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Lekchnov EA, Sedykh SE, Dmitrenok PS, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Human placenta: relative content of antibodies of different classes and subclasses (IgG1-IgG4) containing lambda- and kappa-light chains and chimeric lambda-kappa-immunoglobulins. Int Immunol 2015; 27:297-306. [PMID: 25644595 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific organ placenta is much more than a filter: it is an organ that protects, feeds and regulates the growth of the embryo. Affinity chromatography, ELISA, SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry were used. Using 10 intact human placentas deprived of blood, a quantitative analysis of average relative content [% of total immunoglobulins (Igs)] was carried out for the first time: (92.7), IgA (2.4), IgM (2.5), kappa-antibodies (51.4), lambda-antibodies (48.6), IgG1 (47.0), IgG2 (39.5), IgG3 (8.8) and IgG4 (4.3). It was shown for the first time that placenta contains sIgA (2.5%). In the classic paradigm, Igs represent products of clonal B-cell populations, each producing antibodies recognizing a single antigen. There is a common belief that IgGs in mammalian biological fluids are monovalent molecules having stable structures and two identical antigen-binding sites. However, similarly to human milk Igs, placenta antibodies undergo extensive half-molecule exchange and the IgG pool consists of 43.5 ± 15.0% kappa-kappa-IgGs and 41.6 ± 17.0% lambda-lambda-IgGs, while 15.0 ± 4.0% of the IgGs contained both kappa- and lambda-light chains. Kappa-kappa-IgGs and lambda-lambda-IgGs contained, respectively (%): IgG1 (47.7 and 34.4), IgG2 (36.3 and 44.5), IgG3 (7.4 and 11.8) and IgG4 (7.5 and 9.1), while chimeric kappa-lambda-IgGs consisted of (%): 43.5 IgG1, 41.0 IgG2, 5.6 IgG3 and 7.9 IgG4. Our data are indicative of the possibility of half-molecule exchange between placenta IgGs of various subclasses, raised against different antigens, which explains a very well-known polyspecificity and cross-reactivity of different human IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii A Lekchnov
- SB RAS, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey E Sedykh
- SB RAS, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel S Dmitrenok
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- SB RAS, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- SB RAS, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Silva JP, Vetterlein O, Jose J, Peters S, Kirby H. The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange as demonstrated using a combination of novel quantitative immunoassays and physiological matrix preparation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5462-9. [PMID: 25568323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G isotype 4 (IgG4) antibodies (Abs) are potential candidates for immunotherapy when reduced effector functions are desirable. IgG4 Abs are dynamic molecules able to undergo a process known as Fab arm exchange (FAE). This results in functionally monovalent, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) with unknown specificity and hence, potentially, reduced therapeutic efficacy. IgG4 FAE is suggested to be an important biological mechanism that provides the basis for the anti-inflammatory activity attributed to IgG4 Abs. To date, the mechanism of FAE is not entirely understood and studies measuring FAE in ex vivo matrices have been hampered by the presence and abundance of endogenous IgG4 wild-type (WT) Abs. Using representative humanized WT IgG4 monoclonal Abs, namely, anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF, and a core-hinge stabilized serine 228 to proline (S228P) anti-IL-6 IgG4 mutant, it is demonstrated for the first time how anti-IgG4 affinity chromatography can be used to prepare physiologically relevant matrices for assessing and quantifying FAE. A novel method for quantifying FAE using a single MSD immunoassay is also reported and confirms previous findings that, dependent on the redox conditions, the S228P mutation can prevent IgG4 FAE to undetectable levels both in vitro and in vivo. Together, the findings and novel methodologies will allow researchers to monitor and quantify FAE of their own IgG4 molecules in physiologically relevant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Silva
- From the Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Non-Clinical Development and
| | - Olivia Vetterlein
- From the Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Non-Clinical Development and
| | - Joby Jose
- From the Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Non-Clinical Development and
| | - Shirley Peters
- the Department of Antibody Technology and Biology, UCB Pharma, Slough, SL1 3WE United Kingdom
| | - Hishani Kirby
- From the Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Non-Clinical Development and
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Aalberse RC, Knol EF. Historic overview of allergy research in the Netherlands. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:163-72. [PMID: 25455604 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research in allergy has a long history in the Netherlands, although the relation with immunology has not always been appreciated. In many aspects Dutch researchers have made major contribution in allergy research. This ranges from the first characterization of house dust mite as an important allergen, the first characterization of human Th2 and Th1 T cell clones, to the development of diagnostic test systems. In this overview Aalberse and Knol have made an overview of the major contributions of Dutch immunologists in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob C Aalberse
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation and Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward F Knol
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Liu H, Ponniah G, Zhang HM, Nowak C, Neill A, Gonzalez-Lopez N, Patel R, Cheng G, Kita AZ, Andrien B. In vitro and in vivo modifications of recombinant and human IgG antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1145-54. [PMID: 25517300 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous knowledge has been gained in the understanding of various modifications of IgG antibodies, driven mainly by the fact that antibodies are one of the most important groups of therapeutic molecules and because of the development of advanced analytical techniques. Recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics expressed in mammalian cell lines and endogenous IgG molecules secreted by B cells in the human body share some modifications, but each have some unique modifications. Modifications that are common to recombinant mAb and endogenous IgG molecules are considered to pose a lower risk of immunogenicity. On the other hand, modifications that are unique to recombinant mAbs could potentially pose higher risk. The focus of this review is the comparison of frequently observed modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies to those of endogenous IgG molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- a Protein Characterization; Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc .; Cheshire , CT USA
