importantly, EPA can reverse the high expression level of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) induced by DDP. ELISA and western blotting analysis revealed that EPA treatment decreases the levels of IL-6 and p-STAT3, which are increased by DDP treatment. Furthermore, a co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay confirmed the interaction between DNA-PKcs and PD-L1, and knockdown of DNA-PKcs further reduces the expression of PD-L1. This data provides the first evidence that EPA suppresses the DNA-PKcs/AKT/NRF2/GPX4 pathway to enhance ferroptosis, and inhibits IL-6/STAT3 and DNA-PKcs to decrease PD-L1 expression, thereby sensitizing osteosarcoma to DDP. The combination of EPA and DDP presents an encouraging and promising anti-tumor strategy.

Pectolinarigenin attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury via activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unavoidable complication of liver hepatectomy, transplantation, and systemic shock. Pectolinarigenin (Pec) is a flavonoid with many biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant stress. This study explored whether Pec pretreatment could reduce hepatic I/R injury and the potential mechanisms at play. After pretreatment of mice and AML12 cells with Pec, I/R and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) models were established. By examining markers related to liver injury, cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, the effect of Pec on important processes involved in hepatic I/R injury was assessed. Protein levels associated with the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway were analyzed by relative quantification to investigate possible pathways through which Pec plays a role in the I/R process. Pec treatment corrected abnormal transaminase levels resulting from I/R injury, improved liver injury, and increased AML12 cell viability. Moreover, Pec treatment inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and could activate the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway during I/R and H/R. Further studies found that LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) suppressed the protective effect of Pec on hepatic I/R injury. In summary, our results show that Pec inhibits oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis, thereby attenuating I/R-induced liver injury and H/R-induced cell damage via activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway.

A review of experimental and clinical studies on the therapeutic effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Focus on oxidative stress and inflammation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently linked to metabolic disorders and is prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. The pathophysiology of NAFLD involves multiple factors, including insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and genetic predisposition. Recently, there has been an emphasis on the use of herbal remedies with many people around the world resorting to phytonutrients or nutraceuticals for treatment of numerous health challenges in various national healthcare settings. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) parts, such as juice, peel, seed and flower, have high polyphenol content and is well known for its antioxidant capabilities. Pomegranate polyphenols, such as hydrolyzable tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, have high antioxidant capabilities that can help lower the OS and inflammation associated with NAFLD. The study aimed to investigate whether pomegranate parts could attenuate OS, inflammation, and other risk factors associated with NAFLD, and ultimately prevent the development of the disease. The findings of this study revealed that: 1. pomegranate juice contains hypoglycemic qualities that can assist manage blood sugar levels, which is vital for avoiding and treating NAFLD. 2. Polyphenols from pomegranate flowers increase paraoxonase 1 (PON1) mRNA and protein levels in the liver, which can help protect liver enzymes and prevent NAFLD. 3. Punicalagin (PU) is one of the major ellagitannins found in pomegranate, and PU-enriched pomegranate extract (PE) has been shown to inhibit HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid deposition in rats. 4. Pomegranate fruit consumption, which is high in antioxidants, can decrease the activity of AST and ALT (markers of liver damage), lower TNF-α (a marker of inflammation), and improve overall antioxidant capacity in NAFLD patients. Overall, the polyphenols in pomegranate extracts have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and protective effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD.

A classical herbal formula alleviates high-fat diet induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) via targeting mitophagy to rehabilitate dysfunctional mitochondria, validated by UPLC-HRMS identification combined with in vivo experiment

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has caused a significant burden on public health care systems, the economy and society. However, there has still been no officially approved pharmacotherapy for NASH. It has been suggested that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play vital roles in NASH pathological progression. Shugan Xiaozhi (SG) formula, as a kind of classical herbal formula, was shown to attenuate NASH.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of SG formula treating NASH.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry combined with bioinformatics analysis was applied to explore the therapeutic targets and main components of SG formula. Moreover, in vivo NASH model was utilized to confirmed the therapeutic effects of SG formula. Molecular docking analysis and further validation experiments were conducted to verify the results of bioinformatics analysis.

RESULTS

The in vivo experiments confirmed SG formula significantly attenuated hepatic pathological progression and relieved oxidative stress in high-fat diet (HFD) induced - NASH model. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) combined with bioinformatics analysis expounded the components of SG formula and revealed the mitochondrial regulation mechanism of SG formula treating NASH. Further in vivo experiments validated that SG formula could alleviate oxidative stress by rehabilitating the structure and function of mitochondria, which was strongly related to regulating mitophagy.

CONCLUSION

In summary, this study demonstrated that SG formula, which could attenuate NASH by regulating mitochondria and might be a potential pharmacotherapy for NASH.

The role of HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway in hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis in epilepsy

Epilepsy, a common central nervous system disorder, remains an enigma in pathogenesis. Emerging consensus designates hippocampal neuronal injury as a cornerstone for epileptogenic foci, pivotal in epileptic genesis and progression. Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death modality hinging on iron, catalyzes lipid reactive oxygen species formation through iron and membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid interplay, culminating in oxidative cell death. This research investigates the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in hippocampal neuron ferroptosis during epilepsy. Untargeted metabolomics exposes metabolite discrepancies between epilepsy patients and healthy individuals, unveiling escalated oxidative stress, heightened bilirubin, and augmented iron metabolism in epileptic blood. Enrichment analyses unveil active HIF-1 pathway in epileptic pathogenesis, reinforced by HIF-1α signaling perturbations in DisGeNET database. PTZ-kindled mice model confirms increased ferroptotic markers, oxidative stress, HIF-1α, and HO-1 in epilepsy. Study implicates HIF-1α/HO-1 potentially regulates hippocampal neuronal ferroptosis, iron metabolism, and oxidative stress, thereby promoting the propagation of epilepsy.

