51
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Shi PQ, Wang L, Liu Y, An X, Chen XS, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL, Sang W. Infection dynamics of endosymbionts reveal three novel localization patterns of Rickettsia during the development of whitefly Bemisia tabaci. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5076031. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qiong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuan An
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmed
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 1911 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100, USA
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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52
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Skaljac M, Kirfel P, Grotmann J, Vilcinskas A. Fitness costs of infection with Serratia symbiotica are associated with greater susceptibility to insecticides in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1829-1836. [PMID: 29443436 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are agricultural pests that damage crops by direct feeding and by vectoring important plant viruses. Bacterial symbionts can influence aphid biology, e.g. by providing essential nutrients or facilitating adaptations to biotic and abiotic stress. RESULTS We investigated the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) and its commonly associated secondary bacterial symbiont Serratia symbiotica to study the effect of this symbiont on host fitness and susceptibility to the insecticides imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos methyl, methomyl, cyantraniliprole and spirotetramat. There is emerging evidence that members of the genus Serratia can degrade and/or detoxify diverse insecticides. Therefore, we hypothesized that S. symbiotica may promote resistance to these artificial stress agents in aphids. Our results showed that Serratia-infected aphids were more susceptible to most of the tested insecticides than non-infected aphids. This probably reflects the severe fitness costs associated with S. symbiotica, which negatively affects development, reproduction and body weight. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that S. symbiotica plays an important role in the ability of aphid hosts to tolerate insecticides. These results provide insight into the potential changes in tolerance to insecticides in the field because there is a continuous and dynamic process of symbiont acquisition and loss that may directly affect host biology. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Skaljac
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Phillipp Kirfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Grotmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Bioresources Project Group, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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53
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Zhang S, Luo J, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhu X, Jiang W, Cui J. Bacterial communities in natural versus pesticide-treated Aphis gossypii populations in North China. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00652. [PMID: 29877631 PMCID: PMC6436440 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cotton‐melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a worldwide‐spreading species, and pesticide‐resistant populations are increasing rapidly. In this study, investigations were performed based on Illumina HiSeq sequencing of the 16S rDNA V4 region for the bacterial communities embodied as intracellular symbionts under natural and in pesticide‐treated populations of A. gossypii. The results revealed that more than 82% of bacterial communities belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria in which the maximum proportion (53.24%) was of the genus Arsenophonus; Hamiltonella composed 22.31; and 1.37% was of the genus Acinetobacter. The relative abundance of Hamiltonella was obvious, vertically transmitted, divided into two groups, and its infection influenced the bacterial communities in A. gossypii. Symbiont density and composition were changed in samples tested on different days. Azadirachtin and phoxim influenced on the composition of bacterial communities. Different biomarkers were used for pesticide‐treated samples with LEfSe results. These findings will increase awareness regarding bacterial communities in naturally occurring populations of A. gossypii and pave the way to study the relationship between symbionts and pesticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Weili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
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54
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Vorburger C, Perlman SJ. The role of defensive symbionts in host-parasite coevolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1747-1764. [PMID: 29663622 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the coevolution of hosts and parasites is a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology. There is a well-developed theoretical framework to describe the evolution of host-parasite interactions under the assumption of direct, two-species interactions, which can result in arms race dynamics or sustained genotype fluctuations driven by negative frequency dependence (Red Queen dynamics). However, many hosts rely on symbionts for defence against parasites. Whilst the ubiquity of defensive symbionts and their potential importance for disease control are increasingly recognized, there is still a gap in our understanding of how symbionts mediate or possibly take part in host-parasite coevolution. Herein we address this question by synthesizing information already available from theoretical and empirical studies. First, we briefly introduce current hypotheses on how defensive mutualisms evolved from more parasitic relationships and highlight exciting new experimental evidence showing that this can occur very rapidly. We go on to show that defensive symbionts influence virtually all important determinants of coevolutionary dynamics, namely the variation in host resistance available to selection by parasites, the specificity of host resistance, and the trade-off structure between host resistance and other components of fitness. In light of these findings, we turn to the limited theory and experiments available for such three-species interactions to assess the role of defensive symbionts in host-parasite coevolution. Specifically, we discuss under which conditions the defensive symbiont may take over from the host the reciprocal adaptation with parasites and undergo its own selection dynamics, thereby altering or relaxing selection on the hosts' own immune defences. Finally, we address potential effects of defensive symbionts on the evolution of parasite virulence. This is an important problem for which there is no single, clear-cut prediction. The selection on parasite virulence resulting from the presence of defensive symbionts in their hosts will depend on the underlying mechanism of defence. We identify the evolutionary predictions for different functional categories of symbiont-conferred resistance and we evaluate the empirical literature for supporting evidence. We end this review with outstanding questions and promising avenues for future research to improve our understanding of symbiont-mediated coevolution between hosts and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steve J Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
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55
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Zouari S, Ben Halima MK, Reyes-Prieto M, Latorre A, Gil R. Natural Occurrence of Secondary Bacterial Symbionts in Aphids from Tunisia, with a Focus on Genus Hyalopterus. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:325-333. [PMID: 29506121 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) can harbor two types of bacterial symbionts. In addition to the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola Munson, Baumann and Kinsey 1991 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), several facultative symbiotic bacteria, called secondary (S) symbionts, have been identified among many important pest aphid species. To determine interpopulational diversity of S-symbionts, we carried out a survey in a total of 18 populations of six aphid species collected from six localities in Tunisia, by performing a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction analysis of partial 16S-23S rRNA operon sequences. While 61.7% of individuals contained only Buchnera, three S-symbionts were found at different frequencies. Arsenophonus sp. Gherna et al. 1991 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) was found in all species under study except for Acyrtosiphon pisum (Harris 1776) (Aphidinae: Macrosiphini); Serratia symbiotica Moran et al. 2005 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) was present in all analyzed individuals of A. pisum but only sporadically in Aphis spiraecola (Patch 1914) (Aphidinae: Aphidini) and Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard 1840) (Aphidinae: Aphidini), while Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al. 2005 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) was found in all analyzed individuals of one population of Aphis gossypii (Glover 1877) (Aphidinae: Aphidini) and sporadically in two populations of Hyalopterus. The lysogenic bacteriophage APSE-1 (A. pisum secondary endosymbiont, type 1) was detected in the three populations infected with H. defensa. This bacteriophage has been associated with moderate protection against braconid parasitoids in pea aphids. The high prevalence of Arsenophonus sp. in our samples is in accordance with previous studies indicating that, among gammaproteobacteria, this genus is one of the most widespread insect facultative symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zouari
- UR13AGRO3: Cultures maraîchères conventionnelles et biologiques. Institut Supérieur Agronomique (ISA) de Chott Mariem, Université de Sousse Tunisie, Chott Mariem, Tunisia
| | - Monia Kamel Ben Halima
- UR13AGRO3: Cultures maraîchères conventionnelles et biologiques. Institut Supérieur Agronomique (ISA) de Chott Mariem, Université de Sousse Tunisie, Chott Mariem, Tunisia
| | - Mariana Reyes-Prieto
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Paterna (Valencia) Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Paterna (Valencia) Spain
- Área de Genómica y Salud, FISABIO - Salud Pública, València, Spain
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, Paterna (Valencia) Spain
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56
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Rock DI, Smith AH, Joffe J, Albertus A, Wong N, O'Connor M, Oliver KM, Russell JA. Context-dependent vertical transmission shapes strong endosymbiont community structure in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2039-2056. [PMID: 29215202 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Animal-associated microbiomes are often comprised of structured, multispecies communities, with particular microbes showing trends of co-occurrence or exclusion. Such structure suggests variable community stability, or variable costs and benefits-possibilities with implications for symbiont-driven host adaptation. In this study, we performed systematic screening for maternally transmitted, facultative endosymbionts of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Sampling across six locales, with up to 5 years of collection in each, netted significant and consistent trends of community structure. Co-infections between Serratia symbiotica and Rickettsiella viridis were more common than expected, while Rickettsia and X-type symbionts colonized aphids with Hamiltonella defensa more often than expected. Spiroplasma co-infected with other endosymbionts quite rarely, showing tendencies to colonize as a single species monoculture. Field estimates of maternal transmission rates help to explain our findings: while Serratia and Rickettsiella improved each other's transmission, Spiroplasma reduced transmission rates of co-infecting endosymbionts. In summary, our findings show that North American pea aphids harbour recurring combinations of facultative endosymbionts. Common symbiont partners play distinct roles in pea aphid biology, suggesting the creation of "generalist" aphids receiving symbiont-based defence against multiple ecological stressors. Multimodal selection, at the host level, may thus partially explain our results. But more conclusively, our findings show that within-host microbe interactions, and their resulting impacts on transmission rates, are an important determinant of community structure. Widespread distributions of heritable symbionts across plants and invertebrates hint at the far-reaching implications for these findings, and our work further shows the benefits of symbiosis research within a natural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle I Rock