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Hmiel LK, Brorson KA, Boyne MT. Post-translational structural modifications of immunoglobulin G and their effect on biological activity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:79-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li W, Fan G, Chen L, Zhang R, Zhang K, Sun Y, Lin G, Xie J, Wang L, Li J. A new type of natural bispecific antibody with potential protective effect in Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1602-9. [PMID: 24905062 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT As a new antibody concept, natural bispecific antibodies (nBsAbs) have been detected in long-term passive immunization and some diseases, but their potential immunomodulatory role remains unclear. Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) appears to fulfill the condition for nBsAb production but has not yet been characterized. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify a new nBsAb against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) in HT patients and to preliminarily explore its immunomodulatory role. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Serum samples were obtained from 136 HT patients, 92 diseased controls, and 99 healthy controls for anti-TPO/Tg nBsAb detection. The relationship between anti-TPO/Tg nBsAb and other clinical parameters was also analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The anti-TPO/Tg nBsAb was detected using a double-antigen sandwich ELISA. Higher nBsAb levels were found to be associated with decreased inflammation in HT patients. RESULTS The prevalence of anti-TPO/Tg nBsAb in HT was 44.9% (61 of 136), significantly higher than that of diseased controls (2.2%, 2 of 92) (P < .0001) and healthy controls (0%, 0 of 99) (P < .0001). HT patients who were nBsAb positive were prone to have significantly lower levels of serum C-reactive protein and TNF-α compared with the nBsAb-negative individuals (P < .05). The serum amyloid A and interferon-γ levels also showed a similar trend in the two groups. The IgG subclass of anti-TPO/Tg nBsAb was IgG4. Further analysis showed a negative correlation between anti-TPO/Tg nBsAb and serum total IgG4 (r = -0.697, P = .025) in IgG4 thyroiditis patients. CONCLUSIONS A new type of nBsAb against TPO and Tg in HT patients is identified. Our data also indicate a protective effect of anti-TPO/Tg nBsAb in the pathogenesis of HT and extend prior knowledge about nBsAb in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories (W.L., G.F., L.C., R.Z., K.Z., Y.S., G.L., J.X., L.W., J.L.), Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China; and Graduate School (W.L., G.F., L.C.), Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, People's Republic of China
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Rayner LE, Hui GK, Gor J, Heenan RK, Dalby PA, Perkins SJ. The Fab conformations in the solution structure of human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) restrict access to its Fc region: implications for functional activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20740-56. [PMID: 24876381 PMCID: PMC4110284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG4 antibody shows therapeutically useful properties compared with the IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 subclasses. Thus IgG4 does not activate complement and shows conformational variability. These properties are attributable to its hinge region, which is the shortest of the four IgG subclasses. Using high throughput scattering methods, we studied the solution structure of wild-type IgG4(Ser(222)) and a hinge mutant IgG4(Pro(222)) in different buffers and temperatures where the proline substitution suppresses the formation of half-antibody. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that both IgG4 forms were principally monomeric with sedimentation coefficients s20,w(0) of 6.6-6.8 S. A monomer-dimer equilibrium was observed in heavy water buffer at low temperature. Scattering showed that the x-ray radius of gyration Rg was unchanged with concentration in 50-250 mm NaCl buffers, whereas the neutron Rg values showed a concentration-dependent increase as the temperature decreased in heavy water buffers. The distance distribution curves (P(r)) revealed two peaks, M1 and M2, that shifted below 2 mg/ml to indicate concentration-dependent IgG4 structures in addition to IgG4 dimer formation at high concentration in heavy water. Constrained x-ray and neutron scattering modeling revealed asymmetric solution structures for IgG4(Ser(222)) with extended hinge structures. The IgG4(Pro(222)) structure was similar. Both IgG4 structures showed that their Fab regions were positioned close enough to the Fc region to restrict C1q binding. Our new molecular models for IgG4 explain its inability to activate complement and clarify aspects of its stability and function for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Rayner
- From the Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, Darwin Building and
| | - Gar Kay Hui
- From the Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, Darwin Building and
| | - Jayesh Gor
- From the Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, Darwin Building and
| | - Richard K Heenan
- ISIS Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Division of Engineering, Roberts Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom and
| | - Stephen J Perkins
- From the Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, Darwin Building and
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Hagihara Y, Saerens D. Engineering disulfide bonds within an antibody. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:2016-2023. [PMID: 25038323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have evolved to function in oxidative, extracellular environments. A pair of cysteines in close proximity will oxidatively react to form a disulfide bond that fixes and stabilizes the tertiary structure of a protein. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) includes several disulfide bonds, and the patterns of inter-chain disulfide bonds characterize different IgG sub-classes. Moreover, the Ig-fold domains are characterized by a buried intra-domain disulfide bond, which is important for its structural stability. However, the intra-domain disulfide bond can be replaced without crucial effects on the structure and function, if the domain structure is intrinsically stable or has been stabilized by protein engineering. In previous studies, disulfide bonds were removed by amino-acid substitution indicating that Val and/or Ala (i.e. Ala-Ala, Ala-Val, Val-Ala, and Val-Ala) pairs were preferred for cysteine replacement in the Ig-fold domain. As such, these mutations may be useful for the intracellular use of antibodies. Recently, additional intra-domain disulfide bonds have been shown to stabilize Ig-fold domains and whole IgGs. In heavy chain variable or light chain variable domains, the introduction of additional disulfide bonds into the framework region did not reduce antigen-binding affinity, suggesting that generating disulfide bonds may be a method for stabilizing IgG and antibody fragments, such as the antigen-binding fragment, and single-chain and single-domain antibodies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent advances in molecular engineering of antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hagihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
| | - Dirk Saerens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Research Group Cellular & Molecular Immunology, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Open innovation is the new buzz, with initiatives popping up left and right. Here, we give a personal perspective on a very successful, knowledge-driven innovation initiated in an academia- industry alliance, which culminated in technology platforms that enable the generation of therapeutic antibodies with novel properties. To start, we provide a general background on open innovation in the drug development field.