Optimization of preparation method of hepatoprotective active components from Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. and its action mechanism in vivo

Capitula of Coreopsis tinctoria are widely used as a flower tea with great health benefits due to rich content of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The hepatoprotective effect of C. tinctoria and its bioactive basis have seldom been investigated until now. In the present study, capitula of C. tinctoria were extracted with a method optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and BoxBehnken design (BBD) and further purified by macroporous resin HPD-300 to obtain a fraction (CE) enriched with flavonoids and phenolic acids. The contents of the four most abundant compounds, isookanin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (1), quercetigetin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (2), okanin (3), and marein (4), were determined by HPLC as 9.98, 5.21, 41.78 and 1.85 mg/g, respectively. Seventy-four compounds including fifity-five flavonoids, fifteen organic acids (twelve of them were phenolic compounds), and three coumarins were tentatively identified in CE by LC-HRMS/MS. In vivo hepatoprotective effect and potential mechanism of CE were studied with a high-fat diet-induced NASH mouse model. CE administration decreased the amount of weight gain, hepatic lipid, and sequentially improved dyslipidemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and IR in HFD-fed mice. Molecular data revealed that CE inhibited hepatic inflammation by reducing NFκB/iNOS/COX-2/NLRP3/MAPK in the liver tissues and ameliorated oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress with CE may represent a promising target for the treatment of NAFLD and provide insight into the mechanism by which CE protects against obesity.

Hepatoprotective effects of a chemically-characterized extract from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against AFB1-induced toxicity in rats

This study was conducted to investigate the protective potential of a pharmaceutically formulated capsule of artichoke leaf powder (ArLP) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. In the 42-day experiment, rats were divided into five equal groups: (i) control, treated with sterile water, (ii) treated with 4% DMSO as AFB1 vehicle, (iii) ArLP of 100 mg kg-1 bw, (iv) AFB1 of 72 µg kg-1 bw, and (v) AFB1 plus ArLP. Exposure of rats to AFB1 resulted in hepatotoxicity as manifested by the intensification of oxidative stress, production of free radicals and significant increase in the activity levels of liver function enzymes relative to the control. Significant reductions in both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers as well as histopathological abnormalities in liver tissues were also observed. Notably, the combined administration of ArLP with AFB1 clearly reduced AFB1-mediated adverse effects leading to the normalization of most of these parameters back to control levels. These findings clearly highlight the potential benefits of artichoke dietary supplements as a safe and natural solution in counteracting the adverse hepatotoxic effects conferred by AFB1 exposure. Further research is warranted to fully dissect the biochemical and molecular mechanism of action of the observed artichoke-mediated hepatoprotection.

The Coumarin-Derivative Esculetin Protects against Lipotoxicity in Primary Rat Hepatocytes via Attenuating JNK-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Attenuates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation

Coumarin derivates have been proposed as a potential treatment for metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the potential of the coumarin derivate esculetin in MAFLD, focusing on hepatocyte lipotoxicity and lipid accumulation. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were exposed to palmitic acid (PA) and palmitic acid plus oleic acid (OA/PA) as models of lipotoxicity and lipid accumulation, respectively. Esculetin significantly reduced oxidative stress in PA-treated hepatocytes, as shown by decreased total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide production and elevated expression of antioxidant genes, including Nrf2 and Gpx1. In addition, esculetin protects against PA-induced necrosis. Esculetin also improved lipid metabolism in primary hepatocytes exposed to nonlipotoxic OA/PA by decreasing the expression of the lipogenesis-related gene Srebp1c and increasing the expression of the fatty acid β-oxidation-related gene Ppar-α. Moreover, esculetin attenuated lipid accumulation in OA/PA-treated hepatocytes. The protective effects of esculetin against lipotoxicity and lipid accumulation were shown to be dependent on the inhibition of JNK and the activation of AMPK, respectively. We conclude that esculetin is a promising compound to target lipotoxicity and lipid accumulation in the treatment of MAFLD.

Natural products in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Novel lead discovery for drug development

With changing lifestyles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A substantial increase in the incidence, mortality, and associated burden of NAFLD-related advanced liver disease is expected. Currently, the initial diagnosis of NAFLD is still based on ultrasound and there is no approved treatment method. Lipid-lowering drugs, vitamin supplementation, and lifestyle improvement treatments are commonly used in clinical practice. However, most lipid-lowering drugs can produce poor patient compliance and specific adverse effects. Therefore, the exploration of bio-diagnostic markers and active lead compounds for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. More and more studies have reported the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of natural products (NPs), which have become an important source for new drug development to treat NAFLD due to their high activity and low side effects. At present, berberine and silymarin have been approved by the US FDA to enter clinical phase IV studies, demonstrating the potential of NPs against NAFLD. Studies have found that the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related pathways may play important roles in the process. With the continuous updating of technical means and scientific theories, in-depth research on the targets and mechanisms of NPs against NAFLD can provide new possibilities to find bio-diagnostic markers and innovative drugs. As we know, FXR agonists, PPARα agonists, and dual CCR2/5 inhibitors are gradually coming on stage for the treatment of NAFLD. Whether NPs can exert anti-NAFLD effects by regulating these targets or some unknown targets remains to be further studied. Therefore, the study reviewed the potential anti-NAFLD NPs and their targets. Some works on the discovery of new targets and the docking of active lead compounds were also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide some reference values for the development of non-invasive diagnostic markers and new drugs against NAFLD in the clinic.

Oxidative Stress-Induced Liver Damage and Remodeling of the Liver Vasculature

As an organ critically important for targeting and clearing viruses, bacteria, and other foreign material, the liver operates via immune-tolerant, anti-inflammatory mechanisms indispensable to the immune response. Stress and stress-induced factors disrupt the homeostatic balance in the liver, inflicting tissue damage, injury, and remodeling. These factors include oxidative stress (OS) induced by viral infections, environmental toxins, drugs, alcohol, and diet. A recurrent theme seen among stressors common to multiple liver diseases is the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species expression, and depletion of ATP. Inflammatory signaling additionally exacerbates the condition, generating a proinflammatory, immunosuppressive microenvironment and activation of apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms that disrupt the integrity of liver morphology. These pathways initiate signaling pathways that significantly contribute to the development of liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancers. In addition, hypoxia and OS directly enhance angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in chronic liver diseases. Late-stage consequences of these conditions often narrow the outcomes for liver transplantation or result in death. This review provides a detailed perspective on various stress-induced factors and the specific focus on role of OS in different liver diseases with special emphasis on different molecular mechanisms. It also highlights how resultant changes in the liver vasculature correlate with pathogenesis.

Helicobacter hepaticus promotes liver fibrosis through oxidative stress induced by hydrogenase in BALB/c mice

BACKGROUND

It has been documented that Helicobacter hepaticus produces a nickel-containing hydrogen-oxidizing hydrogenase enzyme, which is necessary for hydrogen-supported amino acid uptake. Although H. hepaticus infection has been shown to promote liver inflammation and fibrosis in BALB/c mice, the impact of hydrogenase on the progression of liver fibrosis induced by H. hepaticus has not been explored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

BALB/c mice were inoculated with hydrogenase mutant (ΔHyaB) or wild type (WT) H. hepaticus 3B1 for 12 and 24 weeks. H. hepaticus colonization, hepatic histopathology, serum biochemistry, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress signaling pathways were detected.