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew H Smith
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonah Joffe
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amie Albertus
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Narayan Wong
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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57
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Ivens ABF, Gadau A, Kiers ET, Kronauer DJC. Can social partnerships influence the microbiome? Insights from ant farmers and their trophobiont mutualists. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1898-1914. [PMID: 29411455 PMCID: PMC5935579 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic interactions with microbes have played a crucial role in the evolution and ecology of animal hosts. However, it is unclear what factors are most important in influencing particular host–microbe associations. While closely related animal species may have more similar microbiota than distantly related species due to phylogenetic contingencies, social partnerships with other organisms, such as those in which one animal farms another, may also influence an organism's symbiotic microbiome. We studied a mutualistic network of Brachymyrmex and Lasius ants farming several honeydew‐producing Prociphilus aphids and Rhizoecus mealybugs to test whether the mutualistic microbiomes of these interacting insects are primarily correlated with their phylogeny or with their shared social partnerships. Our results confirm a phylogenetic signal in the microbiomes of aphid and mealybug trophobionts, with each species harbouring species‐specific endosymbiont strains of Buchnera (aphids), Tremblaya and Sodalis (mealybugs), and Serratia (both mealybugs and aphids) despite being farmed by the same ants. This is likely explained by strict vertical transmission of trophobiont endosymbionts between generations. In contrast, our results show the ants’ microbiome is possibly shaped by their social partnerships, with ants that farm the same trophobionts also sharing strains of sugar‐processing Acetobacteraceae bacteria, known from other honeydew‐feeding ants and which likely reside extracellularly in the ants’ guts. These ant–microbe associations are arguably more “open” and subject to horizontal transmission or social transmission within ant colonies. These findings suggest that the role of social partnerships in shaping a host's symbiotic microbiome can be variable and is likely dependent on how the microbes are transmitted across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniek B F Ivens
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Gadau
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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58
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Chevignon G, Boyd BM, Brandt JW, Oliver KM, Strand MR. Culture-Facilitated Comparative Genomics of the Facultative Symbiont Hamiltonella defensa. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:786-802. [PMID: 29452355 PMCID: PMC5841374 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects host facultative, bacterial symbionts that confer conditional fitness benefits to their hosts. Hamiltonella defensa is a common facultative symbiont of aphids that provides protection against parasitoid wasps. Protection levels vary among strains of H. defensa that are also differentially infected by bacteriophages named APSEs. However, little is known about trait variation among strains because only one isolate has been fully sequenced. Generating complete genomes for facultative symbionts is hindered by relatively large genome sizes but low abundances in hosts like aphids that are very small. Here, we took advantage of methods for culturing H. defensa outside of aphids to generate complete genomes and transcriptome data for four strains of H. defensa from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Chosen strains also spanned the breadth of the H. defensa phylogeny and differed in strength of protection conferred against parasitoids. Results indicated that strains shared most genes with roles in nutrient acquisition, metabolism, and essential housekeeping functions. In contrast, the inventory of mobile genetic elements varied substantially, which generated strain specific differences in gene content and genome architecture. In some cases, specific traits correlated with differences in protection against parasitoids, but in others high variation between strains obscured identification of traits with likely roles in defense. Transcriptome data generated continuous distributions to genome assemblies with some genes that were highly expressed and others that were not. Single molecule real-time sequencing further identified differences in DNA methylation patterns and restriction modification systems that provide defense against phage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia
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59
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Andersen JC, Mills NJ. Comparative genetics of invasive populations of walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola, and its introduced parasitoid, Trioxys pallidus, in California. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:801-811. [PMID: 29321915 PMCID: PMC5756880 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coevolution may be an important component of the sustainability of importation biological control, but how frequently introduced natural enemies coevolve with their target pests is unclear. Here we explore whether comparative population genetics of the invasive walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola, and its introduced parasitoid, Trioxys pallidus, provide insights into the localized breakdown of biological control services in walnut orchards in California. We found that sampled populations of C. juglandicola exhibited higher estimates of genetic differentiation (FST) than co-occurring populations of T. pallidus. In contrast, estimates of both the inbreeding coefficient (GIS) and contemporary gene flow were higher for T. pallidus than for C. juglandicola. We also found evidence of reciprocal outlier loci in some locations, but none showed significant signatures of selection. Synthesis and applications. Understanding the importance of coevolutionary interactions for the sustainability of biological control remains an important and understudied component of biological control research. Given the observed differences in gene flow and genetic differentiation among populations of T. pallidus and C. juglandicola, we suspect that temporary local disruption of biological control services may occur more frequently than expected while remaining stable at broader regional scales. Further research that combines genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping with measurements of phenotypic traits is needed to provide more conclusive evidence of whether the occurrence of outlier loci that display significant signatures of selection can be interpreted as evidence of the presence of a geographic mosaic of coevolution in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Andersen
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Mills
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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60
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McLean AHC, Parker BJ, Hrček J, Henry LM, Godfray HCJ. Insect symbionts in food webs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0325. [PMID: 27481779 PMCID: PMC4971179 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the bacterial endosymbionts of insects are abundant and diverse, and that they have numerous different effects on their hosts' biology. Here we explore how insect endosymbionts might affect the structure and dynamics of insect communities. Using the obligate and facultative symbionts of aphids as an example, we find that there are multiple ways that symbiont presence might affect food web structure. Many symbionts are now known to help their hosts escape or resist natural enemy attack, and others can allow their hosts to withstand abiotic stress or affect host plant use. In addition to the direct effect of symbionts on aphid phenotypes there may be indirect effects mediated through trophic and non-trophic community interactions. We believe that by using data from barcoding studies to identify bacterial symbionts, this extra, microbial dimension to insect food webs can be better elucidated. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa H C McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Benjamin J Parker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Jan Hrček
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Charles J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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61
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Chen X, Hitchings MD, Mendoza JE, Balanza V, Facey PD, Dyson PJ, Bielza P, Del Sol R. Comparative Genomics of Facultative Bacterial Symbionts Isolated from European Orius Species Reveals an Ancestral Symbiotic Association. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1969. [PMID: 29067021 PMCID: PMC5641365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pest control in agriculture employs diverse strategies, among which the use of predatory insects has steadily increased. The use of several species within the genus Orius in pest control is widely spread, particularly in Mediterranean Europe. Commercial mass rearing of predatory insects is costly, and research efforts have concentrated on diet manipulation and selective breeding to reduce costs and improve efficacy. The characterisation and contribution of microbial symbionts to Orius sp. fitness, behaviour, and potential impact on human health has been neglected. This paper provides the first genome sequence level description of the predominant culturable facultative bacterial symbionts associated with five Orius species (O. laevigatus, O. niger, O. pallidicornis, O. majusculus, and O. albidipennis) from several geographical locations. Two types of symbionts were broadly classified as members of the genera Serratia and Leucobacter, while a third constitutes a new genus within the Erwiniaceae. These symbionts were found to colonise all the insect specimens tested, which evidenced an ancestral symbiotic association between these bacteria and the genus Orius. Pangenome analyses of the Serratia sp. isolates offered clues linking Type VI secretion system effector–immunity proteins from the Tai4 sub-family to the symbiotic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Chen
- Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D Hitchings
- Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - José E Mendoza
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Virginia Balanza
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Paul D Facey
- Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Bielza
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ricardo Del Sol
- Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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62
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López-Madrigal S, Gil R. Et tu, Brute? Not Even Intracellular Mutualistic Symbionts Escape Horizontal Gene Transfer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100247. [PMID: 28961177 PMCID: PMC5664097 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insect species maintain mutualistic relationships with endosymbiotic bacteria. In contrast to their free-living relatives, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has traditionally been considered rare in long-term endosymbionts. Nevertheless, meta-omics exploration of certain symbiotic models has unveiled an increasing number of bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host genetic transfers. The abundance and function of transferred loci suggest that HGT might play a major role in the evolution of the corresponding consortia, enhancing their adaptive value or buffering detrimental effects derived from the reductive evolution of endosymbionts’ genomes. Here, we comprehensively review the HGT cases recorded to date in insect-bacteria mutualistic consortia, and discuss their impact on the evolutionary success of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio López-Madrigal
- Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, UMR203 BF2I, INRA, INSA-Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, 46980 Paterna (València), Spain.