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Labasque M, Hivert B, Nogales-Gadea G, Querol L, Illa I, Faivre-Sarrailh C. Specific contactin N-glycans are implicated in neurofascin binding and autoimmune targeting in peripheral neuropathies. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7907-18. [PMID: 24497634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a crucial role in the formation of the nodes of Ranvier and in the rapid propagation of the nerve impulses along myelinated axons. These CAMs are the targets of autoimmunity in inflammatory neuropathies. We recently showed that a subgroup of patients with aggressive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) shows autoantibodies to contactin (1). The complex of contactin·Caspr·neurofascin-155 (NF155) enables the formation of paranodal junctions, suggesting that antibody attack against paranodes may participate in the severity of CIDP. In the present study, we mapped the molecular determinants of contactin targeted by the autoantibodies. In three patients, immunoreactivity was directed against the Ig domains of contactin and was dependent on N-glycans. The serum of one patient was selectively directed against contactin bearing mannose-rich N-glycans. Strikingly, the oligomannose type sugars of contactin are required for association with its glial partner NF155 (2). To investigate precisely the role of contactin N-glycans, we have mutated each of the nine consensus N-glycosylation sites independently. We found that the mutation of three sites (N467Q/N473Q/N494Q) in Ig domain 5 of contactin prevented soluble NF155-Fc binding. In contrast, these mutations did not abolish cis-association with Caspr. Next, we showed that the cluster of N-glycosylation sites (Asn-467, Asn-473, and Asn-494) was required for immunoreactivity in one patient. Using cell aggregation assays, we showed that the IgGs from the four CIDP patients prevented adhesive interaction between contactin·Caspr and NF155. Importantly, we showed that the anti-contactin autoantibodies induced alteration of paranodal junctions in myelinated neuronal culture. These results strongly suggest that antibodies to CAMs may be pathogenic and induce demyelination via functional blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Labasque
- From Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille, France
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The role of antibody in parasitic helminth infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:1-26. [PMID: 25253025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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63
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Yang J, Goetze AM, Flynn GC. Assessment of naturally occurring covalent and total dimer levels in human IgG1 and IgG2. Mol Immunol 2013; 58:108-15. [PMID: 24321397 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody dimers, two self-associated monomers, have been detected on both recombinantly expressed and endogenous human IgG proteins. Nearly 10 years ago, Yoo et al. (2003) described low levels of IgG2 covalent dimer, in human serum, but did not quantify the levels. Here we quantify the total and covalent dimer levels of IgG2 and IgG1 in human blood, and study the origin of covalent dimer formation. Low levels (<1%) of total IgG1 and IgG2 dimers were measured in freshly prepared human plasma. Both IgG1 and IgG2 covalent dimers were also found in plasma. Whereas IgG1 covalent dimer levels were significantly reduced by steps intended to eliminate artifacts during sample preparation, IgG2 covalent dimer levels remain stable in such conditions. About 0.4% of IgG2 in plasma was in a covalent dimer form, yet very little (<0.03%) of IgG1 covalent dimer could be considered naturally occurring. IgG2 dimer also formed in vitro under conditions designed to mimic those in blood, suggesting that formation occurs in vivo during circulation. Thus, small amounts of covalent IgG2 dimer do appear to form naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Yang
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, 91320, United States
| | - Andrew M Goetze
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, 91320, United States
| | - Gregory C Flynn
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, 91320, United States.
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Sedykh MA, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Polyreactivity of natural antibodies: Exchange by HL-fragments. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:1305-1320. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913120018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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65
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Rouet R, Lowe D, Christ D. Stability engineering of the human antibody repertoire. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:269-77. [PMID: 24291820 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies often display limited thermodynamic and colloidal stabilities. This behavior hinders their production, and places limitations on the development of novel formulation conditions and therapeutic applications. Antibodies are highly diverse molecules, with much of the sequence variation observed within variable domain families and, in particular, their complementarity determining regions. This has complicated the development of comprehensive strategies for the stability engineering of the human antibody repertoire. Here we provide an overview of the field, and discuss recent advances in the development of robust and aggregation resistant antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - David Lowe
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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Ito T, Tsumoto K. Effects of subclass change on the structural stability of chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies under thermal stress. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1542-51. [PMID: 23963869 PMCID: PMC3831669 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To address how changes in the subclass of antibody molecules affect their thermodynamic stability, we prepared three types of four monoclonal antibody molecules (chimeric, humanized, and human) and analyzed their structural stability under thermal stress by using size-exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), and differential scanning fluoroscopy (DSF) with SYPRO Orange as a dye probe. All four molecules showed the same trend in change of structural stability; the order of the total amount of aggregates was IgG1 < IgG2 < IgG4. We thus successfully cross-validated the effects of subclass change on the structural stability of antibodies under thermal stress by using four methods. The T(h) values obtained with DSF were well correlated with the onset temperatures obtained with DSC and CD, suggesting that structural perturbation of the CH2 region could be monitored by using DSF. Our results suggested that variable domains dominated changes in structural stability and that the physicochemical properties of the constant regions of IgG were not altered, regardless of the variable regions fused.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Calorimetry, Differential Scanning
- Chromatography, Gel
- Circular Dichroism
- Cricetulus
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Fluoroscopy
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Protein Stability
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Reproducibility of Results
- Stress, Physiological
- Temperature
- Thermodynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Ito
- Bio Process Research and Development Laboratories, Production DivisionKyowa Hakko Kirin Company Limited, 100-1 Hagiwara-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0013, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo4–6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoKashiwa, 277–8562, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo4–6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108–8639, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of TokyoKashiwa, 277–8562, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of TokyoTokyo, 113-0024, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of TokyoTokyo, 113-0024, Japan
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Castillo-Rama M, Sebagh M, Sasatomi E, Randhawa P, Isse K, Salgarkar AD, Ruppert K, Humar A, Demetris AJ. "Plasma cell hepatitis" in liver allografts: identification and characterization of an IgG4-rich cohort. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2966-77. [PMID: 24011021 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cell hepatitis (PCH), also known as "de novo autoimmune" hepatitis, is an increasingly recognized, but suboptimally named and poorly understood, category of late allograft dysfunction strongly resembling autoimmune hepatitis (AIH): They share plasma-cell-rich necro-inflammatory activity on biopsy, autoantibodies and steroid responsiveness, but overlap with rejection is problematic. A retrospective study of clinical, serological, histopathological and IgG4 immunohistological features of PCH (n = 20) in liver allograft recipients, native liver AIH (n = 19) and plasma-cell-rich renal allograft rejection (n = 20) showed: (1) high frequency (44%) of HLA-DR15; (2) less female predominance (p = 0.03) and (3) n = 9/20 PCH recipients showed >25 IgG4+ plasma cells/high-power field (IgG4+ PCH) versus AIH (n = 1/19, p = 0.008) or plasma-cell-rich kidney rejection (n = 2/20, p = 0.03). The IgG4+ PCH (n = 9) subgroup showed lower alanine transaminase (ALT) (p < 0.01) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (p < 0.05) at index biopsy but (a) higher plasma cell number/percentage, (b) more aggressive-appearing portal/periportal and perivenular necro-inflammatory activity and (c) more severe portal/periportal fibrosis than IgG4- PCH (n = 11). Significant demographic, histopathologic and plasma cell phenotype differences between PCH and AIH suggest distinct pathogenic mechanisms for at least the IgG4+ PCH subgroup likely representing an overlap between allo- and auto-immunity. IgG4+ PCH was associated with fibrosis, but also highly responsive to increased immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castillo-Rama
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Liu YD, Wang T, Chou R, Chen L, Kannan G, Stevenson R, Goetze AM, Jiang XG, Huang G, Dillon TM, Flynn GC. IgG2 disulfide isoform conversion kinetics. Mol Immunol 2013; 54:217-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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69
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Efficient generation of stable bispecific IgG1 by controlled Fab-arm exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5145-50. [PMID: 23479652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220145110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The promise of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) to yield more effective therapeutics is well recognized; however, the generation of bsAbs in a practical and cost-effective manner has been a formidable challenge. Here we present a technology for the efficient generation of bsAbs with normal IgG structures that is amenable to both antibody drug discovery and development. The process involves separate expression of two parental antibodies, each containing single matched point mutations in the CH3 domains. The parental antibodies are mixed and subjected to controlled reducing conditions in vitro that separate the antibodies into HL half-molecules and allow reassembly and reoxidation to form highly pure bsAbs. The technology is compatible with standard large-scale antibody manufacturing and ensures bsAbs with Fc-mediated effector functions and in vivo stability typical of IgG1 antibodies. Proof-of-concept studies with HER2×CD3 (T-cell recruitment) and HER2×HER2 (dual epitope targeting) bsAbs demonstrate superior in vivo activity compared with parental antibody pairs.
