51
|
Qian Y, Deng S, Lu Z, She Y, Xie J, Cong Z, Zhang W, Liu R. Using In Vivo Assessment on Host Defense Peptide Mimicking Polymer-Modified Surfaces for Combating Implant Infections. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:3811-3829. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yunrui She
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiayang Xie
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zihao Cong
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Speziale P, Pietrocola G. The Multivalent Role of Fibronectin-Binding Proteins A and B (FnBPA and FnBPB) of Staphylococcus aureus in Host Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2054. [PMID: 32983039 PMCID: PMC7480013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most important human pathogens, is the causative agent of several infectious diseases including sepsis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and soft tissue infections. This pathogenicity is due to a multitude of virulence factors including several cell wall-anchored proteins (CWA). CWA proteins have modular structures with distinct domains binding different ligands. The majority of S. aureus strains express two CWA fibronectin (Fn)-binding adhesins FnBPA and FnBPB (Fn-binding proteins A and B), which are encoded by closely related genes. The N-terminus of FnBPA and FnBPB comprises an A domain which binds ligands such as fibrinogen, elastin and plasminogen. The A domain of FnBPB also interacts with histones and this binding results in the neutralization of the antimicrobial activity of these molecules. The C-terminal moiety of these adhesins comprises a long, intrinsically disordered domain composed of 11/10 fibronectin-binding repeats. These repetitive motifs of FnBPs promote invasion of cells that are not usually phagocytic via a mechanism by which they interact with integrin α5β1 through a Fn mediated-bridge. The FnBPA and FnBPB A domains engage in homophilic cell-cell interactions and promote biofilm formation and enhance platelet aggregation. In this review we update the current understanding of the structure and functional properties of FnBPs and emphasize the role they may have in the staphylococcal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Martin H, Somers T, Dwyer M, Robson R, Pfeffer FM, Bjornsson R, Krämer T, Kavanagh K, Velasco-Torrijos T. Scaffold diversity for enhanced activity of glycosylated inhibitors of fungal adhesion. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1386-1401. [PMID: 34095846 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent fungal pathogens involved in hospital acquired infections. It binds to glycans at the surface of epithelial cells and initiates infection. This process can be blocked by synthetic carbohydrates that mimic the structure of cell surface glycans. Herein we report the evaluation of a series of divalent glycosides featuring aromatic (benzene, squaramide) and bicyclic aliphatic (norbornene) scaffolds, with the latter being the first examples of their kind as small molecule anti-adhesion glycoconjugates. Galactosides 1 and 6, built on an aromatic core, were most efficient inhibitors of adhesion of C. albicans to buccal epithelial cells, displacing up to 36% and 48%, respectively, of yeast already attached to epithelial cells at 138 μM. Remarkably, cis-endo-norbornene 21 performed comparably to benzene-core derivatives. Conformational analysis reveals a preference for compounds 1 and 21 to adopt folded conformations. These results highlight the potential of norbornenes as a new class of aliphatic scaffolds for the synthesis of anti-adhesion compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harlei Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Tara Somers
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Mathew Dwyer
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Ryan Robson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - Frederick M Pfeffer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3217 Australia
| | - Ragnar Bjornsson
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland .,The Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland.,The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Trinidad Velasco-Torrijos
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland .,The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Singhi D, Srivastava P. Role of Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Other Apparatuses in Cell Communication. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:158. [PMID: 32766280 PMCID: PMC7378377 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytoskeleton is crucial for sensing the external environment and plays a major role in cell to cell communication. There are several other apparatuses such as conjugation tubes, membrane vesicles, and nanotubes used by bacterial cells for communication. The present review article describes the various bacterial cytoskeletal proteins and other apparatuses, the physical structures they form and their role in sensing environmental stress. The implications of this cellular communication in pathogenicity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Jamshidi E, Murolo S, Salehi M, Romanazzi G. Sequence Analysis of New Tuf Molecular Types of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' in Iranian Vineyards. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060508. [PMID: 32599831 PMCID: PMC7350298 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’) and is one of the most important phytoplasma diseases in the Euro-Mediterranean viticultural areas. The epidemiology of BN can include grapevine as a plant host and is usually transmitted via sap-sucking insects that inhabit herbaceous host plants. Tracking the spread of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains is of great help for the identification of plant reservoirs and insect vectors involved in local BN outbreaks. The molecular epidemiology of ‘Ca. P. solani’ is primarily based on sequence analysis of the tuf housekeeping gene (which encodes elongation factor Tu). In this study, molecular typing of tuf, through restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing, was carried out on grapevine samples from Iranian vineyards. According to the molecular characterization, three molecular types—tuf b1, tuf b5 and tuf b6—were found, with tuf b1 being the most prominent. These data provide further knowledge of tuf gene diversity and question the ecological role of such “minor” tuf types in Iranian vineyards, which have been detected only in grapevines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Plant Protection Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, AREEO, Zarghan 617-71555, Iran;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (E.J.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-220-4336