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
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63
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Abstract
Many aspects of an individual's biology derive from its interaction with symbiotic microbes, which further define many aspects of the ecology and evolution of the host species. The centrality of microbes in the function of individual organisms has given rise to the concept of the holobiont—that an individual's biology is best understood as a composite of the ‘host organism’ and symbionts within. This concept has been further elaborated to posit the holobiont as a unit of selection. In this review, I critically examine whether it is useful to consider holobionts as a unit of selection. I argue that microbial heredity—the direct passage of microbes from parent to offspring—is a key factor determining the degree to which the holobiont can usefully be considered a level of selection. Where direct vertical transmission (VT) is common, microbes form part of extended genomes whose dynamics can be modelled with simple population genetics, but that nevertheless have subtle quantitative distinctions from the classic mutation/selection model for nuclear genes. Without direct VT, the correlation between microbial fitness and host individual fitness erodes, and microbe fitness becomes associated with host survival only (rather than reproduction). Furthermore, turnover of microbes within a host may lessen associations between microbial fitness with host survival, and in polymicrobial communities, microbial fitness may derive largely from the ability to outcompete other microbes, to avoid host immune clearance and to minimize mortality through phage infection. These competing selection pressures make holobiont fitness a very minor consideration in determining symbiont evolution. Nevertheless, the importance of non-heritable microbes in organismal function is undoubted—and as such the evolutionary and ecological processes giving rise to variation and evolution of the microbes within and between host individuals represent a key research area in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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64
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Manzano‐Marín A, Szabó G, Simon J, Horn M, Latorre A. Happens in the best of subfamilies: establishment and repeated replacements of co‐obligate secondary endosymbionts within Lachninae aphids. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:393-408. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Manzano‐Marín
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia EvolutivaUniversitat de València, Paterna Comunitat Valenciana Spain
| | - Gitta Szabó
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem ScienceUniversity of ViennaVienna Austria
| | - Jean‐Christophe Simon
- UMR1349 Institut de GénétiqueEnvironnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Le Rheu Bretagne France
| | - Matthias Horn
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem ScienceUniversity of ViennaVienna Austria
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia EvolutivaUniversitat de València, Paterna Comunitat Valenciana Spain
- Área de Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)‐Salud PúblicaValència Comunitat Valenciana Spain
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65
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Johannesen J. Tracing the history and ecological context of Wolbachia double infection in a specialist host ( Urophora cardui)-parasitoid ( Eurytoma serratulae) system. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:986-996. [PMID: 28168034 PMCID: PMC5288247 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia is the most widespread bacteria in insects, yet the ecology of novel acquisitions in natural host populations is poorly understood. Using temporal data separated by 12 years, I tested the hypothesis that immigration of a parasitoid wasp led to transmission of its Wolbachia strain to its dipteran host, resulting in double‐strain infection, and I used geographic and community surveys to explore the history of transmission in fly and parasitoid. Double infection in the fly host was present before immigration of the parasitoid. Equal prevalence of double infection in males and females, constant prevalence before and after immigration in two regions, and increase in one region of immigration indicate little if no competition between strains. Double infection was present throughout the fly's distribution range, but proportions varied highly (0–0.71, mean = 0.26). Two fly‐specific MLST strains, observed in Eastern and Western Europe, respectively, differed at hcpA only. Flies with either fly‐strain could be double infected with the parasitoid's strain. The geographic distribution of double infection implies that it is older than the fly host's extent distribution range and that different proportions of double infection are caused by demographic fluctuations in the fly. The geographic data in combination with community surveys of infections and strains further suggest that the parasitoid strain was the fly's ancestral strain that was transmitted to the parasitoid, that is, the reverse transmission route as first hypothesized. Based on these findings together with a comparison of oviposition strategies of other hosts harboring related Wolbachia strains, I hypothesize that trans‐infection during an insect host's puparial metamorphosis might be important in promoting horizontal transmission among diverse holometabolic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes Johannesen
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Zoological Institute University of Mainz Mainz Germany
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66
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Guidolin AS, Cônsoli FL. Symbiont Diversity of Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as Influenced by Host Plants. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:201-210. [PMID: 27872949 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are well known for their association with endosymbiont bacteria. Almost all aphids harbor Buchnera aphidicola as an obligate symbiont and several other bacteria as facultative symbionts. Associations of facultative symbionts and aphids are quite variable in terms of diversity and prevalence across aphid species. Facultative symbionts can have a major impact on aphid bioecological traits. A number of factors shape the outcome of the facultative symbiont-aphid association, including aphid clone, bacterial genotype, geography, and host plant association. The effects of host plant on aphid-facultative symbiont associations are the least understood. We performed deep sequencing of the bacterial community associated with field populations of the oligophagous aphid Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus collected from different host plants. We demonstrate that (i) A. citricidus has low symbiont diversity, (ii) symbiont diversity is affected by host plant, and (iii) host plants affect the relative abundance of the obligate symbiont Buchnera and an unknown genus of Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Sartori Guidolin
- Insect Interactions Lab., Department of Entomology and Acarology/ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Lab., Department of Entomology and Acarology/ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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67
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68
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Rapid evolution of symbiotic bacteria populations in spirotetramat-resistant Aphis gossypii glover revealed by pyrosequencing. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 20:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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69
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Hrček J, McLean AHC, Godfray HCJ. Symbionts modify interactions between insects and natural enemies in the field. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1605-1612. [PMID: 27561159 PMCID: PMC5082498 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes commonly host communities of heritable symbiotic bacteria, many of which are not essential for their hosts' survival and reproduction. There is laboratory evidence that these facultative symbionts can provide useful adaptations, such as increased resistance to natural enemies. However, we do not know how symbionts affect host fitness when the latter are subject to attack by a natural suite of parasites and pathogens. Here, we test whether two protective symbionts, Regiella insecticola and Hamiltonella defensa, increase the fitness of their host, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), under natural conditions. We placed experimental populations of two pea aphid lines, each with and without symbionts, in five wet meadow sites to expose them to a natural assembly of enemy species. The aphids were then retrieved and mortality from parasitoids, fungal pathogens and other causes assessed. We found that both Regiella and Hamiltonella reduce the proportion of aphids killed by the specific natural enemies against which they have been shown to protect in laboratory and cage experiments. However, this advantage was nullified (Hamiltonella) or reversed (Regiella) by an increase in mortality from other natural enemies and by the cost of carrying the symbiont. Symbionts therefore affect community structure by altering the relative success of different natural enemies. Our results show that protective symbionts are not necessarily advantageous to their hosts, and may even behave more like parasites than mutualists. Nevertheless, bacterial symbionts may play an important role in determining food web structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrček
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Ailsa H C McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - H Charles J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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70