RESULTS

We found that ΔHyaB had no influence on the colonization of H. hepaticus in the liver of mice at 12 and 24 weeks post infection (WPI). However, mice infected by ΔHyaB strains developed significantly alleviated liver inflammation and fibrosis compared with WT infection. Moreover, ΔHyaB infection remarkably increased the expression of hepatic GSH, SOD, and GSH-Px, and decreased the liver levels of MDA, ALT, and AST compared to WT H. hepaticus infected group from 12 to 24 WPI. Furthermore, mRNA levels of Il-6, Tnf-α, iNos, Hmox-1, and α-SMA were significantly decreased with an increase of Nfe2l2 in the liver of mice infected by ΔHyaB strains. In addition, ΔHyaB H. hepaticus restored the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, which is inhibited by H. hepaticus infection.

CONCLUSIONS

These data demonstrated that H. hepaticus hydrogenase promoted liver inflammation and fibrosis development mediated by oxidative stress in male BALB/c mice.

Hesperetin attenuates the expression of markers of adipose tissue fibrosis in pre-adipocytes

BACKGROUND

Excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in adipose tissue is a hallmark of fibrosis, leading to disrupted adipose tissue homeostasis and metabolic dysfunction. Hesperetin, a flavonoid compound, has shown promising anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. Therefore, we investigated the anti-fibrotic effects of hesperetin, through targeting ECM components and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes.

METHODS

3T3-L1 cells were cultured in DMEM, containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were treated with a range of hesperetin concentrations, and the cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Subsequently, the expression of genes encoding collagen VI, osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (Mmp-2) and Mmp-9 was analyzed using specific primers and real-time PCR technique. To evaluate protein levels of collagen VI and osteopontin, Western blotting was performed.

RESULTS

Hesperetin affected the viability of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with IC50 of 447.4 µM, 339.2 µM and 258.8 µM (24 h, 48 and 72 h, respectively). Hesperetin significantly reduced the gene and protein expression of both collagen VI and osteopontin in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Hesperetin was also able to cause a remarkable decline in gene expression of Mmp2 and Mmp9.

CONCLUSION

Hesperetin could potently reduce the production of markers of adipose tissue fibrosis and might be considered a potential anti-fibrotic compound in obesity. Thus, hesperetin has the potency to be used for the treatment of obesity-associated fibrosis.

Effects of Pera Orange Juice and Moro Orange Juice in Healthy Rats: A Metabolomic Approach

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Heart failure is a cardiovascular disease with high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Several natural compounds have been studied for attenuating pathological cardiac remodeling. Orange juice has been associated with cardiovascular disease prevention by attenuating oxidative stress. However, most studies have evaluated isolated phytochemicals rather than whole orange juice and usually under pathological conditions. In this study, we evaluated plasma metabolomics in healthy rats receiving Pera or Moro orange juice to identify possible metabolic pathways and their effects on the heart.

METHODS

Sixty male Wistar rats were allocated into 3 groups: control (C), Pera orange juice (PO), and Moro orange juice (MO). PO and MO groups received Pera orange juice or Moro orange juice, respectively, and C received water with maltodextrin (100 g/L). Echocardiogram and euthanasia were performed after 4 weeks. Plasma metabolomic analysis was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Type I collagen was evaluated in picrosirius red-stained slides and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity by zymography. MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, TIMP-4, type I collagen, and TNF-α protein expression were evaluated by Western blotting.

RESULTS

We differentially identified three metabolites in PO (N-docosahexaenoyl-phenylalanine, diglyceride, and phosphatidylethanolamine) and six in MO (N-formylmaleamic acid, N2-acetyl-L-ornithine, casegravol isovalerate, abscisic alcohol 11-glucoside, cyclic phosphatidic acid, and torvoside C), compared to controls, which are recognized for their possible roles in cardiac remodeling, such as extracellular matrix regulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and membrane integrity. Cardiac function, collagen level, MMP-2 activity, and MMP-9, TIMP-2, TIMP-4, type I collagen, and TNF-α protein expression did not differ between groups.

CONCLUSION

Ingestion of Pera and Moro orange juice induces changes in plasma metabolites related to the regulation of extracellular matrix, inflammation, oxidative stress, and membrane integrity in healthy rats. Moro orange juice induces a larger number of differentially expressed metabolites than Pera orange juice. Alterations in plasma metabolomics induced by both orange juice are not associated with modifications in cardiac extracellular matrix components. Our results allow us to postulate that orange juice may have beneficial effects on pathological cardiac remodeling.

A herb mixture to ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats fed a high-fat diet

This study was performed to investigate the effects of an herb extract mixture (HM) in ameliorating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The HM contained equal amounts of 70% ethanol extracts from Zingiber officinale, Centella asiatica, and Boehmeria nivea. In vitro, the HM significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in oleic acid-stimulated HepG2 cells. We further evaluated the anti-NAFLD activities of the HM in vivo in an animal model. Rats were fed two different amounts of the HM (50 and 200 mg/kg body weight) along with a high-fat diet for 6 weeks. HM supplementation reduced liver weight; epididymal, peri-renal, and intra-abdominal fat content; and serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as well as increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in a dose-dependent manner. Histological evaluation of liver specimens further demonstrated that administration of HM significantly prevented hepatic lipid accumulation and subsequent development of hepatic steatosis. These findings suggest that HM can be used as an alternative nutraceutical for ameliorating NAFLD.

α-Lactalbumin Peptide Asp-Gln-Trp Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Oxidative Stress in Free Fatty Acids-Treated HepG2 Cells and High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD Mice by Activating the PPARα Pathway

SCOPE

Dietary intervention has emerged as a promising strategy for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study is to investigate the ameliorative effects of the α-lactalbumin peptide Asp-Gln-Trp (DQW) against NAFLD and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The models of lipid metabolism disorders are established both in HepG2 cells and in C57BL/6J mice. The results demonstrate that DQW activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and subsequently ameliorates lipid deposition and oxidative stress in vitro. Interestingly, GW6471 markedly attenuates the modulatory effects of DQW on the PPARα pathway in HepG2 cells. Moreover, results of in vivo experiments indicate that DQW alleviates body weight gain, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and oxidative stress in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice. At the molecular level, DQW activates PPARα, subsequently enhances fatty acid β-oxidation, and reduces lipogenesis, thereby ameliorating hepatic steatosis. Meanwhile, DQW may ameliorate liver injury and oxidative stress via activating the PPARα/nuclear-factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2)/heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) pathway.

