51
|
Luo L, Zhou C, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, N-acetylserotonin and 4-hydroxyramelteon by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). Xenobiotica 2015; 46:612-619. [PMID: 26577053 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of sulfation in the metabolism of 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-OH-Mel), N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 4-hydroxyramelteon (4-OH-Ram), and to identify and characterize the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) capable of sulfating these drug compounds. 2. A systematic analysis using 13 known human SULTs revealed that SULT1A1 displayed the strongest activity in catalyzing the sulfation of 6-OH-Mel and 4-OH-Ram, whereas SULT1C4 exhibited the strongest sulfating-activity towards NAS. pH-dependence and kinetic parameters of these SULT enzymes in mediating the sulfation of respective drug compounds were determined. A metabolic labeling study showed the generation and release of [35S]sulfated 6-OH-Mel, NAS and 4-OH-Ram by HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells labeled with [35S]sulfate in the presence of these drug compounds. Cytosols of human lung, liver, kidney and small intestine were examined to verify the presence of 6-OH-Mel-, NAS- and 4-OH-Ram-sulfating activity in vivo. Of the four human organ samples tested, small intestine and liver cytosols displayed considerably higher 6-OH-Mel-, NAS- and 4-OH-Ram-sulfating activities than those of lung and kidney. 3. Collectively, these results provided a molecular basis for the metabolism of 6-OH-Mel, NAS and 4-OH-Ram through sulfation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Luo
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, OH , USA.,b School of Pharmacy , North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong, Sichuan , China , and
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, OH , USA.,b School of Pharmacy , North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong, Sichuan , China , and
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- c Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- c Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- c Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Efflux transport of chrysin and apigenin sulfates in HEK293 cells overexpressing SULT1A3: The role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4). Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
53
|
Jia C, Luo L, Kurogi K, Yu J, Zhou C, Liu MC. Identification of the Human SULT Enzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Rotigotine. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 56:754-60. [PMID: 26465778 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation has been reported to be a major pathway for the metabolism and inactivation of rotigotine in vivo. The current study aimed to identify the human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) enzyme(s) capable of mediating the sulfation of rotigotine. Of the 13 known human SULTs examined, 6 of them (SULT1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1C4, 1E1) displayed significant sulfating activities toward rotigotine. pH dependence and kinetic parameters of the sulfation of rotigotine by relevant human SULTs were determined. Of the 6 human organ samples tested, small intestine and liver cytosols displayed considerably higher rotigotine-sulfating activity than did brain, lung, and kidney. Moreover, sulfation of rotigotine was shown to occur in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells under metabolic conditions. Collectively, the results obtained provided a molecular basis underlying the previous finding of the excretion of sulfated rotigotine by patients undergoing treatment with rotigotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA.,School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong, Sichuan, China
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Juming Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA.,School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Sun H, Wang X, Zhou X, Lu D, Ma Z, Wu B. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) Controls Efflux Transport of Hesperetin Sulfates in Sulfotransferase 1A3–Overexpressing Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1430-40. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|
55
|
Yamamoto A, Liu MY, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Saeki Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulphation of acetaminophen by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases: a systematic analysis. J Biochem 2015; 158:497-504. [PMID: 26067475 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulphation is known to be critically involved in the metabolism of acetaminophen in vivo. This study aimed to systematically identify the major human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) enzyme(s) responsible for the sulphation of acetaminophen. A systematic analysis showed that three of the twelve human SULTs, SULT1A1, SULT1A3 and SULT1C4, displayed the strongest sulphating activity towards acetaminophen. The pH dependence of the sulphation of acetaminophen by each of these three SULTs was examined. Kinetic parameters of these three SULTs in catalysing acetaminophen sulphation were determined. Moreover, sulphation of acetaminophen was shown to occur in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells under the metabolic setting. Of the four human organ samples tested, liver and intestine cytosols displayed considerably higher acetaminophen-sulphating activity than those of lung and kidney. Collectively, these results provided useful information concerning the biochemical basis underlying the metabolism of acetaminophen in vivo previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Yuichi Saeki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; and
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Oda K, Cao YJ, Sawamoto T, Nakada N, Fisniku O, Nagasaka Y, Sohda KY. Human mass balance, metabolite profile and identification of metabolic enzymes of [¹⁴C]ASP015K, a novel oral janus kinase inhibitor. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:887-902. [PMID: 25986538 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1026864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The human mass balance of (14)C-labelled ASP015K ([(14)C]ASP015K), an orally bioavailable Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was characterized in six healthy male subjects after a single oral dose of [(14)C]ASP015K (100 mg, 3.7 MBq) in solution. [(14)C]ASP015K was rapidly absorbed with tmax of 1.6 and 1.8 h for ASP015K and total radioactivity in plasma, respectively. Mean recovery in urine and feces amounted to 36.8% and 56.6% of the administered dose, respectively. The main components of radioactivity in plasma and urine were ASP015K and M2 (5'-O-sulfo ASP015K). In feces, ASP015K and M4 (7-N-methyl ASP015K) were the main components. 2. In vitro study of ASP015K metabolism showed that the major isozyme contributing to the formation of M2 was human sulfotransferase (SULT) 2A1 and of M4 was nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). 3. The in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint_in vitro) of M4 formation from ASP015K in human liver cytosol (HLC) was 11-fold higher than that of M2. The competitive inhibitory effect of nicotinamide on M4 formation in the human liver was considered the reason for high CLint_in vitro of M4 formation, while each metabolic pathway made a near equal contribution to the in vivo elimination of ASP015K. ASP015K was cleared by multiple mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Oda
- a Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc. , Osaka , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Fischer E, Almási A, Bojcsev S, Fischer T, Kovács NP, Perjési P. Effect of experimental diabetes and insulin replacement on intestinal metabolism and excretion of 4-nitrophenol in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:459-64. [PMID: 25939089 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Luminal appearance of 4-nitrophenol (PNP) metabolites (4-nitrophenol-β-glucuronide (PNP-G) and 4-nitrophenol-sulfate (PNP-S)) and activity of the related metabolic enzymes have been investigated in control and experimental diabetic rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by administration of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg i.v.). PNP (500 μmol/L) was luminally perfused in the small intestine and the metabolites were determined in the perfusion solution. Effect of insulin replacement was also investigated in the diabetic rats. It was found that experimental diabetes increased the luminal appearance of PNP-G, which could be completely compensated by rapid-acting insulin administration (1 U/kg i.v.). Activities of the enzymes involved in PNP-G production (UDP-glucuronyltransferase and β-glucuronidase) were also elevated; however, these changes were only partially compensated by insulin. Luminal appearance of PNP-S was not significantly changed by administration of streptozotocin and insulin. Activities of the enzymes of PNP-S production (sulfotransferases and arylsulfatases) did not change in the diabetic rats. The results indicate that experimental diabetes can provoke changes in intestinal drug metabolism. It increased intestinal glucuronidation of PNP but did not influence sulfate conjugation. No direct correlation was found between the changes of metabolic enzyme activities and the luminal appearance of the metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Jiang H, Lai Y, Hu K, Chen D, Liu B, Liu Y. Genotoxicity of 1-methylpyrene and 1-hydroxymethylpyrene in Chinese hamster V79-derived cells expressing both human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:404-411. [PMID: 25243916 DOI: 10.1002/em.21912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