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Bakhshi B, Barzelighi HM, Daraei B. The anti-adhesive and anti-invasive effects of recombinant azurin on the interaction between enteric pathogens (invasive/non-invasive) and Caco-2 cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104246. [PMID: 32562811 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-adhesion therapy and anti-adhesin immunity are meant to diminish the interaction between pathogens and host tissues, either by prevention or by exclusion of bacterial adhesion and entrance to cells. Azurin is a scaffold protein possessing antiviral, antiparasitic, and anticancer activities. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of recombinant Azurin (rAzurin) on the adhesion and invasion capacity of invasive (Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Campylobacter jejuni) and non-invasive (Vibrio cholerae) enteric bacteria to cells. The non-toxic dose of rAzurin and the best MOI (Multiplicity of Infection) of bacterial species was assessed by MTT assay. Bacterial species were used at MOIs of 20:1 and Azurin was applied at the concentrations of 5 and 25 μg/mL and added to Caco-2 cells in competition and replacement assay to assess the anti-adhesion and anti-invasion properties of rAzurin. The protein caused significant decrease in the adhesion rate of S. sonnei, S. flexneri, C. jejuni, and V. cholerae strains to Caco-2 cells by 43, 39, 72, and 38% in competition and 45, 46, 75, and 48% in replacement assays, respectively. Also, S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and C. jejuni strains invasion rate was reduced to 50, 50, and 70% in anti-invasion assay, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Azurin against C. jejuni and V. cholerae strains adhesion was more significant (p < .001) compared to Shigella spp. (p < .05) which may be due to smaller size of the former bacteria. On the contrary, in invasion assay, rAzurin showed a greater inhibitory effect against Shigella spp. (p < .001) compared to C. jejuni (p < .05), which may probably be due to the interaction of rAzurin with several effectors or ligands, involved in Shigella invasion and internalization. The findings of the present study opens new insights of rAzurin as a new and potent candidate for reducing or probably preventing enteric bacterial attachment, invasion, and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Whelan R, McVicker G, Leo JC. Staying out or Going in? The Interplay between Type 3 and Type 5 Secretion Systems in Adhesion and Invasion of Enterobacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4102. [PMID: 32521829 PMCID: PMC7312957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens rely on a variety of toxins, adhesins and other virulence factors to cause infections. Some of the best studied pathogens belong to the Enterobacterales order; these include enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and the enteropathogenic Yersiniae. The pathogenesis of these organisms involves two different secretion systems, a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) and type 5 secretion systems (T5SSs). The T3SS forms a syringe-like structure spanning both bacterial membranes and the host cell plasma membrane that translocates toxic effector proteins into the cytoplasm of the host cell. T5SSs are also known as autotransporters, and they export part of their own polypeptide to the bacterial cell surface where it exerts its function, such as adhesion to host cell receptors. During infection with these enteropathogens, the T3SS and T5SS act in concert to bring about rearrangements of the host cell cytoskeleton, either to invade the cell, confer intracellular motility, evade phagocytosis or produce novel structures to shelter the bacteria. Thus, in these bacteria, not only the T3SS effectors but also T5SS proteins could be considered "cytoskeletoxins" that bring about profound alterations in host cell cytoskeletal dynamics and lead to pathogenic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jack C. Leo
- Antimicrobial Resistance, Omics and Microbiota Group, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (R.W.); (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Harper CE, Hernandez CJ. Cell biomechanics and mechanobiology in bacteria: Challenges and opportunities. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:021501. [PMID: 32266323 PMCID: PMC7113033 DOI: 10.1063/1.5135585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical forces play a profound role in the survival and function of all known forms of life. Advances in cell biomechanics and mechanobiology have provided key insights into the physiology of eukaryotic organisms, but much less is known about the roles of physical forces in bacterial physiology. This review is an introduction to bacterial mechanics intended for persons familiar with cells and biomechanics in mammalian cells. Bacteria play a major role in human health, either as pathogens or as beneficial commensal organisms within the microbiome. Although bacteria have long been known to be sensitive to their mechanical environment, understanding the effects of physical forces on bacterial physiology has been limited by their small size (∼1 μm). However, advancements in micro- and nano-scale technologies over the past few years have increasingly made it possible to rigorously examine the mechanical stress and strain within individual bacteria. Here, we review the methods currently used to examine bacteria from a mechanical perspective, including the subcellular structures in bacteria and how they differ from those in mammalian cells, as well as micro- and nanomechanical approaches to studying bacteria, and studies showing the effects of physical forces on bacterial physiology. Recent findings indicate a large range in mechanical properties of bacteria and show that physical forces can have a profound effect on bacterial survival, growth, biofilm formation, and resistance to toxins and antibiotics. Advances in the field of bacterial biomechanics have the potential to lead to novel antibacterial strategies, biotechnology approaches, and applications in synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Harper
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Microbial adhesion and biofilm formation are usually studied using molecular and cellular biology assays, optical and electron microscopy, or laminar flow chamber experiments. Today, atomic force microscopy (AFM) represents a valuable addition to these approaches, enabling the measurement of forces involved in microbial adhesion at the single-molecule level. In this minireview, we discuss recent discoveries made applying state-of-the-art AFM techniques to microbial specimens in order to understand the strength and dynamics of adhesive interactions. These studies shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of adhesion and demonstrate an intimate relationship between force and function in microbial adhesins.