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Fromont C, Riegler M, Cook JM. Phylogeographic analyses of bacterial endosymbionts in fig homotomids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) reveal codiversification of both primary and secondary endosymbionts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw205. [PMID: 27702765 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While obligate primary (P-) endosymbionts usually cospeciate with their insect hosts, less is known about codiversification of secondary (S-) endosymbionts that are generally considered facultative. Typically, insects of the superfamily Psylloidea harbour one P- (Carsonella) and at least one S-endosymbiont, thought to compensate for Carsonella genome reduction. Most codiversification studies have used phylogenies of psyllids and their endosymbionts across and within host families or genera, but few have explored patterns within species. We focussed on P- and S-endosymbionts of three Mycopsylla (Homotomidae) species to explore whether they have congruent phylogenies and within-species geographic structures. The P-endosymbiont Carsonella, a S-endosymbiont and Wolbachia all had 100% prevalence, while Arsenophonus was only found in one species at low prevalence. Congruent phylogenies of Mycopsylla and P-endosymbionts across populations and species support strict cospeciation. S-endosymbiont phylogenies were also congruent across host species but low genetic variation in the S-endosymbiont was not correlated with host phylogeography, possibly due to a shorter evolutionary association. Between species, Wolbachia and Mycopsylla phylogenies were incongruent, probably due to horizontal transmission events. Our study is the first to explore endosymbionts of Mycopsylla and further supports the codivergence of Psylloidea hosts and P-endosymbionts, with obligate host interactions for both P- and S-endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fromont
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
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71
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Manzano-Marín A, Latorre A. Snapshots of a shrinking partner: Genome reduction in Serratia symbiotica. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32590. [PMID: 27599759 PMCID: PMC5013485 DOI: 10.1038/srep32590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome reduction is pervasive among maternally-inherited endosymbiotic organisms, from bacteriocyte- to gut-associated ones. This genome erosion is a step-wise process in which once free-living organisms evolve to become obligate associates, thereby losing non-essential or redundant genes/functions. Serratia symbiotica (Gammaproteobacteria), a secondary endosymbiont present in many aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), displays various characteristics that make it a good model organism for studying genome reduction. While some strains are of facultative nature, others have established co-obligate associations with their respective aphid host and its primary endosymbiont (Buchnera). Furthermore, the different strains hold genomes of contrasting sizes and features, and have strikingly disparate cell shapes, sizes, and tissue tropism. Finally, genomes from closely related free-living Serratia marcescens are also available. In this study, we describe in detail the genome reduction process (from free-living to reduced obligate endosymbiont) undergone by S. symbiotica, and relate it to the stages of integration to the symbiotic system the different strains find themselves in. We establish that the genome reduction patterns observed in S. symbiotica follow those from other dwindling genomes, thus proving to be a good model for the study of the genome reduction process within a single bacterial taxon evolving in a similar biological niche (aphid-Buchnera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Manzano-Marín
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat I Biologia Evolutiva - Universitat de València, Genética Evolutiva, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat I Biologia Evolutiva - Universitat de València, Genética Evolutiva, Paterna, 46980, Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Communitat Valenciana (FISABIO), Genómica y Salud, València, 46020, Spain
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72
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Kupper M, Stigloher C, Feldhaar H, Gross R. Distribution of the obligate endosymbiont Blochmannia floridanus and expression analysis of putative immune genes in ovaries of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:475-487. [PMID: 27664781 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial endosymbiont Blochmannia floridanus of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus contributes to its hosts' ontogeny via nutritional upgrading during metamorphosis. This primary endosymbiosis is essential for both partners and vertical transmission of the endosymbionts is guaranteed by bacterial infestation of oocytes. Here we present a detailed analysis of the presence and localisation of B. floridanus in the ants' ovaries obtained by FISH and TEM analyses. The most apical part of the germarium harbouring germ-line stem cells (GSCs) is not infected by the bacteria. The bacteria are detectable for the first time in lower parts of the germarium when cystocytes undergo the 4th and 5th division and B. floridanus infects somatic cells lying under the basal lamina surrounding the ovarioles. With the beginning of cystocyte differentiation, the endosymbionts are exclusively transported from follicle cells into the growing oocytes. This infestation of the oocytes by bacteria very likely involves exocytosis-endocytosis processes between follicle cells and the oocytes. Nurse cells were never found to harbour the endosymbionts. Furthermore we present first gene expression data in C. floridanus ovaries. These data indicate a modulation of immune gene expression which may facilitate tolerance towards the endosymbionts and thus may contribute to their transovarial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kupper
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Department of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Roy Gross
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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73
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Martínez-Díaz V, Latorre A, Gil R. Seasonal Changes in the Endosymbiotic Consortia of Aphids from the Genus Cinara. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:137-44. [PMID: 27297891 PMCID: PMC4912148 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Buchnera aphidicola is the primary endosymbiont of aphids with which it maintains an obligate mutualistic symbiotic relationship. Insects also maintain facultative symbiotic relationships with secondary symbionts, and Serratia symbiotica is the most common in aphids. The presence of both symbionts in aphids of the subfamily Lachninae has been widely studied by our group. We examined two closely related aphids, Cinara tujafilina and C. cedri in the present study. Even though both B. aphidicola strains have similar genome sizes and gene contents, the genomes of the two S. symbiotica strains were markedly different. The SCc strain has the smallest genome known for this species, while SCt possesses a larger genome in an intermediate stage between the facultative S. symbiotica of Acyrthosiphon pisum (SAp) and the co-obligate S. symbiotica SCc. Aphids are vulnerable to high temperatures. Previous studies indicated that S. symbiotica SAp confers resistance to heat-shock stress. In order to clarify whether S. symbiotica strains from genus Cinara also play a role in heat stress protection, we performed a quantitative determination of the consortium Buchnera/Serratia from two geographically close populations, each of which belonged to the Cinara species examined, over two years in natural environments. We found no variation in the consortium from our C. cedri population, but a positive correlation between both endosymbiont densities and average daily temperatures in the C. tujafilina population. Even though S. symbiotica SCt may retain some protective role against heat stress, this does not appear to be due to the release of protective metabolites by cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Martínez-Díaz
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València
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74
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Defying Muller's Ratchet: Ancient Heritable Endobacteria Escape Extinction through Retention of Recombination and Genome Plasticity. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.02057-15. [PMID: 27329757 PMCID: PMC4916391 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02057-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable endobacteria, which are transmitted from one host generation to the next, are subjected to evolutionary forces that are different from those experienced by free-living bacteria. In particular, they suffer consequences of Muller’s ratchet, a mechanism that leads to extinction of small asexual populations due to fixation of slightly deleterious mutations combined with the random loss of the most-fit genotypes, which cannot be recreated without recombination. Mycoplasma-related endobacteria (MRE) are heritable symbionts of fungi from two ancient lineages, Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and Mucoromycotina. Previous studies revealed that MRE maintain unusually diverse populations inside their hosts and may have been associated with fungi already in the early Paleozoic. Here we show that MRE are vulnerable to genomic degeneration and propose that they defy Muller’s ratchet thanks to retention of recombination and genome plasticity. We suggest that other endobacteria may be capable of raising similar defenses against Muller’s ratchet.
