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Jeon YH, Choi Y, Yoon SO, Kim CW, Chung JK. Synergistic tumoricidal effect of combined hMUC1 vaccination and hNIS radioiodine gene therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2252-60. [PMID: 18645034 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the merits of combinatorial hMUC1 vaccination and hNIS radioiodine gene therapy and evaluated its tumoricidal effects in an animal tumor model. CMNF (CT26 expressing hMUC1, hNIS, and firefly luciferase) cells were transplanted into 28 mice, and 4 and 11 days after tumor challenge, tumor-bearing mice were immunized i.m. with pcDNA3.1 or pcDNA-hMUC1 vaccine and subsequently administered PBS or (131)I i.p. [four groups (7 mice per group): pcDNA3.1 + PBS, phMUC1 + PBS, pcDNA3.1 + (131)I, and phMUC1 + (131)I groups]. Thirty-two days after tumor challenge, we rechallenged mice in the pcDNA3.1 + (131)I and phMUC1 + (131)I groups with CMNF cells. Tumor progression and tumor-free mice (%) were monitored by bioluminescence. We investigated hMUC1-associated immune response generated by combination therapy. Marked tumor growth inhibition was observed in the phMUC1 + (131)I group by bioluminescence at 32 days after tumor challenge. Mice in phMUC1 + (131)I group showed complete hMUC1-expressing tumor suppression after tumor rechallenge, whereas mice in the pcDNA3.1 + (131)I group did not. The tumor-free mice (%) were much higher in the phMUC1 + (131)I group than in the other three groups. Levels of hMUC1-associated CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells were higher in the phMUC1 + (131)I group than in the other three groups. hMUC1-loaded CD11(+) cells in the phMUC1 + (131)I group were found to be most effective at generating hMUC1-associated CD8(+)IFN-gamma(+) T cells. The activities of hMUC1-associated cytotoxic T cells in the phMUC1 + (131)I group were higher than in the other three groups. Our data suggest that phMUC1 + (131)I combination therapy synergistically generates marked tumoricidal effects against established hMUC1-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Jeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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Abstract
This review provides an overview of a selection of the most pertinent molecular pathways that link cancer and aging and focuses on those where recent advances were most important. When organizing the bulk of information on this subject, I became aware of the fact that the most evident partition, namely, mechanisms that influence aging and mechanisms that influence cancer occurrence, is difficult to apply. Most mechanisms explaining the aging process are also those that influence carcinogenesis. Mechanisms that are described in tumor suppressor pathways are also contributors to the aging process. From an intuitive point of view, there are phenomena that have traditionally been contributed to aging others to cancer-inducing factors and they are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Irminger-Finger
- Laboratory of Molecular Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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53
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Kim MJ, Oh SJ, Park SH, Kang HJ, Won MH, Kang TC, Hwang IK, Park JB, Kim JI, Kim J, Lee JY. Hypoxia-induced cell death of HepG2 cells involves a necrotic cell death mediated by calpain. Apoptosis 2006; 12:707-18. [PMID: 17195093 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate mechanism of cell death in response to hypoxia, we attempted to compare hypoxia-induced cell death of HepG2 cells with cisplatin-induced cell death, which has been well characterized as a typical apoptosis. Cell death induced by hypoxia turned out to be different from cisplatin-mediated apoptosis in cell viability and cleavage patterns of caspases. Hypoxia-induced cell death was not associated with the activation of p53 while cisplatin-induced apoptosis is p53 dependent. In order to explain these differences, we tested involvement of micro-calpain and m-calpain in hypoxia-induced cell death. Calpains, especially micro-calpain, were initially cleaved by hypoxia, but not by cisplatin. Interestingly, the treatment of a calpain inhibitor restored PARP cleavage that was absent during hypoxia, indicating the recovery of activated caspase-3. The inhibition of calpains prevented proteolysis induced by hypoxia. In addition, hypoxia resulted in a necrosis-like morphology while cisplatin induced an apoptotic morphology. The calpain inhibitor prevented necrotic morphology induced by hypoxia and converted partially to apoptotic morphology with nuclear segmentation. Our result suggests that calpains are involved in hypoxia-induced cell death that is likely to be necrotic in nature and the inhibition of calpain switches hypoxia-induced cell death to apoptotic cell death without affecting cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Okchon-dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Korea
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Abstract
Management of hypertrophic scars and keloids has advanced from crude, invasive methods such as gross excision and radiation to intralesional or topical agents that act on a cellular level. There is no universally accepted treatment regimen and no evidence-based literature to guide management. Our objectives are to present a list of available treatment regimens, their proposed mechanisms of action, and supporting evidence and to perform a meta-analysis of clinical trials to identify treatments with a better-than-even likelihood of improvement. We conducted a PubMed search through October 2005, identifying clinical studies of various treatments for hypertrophic scars and keloids. We graded the quality of each study, delineated the results into favorable vs nonfavorable, and calculated the statistical significance of the findings. The meta-analysis of 70 treatment series for various clinical measures showed a 70% chance of improvement with treatment; however, the mean amount of improvement to be expected was around 60%. There was no statistically significant difference between treatments. Most treatments for keloidal and hypertrophic scarring offer minimal likelihood of improvement. The magnitude of likely permanent improvement in any sign or symptom may be clinically meaningful but far short of cure. Novel therapies deserve further investigation but remain without proven benefit to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Leventhal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, and Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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55