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70
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Davies AM, Rispens T, den Bleker TH, McDonnell JM, Gould HJ, Aalberse RC, Sutton BJ. Crystal structure of the human IgG4 C(H)3 dimer reveals the role of Arg409 in the mechanism of Fab-arm exchange. Mol Immunol 2012; 54:1-7. [PMID: 23164605 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies of the human IgG4 subclass uniquely undergo a process of Fab-arm exchange in which the heavy-chains of antibodies of different specificities can dissociate and then recombine. The mechanism by which the resulting functionally monovalent but bi-specific antibodies are formed is not only key to understanding their biological role, but is also important for the design of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Both the hinge region and the C(H)3 domain interface are known to be involved, and of the residues that differ between human IgG1 and IgG4 in C(H)3, residue 409, the only difference at the interface itself, has been implicated. We report the high resolution (1.8Å) structure of the C(H)3 domain dimer of IgG4, and find that Arg409 in IgG4, when compared with Lys409 observed in high resolution IgG1 structures, disrupts a network of water-mediated hydrogen bonding that is conserved in IgG1. Other conformational differences were detected that are a consequence of the presence of Arg409, such as a widening of the separation between residues Asn390 in one domain and Ser 400 in the other, which opens up a groove at the edge of the interface in IgG4 compared with IgG1. The effect of all these differences on the C(H)3 interface, doubled as a result of the interface's two-fold symmetry, is weakening of the inter-domain interaction in IgG4 compared with IgG1. This suggests a mechanism by which Arg409 weakens the C(H)3 interface in IgG4, predisposing this human antibody subclass to Fab-arm exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Davies
- King's College London, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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71
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Sedykh SE, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Human milk sIgA molecules contain various combinations of different antigen-binding sites resulting in a multiple binding specificity of antibodies and enzymatic activities of abzymes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48756. [PMID: 23133657 PMCID: PMC3487837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the classic paradigm, immunoglobulins are monospecific molecules that have stable structures and two or more identical antigen-binding sites. However, we show here for the first time that the sIgA pool of human milk contains, depending on the donor, only 35±5% λ-sIgAs, 48±7% κ-sIgAs, and 17±4% of chimeric λ-κ-sIgAs. sIgA preparations contained no traces of canonical enzymes. However, all sIgA fractions eluted from several specific affinity sorbents under the conditions destroying even strong immune complexes demonstrated high catalytic activities in hydrolysis of ATP, DNA, and oligosaccharides, and phosphorylation of proteins, lipids, and oligosaccharides. Sequential re-chromatographies of the sIgA fractions with high affinity to one affinity sorbents on the second, third and then fourth affinity sorbents bearing other immobilized antigens led to the distribution of Abs and all catalytic activities all over the profiles of these chromatographies; in all cases some fractions eluted from affinity sorbents only under the conditions destroying strong immune complexes. In vitro, only an addition of reduced glutathione and milk plasma containing no Abs to two sIgA fractions with different affinity for DNA-cellulose led to a transition of up to 11–20% of Ab from one fraction to the other. Our data are indicative of the possibility of half-molecule exchange between different IgA and sIgA molecules. In addition, it cannot be excluded that during the penetration of IgAs through the specific milk barrier, the secretory component (S) and the join chain (J) can combine molecules of dimeric H2L2 λ-IgAs and κ-IgAs against different antigens forming many different variants of H4L4SJ sIgA molecules. Therefore, some chimeric molecules of sIgA can contain from two to four HL-fragments to various antigens interacting with high affinity with different sorbents and catalyzing various chemical reactions. Our data essentially expand the ideas concerning explanation of the phenomenon of polyspecificity and cross-reactivity of Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E. Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
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72
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Human milk IgGs contain various combinations of different antigen-binding sites resulting in multiple variants of their bispecificity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42942. [PMID: 22912765 PMCID: PMC3418227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the classic paradigm, immunoglobulins represent products of clonal B cell populations, each producing antibodies (Abs) recognizing a single antigen. There is a common belief that IgGs in mammalian biological fluids are monovalent molecules having stable structures and two identical antigen-binding sites. However, human milk IgGs to different antigens undergo extensive half-molecule exchange. In the IgGs pool, only 33±5% and 13±5% of Abs contained light chains exclusively of kappa- or lambda-type, respectively, while 54±10% of the IgGs contained both kappa- and lambda- light chains. All Ab preparations contained different amounts of IgGs of all four subclasses. Interestingly, lambda-IgGs contained an increased amount of IgG2 (87%) and only 3–6% of each of IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4, while kappa-IgGs consisted of comparable (17–32%) amounts of all IgG subtypes. Chimeric kappa-lambda-IgGs consisted of ∼74% IgG1, ∼16% IgG2, ∼5% IgG3 and ∼5% IgG4. As the result of the exchange, all IgG fractions eluted from several specific affinity sorbents under the conditions destroying strong immunocomplexes demonstrated high catalytic activities in hydrolysis of ATP, DNA, oligosaccharides, phosphorylation of proteins, lipids, and oligosaccharides. In vitro, an addition of reduced glutathione and milk plasma to two IgG fractions with different affinity for DNA-cellulose led to a transition of 25–60% of Ab of one fraction to the other fraction. Our data are indicative of the possibility of half-molecule exchange between milk IgGs of various subclasses, raised against different antigens (including abzymes), which explains the polyspecificity and cross-reactivity of these IgGs.