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75
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Li T, Wu XJ, Jiang YL, Zhang L, Duan Y, Miao J, Gong ZJ, Wu YQ. The genetic diversity of SMLS (Sitobion miscanthi L type symbiont) and its effect on the fitness, mitochondrial DNA diversity and Buchnera aphidicola dynamic of wheat aphid, Sitobion miscanthi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3142-51. [PMID: 27122251 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SMLS (Sitobion miscanthi L type symbiont) is a recently discovered aphid secondary symbiont. Using evidence extracted from 16S rRNA sequences, previous studies indicate that SMLS is the most widely distributed and most recently transferred secondary symbiont in Chinese Sitobion miscanthi populations. Here, we further investigated genetic diversity among SMLS geographic strains with multiloci data. Furthermore, the influence of SMLS on S. miscanthi was uncovered with ecological and evolutionary evidence. The results indicated that there was limited influence of infection with SMLS on variation and evolutionary patterns of S. miscanthi mitochondrial DNA. By hemolymph injection, the SMLS-infected and SMLS-uninfected S. miscanthi clones with the identical genetic background were built in this study. Although similar Buchnera aphidicola dynamics were observed between SMLS-infected and SMLS-uninfected S. miscanthi population, B. aphidicola density of SMLS-infected S. miscanthi population was always significantly higher than SMLS-uninfected ones. The results of fitness measurements indicated that under laboratory rearing conditions, transfection of SMLS could confer modest advantages to some fitness components of S. miscanthi, that is, total number of offspring, longevity, age of first reproduction and weight of adult. However, as SMLS is not strictly associated with S. miscanthi, further investigations are needed to uncover the mechanisms responsible for this inconceivable association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xu-Jin Wu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products/Henan Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing/Laboratory of Quality Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yue-Li Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yun Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jin Miao
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yu-Qing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection/Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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76
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Fan HW, Lu JB, Ye YX, Yu XP, Zhang CX. Characteristics of the draft genome of "Candidatus Arsenophonus nilaparvatae", a facultative endosymbiont of Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:478-486. [PMID: 26792263 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There exists a kind of symbiotic bacterium named "Candidatus Arsenophonus nilaparvatae" in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. After being filtered and assembled from the BPH genome sequencing project, the genome sequence of this bacterial symbiont was obtained. After initial analysis based on the genome, we have found its potential role to synthesize B vitamins for the host. In order to better understand the lifestyle and the genomic changes of this symbiotic bacterium after the symbiotic relationship was established, we further report the characteristics of this draft genome. Compared with several other related bacteria, "Candidatus Arsenophonus nilaparvatae" has proven to be a facultative endosymbiont at the genomic level. Concurrently, the presence of fimbriae and flagella formation related genes indicates this maternally transmitted endosymbiont is most likely to retain the capacity to invade new hosts. Through further analysis of annotated gene sets, we also find evidence of genome reduction in its secretion system and metabolic pathways. These findings reflect its evolutionary trend to be an obligate one and enable a deeper study of microbe-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Fan
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Yu
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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77
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Ahmed MZ, Breinholt JW, Kawahara AY. Evidence for common horizontal transmission of Wolbachia among butterflies and moths. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:118. [PMID: 27233666 PMCID: PMC4882834 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wolbachia is one of the most widespread bacteria on Earth. Previous research on Wolbachia-host interactions indicates that the bacterium is typically transferred vertically, from mother to offspring, through the egg cytoplasm. Although horizontal transmission of Wolbachia from one species to another is reported to be common in arthropods, limited direct ecological evidence is available. In this study, we examine horizontal transmission of Wolbachia using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) strains dataset and used Wolbachia and Lepidoptera genomes to search for evidence for lateral gene transfer (LGT) in Lepidoptera, one of the most diverse cosmopolitan insect orders. We constructed a phylogeny of arthropod-associated MLST Wolbachia strains and calibrated the age of Wolbachia strains associated with lepidopteran species. Results Our results reveal inter-specific, inter-generic, inter-familial, and inter-ordinal horizontal transmission of Wolbachia strains, without discernible geographic patterns. We found at least seven probable cases of horizontal transmission among 31 species within Lepidoptera and between Lepidoptera and other arthropod hosts. The divergence time analysis revealed that Wolbachia is recently (22.6–4.7 mya, 95 % HPD) introduced in Lepidoptera. Analysis of nine Lepidoptera genomes (Bombyx mori, Danaus plexippus, Heliconius melpomene, Manduca sexta, Melitaea cinxia, Papilio glaucus, P. polytes, P. xuthus and Plutella xylostella) yielded one possible instance of Wolbachia LGT. Conclusions Our results provide evidence of high incidence of identical and multiple strains of Wolbachia among butterflies and moths, adding Lepidoptera to the growing body of evidence for common horizontal transmission of Wolbachia. This study demonstrates interesting dynamics of this remarkable and influential microorganism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0660-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z Ahmed
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Jesse W Breinholt
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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78
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Kobiałka M, Michalik A, Walczak M, Junkiert Ł, Szklarzewicz T. Sulcia symbiont of the leafhopper Macrosteles laevis (Ribaut, 1927) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) harbors Arsenophonus bacteria. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:903-912. [PMID: 26188921 PMCID: PMC4819937 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The leafhopper Macrosteles laevis, like other plant sap-feeding hemipterans, lives in obligate symbiotic association with microorganisms. The symbionts are harbored in the cytoplasm of large cells termed bacteriocytes, which are integrated into huge organs termed bacteriomes. Morphological and molecular investigations have revealed that in the bacteriomes of M. laevis, two types of bacteriocytes are present which are as follows: bacteriocytes with bacterium Sulcia and bacteriocytes with Nasuia symbiont. We observed that in bacteriocytes with Sulcia, some cells of this bacterium contain numerous cells of the bacterium Arsenophonus. All types of symbionts are transmitted transovarially between generations. In the mature female, the bacteria Nasuia, bacteria Sulcia, and Sulcia with Arsenophonus inside are released from the bacteriocytes and start to assemble around the terminal oocytes. Next, the bacteria enter the cytoplasm of follicular cells surrounding the posterior pole of the oocyte. After passing through the follicular cells, the symbionts enter the space between the oocyte and follicular epithelium, forming a characteristic "symbiont ball."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kobiałka
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Walczak
- />Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Junkiert
- />Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- />Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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79
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Zhao Y, Zhang S, Luo JY, Wang CY, Lv LM, Cui JJ. Bacterial communities of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii associated with Bt cotton in northern China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22958. [PMID: 27079679 PMCID: PMC4832190 DOI: 10.1038/srep22958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are infected with a wide variety of endosymbionts that can confer ecologically relevant traits. However, the bacterial communities of most aphid species are still poorly characterized. This study investigated the bacterial diversity of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii associated with Bt cotton in northern China by targeting the V4 region of the 16S rDNA using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Our sequencing data revealed that bacterial communities of A. gossypii were generally dominated by the primary symbiont Buchnera, together with the facultative symbionts Arsenophonus and Hamiltonella. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the facultative symbiont Hamiltonella in A. gossypii. Moreover, the bacterial community structure was similar within aphids from the same province, but distinct among those from different provinces. The taxonomic diversity of the bacterial community is greater in Hebei Province compared with in samples from Henan and Shandong Provinces. The selection pressure exerted by the different geographical locations could explain the differences found among the various provinces. These findings broaden our understanding of the interactions among aphids, endosymbionts and their environments, and provide clues to develop potential biocontrol techniques against this cotton aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang 455000, China.,Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jun-Yu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Chun-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Li-Min Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jin-Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang 455000, China
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80
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Host Plant Determines the Population Size of an Obligate Symbiont (Buchnera aphidicola) in Aphids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2336-2346. [PMID: 26850304 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04131-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Buchnera aphidicolais an obligate endosymbiont that provides aphids with several essential nutrients. Though much is known about aphid-Buchnera interactions, the effect of the host plant on Buchnera population size remains unclear. Here we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques to explore the effects of the host plant on Buchnera densities in the cotton-melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Buchneratiters were significantly higher in populations that had been reared on cucumber for over 10 years than in populations maintained on cotton for a similar length of time. Aphids collected in the wild from hibiscus and zucchini harbored more Buchnera symbionts than those collected from cucumber and cotton. The effect of aphid genotype on the population size of Buchnera depended on the host plant upon which they fed. When aphids from populations maintained on cucumber or cotton were transferred to novel host plants, host survival and Buchnera population size fluctuated markedly for the first two generations before becoming relatively stable in the third and later generations. Host plant extracts from cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini, and cowpea added to artificial diets led to a significant increase in Buchnera titers in the aphids from the population reared on cotton, while plant extracts from cotton and zucchini led to a decrease in Buchnera titers in the aphids reared on cucumber. Gossypol, a secondary metabolite from cotton, suppressed Buchnera populations in populations from both cotton and cucumber, while cucurbitacin from cucurbit plants led to higher densities. Together, the results suggest that host plants influence Buchnera population processes and that this may provide phenotypic plasticity in host plant use for clonal aphids.