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Santini MT, Romano R, Rainaldi G, Indovina P, Ferrante A, Motta A, Indovina PL. Temporal Dynamics of1H-NMR-Visible Metabolites during Radiation-Induced Apoptosis in MG-63 Human Osteosarcoma Spheroids. Radiat Res 2006; 166:734-45. [PMID: 17067211 DOI: 10.1667/rr0635.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur as a function of time in MG-63 osteosarcoma three-dimensional tumor spheroids undergoing radiation-induced apoptosis were studied using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy. Specifically, the (1)H-NMR spectra of MG-63 spheroids collected at 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure to 5 Gy of ionizing radiation were compared to the spectra of their respective controls. Small spheroids (about 50-80 microm in diameter) with no hypoxic center were used. Apoptosis was verified by both staining of spheroid DNA with the Hoechst 33258 dye and determination of caspase 3 enzyme activity at the three times examined. The results demonstrate that, as the percentage of apoptosis rises with time after exposure to ionizing radiation, the metabolic changes that take place in MG-63 spheroids follow very precise temporal dynamics. In particular, significant time-related increases in both CH(2) and CH(3) mobile lipids, considered by many authors as markers of apoptosis, were observed. In addition, temporal variations were also observed in choline-containing metabolites, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutamine/glutamate, taurine, alanine, creatine/phosphocreatine and lactate. These data show that in addition to CH(2) and CH(3) lipids, other metabolites can also be extremely useful in a deeper understanding of the temporal dynamics of radiation-induced apoptosis. This comprehension is particularly important in spheroids, a cell model of great complexity that resembles in vivo tumors much more closely than monolayer cultures. Ultimately, it is hoped that such studies can help to evaluate the outcome of radiotherapy protocols more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Santini
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Li CR, Zhou Z, Zhu D, Sun YN, Dai JM, Wang SQ. Protective effect of paeoniflorin on irradiation-induced cell damage involved in modulation of reactive oxygen species and the mitogen-activated protein kinases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:426-38. [PMID: 17097910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can induce DNA damage and cell death by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). The objective of this study was to investigate the radioprotective effect of paeoniflorin (PF, a main bioactive component in the traditional Chinese herb peony) on irradiated thymocytes and discover the possible mechanisms of protection. We found 60Co gamma-ray irradiation increased cell death and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner while increasing intracellular ROS. Pretreatment of thymocytes with PF (50-200 microg/ml) reversed this tendency and attenuated irradiation-induced ROS generation. Hydroxyl-scavenging action of PF in vitro was detected through electron spin resonance assay. Several anti-apoptotic characteristics of PF, including the ability to diminish cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, inhibit caspase-3 activation, and upregulate Bcl-2 and downregulate Bax in 4Gy-irradiated thymocytes were determined. Extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 kinase were activated by 4Gy irradiation, whereas its activations were partly blocked by pretreatment of cells with PF. The presence of ERK inhibitor PD98059, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and p38 inhibitor SB203580 decreased cell death in 4Gy-irradiated thymocytes. These results suggest PF protects thymocytes against irradiation-induced cell damage by scavenging ROS and attenuating the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Rong Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping Road 27#, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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57
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Santini MT, Romano R, Rainaldi G, Ferrante A, Motta A, Indovina PL. Increases in 1H-NMR mobile lipids are not always associated with overt apoptosis: evidence from MG-63 human osteosarcoma three-dimensional spheroids exposed to a low dose (2 Gy) of ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2006; 165:131-41. [PMID: 16435912 DOI: 10.1667/rr3500.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur in MG-63 osteosarcoma three-dimensional tumor spheroids exposed to 2 Gy of ionizing radiation, a dose that is comparable to radiation therapy, were studied using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy. Specifically, the (1)H-NMR spectra of control and exposed MG-63 spheroids were compared. Small spheroids (about 50-80 microm in diameter) with no hypoxic center were used. The spectra of whole MG-63 spheroids as well as the perchloric acid extracts of these systems were evaluated. Cell damage was also examined by lactate dehydrogenase release and changes in cell growth. No cell damage was observed, but numerous metabolic changes took place in spheroids after exposure to ionizing radiation. In particular, significant increases in both CH(2) and CH(3) mobile lipids, considered by many authors as markers of apoptosis and also present in MG-63 spheroids undergoing overt apoptosis, were observed in spheroids irradiated with 2 Gy. However, the chromatin dye Hoechst 33258 and DNA fragmentation assays showed no overt apoptosis up to 7 days after irradiation with this low dose. Thus it is evident that increases in mobile lipids do not always indicate actual cell death. A detailed analysis of the other metabolic changes observed appears to suggest that the cell death program was initiated but not completed. In fact, the completely different behavior of two important cellular defense mechanisms, reduced glutathione and taurine, in spheroids irradiated with 2 Gy and in those undergoing overt apoptosis seems to indicate that these systems are protecting spheroids from actual cell death. In addition, these data also suggest that (1)H-NMR can be used to examine the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation in spheroids, a cell model of great complexity that closely resembles tumors in vivo. The importance of this possibility in relation to reaching the ultimate goal of a better evaluation of the outcome of radiotherapy protocols should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Santini
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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58
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Bulgin D, Podtcheko A, Takakura S, Mitsutake N, Namba H, Saenko V, Ohtsuru A, Rogounovitch T, Palona I, Yamashita S. Selective pharmacologic inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase radiosensitizes thyroid anaplastic cancer cell lines via induction of terminal growth arrest. Thyroid 2006; 16:217-24. [PMID: 16571083 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The high radioresistance of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and cultured ATC cells stipulates for the means of increasing their radiosensitivity. It has been shown that c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation is one of the manifestations of radiation response in ATC cells. OBJECTIVE Assessment of the effect of selective JNK inhibition on ATC cell radiosensitivity and clarification of the associated mechanisms. RESULTS The JNK inhibitor markedly suppressed ATC cell growth in a reversible cytostatic manner. The combination treatment with JNK inhibitor plus ionizing radiation induced a significant decrease in clonogenic survival of irradiated cells as compared with either singular treatment. The effect was not due to apoptosis of exposed cells but to a profound senescence-like terminal growth arrest occurring irrespectively of cells' p53 mutational status. Postradiational DNA damage repair was also significantly compromised in the presence of SP600125. CONCLUSIONS JNK signaling is an essential component of ATC cell proliferation and survival after radiation therapy. Hence, pharmacological interference with JNK pathway in combination with radiotherapy may be a promising treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Bulgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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59