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73
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Liu H, May K. Disulfide bond structures of IgG molecules: structural variations, chemical modifications and possible impacts to stability and biological function. MAbs 2012; 4:17-23. [PMID: 22327427 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.1.18347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The disulfide bond structures established decades ago for immunoglobulins have been challenged by findings from extensive characterization of recombinant and human monoclonal IgG antibodies. Non-classical disulfide bond structure was first identified in IgG4 and later in IgG2 antibodies. Although, cysteine residues should be in the disulfide bonded states, free sulfhydryls have been detected in all subclasses of IgG antibodies. In addition, disulfide bonds are susceptible to chemical modifications, which can further generate structural variants such as IgG antibodies with trisulfide bond or thioether linkages. Trisulfide bond formation has also been observed for IgG of all subclasses. Degradation of disulfide bond through β-elimination generates free sulfhydryls disulfide and dehydroalanine. Further reaction between free sulfhydryl and dehydroalanine leads to the formation of a non-reducible cross-linked species. Hydrolysis of the dehydroalanine residue contributes substantially to antibody hinge region fragmentation. The effect of these disulfide bond variations on antibody structure, stability and biological function are discussed in this review.
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74
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Peters SJ, Smales CM, Henry AJ, Stephens PE, West S, Humphreys DP. Engineering an improved IgG4 molecule with reduced disulfide bond heterogeneity and increased Fab domain thermal stability. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24525-33. [PMID: 22610095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.369744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of antibody structure, stability, and biophysical characterization are becoming increasingly important as antibodies receive increasing scrutiny from regulatory authorities. We altered the disulfide bond arrangement of an IgG4 molecule by mutation of the Cys at the N terminus of the heavy chain constant domain 1 (C(H)1) (Kabat position 127) to a Ser and introduction of a Cys at a variety of positions (positions 227-230) at the C terminus of C(H)1. An inter-LC-C(H)1 disulfide bond is thus formed, which mimics the disulfide bond arrangement found in an IgG1 molecule. The antibody species present in the supernatant following transient expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells were analyzed by immunoblot to investigate product homogeneity, and purified product was analyzed by a thermofluor assay to determine thermal stability. We show that the light chain can form an inter-LC-C(H)1 disulfide bond with a Cys when present at several positions on the upper hinge (positions 227-230) and that such engineered disulfide bonds can consequently increase the Fab domain thermal stability between 3 and 6.8 °C. The IgG4 disulfide mutants displaying the greatest increase in Fab thermal stability were also the most homogeneous in terms of disulfide bond arrangement and antibody species present. Importantly, mutations did not affect the affinity for antigen of the resultant molecules. In combination with the previously described S241P mutation, we present an IgG4 molecule with increased Fab thermal stability and reduced product heterogeneity that potentially offers advantages for the production of IgG4 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley J Peters
- UCB Pharma Slough, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom.
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75
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Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Meesters J, Rose RJ, den Bleker TH, Loverix S, van den Bremer ETJ, Neijssen J, Vink T, Lasters I, Aalberse RC, Heck AJR, van de Winkel JGJ, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Species-Specific Determinants in the IgG CH3 Domain Enable Fab-Arm Exchange by Affecting the Noncovalent CH3–CH3 Interaction Strength. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3238-46. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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76
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Rispens T, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, Bende O, Aalberse RC. Mechanism of Immunoglobulin G4 Fab-arm Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10302-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja203638y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Bende
- Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C. Aalberse
- Sanquin Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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77
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Wang W, Li J. Identification of natural bispecific antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide and immunoglobulin G in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16527. [PMID: 21304585 PMCID: PMC3029361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies indicate that natural bispecific antibodies can be readily produced in vivo when the body is simultaneously stimulated with 2 distinct antigens. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) usually exhibit persistent immune responses to various autoantigens, raising the possibility that natural bispecific antibodies against 2 distinct autoantigens might exist. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified the presence of natural bispecific antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in RA patients' sera by means of a double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The spontaneous emergence of bispecific antibodies was confirmed by mixing different proportions of 1 anti-CCP-positive serum and 1 rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive serum in vitro. Among the tested samples, positive correlations were found between the presence of bispecific antibodies and both IgG4 anti-CCP antibodies and IgG4 RF (r = 0.507, p<0.001 and r = 0.249, p = 0.044, respectively), suggesting that the IgG4 subclass is associated with this phenomenon. Furthermore, bispecific antibodies were selectively generated when several anti-CCP- and RF-positive sera were mixed pairwise, indicating that factors other than the monospecific antibody titers may also contribute to the production of the natural bispecific antibodies. Conclusions/Significance We successfully identified the presence of natural bispecific antibodies. Our results suggest that these antibodies originate from anti-CCP and RF in the sera of RA patients. The natural occurrence of bispecific antibodies in human diseases may provide new insights for a better understanding of the diseases. Further investigations are needed to elucidate their precise generation mechanisms and explore their clinical significance in disease development and progression in a larger study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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78
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Shapiro RI, Plavina T, Schlain BR, Pepinsky RB, Garber EA, Jarpe M, Hochman PS, Wehner NG, Bard F, Motter R, Yednock TA, Taylor FR. Development and validation of immunoassays to quantify the half-antibody exchange of an IgG4 antibody, natalizumab (Tysabri®) with endogenous IgG4. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:168-75. [PMID: 21300512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natalizumab is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody which binds human α4 integrin and is approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. Assessment of the in vivo disposition of natalizumab presents a unique assay development challenge due to the ability of human IgG4 antibodies to undergo half-antibody exchange in vivo. Such exchange generates IgG4 molecules of mixed specificity comprising a natalizumab heavy-light chain pair coupled to an IgG4 heavy-light chain pair of unknown specificity. Since exchanged and non-exchanged species cannot be quantified independently using a single enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a novel quantitation strategy was developed employing two ELISAs: one measuring total natalizumab including both intact and exchanged molecules, and the second measuring only intact natalizumab. The presence and amount of exchanged natalizumab in serum is calculated by the difference in values obtained in the two assays. To evaluate assay performance, a control reagent was created from natalizumab and an irrelevant humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody. Subsequent validation demonstrated that both assays are specific, accurate, and precise within the working ranges of the assays (1.5-10μg/mL for total and 0.5-12μg/mL for intact natalizumab assays). The mean accuracy, intra- and inter-assay precision for both assays were 82-113%, ≤9% and ≤20%, respectively. Additionally, the limits of detection of intact and exchanged natalizumab were established using statistical methods. The utility of the two-assay strategy was confirmed by analyzing samples from a pharmacokinetic study in rats using different variants of natalizumab administered along with another human IgG4 antibody as an exchange partner.