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81
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Comparison of fitness traits and their plasticity on multiple plants for Sitobion avenae infected and cured of a secondary endosymbiont. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23177. [PMID: 26979151 PMCID: PMC4793262 DOI: 10.1038/srep23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regiella insecticola has been found to enhance the performance of host aphids on certain plants, but its functional role in adaptation of host aphids to plants is still controversial. Here we evaluate the impacts of R. insecticola infections on vital life-history traits of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), and their underlying genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity on three plants. It was shown that effects of R. insecticola on S. avenae’s fitness (i.e., developmental time and fecundity) were neutral on oat or wheat, but negative on rye. Infections of R. insecticola modified genetic variation that underlies S. avenae’s life-history traits. This was demonstrated by comparing life-history trait heritabilities between aphid lines with and without R. insecticola. Moreover, there were enhanced negative genetic correlations between developmental time and fecundity for R. insecticola infected lines, and structural differences in G-matrices of life-history traits for the two types of aphid lines. In R. insecticola-infected aphid lines, there were increases in plasticities for developmental times of first and second instar nymphs and for fecundity, showing novel functional roles of bacterial symbionts in plant-insect interactions. The identified effects of R. insecticola infections could have significant implications for the ecology and evolution of its host populations in natural conditions.
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82
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Zimmermann J, Wentrup C, Sadowski M, Blazejak A, Gruber-Vodicka HR, Kleiner M, Ott JA, Cronholm B, De Wit P, Erséus C, Dubilier N. Closely coupled evolutionary history of ecto- and endosymbionts from two distantly related animal phyla. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3203-23. [PMID: 26826340 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The level of integration between associated partners can range from ectosymbioses to extracellular and intracellular endosymbioses, and this range has been assumed to reflect a continuum from less intimate to evolutionarily highly stable associations. In this study, we examined the specificity and evolutionary history of marine symbioses in a group of closely related sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, called Candidatus Thiosymbion, that have established ecto- and endosymbioses with two distantly related animal phyla, Nematoda and Annelida. Intriguingly, in the ectosymbiotic associations of stilbonematine nematodes, we observed a high degree of congruence between symbiont and host phylogenies, based on their ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. In contrast, for the endosymbioses of gutless phallodriline annelids (oligochaetes), we found only a weak congruence between symbiont and host phylogenies, based on analyses of symbiont 16S rRNA genes and six host genetic markers. The much higher degree of congruence between nematodes and their ectosymbionts compared to those of annelids and their endosymbionts was confirmed by cophylogenetic analyses. These revealed 15 significant codivergence events between stilbonematine nematodes and their ectosymbionts, but only one event between gutless phallodrilines and their endosymbionts. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences from 50 Cand. Thiosymbion species revealed seven well-supported clades that contained both stilbonematine ectosymbionts and phallodriline endosymbionts. This closely coupled evolutionary history of marine ecto- and endosymbionts suggests that switches between symbiotic lifestyles and between the two host phyla occurred multiple times during the evolution of the Cand. Thiosymbion clade, and highlights the remarkable flexibility of these symbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Zimmermann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Cecilia Wentrup
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Sadowski
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anna Blazejak
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Kleiner
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2500 University Drive, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jörg A Ott
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bodil Cronholm
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre De Wit
- Department of Marine Sciences, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Hättebäcksvägen 7, SE-452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Christer Erséus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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83
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De Clerck C, Fujiwara A, Joncour P, Léonard S, Félix ML, Francis F, Jijakli MH, Tsuchida T, Massart S. A metagenomic approach from aphid's hemolymph sheds light on the potential roles of co-existing endosymbionts. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:63. [PMID: 26667400 PMCID: PMC4678535 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are known to live in symbiosis with specific bacteria, called endosymbionts which can be classified as obligate or accessory. Buchnera aphidicola is generally the only obligatory symbiont present in aphids, supplying essential nutrients that are missing in the plants phloem to its host. Pentalonia nigronervosa is the main vector of the banana bunchy top virus, one of the most damageable viruses in banana. This aphid is carrying two symbionts: B. aphidicola (BPn) and Wolbachia sp. (wPn). The high occurrence of Wolbachia in the banana aphid raises questions about the role it plays in this insect. The goal of this study was to go further in the understanding of the role played by the two symbionts in P. nigronervosa. To do so, microinjection tests were made to see the effect of wPn elimination on the host, and then, high-throughput sequencing of the haemolymph was used to analyze the gene content of the symbionts. RESULTS We observed that the elimination of wPn systematically led to the death of aphids, suggesting that the bacterium could play a mutualistic role. In addition, we identify and annotate 587 and 250 genes for wPn and BPn, respectively, through high-throughput sequencing. Analysis of these genes suggests that the two bacteria are working together for the production of several essential nutrients. The most striking cases are for lysin and riboflavin which are usually provided by B. aphidicola alone to the host. In the banana aphid, the genes involved in the production pathways of these metabolites are shared between the two bacteria making them both essential for the survival of the aphid host. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a co-obligatory symbiosis between B. aphidicola and Wolbachia occurs in the banana aphid, the two bacteria acting together to supply essential nutrients to the host. This is, to our knowledge, the first time Wolbachia is reported to play an essential role in aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline De Clerck
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Akiko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
- Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Pauline Joncour
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Simon Léonard
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Line Félix
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - M Haissam Jijakli
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Urban and Integrated Plant Pathology Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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84
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Zytynska SE, Meyer ST, Sturm S, Ullmann W, Mehrparvar M, Weisser WW. Secondary bacterial symbiont community in aphids responds to plant diversity. Oecologia 2015; 180:735-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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85
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Gonella E, Pajoro M, Marzorati M, Crotti E, Mandrioli M, Pontini M, Bulgari D, Negri I, Sacchi L, Chouaia B, Daffonchio D, Alma A. Plant-mediated interspecific horizontal transmission of an intracellular symbiont in insects. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15811. [PMID: 26563507 PMCID: PMC4643326 DOI: 10.1038/srep15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular reproductive manipulators, such as Candidatus Cardinium and Wolbachia are vertically transmitted to progeny but rarely show co-speciation with the host. In sap-feeding insects, plant tissues have been proposed as alternative horizontal routes of interspecific transmission, but experimental evidence is limited. Here we report results from experiments that show that Cardinium is horizontally transmitted between different phloem sap-feeding insect species through plants. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization experiments indicated that the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus releases Cardinium from its salivary glands during feeding on both artificial media and grapevine leaves. Successional time-course feeding experiments with S. titanus initially fed sugar solutions or small areas of grapevine leaves followed by feeding by the phytoplasma vector Macrosteles quadripunctulatus or the grapevine feeder Empoasca vitis revealed that the symbionts were transmitted to both species. Explaining interspecific horizontal transmission through plants improves our understanding of how symbionts spread, their lifestyle and the symbiont-host intermixed evolutionary pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco
| | - Massimo Pajoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco
| | - Massimo Marzorati
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione, l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan
| | - Elena Crotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione, l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena
| | - Marianna Pontini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco
| | - Daniela Bulgari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan
| | - Ilaria Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco
| | - Luciano Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "L. Spallanzani", Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia
| | - Bessem Chouaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione, l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione, l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, BESE Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alberto Alma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, 10095 Grugliasco
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86
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Łukasik P, Guo H, van Asch M, Henry LM, Godfray HCJ, Ferrari J. Horizontal transfer of facultative endosymbionts is limited by host relatedness. Evolution 2015; 69:2757-66. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Łukasik
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
| | - Huifang Guo
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant Protection; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Zhongling Street Nanjing 210014 China
| | - Margriet van Asch
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
| | - Lee M. Henry
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
| | - H. Charles J. Godfray
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
| | - Julia Ferrari
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS United Kingdom
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
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87
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Abstract