1-Methylpyrene (1-MP) is a widespread pollutant that is carcinogenic in animals following metabolic activation. Previous studies have shown that benzylic hydroxylation of 1-MP, catalyzed by multiple CYP isoforms, gives rise to 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP), which becomes bioreactive following further metabolism by various sulfotransferase (SULT) isoforms. However, the mutagenic and chromosome damaging effects of 1-MP and 1-HMP in mammalian cells have not been investigated. In this study a Chinese hamster V79-derived cell line expressing both human CYP2E1 and human SULT1A1 was used to investigate the ability of 1-MP and 1-HMP to induce cytotoxicity (using the CCK-8 assay), micronuclei and Hprt gene mutations. The role of each enzyme was investigated through co-exposure in the presence of an enzyme inhibitor. We found that at concentrations of 0.5-4 μM and 5-20 μM, under conditions where no reduction in cell viability/growth occurred, 1-HMP and 1-MP induced micronuclei in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner; however, both compounds were inactive in V79 cells. Similarly, they both caused an increase in Hprt mutant frequency in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells in these concentration ranges, with 1-MP impairing cell viability/growth at 10 μM and above in the mutagenicity assay. The compounds were again both inactive in V79 cells. The effects of 1-HMP in V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1 cells were blocked or reduced by addition of pentachlorophenol (PCP), a SULT1 inhibitor; the genotoxicity of 1-MP was significantly reduced by either 1-aminobenotrazole, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, or PCP. The results suggest that human CYP2E1 and SULT1A1 cooperate to activate 1-MP and cause genotoxicity in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Høie AH, Monien BH, Sakhi AK, Glatt H, Hjertholm H, Husøy T. Formation of DNA adducts in wild-type and transgenic mice expressing human sulfotransferases 1A1 and 1A2 after oral exposure to furfuryl alcohol. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:643-9. [PMID: 25904584 PMCID: PMC4540787 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfuryl alcohol (FFA) is present in many heat-treated foods as a result of its formation via dehydration of pentoses. It is also used legally as a flavouring agent. In an inhalation study conducted in the National Toxicology Program, FFA showed some evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats and mice. FFA was generally negative in conventional genotoxicity assays, which suggests that it may be a non-genotoxic carcinogen. However, it was recently found that FFA is mutagenic in Salmonella strains expressing appropriate sulfotransferases (SULTs), such as human or mouse SULT1A1. The same DNA adducts that were formed by FFA in these strains, mainly N (2)-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (N (2)-MF-dG), were also detected in tissues of FFA-exposed mice and even in human lung specimens. In the present study, a single oral dose of FFA (250 mg/kg body weight) or saline was administered to FVB/N mice and transgenic mice expressing human SULT1A1/1A2 on the FVB/N background. The transgenic mice were used, since human and mouse SULT1A1 substantially differ in substrate specificity and tissue distribution. DNA adducts were studied in liver, kidney, proximal and distal small intestine as well as colon, using isotope-dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS). Surprisingly, low levels of adducts that may represent N (2)-MF-dG were detected even in tissues of untreated mice. FFA exposure enhanced the adduct levels in colon and liver, but not in the remaining investigated tissues of wild-type (wt) mice. The situation was similar in transgenic mice, except that N (2)-MF-dG levels were also strongly enhanced in the proximal small intestine. These different results between wt and transgenic mice may be attributed to the fact that human SULT1A1, but not the orthologous mouse enzyme, is strongly expressed in the small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hortemo Høie
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway, Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Hans Monien
- Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hege Hjertholm
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway, Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Trine Husøy
- Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0456 Oslo, Norway, Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany, Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany Present address: Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Stachel N, Skopp G. Identification and characterization of sulfonyltransferases catalyzing ethyl sulfate formation and their inhibition by polyphenols. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:139-46. [PMID: 25680553 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl sulfate (EtS) is a minor metabolite of ethanol, usually being present along with ethyl glucuronide in both blood and urine. At present, there have been few studies on sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyzing EtS formation. Moreover, inhibition by nutritional components on EtS formation, e.g., polyphenols that are extensively sulfonated, has not been addressed at all. Firstly, the incubation procedure was optimized with regard to buffer, substrate concentration, and incubation time. Recombinant SULT enzymes including SULT1A1, 1A3, 1B1, 1E1, and 2A1 were screened for their activity towards ethanol; subsequently, respective kinetics was investigated. The inhibitory potential of resveratrol, quercetin, and kaempferol being abundant in beer and wine was studied thereafter. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using deuterated EtS as the internal standard. All enzymes are involved in the sulfonation of ethanol; respective kinetics followed the Michaelis-Menten model. Among the five SULTs under investigation, SULT1A1 displayed the highest activity towards ethanol followed by SULT2A1. Polyphenols significantly reduced the formation of EtS. Results revealed multiple SULT isoforms being capable of catalyzing the transfer of a sulfo group to ethanol; nevertheless, the relevance of SULTs' polymorphism on the sulfonation of ethanol needs further appraisal. Nutritional components such as polyphenols effectively inhibit formation of EtS; this observation may partly serve as an explanation of the highly inter-individual variability of EtS findings in both blood and urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stachel
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Vossstrasse 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gisela Skopp
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Traffic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Vossstrasse 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Iwao T, Kodama N, Kondo Y, Kabeya T, Nakamura K, Horikawa T, Niwa T, Kurose K, Matsunaga T. Generation of enterocyte-like cells with pharmacokinetic functions from human induced pluripotent stem cells using small-molecule compounds. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:603-10. [PMID: 25650381 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine plays an important role in all aspects of pharmacokinetics, but there is no system for the comprehensive evaluation of small-intestinal pharmacokinetics, including drug metabolism and absorption. In this study, we aimed to construct an intestinal pharmacokinetics evaluation system and to generate pharmacokinetically functional enterocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Using activin A and fibroblast growth factor 2, we differentiated these stem cells into intestinal stem cell-like cells, and the resulting cells were differentiated into enterocytes in a medium containing epidermal growth factor and small-molecule compounds. The differentiated cells expressed intestinal marker genes and drug transporters. The expression of sucrase-isomaltase, an intestine-specific marker, was markedly increased by small-molecule compounds. The cells exhibited activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes expressed in enterocytes, including CYP1A1/2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, UGT, and sulfotransferase. Fluorescence-labeled dipeptide uptake into the cells was observed and was inhibited by ibuprofen, an inhibitor of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter solute carrier 15A1/PEPT1. CYP3A4 mRNA expression level was increased by these compounds and induced by the addition of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. CYP3A4/5 activity was also induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cells differentiated in the presence of the compounds. All these results show that we have generated enterocyte-like cells that have pharmacokinetic functions, and we have identified small-molecule compounds that are effective for promoting intestinal differentiation and the gain of pharmacokinetic functions. Our enterocyte-like cells would be useful material for developing a novel evaluation system to predict human intestinal pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Nao Kodama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Tomoki Kabeya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Katsunori Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Takashi Horikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Takuro Niwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Kouichi Kurose
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., N.K., Y.K., K.N., T.M.); Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.I., T.K., K.N., T.M.); DMPK Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda, Saitama, Japan (T.H., T.N.); Research & Development Department, Japan Bioindustry Association, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); and The Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Tibbs ZE, Rohn-Glowacki KJ, Crittenden F, Guidry AL, Falany CN. Structural plasticity in the human cytosolic sulfotransferase dimer and its role in substrate selectivity and catalysis. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:3-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
63
|
Content and evolution of potential furfural compounds in commercial milk-based infant formula powder after opening the packet. Food Chem 2015; 166:486-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
64
|
Bioactivation of food genotoxicants 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfuryl alcohol by sulfotransferases from human, mouse and rat: a comparative study. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:137-48. [PMID: 25370010 PMCID: PMC4710668 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfuryl alcohol (FFA) are moderately potent rodent carcinogens that are present in thermally processed foodstuffs. The carcinogenic effects were hypothesized to originate from sulfotransferase (SULT)-mediated bioactivation yielding DNA-reactive and mutagenic sulfate esters, a confirmed metabolic pathway of HMF and FFA in mice. It is known that orthologous SULT forms substantially differ in substrate specificity and tissue distribution. This could influence HMF- and FFA-induced carcinogenic effects. Here, we studied HMF and FFA sulfoconjugation by 30 individual SULT forms of humans, mice and rats. The catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) of HMF sulfoconjugation of human SULT1A1 (13.7 s−1 M−1), mouse Sult1a1 (15.8 s−1 M−1) and 1d1 (4.8 s−1 M−1) and rat Sult1a1 (5.3 s−1 M−1) were considerably higher than those of all other SULT forms investigated (≤0.73 s−1 M−1). FFA sulfoconjugation was monitored using adenosine as a nucleophilic scavenger for the reactive 2-sulfoxymethylfuran (t1/2 = 20 s at 37 °C). The resulting adduct N6-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-adenosine (N6-MF-A) was quantified by isotope-dilution UPLC-MS/MS. The rates of N6-MF-A formation showed that hSULT1A1 and its orthologues in mice and rats were also the most important contributors to FFA sulfoconjugation in each of the species. Taken together, the catalytic capacity of hSULT1A1 is comparable to that of mSult1a1 in mice, the species in which carcinogenic effects of HMF and FFA were detected. This is of primary concern due to the expression of hSULT1A1 in many different tissues.