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Hwang D, Popat R, Bragdon C, O'Donnell KE, Sonis ST. Effects of ceramide inhibition on experimental radiation-induced oral mucositis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 100:321-9. [PMID: 16122660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral mucositis (OM) is a common toxicity of ionizing radiation (IR), which is used as treatment for head and neck cancer. Ceramide-mediated apoptosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of mucositis. In response to IR or other cellular stresses, ceramide production occurs either by the hydrolytic action of sphingomyelinase (SMase) or de novo via ceramide synthase. STUDY DESIGN Male golden Syrian hamsters (10 per group) exposed to a single dose of 40 Gy ionizing radiation (day 0) were treated with subcutaneous 0.2 mL injections of either neutral SMase, acidic SMase, or ceramide synthase inhibitor (5 mmol/L glutathione, 5 micromol/L desipramine, or 1 micromol/L fumonisin B1, respectively) from day -1 to day 16. A control group was treated with saline. Two blinded examiners assessed clinical OM development from day 6 to day 26. Two animals per group were killed on days 3, 10, and 16 for immunohistochemical detection of ceramide expression in both the epithelium and in the connective tissue. RESULTS The group exposed to fumonisin B1 exhibited a statistically significant reduction in mean daily weight gain, mean mucositis score, duration of mucositis, and expression of ceramide in the epithelium on day 3 as well as in the connective tissue on days 10 and 16 relative to control. Immunohistologic analysis also revealed significant differences in ceramide expression on days 3 and 16 for animals treated with glutathione in both the epithelial and connective tissue when compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IR triggers early de novo ceramide production and that inhibition of this process attenuates OM on a clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Hwang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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60
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Demaria S, Bhardwaj N, McBride WH, Formenti SC. Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a revived partnership. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:655-66. [PMID: 16199306 PMCID: PMC1489884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) is an important local modality for the treatment of cancer. The current rationale for its use is based largely on the ability of RT to kill the cancer cells by a direct cytotoxic effect. Nevertheless, considerable evidence indicates that RT effects extend beyond the mere elimination of the more radiosensitive fraction of cancer cells present within a tumor at the time of radiation exposure. For instance, a large body of evidence is accumulating on the ability of RT to modify the tumor microenvironment and generate inflammation. This might have far-reaching consequences regarding the response of a patient to treatment, especially if radiation-induced tumor cell kill were to translate into the generation of effective antitumor immunity. Although much remains to be learned about how radiation can impact tumor immunogenicity, data from preclinical studies provide the proof of principle that different immunotherapeutic strategies can be combined with RT to enhance antitumor effects. Conversely, RT could be a useful tool to combine with immunotherapy. This article will briefly summarize what is known about the impact of RT on tumor immunity, including tumor-associated antigens, antigen-presenting cells, and effector mechanisms. In addition, the experimental evidence supporting the contention that RT can be used as a tool to induce antitumor immunity is discussed, and a new approach to radioimmunotherapy of cancer is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Departments of Pathology and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Sandra Demaria, M. D., Department of Pathology, MSB-563, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Tel: (212) 263-7308; Fax: (212) 263-8211; e-mail:
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Experimental Division, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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61
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Kaufman HL, Divgi CR. Optimizing Prostate Cancer Treatment by Combining Local Radiation Therapy with Systemic Vaccination. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6757-62. [PMID: 16203760 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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62
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Dequen F, Gagnon SN, Desnoyers S. Ionizing radiations in Caenorhabditis elegans induce poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, a conserved DNA-damage response essential for survival. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4:814-25. [PMID: 15923155 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is one of the first responses to DNA damage in mammals. Although it is involved in base excision repair, its exact role has not been ascertained yet. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and PARP-2 mediate most of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation response in mammals and are well conserved in evolution. Their respective homologues PME-1 and PME-2 are found in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a well-known genetically tractable model currently used in DNA damage response research. Here we report the functional analysis of PME-1 and PME-2 in presence of DNA damage. Worms irradiated with high doses of ionizing radiations displayed a sharp drop in their NAD(+) content immediately after treatment, and a biphasic increase in poly(ADP-ribose). The physiological importance of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation response was highlighted when worms were preincubated with mammalian PARP inhibitors (3AB, DHQ, PJ34) and irradiated. The embryonic survival rate of the progeny was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitor 3AB had a weak effect on embryonic survival, followed closely by DHQ. However, PJ34, a member of the phenantridinone family, was very effective even when used at low concentration (100nM). In vitro PARP assay using recombinant PME-1 and PME-2 showed a similar pattern of inhibition where 3AB and DHQ were weak inhibitors, and PJ34 a stronger one. Inhibitors affect mostly the poly(ADP-ribose) polymers elongation at high concentrations. These results suggest that poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in response to DNA damage is an ancient and very important biochemical process protecting DNA from deleterious modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Dequen
- Pediatrics Research Unit, CHUQ-CHUL Research Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Que., Canada
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63