CONCLUSION

Those results indicate that α-lactalbumin peptide DQW may be an effective dietary supplement for alleviating NAFLD by alleviating lipid deposition and oxidative stress.

Advances in Understanding the Role of NRF2 in Liver Pathophysiology and Its Relationship with Hepatic-Specific Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression

Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the pathophysiological changes of liver diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor that positively regulates the basal and inducible expression of a large battery of cytoprotective genes, thus playing a key role in protecting against oxidative damage. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Its expression has always been associated with the induction of inflammation, but we have shown that, in addition to possessing other benefits, the constitutive expression of COX-2 in hepatocytes is beneficial in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in multiple liver diseases. In this review, we summarized the role of NRF2 as a main agent in the resolution of oxidative stress, the crucial role of NRF2 signaling pathways during the development of chronic liver diseases, and, finally we related its action to that of COX-2, where it appears to operate as its partner in providing a hepatoprotective effect.

Protective Effect of Fucoxanthin on Zearalenone-Induced Hepatic Damage through Nrf2 Mediated by PI3K/AKT Signaling

Hepatotoxic contaminants such as zearalenone (ZEA) are widely present in foods. Marine algae have a wide range of potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products. Research is ongoing to develop treatments and products based on the compounds found in algae. Fucoxanthin (FXN) is a brown-algae-derived dietary compound that is reported to prevent hepatotoxicity caused by ZEA. This compound has multiple biological functions, including anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, FXN is a powerful antioxidant. In this study, we examined the effects of FXN on ZEA-induced stress and inflammation in HepG2 cells. MTT assays, ROS generation assays, Western blots, and apoptosis analysis were used to evaluate the effects of FXN on ZEA-induced HepG2 cell inflammation. Pre-incubation with FXN reduced the cytotoxicity of ZEA toward HepG2 cells. FXN inhibited the ZEA-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Moreover, FXN increased HO-1 expression in HepG2 by activating the PI3K/AKT/NRF2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, FXN inhibits ZEA-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in hepatocytes by targeting Nrf2 via activating PI3K/AKT signaling.

Progress of research on the role of active ingredients of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium in liver injury

BACKGROUND

Liver is a vital organ responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying both endogenous and exogenous substances in the body. However, it is susceptible to damage from chemical and natural toxins. The high incidence and mortality rates of liver disease and its associated complications impose a significant economic burden and survival pressure on patients and their families. Various liver diseases exist, including cholestasis, viral and non-viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver injury, and severe end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA). Recent research has shown that flavonoids found in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) have the potential to normalize blood glucose, cholesterol levels, and liver lipid levels. Additionally, these flavonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, prevent oxidation and lipid peroxidation, and reduce liver toxicity, thereby preventing liver injury. Given these promising findings, it is essential to explore the potential of active components in CRP for developing new drugs to treat liver diseases.

OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have revealed that flavonoids, including hesperidin (HD), hesperetin (HT), naringenin (NIN), nobiletin (NOB), naringin (NRG), tangerine (TN), and erodcyol (ED), are the primary bioactive components in CRP. These flavonoids exhibit various therapeutic effects on liver injury, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, and anti-tumor mechanisms. In this review, we have summarized the research progress on the hepatoprotective effects of HD, HT, NIN, NOB, NRG, TN, ED and limonene (LIM), highlighting their underlying molecular mechanisms. Despite their promising effects, the current clinical application of these active ingredients in CRP has some limitations. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the full potential of these flavonoids and develop new therapeutic strategies for liver diseases.

METHODS

For this review, we conducted a systematic search of three databases (ScienceNet, PubMed, and Science Direct) up to July 2022, using the search terms "CRP active ingredient," "liver injury," and "flavonoids." The search data followed the PRISMA standard.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate that flavonoids found in CRP can effectively reduce drug-induced liver injury, alcoholic liver injury, and non-alcoholic liver injury. These therapeutic effects are mainly attributed to the ability of flavonoids to improve liver resistance to oxidative stress and inflammation while normalizing cholesterol and liver lipid levels by exhibiting anti-free radical and anti-lipid peroxidation properties.

CONCLUSION

Our review provides new insights into the potential of active components in CRP for preventing and treating liver injury by regulating various molecular targets within different cell signaling pathways. This information can aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for liver disease.

Combination of Secondary Plant Metabolites and Micronutrients Improves Mitochondrial Function in a Cell Model of Early Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by excessive formation of beta-amyloid peptides (Aβ), mitochondrial dysfunction, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered glycolysis. Since the disease is currently not curable, preventive and supportive approaches are in the focus of science. Based on studies of promising single substances, the present study used a mixture (cocktail, SC) of compounds consisting of hesperetin (HstP), magnesium-orotate (MgOr), and folic acid (Fol), as well as the combination (KCC) of caffeine (Cof), kahweol (KW) and cafestol (CF). For all compounds, we showed positive results in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells-a model of early AD. Thus, SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells were incubated with SC and the activity of the mitochondrial respiration chain complexes were measured, as well as levels of ATP, Aβ, ROS, lactate and pyruvate. Incubation of SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells with SC significantly increased the endogenous respiration of mitochondria and ATP levels, while Aβ1-40 levels were significantly decreased. Incubation with SC showed no significant effects on oxidative stress and glycolysis. In summary, this combination of compounds with proven effects on mitochondrial parameters has the potential to improve mitochondrial dysfunction in a cellular model of AD.