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
The sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes catalyze the formation of sulfate esters or sulfamates from substrates that contain hydroxy or amine groups, utilizing 3'-phosphoadenosyl-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the donor of the sulfonic group. The rate of product formation depends on the concentrations of PAPS and substrate as well as the sulfotransferase enzyme; thus, if PAPS is held constant while varying substrate concentration (or vice versa), the kinetic constants derived are apparent constants. When studied over a narrow range of substrate concentrations, classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics can be observed with many SULT enzymes and most substrates. Some SULT enzymes exhibit positive or negative cooperativity during conversion of substrate to product, and the kinetics fit the Hill plot. A characteristic feature of most sulfotransferase-catalyzed reactions is that, when studied over a wide range of substrate concentrations, the rate of product formation initially increases as substrate concentration increases, then decreases at high substrate concentrations, i.e., they exhibit substrate inhibition or partial substrate inhibition. This chapter gives an introduction to sulfotransferases, including a historical note, the nomenclature, a description of the function of SULTs with different types of substrates, presentation of examples of enzyme kinetics with SULTs, and a discussion of what is known about mechanisms of substrate inhibition in the sulfotransferases.
Collapse
|
66
|
Jiang H, Lai Y, Hu K, Wei Q, Liu Y. Human CYP2E1-dependent and human sulfotransferase 1A1-modulated induction of micronuclei by benzene and its hydroxylated metabolites in Chinese hamster V79-derived cells. Mutat Res 2014; 770:37-44. [PMID: 25771868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and a confirmed human carcinogen, which requires metabolic activation, primarily by CYP2E1, for most of its biological actions. Chromosome damages in benzene-exposed workers and rodents have been observed, and in their urine sulfo- and glucuronide-conjugates of phenol and hydroquinone were present. Yet, direct evidence for human CYP2E1-activated mutagenicity of benzene and the exact significance of phase II metabolism for inactivating benzene metabolites are still missing. In the present study, benzene and its oxidized metabolites (phenol, hydroquinone, catechol, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene and 1,4-benzoquinone) were investigated for induction of micronuclei in a V79-derived cell line genetically engineered for expression of both human CYP2E1 and human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 (indicated by active micronuclei induction by 1-hydroxymethylpyrene). The results demonstrated concentration-dependent induction of micronuclei by benzene and phenol, though with lower potency or efficacy than the other metabolites. Inhibition of CYP2E1 by 1-aminobenzotriazole did not change the effect of benzoquinone, but completely abolished that of benzene and phenol, and attenuated that of the other compounds. Moreover, inhibition of SULT1A1 by pentachlorophenol potentiated the effects of benzene, hydroquinone, catechol and trihydroxybenzene. Ascorbic acid, a reducing and free radical-scavenging agent, significantly lowered the effects of hydroquinone, catechol, trihydroxybenzene as well as N-nitrosodimethylamine (a known CYP2E1-dependent promutagen), with that of benzoquinone unaffected. These results suggest that in addition to activating benzene and phenol, human CYP2E1 may further convert hydroquinone, catechol and trihydroxybenzene to more genotoxic metabolites, and sulfo-conjugation of the multi-hydroxylated metabolites of benzene by human SULT1A1 may represent an important detoxifying pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanmei Lai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Keqi Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qinzhi Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Sachse B, Meinl W, Glatt H, Monien BH. The effect of knockout of sulfotransferases 1a1 and 1d1 and of transgenic human sulfotransferases 1A1/1A2 on the formation of DNA adducts from furfuryl alcohol in mouse models. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2339-45. [PMID: 25053625 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Furfuryl alcohol is a rodent carcinogen present in numerous foodstuffs. Sulfotransferases (SULTs) convert furfuryl alcohol into the DNA reactive and mutagenic 2-sulfoxymethylfuran. Sensitive techniques for the isotope-dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry quantification of resulting DNA adducts, e.g. N (2)-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (N (2)-MF-dG), were developed. To better understand the contribution of specific SULT forms to the genotoxicity of furfuryl alcohol in vivo, we studied the tissue distribution of N (2)-MF-dG in different mouse models. Earlier mutagenicity studies with Salmonella typhimurium strains expressing different human and murine SULT forms indicated that human SULT1A1 and murine Sult1a1 and 1d1 catalyze furfuryl alcohol sulfo conjugation most effectively. Here, we used three mouse lines to study the bioactivation of furfuryl alcohol by murine SULTs, FVB/N wild-type (wt) mice and two genetically modified models lacking either murine Sult1a1 or Sult1d1. The animals received a single dose of furfuryl alcohol, and the levels of the DNA adducts were determined in liver, kidney, lung, colon and small intestine. The effect of Sult1d1 gene disruption on the genotoxicity of furfuryl alcohol was moderate and limited to kidney and small intestine. In contrast, the absence of functional Sult1a1 had a massive influence on the adduct levels, which were lowered by 33-73% in all tissues of the female Sult1a1 null mice compared with the wt animals. The detection of high N (2)-MF-dG levels in a humanized mouse line expressing hSULT1A1/1A2 instead of endogeneous Sult1a1 and Sult1d1 supports the hypothesis that furfuryl alcohol is converted to the mutagenic 2-sulfoxymethylfuran also in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sachse
- Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants and Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Walter Meinl
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Monien
- Research Group Genotoxic Food Contaminants and Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Mitchell SC, Waring RH, Wilson ID. Ethyl sulphate, a chemically reactive human metabolite of ethanol? Xenobiotica 2014; 44:957-60. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.941045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
69
|
James MO, Ambadapadi S. Interactions of cytosolic sulfotransferases with xenobiotics. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 45:401-14. [PMID: 24188364 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the sulfonic group from 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to hydroxy or amine groups in substrate molecules. The human cytosolic sulfotransferases that have been most studied, namely SULT1A1, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, SULT1E1 and SULT2A1, are expressed in different tissues of the body, including liver, intestine, adrenal, brain and skin. These sulfotransferases play important roles in the sulfonation of endogenous molecules such as steroid hormones and neurotransmitters, and in the elimination of xenobiotic molecules such as drugs, environmental chemicals and natural products. There is often overlapping substrate selectivity among the sulfotransferases, although one isoform may exhibit greater enzyme efficiency than other isoforms. Similarly, inhibitors or enhancers of one isoform often affect other isoforms, but typically with different potency. This means that if the activity of one form of sulfotransferase is altered (either inhibited or enhanced) by the presence of a xenobiotic, the sulfonation of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates for other isoforms may well be affected. There are more examples of inhibitors than enhancers of sulfonation. Modulators of sulfotransferase enzymes include natural products ingested as part of the human diet as well as environmental chemicals and drugs. This review will discuss recent work on such interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville , FL , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kurogi K, Chepak A, Hanrahan MT, Liu MY, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of opioid drugs by human cytosolic