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79
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Gomez AM, Van Den Broeck J, Vrolix K, Janssen SP, Lemmens MAM, Van Der Esch E, Duimel H, Frederik P, Molenaar PC, Martínez-Martínez P, De Baets MH, Losen M. Antibody effector mechanisms in myasthenia gravis-pathogenesis at the neuromuscular junction. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:353-70. [PMID: 20380584 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903555943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies that are either directed to the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or to the muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK). These autoantibodies define two distinct subforms of the disease-AChR-MG and MuSK-MG. Both AChR and MuSK are expressed on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), which is a highly specialized region of the muscle dedicated to receive and process signals from the motor nerve. Autoantibody binding to proteins of the postsynaptic membrane leads to impaired neuromuscular transmission and muscle weakness. Pro-inflammatory antibodies of the human IgG1 and IgG3 subclass modulate the AChR, cause complement activation, and attract lymphocytes; together acting to decrease levels of the AChR and AChR-associated proteins and to reduce postsynaptic folding. In patients with anti-MuSK antibodies, there is no evidence of loss of junctional folds and no apparent loss of AChR density. Anti-MuSK antibodies are predominantly of the IgG4 isotype, which functionally differs from other IgG subclasses in its anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, IgG4 undergoes a posttranslational modification termed Fab arm exchange that prevents cross-linking of antigens. These findings suggest that MuSK-MG may be different in etiological and pathological mechanisms from AChR-MG. The effector functions of IgG subclasses on synapse structure and function are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M Gomez
- Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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80
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Wang W, Xu R, Li J. Production of native bispecific antibodies in rabbits. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10879. [PMID: 20559427 PMCID: PMC2885417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A natural bispecific antibody, which can be produced by exchanging Fab arms of two IgG4 molecules, was first described in allergic patients receiving therapeutic injections with two distinct allergens. However, no information has been published on the production of natural bispecific antibody in animals. Even more important, establishment of an animal model is a useful approach to investigate and characterize the naturally occurring antibody. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrated that a natural bispecific antibody can also be generated in New Zealand white rabbits by immunization with synthesized conjugates. These antibodies showed bispecificity to the components that were simultaneously used to immunize the animals. We observed a trend in our test animals that female rabbits exhibited stronger bispecific antibody responses than males. The bispecific antibody was monomeric and primarily belonged to immunoglobulin (Ig) G. Moreover, bispecific antibodies were demonstrated by mixing 2 purified monospecific antibodies in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions/Significance Our results extend the context of natural bispecific antibodies on the basis of bispecific IgG4, and may provide insights into the exploration of native bispecific antibodies in immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihuan Xu
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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81
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Zhang B, Harder AG, Connelly HM, Maheu LL, Cockrill SL. Determination of Fab-hinge disulfide connectivity in structural isoforms of a recombinant human immunoglobulin G2 antibody. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1090-9. [PMID: 20039682 DOI: 10.1021/ac902466z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of unexpected disulfide-mediated structural variants of human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibodies was recently the subject of two copublications. In this paper, we present data to confirm the previously reported structures and elucidate the complete disulfide connectivity of each variant through the application of a novel analytical methodology. In this manner, the data illustrate the presence of at least five structural variants, including the classical structure with independent Fab domains and a hinge region. Multiple subvariants of the IgG2-A/B and IgG2-B structures are identified; these subvariants of each structure differ through the order of attachment of Fab peptides to the sequential hinge cysteines. Furthermore, the connectivity of a novel subvariant of IgG2-B containing an intrachain disulfide linkage in the lower hinge region is elucidated. The results presented in this paper reveal that the population of IgG2 disulfide structural variants is yet more complex than recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 4000 Nelson Road, Longmont, Colorado 80503, USA
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82
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83
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Abstract
Drug development from early discovery to late stage commercialization is a long arduous process where a number of factors are taken into consideration when deciding on a particular immunoglobulin isotype for a therapeutic purpose. There are no general rules for which isotype is selected; however, prior experiences, effector function and the specific therapy targeted, as well as extensive testing early in development help in pairing the number of candidates. Over 20 monoclonal antibodies are FDA-approved, and most are IgG1 isotype, although a number of non-IgG1 molecules have been approved recently and the number in development is on the rise. Analytical techniques that examine the physicochemical properties of a molecule provide vital information on the stability and efficacy of candidate antibody therapeutics, but most of these studies are conducted using standard buffers and under well defined storage conditions. It has recently become apparent that analysis of antibody therapeutics recovered after circulation in blood show altered physicochemical characteristics, and in many instances therapeutic molecules recovered from serum show lower potency. This review examines some of these studies, with a focus on the physicochemical changes observed in the molecules. Technologies that can facilitate rapid screening of candidate antibody therapeutics directly from blood are highlighted. The facts indicate that antibody therapeutic development programs must incorporate understanding of the basic biology of the isotype and its stability in serum, which is the intended environment of the therapeutic.