The great potential of flavonoids as candidate drugs for NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a global prevalence of approximately 25 % and is associated with high morbidity and high mortality. NAFLD is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its pathophysiology is complex and still poorly understood, and there are no drugs used in the clinic to specifically treat NAFLD. Its pathogenesis involves the accumulation of excess lipids in the liver, leading to lipid metabolism disorders and inflammation. Phytochemicals with the potential to prevent or treat excess lipid accumulation have recently received increasing attention, as they are potentially more suitable for long-term use than are traditional therapeutic compounds. In this review, we summarize the classification, biochemical properties, and biological functions of flavonoids and how they are used in the treatment of NAFLD. Highlighting the roles and pharmacological uses of these compounds will be of importance for enhancing the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Swietenine inhibited oxidative stress through AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathways and the liver-protective effect in T2DM mice: In vivo and in vitro study

Swietenia macrophylla King, belongs to the Meliaceae family, is a valuable medicinal plant and its fruits have been processed commercially to a variety of health foods. The seeds have long been known for their ethnomedicinal significance against these diseases. Swietenine (Swi) was isolated from S. macrophylla and could ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, HepG2 cells induced by H₂ O₂ were used to construct oxidative stress model in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Swi on H₂ O₂ induced oxidative injury in HepG2 cells and its molecular mechanism, and to explore the effect of Swi on liver injury in db/db mice and its possible mechanism. The results showed that Swi significantly inhibited HepG2 cells viability and reduced oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner as evidenced by a range of biochemical analysis and immunoblotting study. Moreover, it induced the protein and mRNA expression of HO-1 together with its upstream mediator Nrf2 and activated the phosphorylation of AKT in HepG2 cells. LY294002, a PI3K/AKT inhibitor, significantly suppressed the Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 expression in H₂ O₂ induced HepG2 cells treated with Swi. In addition, RNA interference with Nrf2 significantly reduced the expression level of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the nucleus. Swi has a significant protective effect on cell damage in H₂ O₂ induced HepG2 cells by increasing the antioxidant capacity which is achieved through the AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Additionally, in vivo, Swi could protect the liver of type 2 diabetic mice by improving lipid deposition in liver tissue and inhibiting oxidative stress. These findings indicated that Swi can be a promising dietary agent to improve type 2 diabetes.

Exploring the potential of treating chronic liver disease targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway and polarization mechanism of macrophages

Chronic liver disease is a significant public health issue that can lead to considerable morbidity and mortality, imposing an enormous burden on healthcare resources. Understanding the mechanisms underlying chronic liver disease pathogenesis and developing effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. In this regard, the activation of liver resident macrophages, namely Kupffer cells, plays a vital role in liver inflammation and fibrosis. Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can polarize into different phenotypes according to diverse microenvironmental stimuli. The polarization of macrophages into M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes is regulated by complex signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt pathway. This review focuses on investigating the potential of using plant chemicals targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway for treating chronic liver disease while elucidating the polarization mechanism of macrophages under different microenvironments. Studies have demonstrated that inhibiting M1-type macrophage polarization or promoting M2-type polarization can effectively combat chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver fibrosis. The PI3K/Akt pathway acts as a pivotal modulator of macrophage survival, migration, proliferation, and their responses to metabolism and inflammatory signals. Activating the PI3K/Akt pathway induces anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, resulting in the promotion of M2-like phenotype to facilitate tissue repair and resolution of inflammation. Conversely, inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling could enhance the M1-like phenotype, which exacerbates liver damage. Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway has tremendous potential as a therapeutic strategy for regulating macrophage polarization and activity to treat chronic liver diseases with plant chemicals, providing new avenues for liver disease treatment.

"Golden" Tomato Consumption Ameliorates Metabolic Syndrome: A Focus on the Redox Balance in the High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rat

Tomato fruits defined as "golden" refer to a food product harvested at an incomplete ripening stage with respect to red tomatoes at full maturation. The aim of this study is to explore the putative influence of "golden tomato" (GT) on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), especially focusing on the effects on redox homeostasis. Firstly, the differential chemical properties of the GT food matrix were characterized in terms of phytonutrient composition and antioxidant capacities with respect to red tomato (RT). Later, we assessed the biochemical, nutraceutical and eventually disease-modifying potential of GT in vivo in the high-fat-diet rat model of MetS. Our data revealed that GT oral supplementation is able to counterbalance MetS-induced biometric and metabolic modifications. Noteworthy is that this nutritional supplementation proved to reduce plasma oxidant status and improve the endogenous antioxidant barriers, assessed by strong systemic biomarkers. Furthermore, consistently with the reduction of hepatic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels, treatment with GT markedly reduced the HFD-induced increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation and hepatic steatosis. This research elucidates the importance of food supplementation with GT in the prevention and management of MetS.

Oxidative stress in Wernicke's encephalopathy

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is a severe life-threatening disease that occurs due to vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency (TD). It is characterized by acute mental disorder, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. TD occurs because of the following reasons: insufficient intake, increased demand, and long-term drinking due to corresponding organ damage or failure. Recent studies showed that oxidative stress (OS) can damage organs and cause TD in the brain, which further leads to neurodegenerative diseases, such as WE. In this review, we discuss the effects of TD caused by OS on multiple organ systems, including the liver, intestines, and brain in WE. We believe that strengthening the human antioxidant system and reducing TD can effectively treat WE.

Oroxin B improves metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis in a high-fat diet-induced rat model

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has become a common chronic liver disease, but there is no FDA-approved drug for MAFLD treatment. Numerous studies have revealed that gut microbiota dysbiosis exerts a crucial effect on MAFLD progression. Oroxin B is a constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz. (O. indicum), which has the characteristics of low oral bioavailability but high bioactivity. However, the mechanism through which oroxin B improves MAFLD by restoring the gut microbiota balance remains unclear. To this end, we assessed the anti-MAFLD effect of oroxin B in HFD-fed rats and investigated the underlying mechanism. Our results indicated that oroxin B administration reduced the lipid levels in the plasma and liver and lowered the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the plasma. Moreover, oroxin B alleviated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Mechanistically, oroxin B modulated the gut microbiota structure in HFD-fed rats by increasing the levels of Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, and Eubacterium and decreasing the levels of Tomitella, Bilophila, Acetanaerobacterium, and Faecalibaculum. Furthermore, oroxin B not only suppressed Toll-like receptor 4-inhibitor kappa B-nuclear factor kappa-B-interleukin 6/tumor necrosis factor-α (TLR4-IκB-NF-κB-IL-6/TNF-α) signal transduction but also strengthened the intestinal barrier by elevating the expression of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and zonula occludens 2 (ZO-2). In summary, these results demonstrate that oroxin B could alleviate hepatic inflammation and MAFLD progression by regulating the gut microbiota balance and strengthening the intestinal barrier. Hence, our study suggests that oroxin B is a promising effective compound for MAFLD treatment.

Oxidative Stress and MicroRNAs in Endothelial Cells under Metabolic Disorders

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radical oxygen intermediates that serve as important second messengers in signal transduction. However, when the accumulation of these molecules exceeds the buffering capacity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction occur. EC dysfunction shifts the vascular system into a pro-coagulative, proinflammatory state, thereby increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) diseases and metabolic disorders. Studies have turned to the investigation of microRNA treatment for CV risk factors, as these post-transcription regulators are known to co-regulate ROS. In this review, we will discuss ROS pathways and generation, normal endothelial cell physiology and ROS-induced dysfunction, and the current knowledge of common metabolic disorders and their connection to oxidative stress. Therapeutic strategies based on microRNAs in response to oxidative stress and microRNA's regulatory roles in controlling ROS will also be explored. It is important to gain an in-depth comprehension of the mechanisms generating ROS and how manipulating these enzymatic byproducts can protect endothelial cell function from oxidative stress and prevent the development of vascular disorders.