sulfotransferases: metabolic labeling study and enzymatic analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:40-8. [PMID: 24832963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to examine the sulfation of eight opioid drugs, morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, nalbuphine, levorphanol, nalorphine, and naltrexone, in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and human organ samples (lung, liver, kidney, and small intestine) and to identify the human SULT(s) responsible for their sulfation. Analysis of the spent media of HepG2 cells, metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate in the presence of each of the eight opioid drugs, showed the generation and release of corresponding [35S]sulfated derivatives. Five of the eight opioid drugs, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, nalorphine, and naltrexone, appeared to be more strongly sulfated in HepG2 cells than were the other three, morphine, nalbuphine, and levorphanol. Differential sulfating activities toward the opioid drugs were detected in cytosol or S9 fractions of human lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney, with the highest activities being found for the liver sample. A systematic analysis using eleven known human SULTs and kinetic experiment revealed SULT1A1 as the major responsible SULTs for the sulfation of oxymorphone, nalbuphine, nalorphine, and naltrexone, SULT1A3 for the sulfation of morphine and hydromorphone, and SULT2A1 for the sulfation of butorphanol and levorphanol. Collectively, the results obtained imply that sulfation may play a significant role in the metabolism of the tested opioid drugs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Andriy Chepak
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Michael T Hanrahan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Sidorenko VS, Attaluri S, Zaitseva I, Iden CR, Dickman KG, Johnson F, Grollman AP. Bioactivation of the human carcinogen aristolochic acid. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1814-22. [PMID: 24743514 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aristolochic acids are potent human carcinogens; the role of phase II metabolism in their bioactivation is unclear. Accordingly, we tested the ability of the partially reduced metabolites, N-hydroxyaristolactams (AL-NOHs), and their N-O-sulfonated and N-O-acetylated derivatives to react with DNA to form aristolactam-DNA adducts. AL-NOHs displayed little or no activity in this regard while the sulfo- and acetyl compounds readily form DNA adducts, as detected by (32)P-post-labeling analysis. Mouse hepatic and renal cytosols stimulated binding of AL-NOHs to DNA in the presence of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) but not of acetyl-CoA. Using Time of Flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, N-hydroxyaristolactam I formed the sulfated compound in the presence of PAPS and certain human sulfotransferases, SULT1B1 >>> SULT1A2 > SULT1A1 >>> SULT1A3. The same pattern of SULT reactivity was observed when N-hydroxyaristolactam I was incubated with these enzymes and PAPS and the reaction was monitored by formation of aristolactam-DNA adducts. In the presence of human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, the ability of aristolochic acid I to bind DNA covalently was increased significantly by addition of PAPS and SULT1B1. We conclude from these studies that AL-NOHs, formed following partial nitroreduction of aristolochic acids, serve as substrates for SULT1B1, producing N-sulfated esters, which, in turn, are converted to highly active species that react with DNA and, potentially, cellular proteins, resulting in the genotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with ingestion of aristolochic acids by humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Gundert-Remy U, Bernauer U, Blömeke B, Döring B, Fabian E, Goebel C, Hessel S, Jäckh C, Lampen A, Oesch F, Petzinger E, Völkel W, Roos PH. Extrahepatic metabolism at the body's internal–external interfaces. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:291-324. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
73
|
Heger M, van Golen RF, Broekgaarden M, Michel MC. The molecular basis for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin and its metabolites in relation to cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:222-307. [PMID: 24368738 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the oncopharmacological properties of curcumin at the molecular level. First, the interactions between curcumin and its molecular targets are addressed on the basis of curcumin's distinct chemical properties, which include H-bond donating and accepting capacity of the β-dicarbonyl moiety and the phenylic hydroxyl groups, H-bond accepting capacity of the methoxy ethers, multivalent metal and nonmetal cation binding properties, high partition coefficient, rotamerization around multiple C-C bonds, and the ability to act as a Michael acceptor. Next, the in vitro chemical stability of curcumin is elaborated in the context of its susceptibility to photochemical and chemical modification and degradation (e.g., alkaline hydrolysis). Specific modification and degradatory pathways are provided, which mainly entail radical-based intermediates, and the in vitro catabolites are identified. The implications of curcumin's (photo)chemical instability are addressed in light of pharmaceutical curcumin preparations, the use of curcumin analogues, and implementation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of curcumin and its most important degradation products are detailed in light of curcumin's poor bioavailability. Particular emphasis is placed on xenobiotic phase I and II metabolism as well as excretion of curcumin in the intestines (first pass), the liver (second pass), and other organs in addition to the pharmacokinetics of curcumin metabolites and their systemic clearance. Lastly, a summary is provided of the clinical pharmacodynamics of curcumin followed by a detailed account of curcumin's direct molecular targets, whereby the phenotypical/biological changes induced in cancer cells upon completion of the curcumin-triggered signaling cascade(s) are addressed in the framework of the hallmarks of cancer. The direct molecular targets include the ErbB family of receptors, protein kinase C, enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis, vitamin D receptor, and DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Almási A, Bojcsev S, Fischer T, Simon H, Perjési P, Fischer E. Metabolic enzyme activities and drug excretion in the small intestine and in the liver in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 100:478-88. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.100.2013.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
75
|
Hessel S, Lampen A, Seidel A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food – Efflux of the conjugated biomarker 1-hydroxypyrene is mediated by Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:797-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
76
|
Commensal bacteria-dependent indole production enhances epithelial barrier function in the colon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80604. [PMID: 24278294 PMCID: PMC3835565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota have been shown to have a great influence on functions of intestinal epithelial cells (ECs). The role of indole as a quorum-sensing (QS) molecule mediating intercellular signals in bacteria has been well appreciated. However, it remains unknown whether indole has beneficial effects on maintaining intestinal barriers in vivo. In this study, we analyzed the effect of indole on ECs using a germ free (GF) mouse model. GF mice showed decreased expression of junctional complex molecules in colonic ECs. The feces of specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice contained a high amount of indole; however the amount was significantly decreased in the feces of GF mice by 27-fold. Oral administration of indole-containing capsules resulted in increased expression of both tight junction (TJ)- and adherens junction (AJ)-associated molecules in colonic ECs in GF mice. In accordance with the increased expression of these junctional complex molecules, GF mice given indole-containing capsules showed higher resistance to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. A similar protective effect of indole on DSS-induced epithelial damage was also observed in mice bred in SPF conditions. These findings highlight the beneficial role of indole in establishing an epithelial barrier in vivo.