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Simon EL, Goel HL, Teider N, Wang T, Languino LR, Fitzgerald TJ. High dose fractionated ionizing radiation inhibits prostate cancer cell adhesion and beta(1) integrin expression. Prostate 2005; 64:83-91. [PMID: 15651037 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of ionizing radiation on extracellular matrix (ECM)-mediated cellular functions is an important area of research for translational science. Mechanisms of tumor cell ability to proliferate, migrate, and survive appear dependent on integrin-mediated adhesion to the ECM; however, the exact role therapeutic radiation plays in altering signaling pathways and promoting cell death within remains less well established. METHODS To examine these effects on prostate carcinoma cell lines, cells were irradiated at sub-lethal doses. We have studied two human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and DU-145) irradiated with different fractionated radiation schedules. Three groups were compared to non-irradiated controls. Group A was given a single dose of 5 Gy. Group B was given 5 Gy the first week and then 10 Gy the second week for a total of 15 Gy. Group C was given 5 Gy the first week, and then 10 Gy the second and third week for a total of 25 Gy. Cells were analyzed at their prescribed total dose. At 48 hr post irradiation, cells were detached from culture dishes and were subsequently used for adhesion assays and immunoblotting analysis. RESULTS Our findings revealed that two prostate carcinoma cell lines, PC3 and DU-145, had a reduced cellular adhesion to fibronectin (FN) compared to the non-irradiated control groups. Both prostate cancer cell lines showed decreased adhesion to FN and reduced beta(1) integrin protein levels at a total dose of 25 Gy, but not at the doses of 15 and 5 Gy. In a parallel analysis, at the maximum total dose of 25 Gy, both PC3 and DU-145 demonstrated a significant decrease in cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS High dose radiation treatment of prostate cancer cell lines inhibits integrin expression. Our study suggests that promoting a synergistic decrease in adhesion could bring additional therapeutic benefit to patients treated with radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund L Simon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care Hospitals, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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64
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Kaminski JM, Shinohara E, Summers JB, Niermann KJ, Morimoto A, Brousal J. The controversial abscopal effect. Cancer Treat Rev 2005; 31:159-72. [PMID: 15923088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The abscopal effect is potentially important for tumor control and is mediated through cytokines and/or the immune system, mainly cell-mediated immunity. It results from loss of growth stimulatory and/or immunosuppressive factors from the tumor. Until recently, the abscopal effect referred to the distant effects seen after local radiation therapy. However, the term should now be used interchangeably with distant bystander effect. Through analysis of distant bystander effects of other local therapies, we discuss the poorly understood and researched radiation-induced abscopal effect. Although the abscopal effect has been described in various malignancies, it is a rarely recognized clinical event. The abscopal effect is still extremely controversial with known data that both support and refute the concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kaminski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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65
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Koshikawa T, Uematsu N, Iijima A, Katagiri T, Uchida K. Alterations of DNA Copy Number and Expression in Genes Involved in Cell Cycle Regulation and Apoptosis Signal Pathways in γ-Radiation-Sensitive SX9 Cells and -Resistant SR-1 Cells. Radiat Res 2005; 163:374-83. [PMID: 15799692 DOI: 10.1667/rr3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, genomic differences related to sensitivity to radiation were examined by comparative genomic hybridization and GeneChip 45K microarray in SX9 cells (radiation-sensitive) and their parental line, SR-1 (radiation-resistant). SX9 cells have defective DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) activity. DNA-PKcs is a DNA double-strand break repair protein that maintains chromosomal stability through nonhomologous end joining. However, the molecular basis of the radiation sensitivity of SX9 cells is unclear. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SR-1 and SX9 cells had a larger G2/M-phase population at 12 h after 4 Gy gamma irradiation, while only SR-1 cells progressed to G1/S at 24-36 h. SX9 and SR-1 cells had similar patterns of DNA copy number alteration, but the gains were observed on chromosome 9 (cent-E2), 11 (cent-A3), and 12 (C1-E) only in SX9 cells. Expression of genes located on those regions is higher in SX-9 cells than in SR1 cells, and the regions include genes associated with apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Time-course data for gene expression at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after 4 Gy gamma irradiation revealed that the genes whose expression was altered in SX9 cells but not in SR-1 cells are in 16 clusters. Three of these clusters included genes for cell cycle regulation: JNK, PKC (PRKC) and ceramide cascade protein. These results suggest that amplification and altered expression of genes associated with cell cycle and apoptosis regulators in DNA-PK-deficient SX9 cells affect the differences in response to gamma radiation between SX9 and SR-1 cells.
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66
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Kim BY, Kim KA, Kwon O, Kim SO, Kim MS, Kim BS, Oh WK, Kim GD, Jung M, Ahn JS. NF-kappaB inhibition radiosensitizes Ki-Ras-transformed cells to ionizing radiation. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1395-403. [PMID: 15802300 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells show resistance to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cell death. Recently, Ki-Ras was reported to be responsible for the increased radioresistance. We report here that inhibition of IR-induced activaton of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) but not of either Akt or MAPK kinase (MEK), increased the radiosensitization of Ki-Ras transformed human prostate epithelial 267B1/K-ras cells. Proteosome inhibitor-1 (Pro1) reduced NF-kappaB activation, and this inhibition was accompanied by increased levels of cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha and p65/RelA. However, translocation of p50/NF-kappaB1 did not occur on exposure to IR, suggesting the cell-specific involvement of p50 in radiation signaling. Clonogenic cell survival and soft agar assays further confirmed the increased radiosensitivity of 267B1/K-ras cells by proteosome inhibition. In addition, proteosome inhibition enhanced the IR-induced degradation of apoptotic protein caspases 8 and 3, with the level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 being unaffected, suggesting the involvement of an apoptotic process in IR-induced cell death of 267B1/K-ras cells. LY294002 and PD98059, specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and MEK, respectively however, did not affect the radiosensitization. All these results suggest an application of blocking NF-kappaB activation pathway to the development of anticancer therapeutics in IR-induced radiotherapy of Ki-Ras-transformed cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling Modulators, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong, Daejeon, 305-333, Korea.