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84
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Lagoumintzis G, Zisimopoulou P, Kordas G, Lazaridis K, Poulas K, Tzartos SJ. Recent approaches to the development of antigen-specific immunotherapies for myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:436-45. [DOI: 10.3109/08916930903518099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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85
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Stubenrauch K, Wessels U, Regula JT, Kettenberger H, Schleypen J, Kohnert U. Impact of Molecular Processing in the Hinge Region of Therapeutic IgG4 Antibodies on Disposition Profiles in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:84-91. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.029751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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86
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Ferrari S, Mudde GC, Rieger M, Veyradier A, Kremer Hovinga JA, Scheiflinger F. IgG subclass distribution of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies in patients with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1703-10. [PMID: 19682238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADAMTS13-neutralizing IgG autoantibodies are the major cause of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). OBJECTIVE To analyze the IgG subclass distribution of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies and a potential relationship between subclass distribution and disease prognosis. METHODOLOGY An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based method was used to quantify the relative amounts of IgG subclasses of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies in acquired TTP plasma. RESULTS IgG(4) (52/58, 90%) was the most prevalent IgG subclass in patients with acquired TTP, followed by IgG(1) (52%), IgG(2) (50%), and IgG(3) (33%). IgG(4) was found either alone (17/52) or with other IgG subclasses (35/52). IgG(4) was not detected in 10% of the patients. There was an inverse correlation between the frequency and abundance of IgG(4) and IgG(1) antibodies (P < 0.01). Patients with high IgG(4) levels and undetectable IgG(1) are more prone to relapse than patients with low IgG(4) levels and detectable IgG(1). CONCLUSIONS All IgG subclasses of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies were detected in patients with acquired TTP, with IgG(4), followed by IgG(1), antibodies dominating the anti-ADAMTS13 immune response. Levels of IgG(4) could be useful for the identification of patients at risk of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferrari
- Department of Discovery Research and Technical Assessment, Baxter BioScience, 1220 Vienna, Austria
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87
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Lewis KB, Meengs B, Bondensgaard K, Chin L, Hughes SD, Kjær B, Lund S, Wang L. Comparison of the ability of wild type and stabilized human IgG4 to undergo Fab arm exchange with endogenous IgG4 in vitro and in vivo. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3488-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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88
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Abstract
Because of their extreme importance to human health, we probably know more about the structure and function of antibodies than practically any other molecule. Despite all the knowledge that has been accrued in the understanding of antibodies, modern approaches, especially comparative genomics, continue to yield novel findings regarding their underlying biology and evolution. In this review, we describe recent research that led to these revelations, and discuss the broad evolutionary implications of these findings. We have restricted our discussion to three vignettes. Considerable attention has been paid to the recent discovery that the teleost IgH locus is highly similar in organization to the Tcra-Tcrd locus, implicating an evolutionary common ancestor and parallels between the functions of B and T cells during development. Second, we discuss how a new type of antibody, recently discovered in jawless vertebrates, composed not of immunoglobulins but leucine-rich repeats, sheds new light on the overall forces driving evolution of all adaptive antigen receptors. Lastly, we discuss how accumulation of genomic sequences of various human subpopulations leads to better understanding of the directionality of antibody evolution. There is always more to learn from the unfolding saga of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Danilova
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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89
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Allen MJ, Guo A, Martinez T, Han M, Flynn GC, Wypych J, Liu YD, Shen WD, Dillon TM, Vezina C, Balland A. Interchain Disulfide Bonding in Human IgG2 Antibodies Probed by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3755-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8022174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Allen
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Amy Guo
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Theresa Martinez
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Mei Han
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Gregory C. Flynn
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Jette Wypych
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Yaoqing Diana Liu
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Wenyan D. Shen
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
| | | | - Alain Balland
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119
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Abstract
Despite its well-known association with IgE-mediated allergy, IgG4 antibodies still have several poorly understood characteristics. IgG4 is a very dynamic antibody: the antibody is involved in a continuous process of half-molecules (i.e. a heavy and attached light-chain) exchange. This process, also referred to as 'Fab-arm exchange', results usually in asymmetric antibodies with two different antigen-combining sites. While these antibodies are hetero- bivalent, they will behave as monovalent antibodies in most situations. Another aspect of IgG4, still poorly understood, is its tendency to mimic IgG rheumatoid factor (RF) activity by interacting with IgG on a solid support. In contrast to conventional RF, which binds via its variable domains, the activity of IgG4 is located in its constant domains. This is potentially a source of false positives in IgG4 antibody assay results. Because regulation of IgG4 production is dependent on help by T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells, the IgG4 response is largely restricted to non-microbial antigens. This Th2-dependency associates the IgG4 and IgE responses. Another typical feature in the immune regulation of IgG4 is its tendency to appear only after prolonged immunization. In the context of IgE-mediated allergy, the appearance of IgG4 antibodies is usually associated with a decrease in symptoms. This is likely to be due, at least in part, to an allergen-blocking effect at the mast cell level and/or at the level of the antigen-presenting cell (preventing IgE-facilitated activation of T cells). In addition, the favourable association reflects the enhanced production of IL-10 and other anti-inflammatory cytokines, which drive the production of IgG4. While in general, IgG4 is being associated with non-activating characteristics, in some situations IgG4 antibodies have an association with pathology. Two striking examples are pemphigoid diseases and sclerosing diseases such as autoimmune pancreatitis. The mechanistic basis for the association of IgG4 with these diseases is still enigmatic. However, the association with sclerosing diseases may reflect an excessive production of anti-inflammatory cytokines triggering an overwhelming expansion of IgG4-producing plasma cells. The bottom line for allergy diagnosis: IgG4 by itself is unlikely to be a cause of allergic symptoms. In general, the presence of allergen-specific IgG4 indicates that anti-inflammatory, tolerance-inducing mechanisms have been activated. The existence of the IgG4 subclass, its up-regulation by anti-inflammatory factors and its own anti-inflammatory characteristics may help the immune system to dampen inappropriate inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Aalberse
- Sanquin and Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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91
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Presta LG. Molecular engineering and design of therapeutic antibodies. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 20:460-70. [PMID: 18656541 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the first murine monoclonal antibody was approved for human therapeutic use over a decade ago, the realization that monoclonal antibody therapeutics could be engineered to improve their efficacy has inspired an astonishing array of novel antibody constructs. Early focus was on reducing the immunogenicity of rodent antibodies via humanization and generation of antibodies in transgenic mice; as those techniques were being established and then provided marketed therapeutic antibodies, the focus expanded to include engineering for enhanced effector functions, control of half-life, tumor and tissue accessibility, augmented biophysical characteristics such as stability, and more efficient (and less costly) production. Over the past two years significant progress in designing antibodies with improved pharmacokinetic properties, via modified interaction with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), has been achieved. Likewise, the ability to alter the communication of a therapeutic antibody with the immune system has been advanced, using both manipulation of the immunoglobulin protein sequence and its glycosylation. Although clinical evaluation of these engineered modifications has yet to be reported, results in primates are encouraging.