Collapse
|
77
|
Islam MN, Khalil MI, Islam MA, Gan SH. Toxic compounds in honey. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:733-42. [PMID: 24214851 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a wealth of information about the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey. However, honey may contain compounds that may lead to toxicity. A compound not naturally present in honey, named 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), may be formed during the heating or preservation processes of honey. HMF has gained much interest, as it is commonly detected in honey samples, especially samples that have been stored for a long time. HMF is a compound that may be mutagenic, carcinogenic and cytotoxic. It has also been reported that honey can be contaminated with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium. Honey produced from the nectar of Rhododendron ponticum contains alkaloids that can be poisonous to humans, while honey collected from Andromeda flowers contains grayanotoxins, which can cause paralysis of limbs in humans and eventually leads to death. In addition, Melicope ternata and Coriaria arborea from New Zealand produce toxic honey that can be fatal. There are reports that honey is not safe to be consumed when it is collected from Datura plants (from Mexico and Hungary), belladonna flowers and Hyoscamus niger plants (from Hungary), Serjania lethalis (from Brazil), Gelsemium sempervirens (from the American Southwest), Kalmia latifolia, Tripetalia paniculata and Ledum palustre. Although the symptoms of poisoning due to honey consumption may differ depending on the source of toxins, most common symptoms generally include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, headache, palpitations or even death. It has been suggested that honey should not be considered a completely safe food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Actis-Goretta L, Lévèques A, Rein M, Teml A, Schäfer C, Hofmann U, Li H, Schwab M, Eichelbaum M, Williamson G. Intestinal absorption, metabolism, and excretion of (-)-epicatechin in healthy humans assessed by using an intestinal perfusion technique. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:924-33. [PMID: 23864538 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.065789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND (-)-Epicatechin is a dietary flavonoid present in many foods that affects vascular function, but its action is limited by incomplete absorption, conjugation, and metabolism. Factors that influence this activity may be attributed to instability in the gastrointestinal lumen, low permeability across the intestinal wall, or active efflux from enterocytes and extensive conjugation. OBJECTIVE With the use of a multilumen perfusion catheter, we investigated the jejunal absorption, systemic availability, metabolism, and intestinal, biliary, and urinary excretion of (-)-epicatechin in humans. DESIGN In a single-center, randomized, open, controlled study in 8 healthy volunteers, 50 mg purified (-)-epicatechin was perfused into an isolated jejunal segment together with antipyrine as a marker for absorption. (-)-Epicatechin and conjugates were measured in intestinal perfusates, bile, plasma, and urine. RESULTS Forty-six percent of the dose was recovered in the perfusate either as unchanged (-)-epicatechin (22 mg) or conjugates (0.8 mg); with stability taken into account, this result indicates that ∼46% of the dose had apparently been absorbed. The conjugates were predominantly sulfates, which indicated conjugation by sulfotransferases followed by efflux from the enterocytes. In contrast, epicatechin glucuronides were dominant in plasma, bile, and urine. CONCLUSIONS Almost one-half of the (-)-epicatechin is apparently absorbed in the jejunum but with substantial interindividual differences in the extent of absorption. The data suggest that the nature and substitution position of (-)-epicatechin conjugation are major determinants of the metabolic fate in the body, influencing whether the compound is effluxed into the lumen or absorbed into the blood and subsequently excreted.
Collapse
|
79
|
Nauwelaërs G, Bellamri M, Fessard V, Turesky RJ, Langouët S. DNA adducts of the tobacco carcinogens 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 4-aminobiphenyl are formed at environmental exposure levels and persist in human hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1367-77. [PMID: 23898916 PMCID: PMC3904354 DOI: 10.1021/tx4002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and structurally related heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are produced during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meat. Exposure to some of these chemicals may contribute to the etiology of several common types of human cancers. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is the most abundant HAA formed in mainstream tobacco smoke: it arises in amounts that are 25-100 times greater than the levels of the arylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), a human carcinogen. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is a prevalent HAA formed in cooked meats. AαC and MeIQx are rodent carcinogens; however, their carcinogenic potency in humans is unknown. A preliminary assessment of the carcinogenic potential of these HAAs in humans was conducted by examining the capacity of primary human hepatocytes to form DNA adducts of AαC and MeIQx, in comparison to 4-ABP, followed by the kinetics of DNA adduct removal by cellular enzyme repair systems. The principal DNA adducts formed were N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts. Comparable levels of DNA adducts were formed with AαC and 4-ABP, whereas adduct formation was ∼5-fold lower for MeIQx. dG-C8-AαC and dG-C8-4-ABP were formed at comparable levels in a concentration-dependent manner in human hepatocytes treated with procarcinogens over a 10,000-fold concentration range (1 nM-10 μM). Pretreatment of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, resulted in a strong diminution of DNA adducts signifying that P450 1A2 is a major P450 isoform involved in bioactivation of these procarcinogens. The kinetics of adduct removal varied for each hepatocyte donor. Approximately half of the DNA adducts were removed within 24 h of treatment; however, the remaining lesions persisted over 5 days. The high levels of AαC present in tobacco smoke and its propensity to form persistent DNA adducts in human hepatocytes suggest that AαC can contribute to DNA damage and the risk of hepatocellular cancer in smokers.
Collapse
|
80
|
Runge-Morris M, Kocarek TA. Expression of the sulfotransferase 1C family: implications for xenobiotic toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:450-9. [PMID: 24028175 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The SULT1C enzymes are a relatively under-studied branch of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) multigene family. Concrete information about SULT1C tissue-specific expression, substrate preference, role in physiology and regulation is just emerging in the literature. The role of SULT1Cs in normal physiology is uncertain, but SULT1C-catalyzed sulfonation of thyroid hormones may be a mechanism to titrate the pre-receptor levels of biologically active thyroid hormone in target tissues. Both rat and human cytosolic SULT1Cs are most noted for their ability to bioactivate potent procarcinogens such as N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. This implicates a possible role for the SULT1Cs as modulators of environmental carcinogen exposure and determinants of neoplastic transformation. In humans, the SULT1Cs are likely to function physiologically in cell proliferation and organogenesis pathways during development, as SULT1Cs appear to be preferentially expressed during fetal life. In recent years, the SULT1C nomenclature as presented in the literature has undergone major changes in response to updated genomic information. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on the SULT1Cs and to clarify perspectives on SULT1C species differences, tissue-specific expression, nomenclature and role in pathophysiology. The ultimate goal is to understand the undiscovered impact of SULT1C expression on hormone homeostasis and xenobiotic toxicity during human development and as a prelude to disease development later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Leyh TS, Cook I, Wang T. Structure, dynamics and selectivity in the sulfotransferase family. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:423-30. [PMID: 24025091 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Combined structure, function and molecular dynamics studies of human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULT1A1 and 2A1) have revealed that these enzymes contain a ≈ 30-residue active-site cap whose structure responds to substrates and mediates their interactions. The binding of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) gates access to the active site by a remodeling of the cap that constricts the pore through which acceptors must pass to enter the active site. While the PAPS-bound enzyme spends the majority (≈ 95%) of its time in the constricted state, the pore isomerizes between the open and closed states when the nucleotide (PAPS) is bound. The dimensions of the open and closed pores place widely different steric constraints on substrate selectivity. Nature appears to have crafted these enzymes with two specificity settings - a closed-pore setting that admits a set of closely related structures, and an open setting that allows a far wider spectrum of acceptor geometries. The specificities of these settings seem well matched to the metabolic demands for homeostatic and defensive SULT functions. The departure of nucleotide requires that the cap open. This isomerization dependent release can explain both the product bursts and substrate inhibition seen in many SULTs. Here, the experimental underpinnings of the cap-mechanism are reviewed, and the advantages of such a mechanism are considered in the context of the cellular and metabolic environment in which these enzymes operate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Leyh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Meinl W, Tsoi C, Swedmark S, Tibbs ZE, Falany CN, Glatt H. Highly selective bioactivation of 1- and 2-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene to mutagens by individual human and other mammalian sulphotransferases expressed in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:609-19. [PMID: 23894158 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzylic alcohols 1- and 2-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene (OH-MC) are major primary metabolites of the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MC). We investigated them for mutagenicity in TA1538-derived Salmonella typhimurium strains expressing mammalian sulphotransferases (SULTs). 1-OH-MC was efficiently activated by human (h) SULT1B1 (2400 revertants/nmol), weakly activated by hSULT1C3 and hSULT2A1 (2-9 revertants/nmol), but not activated by the other hSULTs studied (1A2, 1A3, 1C2 and 1E1). Mouse, rat and dog SULT1B1 activated 1-OH-MC (8-100 revertants/nmol) with much lower efficiency than their human orthologue. The other isomer, 2-OH-MC, was activated to a potent mutagen by hSULT1A1 (4000-5400 revertants/nmol), weakly activated by hSULT1A2 or hSULT2A1 (1-12 revertants/nmol), but not activated by the other hSULTs. In contrast to their human orthologue, mouse, rat and dog SULT1A1 did not appreciably activate 2-OH-MC (<1 to 6 revertants/nmol), either. Instead, mouse and rat SULT1B1, unlike their human and canine orthologues, demonstrated some activation of 2-OH-MC (15-100 revertants/nmol). Docking analyses indicated that 1- and 2-OH-MC might bind to the active site of hSULT1A1 and hSULT1B1, but only for (S)-2-OH-MC/hSULT1A1 and (R)-1-OH-MC/hSULT1B1 with an orientation suitable for catalysis. Indeed, 1- and 2-OH-MC were potent inhibitors of the hSULT1A1-mediated sulphation of acetaminophen [concentration inhibiting the enzyme activity by 50% (IC50) 15 and 13nM, respectively]. This inhibition was weak with mouse, rat and dog SULT1A1 (IC50 ≥ 4 µM). Inhibition of the SULT1B1 enzymes was moderate, strongest for 1-OH-MC/hSULT1B1. In conclusion, this study provides examples for high selectivity of bioactivation of promutagens by an individual form of human SULT and for pronounced differences in activation capacity between orthologous SULTs from different mammalian species. These characteristics make the detection and evaluation of such mutagens extremely difficult, in particular as the critical form may even differ for positional isomers, such as 1- and 2-OH-MC. Moreover, the species-dependent differences will complicate the verification of in vitro results in animal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Meinl
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition DIfE Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Yalcin EB, More V, Neira KL, Lu ZJ, Cherrington NJ, Slitt AL, King RS. Downregulation of sulfotransferase expression and activity in diseased human livers. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1642-50. [PMID: 23775849 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase (SULT) function has been well studied in healthy human subjects by quantifying mRNA and protein expression and determining enzyme activity with probe substrates. However, it is not well known if sulfotransferase activity changes in metabolic and liver disease, such as diabetes, steatosis, or cirrhosis. Sulfotransferases have significant roles in the regulation of hormones and excretion of xenobiotics. In the present study of normal subjects with nonfatty livers and patients with steatosis, diabetic cirrhosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis, we sought to determine SULT1A1, SULT2A1, SULT1E1, and SULT1A3 activity and mRNA and protein expression in human liver tissue. In general, sulfotransferase activity decreased significantly with severity of liver disease from steatosis to cirrhosis. Specifically, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 activities were lower in disease states relative to nonfatty tissues. Alcoholic cirrhotic tissues further contained lower SULT1A1 and 1A3 activities than those affected by either of the two other disease states. SULT2A1, on the other hand, was only reduced in alcoholic cirrhotic tissues. SULT1E1 was reduced both in diabetic cirrhosis and in alcoholic cirrhosis tissues, relative to nonfatty liver tissues. In conclusion, the reduced levels of sulfotransferase expression and activity in diseased versus nondiseased liver tissue may alter the metabolism and disposition of xenobiotics and affect homeostasis of endobiotic sulfotransferase substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine B Yalcin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Kurogi K, Davidson G, Mohammed YI, Williams FE, Liu MY, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Ethanol sulfation by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases: a systematic analysis. Biol Pharm Bull 2013. [PMID: 23207770 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl sulfate, a minor and direct ethanol metabolite in adult human body, has been implicated as a biomarker for alcohol consumption and in utero exposure to ethanol. To understand better the physiological relevance of the sulfation of ethanol, it is important to clarify the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes that are responsible for ethanol sulfation. The present study aimed to identify the major ethanol-sulfating human SULTs and to investigate the sulfation of ethanol under the metabolic setting. A systematic analysis revealed four ethanol-sulfating SULTs, SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, and SULT1C4, among the eleven human SULT enzymes previously prepared and purified. A metabolic labeling study demonstrated the generation and release of ethyl [(35)S]sulfate in a concentration-dependent manner by HepG2 human hepatoma cells labeled with [(35)S]sulfate in the presence of different concentrations of ethanol. Cytosol or S9 fractions of human lung, liver, and small intestine were examined to verify the presence of ethanol-sulfating activity in vivo. Of the three human organs, the small intestine displayed the highest activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Cook I, Wang T, Almo SC, Kim J, Falany CN, Leyh TS. The gate that governs sulfotransferase selectivity. Biochemistry 2012; 52:415-24. [PMID: 23256751 DOI: 10.1021/bi301492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) transfer the sulfuryl moiety (-SO(3)) from activated sulfate [3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS)] to the hydroxyls and primary amines of numerous metabolites, drugs, and xenobiotics. Receipt of the sulfuryl group often radically alters acceptor-target interactions. How these enzymes select particular substrates from the hundreds of candidates in a complex cytosol remains an important question. Recent work reveals PAPS binding causes SULT2A1 to undergo an isomerization that controls selectivity by constricting the opening through which acceptors must pass to enter the active site. The enzyme maintains an affinity for large substrates by isomerizing between the open and closed states with nucleotide bound. Here, the molecular basis of the nucleotide-induced closure is explored in equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations predict that the active-site "cap," which covers both the nucleotide and acceptor binding sites, opens and closes in response to nucleotide. The cap subdivides into nucleotide and acceptor halves whose motions, while coupled, exhibit an independence that can explain the isomerization. In silico weakening of electrostatic interactions between the cap and base of the active site causes the acceptor half of the cap to open and close while the nucleotide lid remains shut. Simulations predict that SULT1A1, the most abundant SULT in human liver, will utilize a similar selection mechanism. This prediction is tested using fulvestrant, an anti-estrogen too large to pass through the closed pore, and estradiol, which is not restricted by closure. Equilibrium and pre-steady-state binding studies confirm that SULT1A1 undergoes a nucleotide-induced isomerzation that controls substrate selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461-1926, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Cook I, Wang T, Falany CN, Leyh TS. A nucleotide-gated molecular pore selects sulfotransferase substrates. Biochemistry 2012; 51:5674-83. [PMID: 22703301 DOI: 10.1021/bi300631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human SULT2A1 is one of