Collapse
|
60
|
Qin J, Tong Z, Zhan Y, Buisson C, Song F, He K, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Guo S. A Bacillus thuringiensis Chitin-Binding Protein is Involved in Insect Peritrophic Matrix Adhesion and Takes Part in the Infection Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040252. [PMID: 32294913 PMCID: PMC7232397 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used for insect pest control, and its larvicidal activity is primarily attributed to Cry toxins. Other factors participate in infection, and limited information is available regarding factors acting on the peritrophic matrix (PM). This study aimed to investigate the role of a Bt chitin-binding protein (CBPA) that had been previously shown to be expressed at pH 9 in vitro and could therefore be expressed in the alkaline gut of lepidopteron larvae. A ∆cbpA mutant was generated that was 10-fold less virulent than wild-type Bt HD73 towards Ostrinia furnacalis neonate larvae, indicating its important role in infection. Purified recombinant Escherichia coli CBPA was shown to have a chitin affinity, thus indicating a possible interaction with the chitin-rich PM. A translational GFP-CBPA fusion elucidated the localization of CBPA on the bacterial surface, and the transcriptional activity of the promoter PcbpA was immediately induced and confirmed at pH 9. Next, in order to connect surface expression and possible in vivo gut activity, last instar Galleria mellonella (Gm) larvae (not susceptible to Bt HD-73) were used as a model to follow CBPA in gut expression, bacterial transit, and PM adhesion. CBPA-GFP was quickly expressed in the Gm gut lumen, and more Bt HD73 strain bacteria adhered to the PM than those of the ∆cbpA mutant strain. Therefore, CBPA may help to retain the bacteria, via the PM binding, close to the gut surface and thus takes part in the early steps of Bt gut interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Qin
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zongxing Tong
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiling Zhan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Christophe Buisson
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fuping Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Christina Nielsen-LeRoux
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Correspondence: (C.N.-L.); (S.G.); Tel.: +33-01-3465-2101 (C.N.-L.); +86-10-6891-4495 (S.G.)