Ecologically important traits of insects are often affected by facultative bacterial endosymbionts. This is best studied in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, which is frequently infected by one or more of eight facultative symbiont species. Many of these symbiont species have been shown to provide one ecological benefit, but we have little understanding of the range of effects that a single strain can have. Here, we describe the phenotypes conferred by three strains of the recently discovered bacterium known as X-type (Enterobacteriaceae), each in their original aphid genotype which also carries a Spiroplasma symbiont. All comparisons are made between aphids that are coinfected with Spiroplasma and X-type and aphids of the same genotype that harbour only Spiroplasma. We show that in all cases, infection with X-type protects aphids from the lethal fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis, and in two cases, resistance to the parasitoid Aphidius ervi also increases. X-type can additionally affect aphid stress responses--the presence of X-type increased reproduction after the aphids were heat-stressed. Two of the three strains of X-type are able to provide all of these benefits. Under benign conditions, the aphids tended to suffer from reduced fecundity when harbouring X-type, a mechanism that might maintain intermediate frequencies in field populations. These findings highlight that a single strain of a facultative endosymbiont has the potential to provide diverse benefits to its aphid host.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Heyworth
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - J Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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88
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Toomer KH, Chen X, Naito M, Mondo SJ, den Bakker HC, VanKuren NW, Lekberg Y, Morton JB, Pawlowska TE. Molecular evolution patterns reveal life history features of mycoplasma-related endobacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3485-500. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Toomer
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant Microbe-Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Xiuhua Chen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant Microbe-Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Mizue Naito
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant Microbe-Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Stephen J. Mondo
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant Microbe-Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Henk C. den Bakker
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant Microbe-Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Nicholas W. VanKuren
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant Microbe-Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch; Missoula MT 59802 USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Joseph B. Morton
- Division of Plant & Soil Sciences; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV 26506 USA
| | - Teresa E. Pawlowska
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology & Plant Microbe-Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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89
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Wagner SM, Martinez AJ, Ruan Y, Kim KL, Lenhart PA, Dehnel AC, Oliver KM, White JA. Facultative endosymbionts mediate dietary breadth in a polyphagous herbivore. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Wagner
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
| | - Adam J. Martinez
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Yong‐Ming Ruan
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 China
| | - Kyungsun L. Kim
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Paul A. Lenhart
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
| | - Allison C. Dehnel
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Jennifer A. White
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546USA
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90
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Rollat-Farnier PA, Santos-Garcia D, Rao Q, Sagot MF, Silva FJ, Henri H, Zchori-Fein E, Latorre A, Moya A, Barbe V, Liu SS, Wang XW, Vavre F, Mouton L. Two host clades, two bacterial arsenals: evolution through gene losses in facultative endosymbionts. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:839-55. [PMID: 25714744 PMCID: PMC5322557 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbiosis is an important evolutionary process in insects, which can harbor both obligate and facultative symbionts. The evolution of these symbionts is driven by evolutionary convergence, and they exhibit among the tiniest genomes in prokaryotes. The large host spectrum of facultative symbionts and the high diversity of strategies they use to infect new hosts probably impact the evolution of their genome and explain why they undergo less severe genomic erosion than obligate symbionts. Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa is suitable for the investigation of the genomic evolution of facultative symbionts because the bacteria are engaged in specific relationships in two clades of insects. In aphids, H. defensa is found in several species with an intermediate prevalence and confers protection against parasitoids. In whiteflies, H. defensa is almost fixed in some species of Bemisia tabaci, which suggests an important role of and a transition toward obligate symbiosis. In this study, comparisons of the genome of H. defensa present in two B. tabaci species (Middle East Asia Minor 1 and Mediterranean) and in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum revealed that they belong to two distinct clades and underwent specific gene losses. In aphids, it contains highly virulent factors that could allow protection and horizontal transfers. In whiteflies, the genome lost these factors and seems to have a limited ability to acquire genes. However it contains genes that could be involved in the production of essential nutrients, which is consistent with a primordial role for this symbiont. In conclusion, although both lineages of H. defensa have mutualistic interactions with their hosts, their genomes follow distinct evolutionary trajectories that reflect their phenotype and could have important consequences on their evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Rollat-Farnier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France BAMBOO Research Team, INRIA Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Diego Santos-Garcia
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Qiong Rao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marie-France Sagot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France BAMBOO Research Team, INRIA Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Francisco J Silva
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversitad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), Valencia, Spain
| | - Hélène Henri
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Einat Zchori-Fein
- Department of Entomology, NeweYa'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversitad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud de la Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO-Salud Pública) y el Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversitad y Biología Evolutiva (Universitat de València), Valencia, Spain
| | - Valérie Barbe
- CEA/DSV/IG/Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, Evry, France
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fabrice Vavre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France BAMBOO Research Team, INRIA Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Laurence Mouton
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
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91
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Smith AH, Łukasik P, O'Connor MP, Lee A, Mayo G, Drott MT, Doll S, Tuttle R, Disciullo RA, Messina A, Oliver KM, Russell JA. Patterns, causes and consequences of defensive microbiome dynamics across multiple scales. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1135-49. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Smith
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Piotr Łukasik
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Amanda Lee
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Garrett Mayo
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Milton T. Drott
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Steven Doll
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert Tuttle
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Andrea Messina
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Jacob A. Russell
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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92
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Ahmed MZ, Li SJ, Xue X, Yin XJ, Ren SX, Jiggins FM, Greeff JM, Qiu BL. The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia uses parasitoid wasps as phoretic vectors for efficient horizontal transmission. PLoS Pathog 2015; 10:e1004672. [PMID: 25675099 PMCID: PMC4347858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Facultative bacterial endosymbionts are associated with many arthropods and are primarily transmitted vertically from mother to offspring. However, phylogenetic affiliations suggest that horizontal transmission must also occur. Such horizontal transfer can have important biological and agricultural consequences when endosymbionts increase host fitness. So far horizontal transmission is considered rare and has been difficult to document. Here, we use fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and multi locus sequence typing (MLST) to reveal a potentially common pathway of horizontal transmission of endosymbionts via parasitoids of insects. We illustrate that the mouthparts and ovipositors of an aphelinid parasitoid become contaminated with Wolbachia when this wasp feeds on or probes Wolbachia-infected Bemisia tabaci AsiaII7, and non-lethal probing of uninfected B. tabaci AsiaII7 nymphs by parasitoids carrying Wolbachia resulted in newly and stably infected B. tabaci matrilines. After they were exposed to infected whitefly, the parasitoids were able to transmit Wolbachia efficiently for the following 48 h. Whitefly infected with Wolbachia by parasitoids had increased survival and reduced development times. Overall, our study provides evidence for the horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between insect hosts by parasitic wasps, and the enhanced survival and reproductive abilities of insect hosts may adversely affect biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Z. Ahmed
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shao-Jian Li
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Xue
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Jie Yin
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shun-Xiang Ren
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Francis M. Jiggins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jaco M. Greeff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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93
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Hosokawa T, Kaiwa N, Matsuura Y, Kikuchi Y, Fukatsu T. Infection prevalence of Sodalis symbionts among stinkbugs. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:5. [PMID: 26605050 PMCID: PMC4604117 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-014-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diverse insects and other organisms are associated with microbial symbionts, which often significantly contribute to growth and survival of their hosts and/or drastically affect phenotypes of their hosts in a variety of ways. Sodalis glossinidius was first identified as a facultative bacterial symbiont of tsetse flies, and recent studies revealed that Sodalis-allied bacteria encompass diverse ecological niches ranging from free-living bacteria through facultative symbionts to obligate symbionts associated with a diverse array of insects. Despite potential ecological and evolutionary relevance of the Sodalis symbionts, their infection prevalence in natural insect populations has been poorly investigated. RESULTS Here we surveyed diverse stinkbugs and allied terrestrial heteropteran bugs, which represented 17 families, 77 genera, 108 species, 310 populations and 960 individuals, for infection with the Sodalis symbionts. Diagnostic PCR detected relatively low infection frequencies of the Sodalis symbionts: 13.6% (14/103) of the species, 7.5% (22/295) of the populations, and 4.3% (35/822) of the individuals of the stinkbugs except for those belonging to the family Urostylididae. Among the urostylidid stinkbugs, strikingly, the Sodalis symbionts exhibited very high infection frequencies: 100% (5/5) of the species, 100% (15/15) of the populations, and 94.2% (130/138) of the individuals we examined. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that all the symbionts were placed in the clade of Sodalis-allied bacteria while the symbiont phylogeny did not reflect the systematics of their stinkbug hosts. Notably, the Sodalis symbionts of the urostylidid stinkbugs were not clustered with the Sodalis symbionts of the other stinkbug groups on the phylogeny, suggesting their distinct evolutionary trajectories. CONCLUSIONS The relatively low infection frequency and the overall host-symbiont phylogenetic incongruence suggest that the Sodalis symbionts are, in general, facultative symbiotic associates in the majority of the stinkbug groups. On the other hand, it is conceivable, although speculative, that the Sodalis symbionts may play some substantial biological roles for their host stinkbugs of the Urostylididae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hosokawa