Hesperidin mitigates oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells via Nrf2/NF-κB axis to protect intervertebral disc from degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), a widely known contributor to low back pain (LBP), has been proved to be a global health challenging conundrum. Hesperidin (hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside, HRD) is a flavanone glycoside that belongs to the subgroup of citrus flavonoids with therapeutic effect on various diseases due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties. However, the effect of HRD on IVDD remains elusive. The human nucleus pulposus tissues were harvested for isolating human nucleus pulposus (HNP) cells to verify the expression of Nrf2. The biological effect of HRD on HNP cells were assessed in vitro, and the in vivo therapeutic effects of HRD were assessed in mice. Firstly, we found that the expression of Nrf2 was decreased with the progression of degeneration in degenerated human nucleus pulposus tissue. Subsequently, we confirmed that HRD could mitigate oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells via enhancing the expression of Nrf2 axis and suppressing the NF-κB pathway to protect intervertebral disc from degeneration in vitro. Finally, the therapeutic effects of HRD were confirmed in vivo. The current study proved for the first time that HRD may protect HNP cells from degeneration by suppressing ferroptosis in an oxidative stress-dependent via enhancing the expression of Nrf2 and suppressing the NF-κB pathway. The evidence will provide a possible basis for future targeted treatment for IVDD.

Aescin can alleviate NAFLD through Keap1-Nrf2 by activating antioxidant and autophagy

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common metabolic liver disease worldwide. It has been proven that aescin (Aes), a bioactive compound derived from the ripe dried fruit of Aesculus chinensis Bunge, has a number of physiologically active properties like anti-inflammatory and anti-edema, however it has not been investigated as a potential solution for NAFLD.

PURPOSE

This study's major goal was to determine whether Aes can treat NAFLD and the mechanism underlying its therapeutic benefits.

METHODS

We constructed HepG2 cell models in vitro that were affected by oleic and palmitic acids, as well as in vivo models for acute lipid metabolism disorder caused by tyloxapol and chronic NAFLD caused by high-fat diet.

RESULTS

We discovered that Aes could promote autophagy, activate the Nrf2 pathway, and ameliorate lipid accumulation and oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, in Autophagy-related proteins 5 (Atg5) and Nrf2 knockout mice, Aes lost its curative impact on NAFLD. Computer simulations show that Aes might interact with Keap1, which might allow Aes to increase Nrf2 transfer into the nucleus and perform its function. Importantly, Aes's stimulation of autophagy in the liver was hampered in Nrf2 knockout mice. This suggested that the impact of Aes in inducing autophagy may be connected to the Nrf2 pathway.

CONCLUSION

We first discovered Aes's regulating effects on liver autophagy and oxidative stress in NAFLD. And we found Aes may combine the Keap1 and regulate autophagy in the liver by affecting Nrf2 activation to exert its protective effect.

Citrus flavanone metabolites significantly modulate global proteomic profile in pancreatic β-cells under high-glucose-induced metabolic stress

Hesperidin and narirutin are the major citrus flavanones. Several studies have associated these compounds with pancreatic β-cell survival through their capacity to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and inhibit apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of action of flavanones in pancreatic β-cells under high-glycemic stress is still largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to decipher molecular mechanisms of flavanone metabolites in pancreatic β-cells treated with high glucose concentration using untargeted shotgun proteomics. We identified 569 proteins differentially expressed in cells exposed to hesperetin 7-glucuronide (H7G) and 265 in cells exposed to 3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acid (PA). Comparison of global proteomic profiles suggest that these metabolites could counteract changes in protein expression induced by high glucose stress. The bioinformatic analyses suggested that H7G and PA modulated the expression of proteins involved in cell adhesion, cell signaling, metabolism, inflammation, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathways. Taken together, this study suggests that H7G and PA can modulate the expression of proteins that may prevent dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells under stress induced by high glucose.

Pharmacologic Comparison of High-Dose Hesperetin and Quercetin on MDCK II Cell Viability, Tight Junction Integrity, and Cell Shape

The modulation of tight junction (TJ) integrity with small molecules is important for drug delivery. High-dose baicalin (BLI), baicalein (BLE), quercetin (QUE), and hesperetin (HST) have been shown to open TJs in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells, but the mechanisms for HST and QUE remain unclear. In this study, we compared the effects of HST and QUE on cell proliferation, morphological changes, and TJ integrity. HST and QUE were found to have opposing effects on the MDCK II cell viability, promotion, and suppression, respectively. Only QUE, but not HST, induced a morphological change in MDCK II into a slenderer cell shape. Both HST and QUE downregulated the subcellular localization of claudin (CLD)-2. However, only QUE, but not HST, downregulated CLD-2 expression. Conversely, only HST was shown to directly bind to the first PDZ domain of ZO-1, a key molecule to promote TJ biogenesis. The TGFβ pathway partially contributed to the HST-induced cell proliferation, since SB431541 ameliorated the effect. In contrast, the MEK pathway was not involved by both the flavonoids, since U0126 did not revert their TJ-opening effect. The results offer insight for using HST or QUE as naturally occurring absorption enhancers through the paracellular route.

Nrf2 signaling in diabetic nephropathy, cardiomyopathy and neuropathy: Therapeutic targeting, challenges and future prospective

Western lifestyle contributes to an overt increase in the prevalence of metabolic anomalies including diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. Prevalence of DM is rapidly growing worldwide, affecting many individuals in both developing and developed countries. DM is correlated with the onset and development of complications with diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) and diabetic neuropathy being the most devastating pathological events. On the other hand, Nrf2 is a regulator for redox balance in cells and accounts for activation of antioxidant enzymes. Dysregulation of Nrf2 signaling has been shown in various human diseases such as DM. This review focuses on the role Nrf2 signaling in major diabetic complications and targeting Nrf2 for treatment of this disease. These three complications share similarities including the presence of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Onset and development of fibrosis impairs organ function, while oxidative stress and inflammation can evoke damage to cells. Activation of Nrf2 signaling significantly dampens inflammation and oxidative damage, and is beneficial in retarding interstitial fibrosis in diabetic complications. SIRT1 and AMPK are among the predominant pathways to upregulate Nrf2 expression in the amelioration of DN, DC and diabetic neuropathy. Moreover, certain therapeutic agents such as resveratrol and curcumin, among others, have been employed in promoting Nrf2 expression to upregulate HO-1 and other antioxidant enzymes in the combat of oxidative stress in the face of DM.