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (C.N.-L.); (S.G.); Tel.: +33-01-3465-2101 (C.N.-L.); +86-10-6891-4495 (S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Konkel ME, Talukdar PK, Negretti NM, Klappenbach CM. Taking Control: Campylobacter jejuni Binding to Fibronectin Sets the Stage for Cellular Adherence and Invasion. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:564. [PMID: 32328046 PMCID: PMC7161372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a foodborne pathogen, is one of the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis in the world. Undercooked poultry, raw (unpasteurized) dairy products, untreated water, and contaminated produce are the most common sources associated with infection. C. jejuni establishes a niche in the gut by adhering to and invading epithelial cells, which results in diarrhea with blood and mucus in the stool. The process of colonization is mediated, in part, by surface-exposed molecules (adhesins) that bind directly to host cell ligands or the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding cells. In this review, we introduce the known and putative adhesins of the foodborne pathogen C. jejuni. We then focus our discussion on two C. jejuni Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecule(s) (MSCRAMMs), termed CadF and FlpA, which have been demonstrated to contribute to C. jejuni colonization and pathogenesis. In vitro studies have determined that these two surface-exposed proteins bind to the ECM glycoprotein fibronectin (FN). In vivo studies have shown that cadF and flpA mutants exhibit impaired colonization of chickens compared to the wild-type strain. Additional studies have revealed that CadF and FlpA stimulate epithelial cell signaling pathways necessary for cell invasion. Interestingly, CadF and FlpA have distinct FN-binding domains, suggesting that the functions of these proteins are non-redundant. In summary, the binding of FN by C. jejuni CadF and FlpA adhesins has been demonstrated to contribute to adherence, invasion, and cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Pimenta AI, Mil‐Homens D, Fialho AM. Burkholderia cenocepacia-host cell contact controls the transcription activity of the trimeric autotransporter adhesin BCAM2418 gene. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e998. [PMID: 32097539 PMCID: PMC7142374 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell early contact between pathogens and their host cells is required for the establishment of many infections. Among various surface factors produced by bacteria that allow an organism to become established in a host, the class of adhesins is a primary determinant. Burkholderia cenocepacia adheres to the respiratory epithelium of cystic fibrosis patients and causes chronic inflammation and disease. Cell-to-cell contacts are promoted by various kinds of adhesins, including trimeric autotransporter adhesins (TAAs). We observed that among the 7 TAA genes found in the B. cenocepacia K56-2 genome, two of them (BCAM2418 and BCAS0236) express higher levels of mRNA following physical contact with host cells. Further analysis revealed that the B. cenocepacia K56-2 BCAM2418 gene shows an on-off switch after an initial colonization period, exhibits a strong expression dependent on the host cell type, and enhances its function on cell adhesion. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that adhesion to mucin-coated surfaces dramatically increases the expression levels of BCAM2418. Abrogation of mucin O-glycans turns BCAM2418 gene expression off and impairs bacterial adherence. Overall, our findings suggest that glycosylated extracellular components of host membrane might be a binding site for B. cenocepacia and a signal for the differential expression of the TAA gene BCAM2418.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia I. Pimenta
- iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior Técnico, University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Dalila Mil‐Homens
- iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior Técnico, University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Arsenio M. Fialho
- iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and BiosciencesInstituto Superior Técnico, University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- Department of BioengineeringInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Tan CAZ, Antypas H, Kline KA. Overcoming the challenge of establishing biofilms in vivo: a roadmap for Enterococci. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:9-18. [PMID: 32062025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis forms single and mixed-species biofilms on both tissue and medical devices in the host, often under exposure to fluid flow, giving rise to infections that are recalcitrant to treatment. The factors that drive enterococcal biofilm formation in the host, however, remain unclear. Recent reports in other pathogens show how surface sensing by bacteria can trigger the transition from planktonic to sessile lifestyle. Fluid flow can enhance initial adhesion, but also influence quorum sensing. Biofilm-specific factors, as well as biofilm size and extracellular polymeric substances, can compromise opsonization and phagocytosis. Bacterial interspecies synergy can create favorable conditions in the host for biofilm formation. Through these concepts, we define the knowledge gaps in understanding host-associated E. faecalis biofilm formation and propose a roadmap for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casandra Ai Zhu Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Haris Antypas