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67
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Junker N, Johansen JS, Hansen LT, Lund EL, Kristjansen PEG. Regulation of YKL-40 expression during genotoxic or microenvironmental stress in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Sci 2005; 96:183-90. [PMID: 15771622 PMCID: PMC11158589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
YKL-40 is a 40 kDa secreted glycoprotein belonging to the family of 'mammalian chitinase-like proteins', but without chitinase activity. YKL-40 has a proliferative effect on fibroblasts, chondrocytes and synoviocytes, and chemotactic effect on endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. Elevated YKL-40 levels are found in serum of patients with diseases characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling. Several studies have reported that high serum YKL-40 levels in patients with cancer are associated with poor prognosis. YKL-40 expression is strongly elevated in serum and biopsy material from glioblastomas patients. We investigated the expression of YKL-40 in three human malignant glioma cell lines exposed to different types of stress. Whereas a polymerase chain reaction transcript was detectable in all three cell lines, only U87 produced measurable amounts of YKL-40 protein. In U87, hypoxia and ionizing radiation induced a significant increase in YKL-40 after 24-48 h. The hypoxic induction of YKL-40 was independent of HIF1. Etoposide, ceramide, serum depletion and confluence all led to elevated YKL-40. Inhibition of p53 augmented the YKL-40 expression indicating that YKL-40 is attenuated by p53. In contrast, both basic fibroblast growth factor and tumor necrosing factor-alpha repressed YKL-40. These are the first data on regulation of YKL-40 in cancer cells. Diverse types of stress resulted in YKL-40 elevation, which strongly supports an involvement of YKL-40 in the malignant phenotype as a cellular survival factor in an adverse microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Junker
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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68
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Demaria S, Kawashima N, Yang AM, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Allison JP, Formenti SC. Immune-Mediated Inhibition of Metastases after Treatment with Local Radiation and CTLA-4 Blockade in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.728.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) is an important component in the management of breast cancer. Although the primary tumor can be successfully treated by surgery and RT, metastatic breast cancer remains a therapeutic challenge. Here we tested the hypothesis that the combination of RT to the primary tumor with CTLA-4 blockade can elicit antitumor immunity inhibiting the metastases.
Experimental Design: The poorly immunogenic metastatic mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 was used as a model. Mice were injected s.c. with 4T1 cells, and treatment was started 13 days later when the primary tumors measured 5 mm in average diameter. Mice were randomly assigned to four treatment groups receiving: (1) control IgG (IgG), (2) RT + IgG, (3) 9H10 monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4, (4) RT + 9H10. RT was delivered to the primary tumor by one or two fractions of 12 Gy. 9H10 and IgG were given i.p. thrice after RT.
Results: Consistent with the fact that 4T1 is poorly immunogenic, 9H10 alone did not have any effect on primary tumor growth or survival. RT was able to delay the growth of the primary irradiated tumor, but in the absence of 9H10 survival was similar to that of control mice. In contrast, mice treated with RT + 9H10 had a statistically significant survival advantage. The increased survival correlated with inhibition of lung metastases formation and required CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells.
Conclusions: The combination of local RT with CTLA-4 blockade is a promising new immunotherapeutic strategy against poorly immunogenic metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James S. Babb
- 3Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - James P. Allison
- 4Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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69
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Sabatini N, Di Giacomo V, Rapino M, Rana R, Garaci G, Giuseppe F, Cataldi A. JNK/p53 mediated cell death response in K562 exposed to etoposide-ionizing radiation combined treatment. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:611-9. [PMID: 15832344 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The study of the ability of chemotherapeutic agents and/or ionizing radiation (IR) to induce cell death in tumor cells is essential for setting up new and more efficient therapies against human cancer. Since drug and ionizing radiation resistance is an impediment to successful chemotherapy against cancer, we wanted to check if etoposide/ionizing radiation combined treatment could have a synergic effect to improve cell death in K562, a well-known human erythroleukemia ionizing radiation resistant cell line. In this study, we examined the role played by JNK/SAPK, p53, and mitochondrial pathways in cell death response of K562 cells to etoposide and IR treatment. Our results let us suppose that the induction of cell death, already evident in 15 Gy exposed cells, mainly in 15 Gy plus etoposide, may be mediated by JNK/SAPK pathway. Moreover, p53 is a potential substrate for JNK and may act as a JNK target for etoposide and ionizing radiation. Thus further investigation on these and other molecular mechanisms underlying the cell death response following etoposide and ionizing radiation exposure could be useful to overcome resistance mechanisms in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Biomorfologia, Università G. D' Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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70
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Lu FG, Wong CS. Radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes and its association with increased ceramide and down-regulated protein kinase B/Akt activity. Int J Radiat Biol 2004; 80:39-51. [PMID: 14761849 DOI: 10.1080/09553000310001642876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oligodendrocytes are cells responsible for myelination in the central nervous system and have been shown to undergo radiation-induced apoptosis. The roles of ceramide and protein kinase B/Akt (PKB/Akt) were assessed in radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary cultures of oligodendrocytes were established from neonatal rat brains and cell identity was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was assessed histologically according to its specific morphologic features using 4',6-diaminido-2-phenylindole, and by transferase-mediated deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end-labelling staining. The ceramide level was measured using a diacyglycerol kinase assay, and PKB/Akt activity was determined using immunoblotting and a protein kinase assay. RESULTS Ionizing radiation, C2-ceramide or wortmannin induced apoptosis in oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes. A rapid increase in ceramide was observed in oligodendrocytes after ionizing radiation. Monensin, an inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase, reduced the apoptotic response in oligodendrocytes after ionizing radiation. Fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of ceramide synthase, showed no such effect in the cells. Radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes was associated with a decrease in PKB activity, similar to that observed after treatment with C2-ceramide or wortmannin, but not after dihydro-C2-ceramide. Confocal microscopy revealed a loss of phosphorylated PKB immunostaining in the nucleus of apoptotic oligodendrocytes after ionizing radiation or C2-ceramide treatment. The level of phosphorylated FKHRL1, a transcription factor phosphorylated by PKB, decreased in irradiated oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS A ceramide-PKB-mediated signalling pathway might play a role in radiation-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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71