two predominant sulfotransferases in liver and catalyzes transfer of the sulfuryl moiety (-SO(3)) from activated sulfate (PAPS, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphosulfate) to hundreds of acceptors (metabolites and xenobiotics). Sulfation recodes the biologic activity of acceptors by altering their receptor interactions. The molecular basis on which these enzymes select and sulfonate specific acceptors from complex mixtures of competitors in vivo is a long-standing issue in the SULT field. Raloxifene, a synthetic steroid used in the prevention of osteoporosis, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a ubiquitous steroid precusor, are reported to be sulfated efficiently by SULT2A1 in vitro, yet unlike DHEA, raloxifene is not sulfated in vivo. This selectivity was explored in initial rate and equilibrium binding studies that demonstrate pronounced binding antisynergy (21-fold) between PAPS and raloxifene, but not DHEA. Analysis of crystal structures suggests that PAP binding restricts access to the acceptor-binding pocket by restructuring a nine-residue segment of the pocket edge that constricts the active site opening, or "pore", that sieves substrates on the basis of their geometries. In silico docking predicts that raloxifene, which is considerably larger than DHEA, can bind only to the unliganded (open) enzyme, whereas DHEA binds both the open and closed forms. The predictions of these structures with regard to substrate binding are tested using equilibrium and pre-steady-state ligand binding studies, and the results confirm that a nucleotide-driven isomerization controls access to the acceptor-binding pocket and plays an important role in substrate selection by SULT2A1 and possibly other sulfotransferases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461-1926, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Dong D, Ako R, Wu B. Crystal structures of human sulfotransferases: insights into the mechanisms of action and substrate selectivity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:635-46. [PMID: 22512672 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.677027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are the enzymes that catalyze the sulfonation reaction, an important metabolic pathway for numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds. Human SULTs exhibit complex patterns of broad, differential and overlapping substrate selectivity. Moreover, these enzymes often display substrate inhibition kinetics (i.e., inhibition of the enzyme activity at high substrate concentrations). AREAS COVERED At present, the crystal structures for 12 human SULTs (i.e., SULT1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1C1, 1C2, 1C3, 1E1, 2A1, 2B1a, 2B1b and 4A1) are available, many of which are in complex with a substrate. This review describes the similarities and differences in these structures (particularly the active-site structures) of SULT enzymes. The authors also discuss the structural basis for understanding the catalytic mechanism, the substrate inhibition mechanisms, the cofactor (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS) binding and the substrate recognition. EXPERT OPINION Correlations of the structural features (including conformational flexibility) in the active sites with the substrate profiles of several SULTs have been well established. One is encouraged to closely integrate in silico approaches with the structural knowledge of the active sites for development of a rationalized and accurate tool that is able to predict metabolism of SULTs toward chemicals and drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dong
- University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Meng S, Wu B, Singh R, Yin T, Morrow JK, Zhang S, Hu M. SULT1A3-mediated regiospecific 7-O-sulfation of flavonoids in Caco-2 cells can be explained by the relevant molecular docking studies. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:862-73. [PMID: 22352375 DOI: 10.1021/mp200400s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with various claimed health benefits, but the extensive metabolism by uridine-5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) in liver and intestine led to poor oral bioavailabilities. The effects of structural changes on the sulfonation of flavonoids have not been systemically determined, although relevant effects of structural changes on the glucuronidation of flavonoids had. We performed the regiospecific sulfonation of sixteen flavonoids from five different subclasses of flavonoids, which are represented by apigenin (flavone), genistein (isoflavone), naringenin (flavanone), kaempherol (flavonol), and phloretin (chalcone). Additional studies were performed using 4 monohydroxyl flavonoids with a -OH group at the 3, 4', 5 or 7 position, followed by 5 dihydroxyl flavonoids, and 2 trihydroxyl flavonoids by using expressed human SULT1A3 and Caco-2 cell lysates. We found that these compounds were exclusively sulfated at the 7-OH position by SULT1A3 and primarily sulfated at the 7-OH position in Caco-2 cell lysates with minor amounts of 4'-O-sulfates formed as well. Sulfonation rates measured using SULT1A3 and Caco-2 cell lysates were highly correlated at substrate concentrations of 2.5 and 10 μM. Molecular docking studies provided structural explanations as to why sulfonation only occurred at the 7-OH position of flavones, flavonols and flavanones. In conclusion, molecular docking studies explain why SULT1A3 exclusively mediates sulfonation at the 7-OH position of flavones/flavonols, and correlation studies indicate that SULT1A3 is the main isoform responsible for flavonoid sulfonation in the Caco-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Snedeker SM, Hay AG. Do interactions between gut ecology and environmental chemicals contribute to obesity and diabetes? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:332-9. [PMID: 22042266 PMCID: PMC3295356 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota are important factors in obesity and diabetes, yet little is known about their role in the toxicodynamics of environmental chemicals, including those recently found to be obesogenic and diabetogenic. OBJECTIVES We integrated evidence that independently links gut ecology and environmental chemicals to obesity and diabetes, providing a framework for suggesting how these environmental factors may interact with these diseases, and identified future research needs. METHODS We examined studies with germ-free or antibiotic-treated laboratory animals, and human studies that evaluated how dietary influences and microbial changes affected obesity and diabetes. Strengths and weaknesses of studies evaluating how environmental chemical exposures may affect obesity and diabetes were summarized, and research gaps on how gut ecology may affect the disposition of environmental chemicals were identified. RESULTS Mounting evidence indicates that gut microbiota composition affects obesity and diabetes, as does exposure to environmental chemicals. The toxicology and pharmacology literature also suggests that interindividual variations in gut microbiota may affect chemical metabolism via direct activation of chemicals, depletion of metabolites needed for biotransformation, alteration of host biotransformation enzyme activities, changes in enterohepatic circulation, altered bioavailability of environmental chemicals and/or antioxidants from food, and alterations in gut motility and barrier function. CONCLUSIONS Variations in gut microbiota are likely to affect human toxicodynamics and increase individual exposure to obesogenic and diabetogenic chemicals. Combating the global obesity and diabetes epidemics requires a multifaceted approach that should include greater emphasis on understanding and controlling the impact of interindividual gut microbe variability on the disposition of environmental chemicals in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Snedeker
- Department of Microbiology and the Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Oda Y, Zhang Y, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Yang M. Roles of human sulfotransferases in genotoxicity of carcinogens using genetically engineered umu test strains. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:152-164. [PMID: 22072630 DOI: 10.1002/em.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1, 1A2, and 1A3 cDNA genes were subcloned separately into the pTrc99A(KM) vector. The generated plasmids were introduced into the Salmonella typhimurium O-acetyltransferase-deficient strain NM6000 (TA1538/1,8-DNP/pSK1002), resulting in the new strains NM7001, NM7002, and NM7003. We compared the sensitivities of these three strains with the parental strain NM7000 against 51 chemicals including aromatic amines, nitroarenes, alkenylbenzenes, estrogens-like chemicals, and other compounds with and without S9 mix by making use of the umu test system that is based on the bacterial SOS induction. 2-Amino-6-methyl-dipyrido[1,2-α:3',2'-d]imidazole, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, 3-nitrobenzanthrone, 5-nitroacenaphthene, and 3,9-dinitrofluoranthene caused high genotoxicity in the NM7001 strain. The genotoxic effects of 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-nitrofluorene, 1-nitropyrene, and 2-nitropropane were stronger in the NM7002 strain compared with the NM7001 and NM7003 strains. Among the tested benzylic and allylic compounds, 1-hydroxymethylpyrene was detected in the NM7001 strain with the highest sensitivity. Estragole and 1'-hydroxysafrole exhibited strong genotoxicity in the NM7003 strain. The estrogen-like chemicals such as bisphenol A, genistein, p,n-nonylphenol, and 4-hydroxytamoxifen were not detected as genotoxins in any strain used. Collectively, the present results suggest that the generated test strains are valuable tools in order to elucidate the role of SULT enzymes in the bioactivation of chemicals to environmental carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Oda