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Xie K, Guo Y, Zhao S, Wang L, Wu J, Tan J, Yang Y, Wu W, Jiang W, Hao Y. Partially Melted Ti6Al4V Particles Increase Bacterial Adhesion and Inhibit Osteogenic Activity on 3D-printed Implants: An In Vitro Study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2019; 477:2772-2782. [PMID: 31764350 PMCID: PMC6907305 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A porous Ti6Al4V implant that is manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM) has broad potential applications in the field of orthopaedic implants. The pore structure of the SLM porous Ti6Al4V implant allows for cell migration and osteogenic differentiation, which is favorable for bone ingrowth and osseointegration. However, it is unclear whether the pore structure and partially melted Ti6Al4V particles on a SLM porous Ti6Al4V implant will increase bacterial adhesion and, perhaps, the risk of implant-related infection. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Is there more bacterial adhesion and colonization on SLM porous Ti6Al4V implants than on polished orthopaedic implants? (2) Do partially melted Ti6Al4V particles on SLM porous Ti6Al4V implants reduce human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) adhesion, viability, and activity? METHODS To determine bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, we incubated five different Ti6Al4V discs (polished, grit-blasted, plasma-sprayed, particle SLM porous, and nonparticle SLM porous discs) with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli. Bacterial coverage on the surface of the five different Ti6Al4V discs were evaluated based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images quantitatively. In addition, a spread-plate method was used to quantitatively evaluate the bacterial adhesion on those implants. The biofilm formation was stained with crystal violet and semi-quantitatively determined with a microplate reader. The morphology and adhesion of hBMSCs on the five Ti6Al4V discs were observed with SEM. The cell viability was quantitatively evaluated with a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. In addition, the osteogenic activity was determined in vitro with a quantitatively alkaline phosphatase activity assay and alizarin-red staining. For semiquantitative analysis, the alizarin-red stained mineralized nodules were dissolved and determined with a microplate reader. RESULTS The polished discs had the lowest MRSA adhesion (8.3% ± 2.6%) compared with grit-blasted (19.1% ± 3.9%; p = 0.006), plasma-sprayed (38.5% ± 5.3%; p < 0.001), particle (23.1% ± 2.8%; p < 0.001), and nonparticle discs (15.7% ± 2.5%; p = 0.003). Additionally, when comparing the two SLM discs, we found that particle discs had higher bacterial coverage than nonparticle discs (23.1% ± 2.8% versus 15.7% ± 2.5%; p = 0.020). An E. coli analysis showed similar results, with the higher adhesion to particle SLM discs than to nonparticle discs (20.7% ± 4.2% versus 14.4% ± 3.6%; p = 0.011). In addition, on particle SLM porous discs, bacterial colonies were localized around the partially melted Ti6Al4V particles, based on SEM images. After a 7-day incubation period, the cell viability in the particle group (optical density value 0.72 ± 0.05) was lower than that in the nonparticle groups (optical density value: 0.87 ± 0.08; p = 0.003). Alkaline phosphatase activity, as a marker of osteogenic differentiation, was lower in the particle group than in the nonparticle group (1.32 ± 0.12 U/mL versus 1.58 ± 0.09 U/mL; p = 0.012). CONCLUSION Higher bacterial adhesion was observed on SLM porous discs than on polished discs. The partially melted Ti6Al4V particles on SLM porous discs not only enhanced bacterial adhesion but also inhibited the osteogenic activity of hBMSCs. Postprocessing treatment is necessary to remove partially melted Ti6Al4V particles on an SLM implant before further use. Additional studies are needed to determine whether an SLM porous Ti6Al4V implant increases the risk of implant-related infection in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As implants with porous Ti6Al4V made using SLM are being designed, our preliminary findings suggest that postprocessing treatment is needed to remove partially melted Ti6Al4V particles before further use. In addition, the depth of the porous structure of the SLM implant should not exceed the maximum depth of bone ingrowth because the host immune defense cannot prevent bacterial adhesion without integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xie
- K. Xie, Y. Guo, S. Zhao, L. Wang, J. Wu, J. Tan, Y. Yang, W. Wu, Y. Hao, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China W. Jiang, Y. Hao, Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Harvey KL, Jarocki VM, Charles IG, Djordjevic SP. The Diverse Functional Roles of Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Microbial Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2351. [PMID: 31708880 PMCID: PMC6822514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor thermal unstable Tu (EF-Tu) is a G protein that catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome inside living cells. Structural and biochemical studies have described the complex interactions needed to effect canonical function. However, EF-Tu has evolved the capacity to execute diverse functions on the extracellular surface of both eukaryote and prokaryote cells. EF-Tu can traffic to, and is retained on, cell surfaces where can interact with membrane receptors and with extracellular matrix on the surface of plant and animal cells. Our structural studies indicate that short linear motifs (SLiMs) in surface exposed, non-conserved regions of the molecule may play a key role in the moonlighting functions ascribed to this ancient, highly abundant protein. Here we explore the diverse moonlighting functions relating to pathogenesis of EF-Tu in bacteria and examine putative SLiMs on surface-exposed regions of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Harvey
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Arciola CR, Campoccia D, Montanaro L. Implant infections: adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:397-409. [PMID: 29720707 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1054] [Impact Index Per Article: 210.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Medical device-associated infections account for a large proportion of hospital-acquired infections. A variety of opportunistic pathogens can cause implant infections, depending on the type of the implant and on the anatomical site of implantation. The success of these versatile pathogens depends on rapid adhesion to virtually all biomaterial surfaces and survival in the hostile host environment. Biofilm formation on implant surfaces shelters the bacteria and encourages persistence of infection. Furthermore, implant-infecting bacteria can elude innate and adaptive host defences as well as biocides and antibiotic chemotherapies. In this Review, we explore the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms underlying implant infections, highlighting orthopaedic implants and Staphylococcus aureus as a prime example, and discuss innovative targets for preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy. .,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Feng Y, Liu L, Lin J, Ma K, Long H, Wei L, Xie Y, McNally A, Zong Z. Key evolutionary events in the