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Di Pietro R, Centurione L, Sabatini N, Bosco D, Sancilio S, Garaci F, Rana R, Cataldi A. Caspase-3 is dually regulated by apoptogenic factors mitochondrial release and by SAPK/JNK metabolic pathway in leukemic cells exposed to etoposide-ionizing radiation combined treatment. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17:181-90. [PMID: 15171819 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces a series of multiple intracellular events which can lead to activation of caspases, cytoplasmic proteases involved in the occurrence of apoptosis. The response of leukemic cells to ionizing radiation is amplified when they have been pre-treated with the anticancer drug etoposide, therefore the aim of this work has been to establish the lowest etoposide concentration combined with the lowest ionizing radiation dose to obtain the best antineoplastic response. Two leukemic cell lines, HL-60 and Jurkat, employed in this study demonstrated different sensitivities to ionizing radiation and to etoposide treatment, with Jurkat T cells requiring a higher dose (1 microM) to display cell cycle perturbation and apoptotic DNA damage similar to those seen in HL-60. We hypothesize that this kind of response could be mediated by mitochondrial release of apoptogenic factors and by SAPK/JNK metabolic pathway activation, both leading to caspase-3 cleavage. All in all these results provide insight into the sensitivity or resistance of leukemic cells to antineoplastic agents and identify molecular targets for rational therapeutic intervention strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/biosynthesis
- Caspases/genetics
- Cell Fractionation
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Etoposide/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia/drug therapy
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/radiotherapy
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Pietro
- Dept Biomorphology, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti, Italy
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72
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Demaria S, Ng B, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Kawashima N, Liebes L, Formenti SC. Ionizing radiation inhibition of distant untreated tumors (abscopal effect) is immune mediated. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 58:862-70. [PMID: 14967443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2003] [Revised: 07/24/2003] [Accepted: 09/03/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation can reduce tumor growth outside the field of radiation, known as the abscopal effect. Although it has been reported in multiple malignancies, the abscopal effect remains a rare and poorly understood event. Ionizing radiation generates inflammatory signals and, in principle, could provide both tumor-specific antigens from dying cells and maturation stimuli that are necessary for dendritic cells' activation of tumor-specific T cells. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the abscopal effect elicited by radiation is immune mediated. This was directly tested by enhancing the number of available dendritic cells using the growth factor Flt3-Ligand (Flt3-L). METHODS AND MATERIALS Mice bearing a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, 67NR, in both flanks were treated with Flt3-L daily for 10 days after local radiation therapy (RT) to only 1 of the 2 tumors at a single dose of 2 or 6 Gy. The second nonirradiated tumor was used as indicator of the abscopal effect. Data were analyzed using repeated measures regression. RESULTS RT alone led to growth delay exclusively of the irradiated 67NR tumor, as expected. Surprisingly, growth of the nonirradiated tumor was also impaired by the combination of RT and Flt3-L. As control, Flt3-L had no effect without RT. Importantly, the abscopal effect was shown to be tumor specific, because growth of a nonirradiated A20 lymphoma in the same mice containing a treated 67NR tumor was not affected. Moreover, no growth delay of nonirradiated 67NR tumors was observed when T cell deficient (nude) mice were treated with RT plus Flt3-L. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the abscopal effect is in part immune mediated and that T cells are required to mediate distant tumor inhibition induced by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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73
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Abstract
p130Cas is a multifunctional signaling adaptor protein. It integrates and relays signals generated from a variety of extracellular stimuli and regulates a number of cellular activities including cell death. In this study, we analyzed the regulation and function of p130Cas in anoikis, a type of apoptosis caused by disruption of cell-matrix interactions. We found that p130Cas was specifically cleaved during anoikis in anoikis-sensitive epithelial cells, but not in anoikis-resistant tumor cells. There is a close correlation between p130Cas cleavage and anoikis. Furthermore, we found that the cleavage of p130Cas, as well as another focal adhesion component FAK, is different from that of caspase substrate PARP and spectrin. Although caspases and calpain were found to be involved in the cleavage of p130Cas, there appear to be other unidentified proteases that are mainly responsible for the cleavage of p130Cas, particularly at the early stage of anoikis. Overexpression of the p130Cas cleavage product induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that there are novel proteases involved in the cleavage of p130Cas during anoikis, which may be functionally involved in the onset of anoikis. p130Cas may have a dual role in the regulation of anoikis. On one hand, it mediates a survival signal from cell-matrix interactions when cells are attached to the extracellular matrix. On the other hand, it participates in executing cell death when cell-matrix interactions are disrupted. These observations provide new insights into the understanding of the function of p130Cas and the molecular mechanism of anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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74
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Viktorsson K, Ekedahl J, Lindebro MC, Lewensohn R, Zhivotovsky B, Linder S, Shoshan MC. Defective stress kinase and Bak activation in response to ionizing radiation but not cisplatin in a non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line. Exp Cell Res 2003; 289:256-64. [PMID: 14499626 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have here examined ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptotic signaling in one IR-sensitive small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and one resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell line, both harboring mutant p53. In the sensitive SCLC cell line, IR induced conformational modulation of Bak and Bax, mitochondrial depolarization, and nuclear fragmentation. These events were not observed in the IR-resistant NSCLC cell line. However, in the same cells, cisplatin, a DNA-damaging drug, induced Bak and Bax modulation, mitochondrial depolarization, and nuclear fragmentation. Pre-mitochondrial signaling events were examined in order to further characterize the differing IR response. In the SCLC cell line, IR-induced apoptotic signaling was found to involve a MEKK1-related pathway and activation of the stress-activated kinases JNK and p38. In comparison, the NSCLC cell line had higher basal levels of activity of JNK and p38, and IR treatment did not further activate these kinases. However, NSCLC cells were sensitive to Bak modulation and apoptosis induced by a kinase-active mutant of MEKK1. Together, the results delineate a mechanism of IR resistance in NSCLC cells and indicate that IR and cisplatin induce Bak modulation and apoptosis via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Viktorsson