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Florian S, Bauer-Marinovic M, Taugner F, Dobbernack G, Monien BH, Meinl W, Glatt H. Study of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its metabolite 5-sulfooxymethylfurfural on induction of colonic aberrant crypt foci in wild-type mice and transgenic mice expressing human sulfotransferases 1A1 and 1A2. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:593-600. [PMID: 22351042 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE It was reported that the Maillard product 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) initiates and promotes aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rat colon. We studied whether 5-sulfooxymethylfurfural (SMF), an electrophilic and mutagenic metabolite of HMF, is able to induce ACF in two murine models. METHODS AND RESULTS In the first model, FVB/N mice received four intraperitoneal administrations of SMF (62.5 or 125 mg/kg) or azoxymethane (10 mg/kg). Animals were killed 4-40 weeks after the last treatment. A total of 1064 ACF and five adenocarcinomas were detected in the azoxymethane-treated groups (20 animals), but none in the negative control and SMF-treated groups (35 and 50 animals, respectively). In the second model, HMF was administered via drinking water to wild-type FVB/N mice and transgenic mice carrying several copies of human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 and 1A2 genes. HMF SULT activity was clearly elevated in cytosolic fractions of colon mucosa, liver and kidney of transgenic animals compared to wild-type mice and humans. The animals (six per group) received 134 and 536 mg HMF/kg/day for 12 weeks. HMF did not induce any ACF either in wild-type or transgenic animals. CONCLUSION We found no evidence for an induction of ACF by HMF or its metabolite SMF in extensive studies in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Florian
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke,, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Toxicity studies with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its metabolite 5-sulphooxymethylfurfural in wild-type mice and transgenic mice expressing human sulphotransferases 1A1 and 1A2. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:701-11. [PMID: 22349055 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Sulphooxymethylfurfural (SMF), an electrophilic metabolite of the abundant Maillard product 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), was intraperitoneally administered to FVB/N mice. At a dosage of 250 mg/kg, most animals died after 5-11 days due to massive damage to proximal tubules. At lower dosages, administered repeatedly, tubules also were the major target of toxicity, with regeneration and atypical hyperplasia occurring at later periods. Additionally, hepatotoxic effects and serositis of peritoneal tissues were observed. SMF is a minor metabolite of HMF in conventional mice, but HMF is an excellent substrate for a major sulphotransferase (hSULT1A1) in humans. Parental FVB/N mice and FVB/N-hSULT1A1/2 mice, carrying multiple copies of the hSULT1A1/2 gene cluster, were exposed to HMF in drinking water (0, 134 and 536 mg/kg body mass/day) for 12 weeks. Nephrotoxic effects and enhanced proliferation of hepatocytes were only detected at the high dosage. They were mild and, surprisingly, unaffected by hSULT1A1/2 expression. Thus, SMF was a potent nephrotoxicant when administered as a bolus, but did not reach levels sufficient to produce serious toxicity when generated from HMF administered continuously via drinking water. This was even the case in transgenic mice expressing clearly higher HMF sulphation activity in liver and kidney than humans.
Collapse
|
93
|
Wu B. Pharmacokinetic Interplay of Phase II Metabolism and Transport: A Theoretical Study. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:381-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
94
|
Svendsen C, Meinl W, Glatt H, Alexander J, Knutsen HK, Hjertholm H, Rasmussen T, Husøy T. Intestinal carcinogenesis of two food processing contaminants, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, in transgenic FVB min mice expressing human sulfotransferases. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:984-92. [PMID: 22006426 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans express sulfotransferases (SULTs) of the SULT1A subfamily in many tissues, whilst the single SULT1A gene present in rodents is mainly expressed in liver. The food processing contaminants, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), are bioactivated by human SULT1A1 and SULT1A2. FVB multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice, which spontaneously develop tumors and flat aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in intestine, were crossed with transgenic FVB mice expressing human SULT1A1 and 1A2 (hSULT) in several tissues, giving rise to wild-type and Min mice with and without hSULT. One-week-old Min mice with or without hSULT were given HMF (375 or 750 mg/kg bw) or saline by gavage three times a week for 11 wk. In another experiment, the F1 generation received subcutaneous injections of 50 mg/kg bw PhIP or saline 1 wk before birth, and 1, 2, and 3 wk after birth. HMF did not affect the formation of tumors, but may have induced some flat ACF (incidence 15-20%) in Min mice with and without hSULT. No control mouse developed any flat ACF. With the limitation that these putative effects were weak, they were unaffected by hSULT expression. The carcinogenic effect of PhIP increased in the presence of hSULT, with a significant increase in both incidence (31-80%) and number of colonic tumors (0.4-1.3 per animal). Thus, intestinal expression of human SULT1A1 and 1A2 might increase the susceptibility to compounds bioactivated via this pathway implying that humans might be more susceptible than conventional rodent models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Svendsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Gong J, Gan J, Iyer RA. Identification of the Oxidative and Conjugative Enzymes Involved in the Biotransformation of Brivanib. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:219-26. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.042457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
96
|
Dobbernack G, Meinl W, Schade N, Florian S, Wend K, Voigt I, Himmelbauer H, Gross M, Liehr T, Glatt H. Altered tissue distribution of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine-DNA adducts in mice transgenic for human sulfotransferases 1A1 and 1A2. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1734-40. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
97
|
Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Böhmdorfer M, Maier‐Salamon A, Taferner B, Reznicek G, Thalhammer T, Hering S, Hüfner A, Schühly W, Jäger W. In vitro metabolism and disposition of honokiol in rat and human livers. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3506-3516. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
99
|
Menozzi-Smarrito C, Wong CC, Meinl W, Glatt H, Fumeaux R, Munari C, Robert F, Williamson G, Barron D. First chemical synthesis and in vitro characterization of the potential human metabolites 5-o-feruloylquinic acid 4'-sulfate and 4'-O-glucuronide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5671-5676. [PMID: 21417257 DOI: 10.1021/jf200272m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Feruloylquinic acids are a major class of biologically active phenolic antioxidants in coffee beans, but their metabolic fate is poorly understood. The present study investigated the phase II metabolism of feruloylquinic acids with selected human sulfotransferases (SULT1A1 and SULT1E1) and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A1 and UGT1A9). For unequivocal metabolite identification, the chemical synthesis of two potential human metabolites of 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, the 4'-sulfated and 4'-O-glucuronidated conjugates, has been performed for the first time. Following incubation with human SULT1A1 or SULT1E1, formation of 5-O-feruloylquinic acid 4'-O-sulfate was confirmed by matching its HPLC and MS data with those of the authentic standard. On the other hand, no glucuronide conjugates were detected after incubation with human uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases. These results suggest that sulfation can take place on the ferulic acid moiety of feruloylquinic acids and may be a major metabolic pathway for feruloylquinic acids in humans.
Collapse
|
100
|
Capuano E, Fogliano V. Acrylamide and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF): A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food and mitigation strategies. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|