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92
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Satoguina JS, Adjobimey T, Arndts K, Hoch J, Oldenburg J, Layland LE, Hoerauf A. Tr1 and naturally occurring regulatory T cells induce IgG4 in B cells through GITR/GITR-L interaction, IL-10 and TGF-β. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:3101-13. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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93
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Wypych J, Li M, Guo A, Zhang Z, Martinez T, Allen MJ, Fodor S, Kelner DN, Flynn GC, Liu YD, Bondarenko PV, Ricci MS, Dillon TM, Balland A. Human IgG2 antibodies display disulfide-mediated structural isoforms. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16194-205. [PMID: 18339624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709987200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present studies of the covalent structure of human IgG2 molecules. Detailed analysis showed that recombinant human IgG2 monoclonal antibody could be partially resolved into structurally distinct forms caused by multiple disulfide bond structures. In addition to the presently accepted structure for the human IgG2 subclass, we also found major structures that differ from those documented in the current literature. These novel structural isoforms are defined by the light chain constant domain (C(L)) and the heavy chain C(H)1 domain covalently linked via disulfide bonds to the hinge region of the molecule. Our results demonstrate the presence of three main types of structures within the human IgG2 subclass, and we have named these structures IgG2-A, -B, and -A/B. IgG2-A is the known classic structure for the IgG2 subclass defined by structurally independent Fab domains and hinge region. IgG2-B is a structure defined by a symmetrical arrangement of a (C(H)1-C(L)-hinge)(2) complex with both Fab regions covalently linked to the hinge. IgG2-A/B represents an intermediate form, defined by an asymmetrical arrangement involving one Fab arm covalently linked to the hinge through disulfide bonds. The newly discovered structural isoforms are present in native human IgG2 antibodies isolated from myeloma plasma and from normal serum. Furthermore, the isoforms are present in native human IgG2 with either kappa or lambda light chains, although the ratios differ between the light chain classes. These findings indicate that disulfide structural heterogeneity is a naturally occurring feature of antibodies belonging to the human IgG2 subclass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Wypych
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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94
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95
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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96
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van der Neut Kolfschoten M, Schuurman J, Losen M, Bleeker WK, Martínez-Martínez P, Vermeulen E, den Bleker TH, Wiegman L, Vink T, Aarden LA, De Baets MH, van de Winkel JGJ, Aalberse RC, Parren PWHI. Anti-inflammatory activity of human IgG4 antibodies by dynamic Fab arm exchange. Science 2007; 317:1554-7. [PMID: 17872445 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play a central role in immunity by forming an interface with the innate immune system and, typically, mediate proinflammatory activity. We describe a novel posttranslational modification that leads to anti-inflammatory activity of antibodies of immunoglobulin G, isotype 4 (IgG4). IgG4 antibodies are dynamic molecules that exchange Fab arms by swapping a heavy chain and attached light chain (half-molecule) with a heavy-light chain pair from another molecule, which results in bispecific antibodies. Mutagenesis studies revealed that the third constant domain is critical for this activity. The impact of IgG4 Fab arm exchange was confirmed in vivo in a rhesus monkey model with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. IgG4 Fab arm exchange is suggested to be an important biological mechanism that provides the basis for the anti-inflammatory activity attributed to IgG4 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antigens, Plant
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
- Macaca mulatta
- Mice
- Mutation
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn van der Neut Kolfschoten
- Sanquin Research-AMC Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Immunopathology, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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97
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Ejrnaes AM, Svenson M, Lund G, Larsen JN, Jacobi H. Inhibition of rBet v 1-induced basophil histamine release with specific immunotherapy -induced serum immunoglobulin G: no evidence that FcgammaRIIB signalling is important. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:273-82. [PMID: 16499637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human basophils and mast cells express the low-affinity immunoglobulin (Ig)G receptor FcgammaRIIB. It has previously been shown in artificial model systems that cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor FcepsilonRI and FcgammaRIIB leads to inhibition of FcepsilonRI signalling. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cross-linking of FcepsilonRI and FcgammaRIIB contributes to IgG-mediated inhibition of histamine release in human basophils in a system using the sera from specific immunotherapy (SIT) patients and the major allergen from birch pollen, Bet v 1. As IgG4 furthermore has been proposed to have special blocking properties, we investigated the significance of IgG subclass specificity for this inhibition. METHODS Binding of recombinant Bet v 1-IgG complexes to FcgammaRII and IgG-binding activities in the sera from 25 birch pollen-allergic patients treated with SIT were measured using (125)I-rBet v 1. Inhibition of basophil histamine release was assessed by incubating washed leucocytes with complexes of rBet v 1-IgG with or without blocking of FcgammaRII. RESULTS We observed low binding of rBet v 1-IgG complexes to FcgammaRII, which was negatively correlated with the relative IgG4-binding activities. Blocking of FcgammaRII did not reverse the SIT-IgG-induced inhibition of basophil histamine release. However, IgG-binding activities correlated significantly with the ability of the SIT sera to inhibit basophil histamine release. CONCLUSION We suggest that at least in birch pollen SIT, the contribution of FcgammaRIIB-mediated inhibitory signalling to SIT-IgG-induced inhibition of human basophil histamine release is of minor importance. The main contributor to the inhibitory effect of SIT-induced IgG seems to be blocking of the allergen-IgE interaction.
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98
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Scallon BJ, Snyder LA, Anderson GM, Chen Q, Yan L, Weiner LM, Nakada MT. A Review of Antibody Therapeutics and Antibody-Related Technologies for Oncology. J Immunother 2006; 29:351-64. [PMID: 16799330 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000199196.97845.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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99
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Krop EJM, Stapel SO, De Vrieze H, Van der Zee JS. Immunoglobulin E and G4 antibody responses in occupational airway exposure to bovine and porcine plasma proteins. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 139:237-44. [PMID: 16446546 DOI: 10.1159/000091169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of both antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG4 antibodies is dependent on stimulation of B cells by T helper 2 cell-derived cytokines. However, there is controversy as to their interaction. In this study, we investigated the interdependency of IgE and IgG4 antibody responses to a relatively high range of airway exposure to animal-derived proteins in an occupational setting. Moreover, associations with self-reported airway symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness were established. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, employees of an animal plasma spray-drying factory were questioned about airway symptoms, exposure was measured with personal sampling technique, and serology was performed. In a selection of subjects from this population, serology was repeated 15 months later, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness was measured. RESULTS IgE and IgG4 antibodies were detected in 17 and 57% of all employees and were both associated with degree of exposure. Only IgE antibodies showed an independent association with self-reported airway symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The presence of IgE antibodies was limited to employees with high levels of IgG4. Employees with IgE and symptoms appeared to have less IgG4 than asymptomatic IgE-positive individuals. The level of specific IgG4 antibodies was stable over a 15-month period. CONCLUSIONS In high-range airway exposure, development of IgE and IgG4 antibodies depended on the level of exposure. The threshold for development of IgG4 antibodies appeared to be less than that for IgE antibodies, and IgG4 antibodies may protect against the development of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J M Krop
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Miyazawa H, Sakaguchi M, Yasueda H, Saito S, Tanaka K, Nagata K, Inouye S. Non-IgE,-IgG4 Antibody to Japanese Cedar Pollen Allergens:Comparison of Its Prevalence and Titers between Pollinosis Patients and Non-Patients. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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