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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75
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Rajesh D, Stenzel RA, Howard SP. Perillyl alcohol as a radio-/chemosensitizer in malignant glioma. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35968-78. [PMID: 12805388 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with malignant glioma has not significantly changed in two decades, despite advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, emphasizing the growing need for novel approaches to glioma therapy. Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a naturally occurring monoterpene that has been shown to possess chemotherapeutic as well as chemopreventive activity in animal tumor models and is currently in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. In the present study, we have demonstrated that POH is an effective radiosensitizer at clinically relevant doses of radiation using established glioma cell lines. POH caused a transient arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis in glioma cells. POH treatment sensitized glioma cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis, which was further augmented in the presence of ionizing radiation and abrogated in the presence of antagonistic antibody. POH-induced radiosensitization was partially inhibited in glioma cells expressing dominant negative Fas-associated death domain and completely inhibited in glioma cells overexpressing the cytokine response modifier A. In addition, POH treatment resulted in a dose-dependent sensitization to cisplatin and doxorubicin induced cytotoxicity in glioma cells, highlighting its usefulness as a potent radio/chemosensitizer in the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Rajesh
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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76
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Cataldi A, Rapino M, Centurione L, Sabatini N, Grifone G, Garaci F, Rana R. NF-kappaB activation plays an antiapoptotic role in human leukemic K562 cells exposed to ionizing radiation. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89:956-63. [PMID: 12874830 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation (IR) determines cellular lesions, such as DNA and membrane damage, which involve a coordinate network of signal transduction pathways responsible for resistance to or delay of apoptosis, depending on cell type and administered dose. Since, after IR exposure, the apoptotic profile appeared different in the two chosen cell lines K562 and Jurkat along with caspase-3 activation, we paid attention to the influence exerted by Protein kinase C delta on transcription factor NF-kappaB activation. Interestingly, K562 resist to IR carrying out a survival strategy which includes PKC delta/NF-kappaB pathway activation, probably mediated by novel IKKs and a role for PI-3-kinase in activating PKC delta at Thr 505 by PDK-1 phosphorylation is suggested. In addition, since caspase-3 is not activated in these cells upon ionizing radiation exposure, it could be supposed that NF-kappaB antagonizes apoptosis induction interfering with pathways which lead to caspase activation, may be by inducing expression of IAP, caspases 3, 7, 9, inhibitor. Thus NF-kappaB activation explains the resistance displayed by K562 to IR and drug potential interference directed to this protein could overcome apoptosis resistance in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Biomorfologia, Università G.D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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77
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Cataldi A, Centurione L, Di Pietro R, Rapino M, Bosco D, Grifone G, Garaci F, Rana R. Protein kinase C zeta nuclear translocation mediates the occurrence of radioresistance in friend erythroleukemia cells. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:144-51. [PMID: 12461784 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Friend erythroleukemia cells require high doses (15 Gy) of ionizing radiation to display a reduced rate of proliferation and an increased number of dead cells. Since ionizing radiation can activate several signaling pathways at the plasma membrane which can lead to the nuclear translocation of a number of proteins, we looked at the intranuclear signaling system activated by Protein Kinases C, being this family of enzymes involved in the regulation of cell growth and death. Our results show an early and dose-dependent increased activity of zeta and epsilon isoforms, although PKC zeta is the only isoform significantly active and translocated into the nuclear compartment upon low (1.5 Gy) and high (15 Gy) radiation doses. These observations are concomitant and consistent with an increase in the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 level upon both radiation doses. Our results point at the involvement of the PKC pathway in the survival response to ionizing radiation of this peculiar cell line, offering PKC zeta for consideration as a possible target of pharmacological treatments aimed at amplifying the effect of such a genotoxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Biomorfologia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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78
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Lee TK, Stupans I. Radioprotection: the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostaglandins. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:1435-45. [PMID: 12495545 DOI: 10.1211/00223570254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies of the acute and late effects of radiation on cells have enhanced our knowledge of radiotherapy and have led to the optimisation of radiation treatment schedules and to more precise modes of radiation delivery. However, as both normal and cancerous tissues have similar response to radiation exposure, radiation-induced injury on normal tissues may present either during, or after the completion of, the radiotherapy treatment. Studies on both NSAIDs and prostaglandins have indeed shown some evidence of radioprotection. Both have the potential to increase the survival of cells but by entirely different mechanisms. Studies of cell kinetics reveal that cells in the mitotic (M) and late G2 phases of the cell cycle are generally most sensitive to radiation compared with cells in the early S and G1/G0 phases. Furthermore, radiation leads to a mitotic delay in the cell cycle. Thus, chemical agents that either limit the proportion of cells in the M and G2 phases of the cell cycle or enhance rapid cell growth could in principle be exploited for their potential use as radioprotectors to normal tissue during irradiation. NSAIDs have been shown to exert anti-cancer effects by causing cell-cycle arrest, shifting cells towards a quiescence state (G0/G1). The same mechanism of action was observed in radioprotection of normal tissues. An increase in arachidonic acid concentrations after exposure to NSAIDs also leads to the production of an apoptosis-inducer ceramide. NSAIDs also elevate the level of superoxide dismutase in cells. Activation of heat shock proteins by NSAIDs increases cell survival by alteration of cytokine expression. A role for NSAIDs with respect to inhibition of cellular proliferation possibly by an anti-angiogenesis mechanism has also been suggested. Several in-vivo studies have provided evidence suggesting that NSAIDs may protect normal tissues from radiation injury. Prostaglandins do not regulate the cell cycle, but they do have a variety of effects on cell growth and differentiation. PGE(2) mediates angiogenesis, increasing the supply of oxygen and nutrients, essential for cellular survival and growth. Accordingly, PGE(2) at sufficiently high plasma concentrations enhances cellular survival by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Thus, PGE(2) acts as a modulator, rather than a mediator, of inflammation. Prospective studies have suggested the potential use of misoprostol, a PGE(1) analogue, before irradiation, in prevention of radiation-induced side effects. The current understanding of the pharmacology of NSAIDs and prostaglandins shows great potential to minimise the adverse effects of radiotherapy on normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Khuen Lee