emergence of a globally disseminated, carbapenem resistant clone in the Escherichia coli ST410 lineage. Commun Biol 2019; 2:322. [PMID: 31482141 PMCID: PMC6715731 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the global epidemiological landscape of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC). Here we provide combined genomic and phenotypic characterization of the emergence of a CREC clone from the ST410 lineage. We show that the clone expands with a single plasmid, within which there is frequent switching of the carbapenemase gene type between blaNDM and blaOXA-181 with no impact on plasmid stability or fitness. A search for clone-specific traits identified unique alleles of genes involved in adhesion and iron acquisition, which have been imported via recombination. These recombination-derived allelic switches had no impact on virulence in a simple infection model, but decreased efficiency in binding to abiotic surfaces and greatly enhanced fitness in iron limited conditions. Together our data show a footprint for evolution of a CREC clone, whereby recombination drives new alleles into the clone which provide a competitive advantage in colonizing mammalian hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Lin
- Department of Infection Control, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Long
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Infection Control, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zhiyong Zong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Center for Pathogen Research, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Infection Control, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Prévost V, Anselme K, Gallet O, Hindié M, Petithory T, Valentin J, Veuillet M, Ploux L. Real-Time Imaging of Bacteria/Osteoblast Dynamic Coculture on Bone Implant Material in an in Vitro Postoperative Contamination Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3260-3269. [PMID: 33405569 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical implants are an important part of evolving modern medicine but have a potential drawback in the form of postoperative pathogenic infection. Accordingly, the "race for surface" combat between invasive bacteria and host cells determines the fate of implants. Hence, proper in vitro systems are required to assess effective strategies to avoid infection. In this study, we developed a real time observation model, mimicking postoperative contamination, designed to follow E. coli proliferation on a titanium surface occupied by human osteoblastic progenitor cells (STRO). This model allowed us to monitor E. coli invasion of human cells on titanium surfaces coated and uncoated with fibronectin. We showed that the surface colonization of bacteria is significantly enhanced on fibronectin coated surfaces irrespective of whether areas were uncovered or covered with human cells. We further revealed that bacterial colonization of the titanium surfaces is enhanced in coculture with STRO cells. Finally, this coculture system provides a comprehensive system to describe in vitro and in situ bacterial and human cells and their localization but also to target biological mechanisms involved in adhesion as well as in interactions with surfaces, thanks to fluorescent labeling. This system is thus an efficient method for studies related to the design and function of new biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Prévost
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Karine Anselme
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Gallet
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Mathilde Hindié
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, ERRMECe, F-95000 Neuville-sur-Oise, France
| | - Tatiana Petithory
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jules Valentin
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Veuillet
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydie Ploux
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, BIOMAT U1121, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Ahmed W, Zhai Z, Gao C. Adaptive antibacterial biomaterial surfaces and their applications. Mater Today Bio 2019; 2:100017. [PMID: 32159147 PMCID: PMC7061676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections on the implant surface may eventually lead to biofilm formation and thus threaten the use of implants in body. Despite efficient host immune system, the implant surface can be rapidly occupied by bacteria, resulting in infection persistence, implant failure, and even death of the patients. It is difficult to cope with these problems because bacteria exhibit complex adhesion mechanisms to the implants that vary according to bacterial strains. Different biomaterial coatings have been produced to release antibiotics to kill bacteria. However, antibiotic resistance occurs very frequently. Stimuli-responsive biomaterials have gained much attention in recent years but are not effective enough in killing the pathogens because of the complex mechanisms in bacteria. This review is focused on the development of highly efficient and specifically targeted biomaterials that release the antimicrobial agents or respond to bacteria on demands in body. The mechanisms of bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance are discussed, and the released substances accounting for implant infection are described. Strategies that have been used in past for the eradication of bacterial infections are also discussed. Different types of stimuli can be triggered only upon the existence of bacteria, leading to the release of antibacterial molecules that in turn kill the bacteria. In particular, the toxin-triggered, pH-responsive, and dual stimulus-responsive adaptive antibacterial biomaterials are introduced. Finally, the state of the art in fabrication of dual responsive antibacterial biomaterials and tissue integration in medical implants is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Fernandez-Garcia L, Ambroa A, Blasco L, Bleriot I, López M, Alvarez-Marin R, Fernández-Cuenca F, Martinez-Martinez L, Vila J, Rodríguez-Baño J, Garnacho-Montero J, Cisneros JM, Pascual A, Pachón J, Bou G, Smani Y, Tomás M. Relationship Between the Quorum Network (Sensing/Quenching) and Clinical Features of Pneumonia and Bacteraemia Caused by A. baumannii. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3105. [PMID: 30619184 PMCID: PMC6304438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) is one of the most important pathogens associated with nosocomial infections, especially pneumonia. Interest in the Quorum network, i.e., Quorum Sensing (QS)/Quorum Quenching (QQ), in this pathogen has grown in recent years. The Quorum network plays an important role in regulating diverse virulence factors such as surface motility and bacterial competition through the type VI secretion system (T6SS), which is associated with bacterial invasiveness. In the present study, we investigated 30 clinical strains of A. baumannii isolated in the “II Spanish Study of A. baumannii GEIH-REIPI 2000-2010” (Genbank Umbrella Bioproject PRJNA422585), a multicentre study describing the relationship between the Quorum network in A. baumannii and the development of pneumonia and associated bacteraemia. Expression of the aidA gene (encoding the AidA protein, QQ enzyme) was lower (P < 0.001) in strains of A. baumannii isolated from patients with bacteraemic pneumonia than in strains isolated from patients with non-bacteraemic pneumonia. Moreover, aidA expression in the first type of strain was not regulated in the presence of environmental stress factors such as the 3-oxo-C12-HSL molecule (substrate of AidA protein, QQ activation) or H2O2 (inhibitor of AidA protein, QS activation). However, in the A. baumannii strains isolated from patients with non-bacteraemic pneumonia, aidA gene expression was regulated by stressors such as 3-oxo-C12-HSL and H2O2. In an in vivo Galleria mellonella model of A. baumannii infection, the A. baumannii ATCC 17978 strain was associated with higher mortality (100% at 24 h) than the mutant, abaI-deficient, strain (carrying a synthetase enzyme of Acyl homoserine lactone molecules) (70% at 24 h). These data suggest that the QS (abaR and abaI genes)/QQ (aidA gene) network affects the development of secondary bacteraemia in pneumonia patients and also the virulence of A. baumannii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernandez-Garcia
- Microbiology Department-Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antón Ambroa
- Microbiology Department-Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Lucia Blasco
- Microbiology Department-Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ines Bleriot
- Microbiology Department-Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria López
- Microbiology Department-Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Rocio Alvarez-Marin
- Clinical Unit for Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Felipe Fernández-Cuenca
- Clinical Unit for Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Medicine, Biomedicine Institute of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Martinez-Martinez
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Institute of Global Health of Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- Clinical Unit for Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Medicine, Biomedicine Institute of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Garnacho-Montero
- Intensive Care Clinical Unit-Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Cisneros
- Clinical Unit for Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alvaro Pascual
- Clinical Unit for Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Medicine, Biomedicine Institute of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Jeronimo Pachón
- Clinical Unit for Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University Seville, Seville, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - German Bou
- Microbiology Department-Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Younes Smani
- Clinical Unit for Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Tomás
- Microbiology Department-Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Mittal A, Singh V, Chowdhary S, Moideen A, Kumar D, Maniar K, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. The Effect of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin on Bacterial Growth: A Dual-Edged Sword. KIDNEY DISEASES 2018; 5:81-90. [PMID: 31001539 DOI: 10.1159/000493684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypererythropoietinemia is associated with common diseases like non-uremic anaemia where infection burden is high. Erythropoietin (EPO) is also given as therapy for anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease and cancer and in those who are at a higher risk of infections. EPO is known to have an effect on macrophages by which it helps in the growth of some intracellular pathogens. However, its direct role on bacterial growth is currently unknown. Summary Here, we investigated the direct effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) on the growth of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In silico experiments were designed to gain insight into the mechanisms. We found that 30 IU/L rhuEPO promoted the growth of E. coli and S. aureus and inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa. In silico observations suggest that bacterial cell surface proteins may interact with the EPO and may cause the observed effects. Key Message It appears that some pathogens can explore EPO to proliferate and growth of others are inhibited by the same. The consequence of such observation is a matter of widespread concern for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Mittal
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vandana Singh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sheemona Chowdhary
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amal Moideen
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kunal Maniar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajasri Bhattacharyya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Tawk C, Nigro G, Rodrigues Lopes I, Aguilar C, Lisowski C, Mano M, Sansonetti P, Vogel J, Eulalio A. Stress-induced host membrane remodeling protects from infection by non-motile bacterial pathogens. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798529. [PMID: 30389666 PMCID: PMC6276891 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While mucosal inflammation is a major source of stress during enteropathogen infection, it remains to be fully elucidated how the host benefits from this environment to clear the pathogen. Here, we show that host stress induced by different stimuli mimicking inflammatory conditions strongly reduces the binding of Shigella flexneri to epithelial cells. Mechanistically, stress activates acid sphingomyelinase leading to host membrane remodeling. Consequently, knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase blunts the stress-dependent inhibition of Shigella binding to host cells. Interestingly, stress caused by intracellular Shigella replication also results in remodeling of the host cell membrane, in vitro and in vivo, which precludes re-infection by this and other non-motile pathogens. In contrast, Salmonella Typhimurium overcomes the shortage of permissive entry sites by gathering effectively at the remaining platforms through its flagellar motility. Overall, our findings reveal host membrane remodeling as a novel stress-responsive cell-autonomous defense mechanism that protects epithelial cells from infection by non-motile bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tawk