Olanzapine-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The effects of differential food pattern and the involvement of PGRMC1 signaling

Detrimental dietary habits with high-fat food are common in the psychiatric population, leading to higher obesity rate. Olanzapine (OLZ), as one of the mainstream antipsychotic drugs, shows superior efficacy in treating schizophrenia but limited by adverse effects such as obesity, dyslipidemia and liver injury, which are risk factors for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1) is a key regulator associated with antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic disorders. Our study aims to investigate whether high-fat supplementation worsens OLZ-induced NAFLD and to validate the potential role of PGRMC1 pathway. In vivo, eight-week OLZ treatment successfully induced hepatic steatosis in female C57BL/6 mice fed with either a high-fat or normal diet, which is independent of body weight gain. Likewise, in vitro, OLZ markedly led to hepatocyte steatosis along with enhanced oxidative stress, which was aggravated by free fatty acids. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro, high-fat supplementation aggravated OLZ-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress via inhibition of hepatic PGRMC1-AMPK-mTORC1/Nrf2 pathways. Inspiringly, PGRMC1 overexpression effectively reversed OLZ-induced hepatocyte steatosis in vitro. Hence, hepatic PGRMC1 is attributable to OLZ-induced NAFLD especially with high-fat supplementation and potentially serves as a novel therapeutic target.

Structural characterization and anti-lipotoxicity effects of a pectin from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) is rich in various bioactive ingredients and used as a medicinal plant in traditional medicine. In the present study, to find the polysaccharide with anti-lipotoxicity effects from okra and clarify its structure, a pectin OP-1 was purified from okra, which had a backbone containing →4)-α-GalpA-(1 → residues, and 1,5-Ara linked the main chain through the O-3 of the residue →3,4)-α-GalpA-(1→, and the C-6 of residue 1, 4-α-GalpA replaced by methyl ester. In vitro experiments showed that OP-1 pretreatment alleviated oleic acid (OA)-induced lipid accumulation, ROS generation, apoptosis, transaminase leakage, and inflammatory cytokine secretion in HepG2 cells, resulting in reduced lipotoxicity. Further molecular results revealed that OP-1 increased Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and affected the expression of AMPK downstream targets, including inhibit SREBP1c and FAS, as well as activate CPT-1A. Impressively, AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (Compound C) blocked the effects of OP-1 against lipotoxicity. The effects of OP-1 on lipid metabolism were also diminished by dorsomorphin. Our results demonstrated that OP-1 possesses a potent function in preventing lipotoxicity via regulating AMPK-mediated lipid metabolism and provide a novel insight into the future utilization of okra polysaccharide.

Antioxidant, Antiapoptotic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hesperetin in a Mouse Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Sepsis is a severe inflammatory condition that can cause organ dysfunction, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Hesperetin is a flavonoid aglycone that has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of hesperetin on septic AKI has not yet been fully investigated. This study examined whether hesperetin has a renoprotective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic AKI. Hesperetin treatment ameliorated histological abnormalities and renal dysfunction in LPS-injected mice. Mechanistically, hesperetin attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by the suppression of lipid and DNA oxidation. This beneficial effect of hesperetin was accompanied by downregulation of the pro-oxidant NADPH oxidase 4, restoration of glutathione levels, and activation of antioxidant enzymes. This flavonoid compound also inhibited apoptotic cell death via suppression of p53-dependent caspase-3 pathway. Furthermore, hesperetin alleviated Toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine production and macrophage infiltration. Our findings suggest that hesperetin ameliorates LPS-induced renal structural and functional injury through suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.

The Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Metabolites in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Disorders of Cognitive Decline

Flavonoids are a biodiverse family of dietary compounds that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial cell protective profiles. They have received considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in biomedicine and have been widely used in traditional complimentary medicine for generations. Such complimentary medical herbal formulations are extremely complex mixtures of many pharmacologically active compounds that provide a therapeutic outcome through a network pharmacological effects of considerable complexity. Methods are emerging to determine the active components used in complimentary medicine and their therapeutic targets and to decipher the complexities of how network pharmacology provides such therapeutic effects. The gut microbiome has important roles to play in the generation of bioactive flavonoid metabolites retaining or exceeding the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of the intact flavonoid and, in some cases, new antitumor and antineurodegenerative bioactivities. Certain food items have been identified with high prebiotic profiles suggesting that neutraceutical supplementation may be beneficially employed to preserve a healthy population of bacterial symbiont species and minimize the establishment of harmful pathogenic organisms. Gut health is an important consideration effecting the overall health and wellbeing of linked organ systems. Bioconversion of dietary flavonoid components in the gut generates therapeutic metabolites that can also be transported by the vagus nerve and systemic circulation to brain cell populations to exert a beneficial effect. This is particularly important in a number of neurological disorders (autism, bipolar disorder, AD, PD) characterized by effects on moods, resulting in depression and anxiety, impaired motor function, and long-term cognitive decline. Native flavonoids have many beneficial properties in the alleviation of inflammation in tissues, however, concerns have been raised that therapeutic levels of flavonoids may not be achieved, thus allowing them to display optimal therapeutic effects. Dietary manipulation and vagal stimulation have both yielded beneficial responses in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders, depression, and anxiety, establishing the vagal nerve as a route of communication in the gut-brain axis with established roles in disease intervention. While a number of native flavonoids are beneficial in the treatment of neurological disorders and are known to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, microbiome-generated flavonoid metabolites (e.g., protocatechuic acid, urolithins, γ-valerolactones), which retain the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency of the native flavonoid in addition to bioactive properties that promote mitochondrial health and cerebrovascular microcapillary function, should also be considered as potential biotherapeutic agents. Studies are warranted to experimentally examine the efficacy of flavonoid metabolites directly, as they emerge as novel therapeutic options.

pNaktide mitigates inflammation-induced neuronal damage and behavioral deficits through the oxidative stress pathway

Neuroinflammation is closely related to the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. pNaktide, an Src inhibitor, exerts antioxidant effects by mimicking Na/K-ATPase. It has been verified that its anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation ability could be embodied in obesity, steatohepatitis, uremic cardiomyopathy, aging, and prostate cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of pNaktide in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced behavioral damage, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage. We found that pNaktide improved anxiety, memory, and motor deficits. pNaktide inhibited MAPK and NF-κB pathways induced by TLR4 activation, inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, complement factors, and chemokines. pNaktide inhibited the activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant stress pathways by LPS and reduced the level of oxidative stress. Inhibition of autophagy and enhancement of apoptosis induced by LPS were also alleviated by pNaktide, which restored LPS-induced injury to newborn neurons in the hippocampus region. In summary, pNaktide attenuates neuroinflammation, reduces the level of oxidative stress, has neuroprotective effects, and may be used for the treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases.