- />Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- />Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0213 Japan
| | - Nahomi Kaiwa
- />Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- />Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Yu Matsuura
- />Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- />Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- />Bioproduction Research Institute, Hokkaido Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, 062-8517 Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- />Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- />Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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94
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Novel Endosymbioses as a Catalyst of Fast Speciation. INTERDISCIPLINARY EVOLUTION RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16345-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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95
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McLean AHC, Godfray HCJ. An experimental test of whether the defensive phenotype of an aphid facultative symbiont can respond to selection within a host lineage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111601. [PMID: 25396733 PMCID: PMC4232250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test whether parasitoid resistance within a single clonal line of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) might increase after exposure to the parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi. Any change in resistance was expected to occur through an increase in the density of protective symbiotic bacteria rather than genetic change within the aphid or the bacterial symbiont. Six aphid lineages were exposed to high parasitoid attack rates over nine generations, each line being propagated from individuals that had survived attack; a further six lineages were maintained without parasitoids as a control. At the end of the experiment the strength of resistance of aphids from treatment and control lines were compared. No differences in resistance were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa H. C. McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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96
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Duron O. Arsenophonus insect symbionts are commonly infected with APSE, a bacteriophage involved in protective symbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:184-94. [PMID: 25041857 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects commonly have intimate associations with maternally inherited bacterial symbionts. While many inherited symbionts are not essential for host survival, they often act as conditional mutualists, conferring protection against certain environmental stresses. The defensive symbiont Hamiltonella defensa which protects aphids against attacks by parasitoid wasps is one of these conditional mutualists. The protection afforded by Hamiltonella depends on the presence of a lysogenic bacteriophage, called APSE, encoding homologs of toxins that are suspected to target wasp cells. In this study, an important diversity of APSE variants is reported from another heritable symbiont, Arsenophonus, which is exceptionally widespread in insects. APSE was found in association with two-thirds of the Arsenophonus strains examined and from a variety of insect groups such as aphids, white flies, parasitoid wasps, triatomine bugs, louse flies, and bat flies. No APSE was, however, found from Arsenophonus relatives such as the recently described Aschnera chinzeii and ALO-3 endosymbionts. Phylogenetic investigations revealed that APSE has a long evolutionary history in heritable symbionts, being secondarily acquired by Hamiltonella through lateral transfer from Arsenophonus. Overall, this highlights the role of lateral transfer as a major evolutionary process shaping the emergence of defensive symbiosis in heritable bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duron
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS-UM2 (UMR5554), Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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97
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Russell JA, Dubilier N, Rudgers JA. Nature's microbiome: introduction. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1225-1237. [PMID: 24628935 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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98
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Manzano-Marín A, Latorre A. Settling down: the genome of Serratia symbiotica from the aphid Cinara tujafilina zooms in on the process of accommodation to a cooperative intracellular life. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1683-98. [PMID: 24951564 PMCID: PMC4122931 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Particularly interesting cases of mutualistic endosymbioses come from the establishment of co-obligate associations of more than one species of endosymbiotic bacteria. Throughout symbiotic accommodation from a free-living bacterium, passing through a facultative stage and ending as an obligate intracellular one, the symbiont experiences massive genomic losses and phenotypic adjustments. Here, we scrutinized the changes in the coevolution of Serratia symbiotica and Buchnera aphidicola endosymbionts in aphids, paying particular attention to the transformations undergone by S. symbiotica to become an obligate endosymbiont. Although it is already known that S. symbiotica is facultative in Acyrthosiphon pisum, in Cinara cedri it has established a co-obligate endosymbiotic consortium along with B. aphidicola to fulfill the aphid’s nutritional requirements. The state of this association in C. tujafilina, an aphid belonging to the same subfamily (Lachninae) that C. cedri, remained unknown. Here, we report the genome of S. symbiotica strain SCt-VLC from the aphid C. tujafilina. While being phylogenetically and genomically very closely related to the facultative endosymbiont S. symbiotica from the aphid A. pisum, it shows a variety of metabolic, genetic, and architectural features, which point toward this endosymbiont being one step closer to an obligate intracellular one. We also describe in depth the process of genome rearrangements suffered by S. symbiotica and the role mobile elements play in gene inactivations. Finally, we postulate the supply to the host of the essential riboflavin (vitamin B2) as key to the establishment of S. symbiotica as a co-obligate endosymbiont in the aphids belonging to the subfamily Lachninane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amparo Latorre
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, SpainUnidad Mixta de Investigación en Genómica y Salud, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain
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99
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Arneodo JD, Ortego J. Exploring the bacterial microbiota associated with native South American species of Aphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:589-594. [PMID: 24736017 DOI: 10.1603/en13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aphids harbor a variety of bacterial endosymbionts, including the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola and diverse facultative symbionts. The former supplies its host with essential amino acids. The latter are not indispensable for insect survival, but often improve their host's fitness. To date, the study of such associations was restricted to aphids of Holarctic origin. The bacterial microbiota of seven Aphis species from Argentina was investigated. The presence of B. aphidicola was assessed by specific PCR. Additional symbionts were identified through PCR with eubacterial universal primers, cloning, and sequencing of nearly complete 16S rRNA gene, intergenic spacer region, and partial 23S rRNA gene and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Infection with B. aphidicola was confirmed in every species analyzed. The facultative symbiont Serratia symbiotica was detected in Aphis malalhuina Mier Durante, Nieto Nafría & Ortego, 2003, Aphis senecionicoides Blanchard, 1944, and Aphis schinifoliae Blanchard, 1939, while Hamiltonella defensa was identified in Aphis mendocina Mier Durante, Ortego & Nieto Nafría, 2006. Arsenophonus sp. was found infecting Aphis melosae Mier Durante & Ortego, 1999, and a new, undescribed Aphis sp. In Aphis danielae Remaudière, 1994, no facultative symbionts could be recorded. When analyzing the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene, the phylogenetic tree grouped the S. symbiotica, H. defensa, and Arsenophonus isolates into three well-defined clusters showing little variability among clones corresponding to the same aphid host species. This article reports for the first time the endosymbionts associated with aphids native to South America. Despite their geographic origin, the qualitative composition of their microbiota revealed no evident differences from that described for aphids in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Arneodo
- CONICET/IMYZA-INTA, Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, (1686) Hurlingham, Argentina
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100
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Peccoud J, Bonhomme J, Mahéo F, de la Huerta M, Cosson O, Simon JC. Inheritance patterns of secondary symbionts during sexual reproduction of pea aphid biotypes. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:291-300. [PMID: 24382700 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects frequently harbor bacterial symbionts that affect their ecology and evolution. Aphids host the obligatory endosymbiont Buchnera, which is required for reproduction, together with facultative symbionts whose frequencies vary across aphid populations. These maternally transmitted secondary symbionts have been particularly studied in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, which harbors at least 8 distinct bacterial species (not counting Buchnera) having environmentally dependent effects on host fitness. In particular, these symbiont species are associated with pea aphid populations feeding on specific plants. Although they are maternally inherited, these bacteria are occasionally transferred across insect lineages. One mechanism of such nonmaternal transfer is paternal transmission to the progeny during sexual reproduction. To date, transmission of secondary symbionts during sexual reproduction of aphids has been investigated in only a handful of aphid lineages and 3 symbiont species. To better characterize this process, we investigated inheritance patterns of 7 symbiont species during sexual reproduction of pea aphids through a crossing experiment involving 49 clones belonging to 9 host-specialized biotypes, and 117 crosses. Symbiont species in the progeny were detected with diagnostic qualitative PCR at the fundatrix stage hatching from eggs and in later parthenogenetic generations. We found no confirmed case of paternal transmission of symbionts to the progeny, and we observed that maternal transmission of a particular symbiont species (Serratia symbiotica) was quite inefficient. We discuss these observations in respect to the ecology of the pea aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Peccoud
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte, 35653 le Rheu cedex, France
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