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Nigro
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ines Rodrigues Lopes
- Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,RNA & Infection Group, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clivia Lisowski
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Mano
- Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jörg Vogel
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Eulalio
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany .,RNA & Infection Group, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Di Martino P. Bacterial adherence: much more than a bond. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:563-566. [PMID: 31294233 PMCID: PMC6604948 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Di Martino
- Groupe Biofilm et Comportement Microbien aux Interfaces, Laboratoire ERRMECe-EA1391, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, rue Descartes site de Neuville-sur-Oise 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
The Potential Virulence Factors of Providencia stuartii: Motility, Adherence, and Invasion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3589135. [PMID: 29682537 PMCID: PMC5841065 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3589135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Providencia stuartii is the most common Providencia species capable of causing human infections. Currently P. stuartii is involved in high incidence of urinary tract infections in catheterized patients. The ability of bacteria to swarm on semisolid (viscous) surfaces and adhere to and invade host cells determines the specificity of the disease pathogenesis and its therapy. In the present study we demonstrated morphological changes of P. stuartii NK cells during migration on the viscous medium and discussed adhesive and invasive properties utilizing the HeLa-M cell line as a host model. To visualize the interaction of P. stuartii NK bacterial cells with eukaryotic cells in vitro scanning electron and confocal microscopy were performed. We found that bacteria P. stuartii NK are able to adhere to and invade HeLa-M epithelial cells and these properties depend on the age of bacterial culture. Also, to invade the host cells the infectious dose of the bacteria is essential. The microphotographs indicate that after incubation of bacterial P. stuartii NK cells together with epithelial cells the bacterial cells both were adhered onto and invaded into the host cells.
Collapse
|
75
|
Antenucci F, Fougeroux C, Bossé JT, Magnowska Z, Roesch C, Langford P, Holst PJ, Bojesen AM. Identification and characterization of serovar-independent immunogens in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Res 2017; 48:74. [PMID: 29122004 PMCID: PMC5679336 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous actions to prevent disease, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) remains a major cause of porcine pleuropneumonia, resulting in economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. In this paper, we describe the utilization of a reverse vaccinology approach for the selection and in vitro testing of serovar-independent A. pleuropneumoniae immunogens. Potential immunogens were identified in the complete genomes of three A. pleuropneumoniae strains belonging to different serovars using the following parameters: predicted outer-membrane subcellular localization; ≤ 1 trans-membrane helices; presence of a signal peptide in the protein sequence; presence in all known A. pleuropneumoniae genomes; homology with other well characterized factors with relevant data regarding immunogenicity/protective potential. Using this approach, we selected the proteins ApfA and VacJ to be expressed and further characterized, both in silico and in vitro. Additionally, we analysed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of A. pleuropneumoniae MIDG2331 as potential immunogens, and compared deletions in degS and nlpI for increasing yields of OMVs compared to the parental strain. Our results indicated that ApfA and VacJ are highly conserved proteins, naturally expressed during infection by all A. pleuropneumoniae serovars tested. Furthermore, OMVs, ApfA and VacJ were shown to possess a high immunogenic potential in vitro. These findings favour the immunogen selection protocol used, and suggest that OMVs, along with ApfA and VacJ, could represent effective immunogens for the prevention of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in a serovar-independent manner. This hypothesis is nonetheless predictive in nature, and in vivo testing in a relevant animal model will be necessary to verify its validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Antenucci
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frb. C., 1-20, Building: 301, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyrielle Fougeroux
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology ISIM, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farigmagsgade 5, Bldg 22/23, København K, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Department of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, 236 Wright Fleming Wing, London, UK
| | - Zofia Magnowska
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frb. C., 1-20, Building: 301, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camille Roesch
- Izon Science Ltd, Bâtiment Laennec, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Langford
- Department of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, 236 Wright Fleming Wing, London, UK
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology ISIM, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farigmagsgade 5, Bldg 22/23, København K, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frb. C., 1-20, Building: 301, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|