Diosgenin attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes through regulating SIRT6-related fatty acid uptake

BACKGROUND

More than 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) concomitantly suffer from Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the coexistence and interaction of them increases the intractability of NAFLD. With the protective effect against hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis, SIRT6 is becoming a notable target of NAFLD. Diosgenin, an active monomer from Chinese herbs, has been reported to protect against NAFLD.

PURPOSE

This study aims to figure out the mechanism how diosgenin alleviate NAFLD in T2DM and the relationship with SIRT6.

METHODS

In vivo studies used spontaneous diabetic db/db mice and divided them into two parts. The first part included four groups consisting of control (Con) group, model (Mod) group, low dose of diosgenin (DL) group and high dose of diosgenin (DH) group. The second part included four groups consisting of Con group, Mod group, DH+OSS (OSS_128167, inhibitor of SIRT6) group, MDL (MDL800, agonist of SIRT6) group. HepG2 cell line was selected in study in vitro, which was mainly composed of six groups including Con group, palmitic acid (PA) group, PA+DL group, PA+DH group, PA+DH+OSS group, PA+MDL group. OGTT, Biochemical biomarker (including TG, TC, AST, ALT), inflammatory biomarker (including IL-6 and TNF-α) were measured. HE, Oil Red O, and DHE staining were conducted. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, mRNA-seq, and qPCR were used to explore the mechanism.

RESULTS

Results in the first part of study in vivo indicated that diosgenin protected against lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, cell injury, and light inflammatory of liver in db/db mice and regulated the expression of SIRT6 and fatty acid transporter including CD36, FATP2, FABP1. The effect of diosgenin could be reversed in DH+OSS group and the same effect was observed in MDL group in the second part of study in vivo. The same results were also noted in followed study in vitro. Diosgenin inhibited the fatty acids uptake and regulated the expression of SIRT6 and fatty acid transporter including CD36, FATP2, and FABP1 in PA-induced hepG2 cells, and which was reversed in DH+OSS group and resembled in MDL group.

CONCLUSIONS

Diosgenin could attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes through regulating SIRT6-related fatty acid uptake.

Baicalein alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice by ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease, and its pathological development is closely related to the gut-liver axis. The intestinal barrier, an important component of the gut-liver axis, can prevent gut microbes and endotoxins from entering the liver. Intestinal barrier function is impaired in patients with NAFLD. Baicalein, which is the main flavonoid in Scutellariae Radix, can improve NAFLD. However, whether baicalein alleviates NAFLD by ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction remains unclear. In this study, a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced NAFLD mouse model is used. The effects of baicalein on lipid accumulation, inflammation and the intestinal barrier in MCD-fed mice were evaluated by detecting blood lipid levels, lipid accumulation, liver pathological changes, inflammatory factors, inflammatory signaling pathways, the three main short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate), intestinal permeability and intestinal tight junction protein expression. Compared with the MCD-only group, baicalein intake decreased the serum and liver lipid levels. Moreover, the accumulation of lipid droplets and steatosis in the liver were also alleviated; all these results demonstrated that baicalein could alleviate NAFLD. Meanwhile, the levels of inflammatory cytokines decreased in the baicalein group. Further investigation of the mucosal permeability to 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in feces, and the expression of intestinal zonula occluden 1 and claudin-1 indicated that a baicalein diet could decrease the intestinal permeability caused by a MCD diet. Moreover, the protein levels of p-NF-κB p65 and the ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 increased, and IκB-α and PPARα decreased in NAFLD mice, while the administration of baicalein could alleviate these changes. The above results indicated that the mechanism of baicalein in the alleviation of NAFLD lies in the regulation of the intestinal barrier.

FNDC5/Irisin Inhibits the Inflammatory Response and Mediates the Aerobic Exercise-Induced Improvement of Liver Injury after Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) causes peripheral organ injury, in addition to cardiac dysfunction, including in the liver, which is known as cardiac hepatopathy. Aerobic exercise (AE) can effectively improve liver injury, although the mechanism and targets are currently not well established. Irisin, mainly produced by cleavage of the fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), is a responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise training. In this study, we detected the effect of AE on MI-induced liver injury and explored the role of irisin alongside the benefits of AE. Wildtype and Fndc5 knockout mice were used to establish an MI model and subjected to AE intervention. Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), rhirisin, and a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. The results showed that AE significantly promoted M2 polarization of macrophages and improved MI-induced inflammation, upregulated endogenous irisin protein expression and activated the PI3K/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway in the liver of MI mice, while knockout of Fndc5 attenuated the beneficial effects of AE. Exogenous rhirisin significantly inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response, which was attenuated by the PI3K inhibitor. These results suggest that AE could effectively activate the FNDC5/irisin-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, promote the polarization of M2 macrophages, and inhibit the inflammatory response of the liver after MI.

Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the effects of the α-lactalbumin peptides GINY and DQW on lipid deposition and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which the α-lactalbumin peptides Gly-Ile-Asn-Tyr (GINY) and Asp-Gln-Trp (DQW) ameliorate free fatty acid-induced lipid deposition in HepG2 cells. The results show that GINY and DQW reduced triglyceride, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels significantly in free fatty acid-treated HepG2 cells. Based on proteomic analysis, GINY and DQW alleviated lipid deposition and oxidative stress mainly through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and response to oxidative stress. In vitro experiments confirmed that GINY and DQW upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of fatty acid β-oxidation-related and oxidative stress-related genes, and downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of lipogenesis-related genes by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Meanwhile, GINY and DQW reduced free fatty acid-induced lipid droplet accumulation and reactive oxygen species generation, and enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. Furthermore, GINY and DQW enhanced carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1a (CPT-1a) and superoxide dismutase activities, and diminished acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) activities in a PPARα-dependent manner. Interestingly, GW6471 (a PPARα inhibitor) weakened the effects of GINY and DQW on the PPARα pathway. Hence, our findings suggest that GINY and DQW have the potential to alleviate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the PPARα pathway.