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmaceutical Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Australia, SA, 5000, Australia
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79
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Mandic A, Viktorsson K, Strandberg L, Heiden T, Hansson J, Linder S, Shoshan MC. Calpain-mediated Bid cleavage and calpain-independent Bak modulation: two separate pathways in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:3003-13. [PMID: 11940658 PMCID: PMC133754 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.9.3003-3013.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain is a ubiquitous protease with potential involvement in apoptosis. We report that in human melanoma cells, cisplatin-induced calpain activation occurs early in apoptosis. Calpain activation and subsequent apoptosis were inhibited by calpeptin and PD150606, two calpain inhibitors with different modes of action. Furthermore, cisplatin induced cleavage of the BH3-only protein Bid, yielding a 14-kDa fragment similar to proapoptotic, caspase-cleaved Bid. However, Bid cleavage was inhibited by inhibitors of calpain, but not by inhibitors of caspases or of cathepsin L. Recombinant Bid was cleaved in vitro by both recombinant calpain and by lysates of cisplatin-treated cells. Cleavage was calpeptin sensitive, and the cleavage site was mapped between Gly70 and Arg71. Calpain-cleaved Bid induced cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. While calpeptin did not affect cisplatin-induced modulation of Bak to its proapoptotic conformation, a dominant-negative mutant of MEKK1 (dnMEKK) inhibited Bak modulation. dnMEKK did not, however, block Bid cleavage. The combination of dnMEKK and calpeptin had an additive inhibitory effect on apoptosis. In summary, calpain-mediated Bid cleavage is important in drug-induced apoptosis, and cisplatin induces at least two separate apoptotic signaling pathways resulting in Bid cleavage and Bak modulation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mandic
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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80
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Flanders KC, Sullivan CD, Fujii M, Sowers A, Anzano MA, Arabshahi A, Major C, Deng C, Russo A, Mitchell JB, Roberts AB. Mice lacking Smad3 are protected against cutaneous injury induced by ionizing radiation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1057-68. [PMID: 11891202 PMCID: PMC1867194 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2001] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, including radiation-induced fibrosis. We previously reported that mice null for Smad3, a key downstream mediator of TGF-beta, show accelerated healing of cutaneous incisional wounds with reduced inflammation and accumulation of matrix. To determine if loss of Smad3 decreases radiation-induced injury, skin of Smad3+/+ [wild-type (WT)] and -/- [knockout (KO)] mice was exposed to a single dose of 30 to 50 Gy of gamma-irradiation. Six weeks later, skin from KO mice showed significantly less epidermal acanthosis and dermal influx of mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils than skin from WT littermates. Skin from irradiated KO mice exhibited less immunoreactive TGF-beta and fewer myofibroblasts, suggesting that these mice will have a significantly reduced fibrotic response. Although irradiation induced no change in the immunohistochemical expression of the TGF-beta type I receptor, the epidermal expression of the type II receptor was lost after irradiation whereas its dermal expression remained high. Primary keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts prepared from WT and KO mice showed similar survival when irradiated, as did mice exposed to whole-body irradiation. These results suggest that inhibition of Smad3 might decrease tissue damage and reduce fibrosis after exposure to ionizing irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis and Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055, USA.
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81
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Chen Y, Stanford A, Simmons RL, Ford HR, Hoffman RA. Nitric oxide protects thymocytes from gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis in correlation with inhibition of p53 upregulation and mitochondrial damage. Cell Immunol 2001; 214:72-80. [PMID: 11902831 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a crucial role in clonal deletion in the thymus, and NO has been shown to prevent apoptosis in some cell types. Therefore, we examined the effect of NO on gamma-irradiation-induced thymocyte apoptosis. Treatment of 5 Gy gamma-irradiated thymocytes with 1 mM SNAP reduced cell death from 78 to 49% after 8 h incubation (spontaneous cell death in medium control cells was 26%). Coincubation with ZVAD blocked both the spontaneous cell death and the cell death induced by SNAP or gamma-irradiation. The gamma-irradiation-induced increase in caspase 3 and 6 activities was inhibited in the presence of SNAP. The increase in cytosolic cytochrome c as well as the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential after gamma-irradiation was inhibited in the presence of SNAP. SNAP treatment also decreased the p53 upregulation in gamma-irradiated cells. In summary, we found that NO exerts a protective effect on mouse thymocyte apoptosis induced by gamma-irradiation. The mechanism of this protective effect may involve inhibition of p53 upregulation and reduction in mitochondrial damage, with subsequent inhibition of downstream caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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82
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Zhang C, Li Y, Hui, Li S, Xue S, Chen D. Effect of BCL-2 on Harringtonine-induced apoptosis and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in human leukemia HL-60 cells. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2001. [DOI: 10.1163/156856701753536714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Vit JP, Guillouf C, Rosselli F. Futile caspase-8 activation during the apoptotic cell death induced by DNA damaging agents in human B-lymphoblasts. Exp Cell Res 2001; 269:2-12. [PMID: 11525634 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 plays an essential role in apoptosis induced by Fas activation. Moreover, caspase-8 can be processed also in response to exposure to genotoxic agents. To decipher the role of caspase-8 in DNA damaging agent (DDA)-induced apoptosis as well as the pathway(s) leading to its activation in response to genotoxic stress, we investigated caspase-8 processing induced by ionizing radiation (IR) or mitomycin C (MMC) treatment in human B-lymphoblasts. Altogether, our observations establish that caspase-8 is actively processed in both receptor-mediated and DDA-induced cell death. However, while Fas-dependent apoptosis absolutely required caspase-8 activity, it is not necessary for completion of the apoptotic program induced by IR and MMC. Experiments performed to understand the molecular pathway(s) of the caspase-8 activation after DDA demonstrated that for both IR and MMC, the Fas/Fas-L interaction is dispensable. Data obtained from caspase inhibitors and from lymphoblasts carrying mutations in ATM and FANCC proteins, involved in DDA response, clearly showed that distinct mechanisms are responsible for caspase-8 activation by IR and MMC in B-lymphoblasts. IR-dependent processing of caspase-8 involves ATM, mitochondrial collapse, FANCC, and caspase-3 activation. Caspase-8 activation by MMC evokes the mitochondrial pathways involving FANCC but not ATM. Collectively, our data indicate that caspase-8 activation is essentially a bystander effect and not a major determinant of the behavior of DDA-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vit
- UPR 2169, Institut André Lwoff IFR 2249 CNRS, 7, Rue Guy Môquet, 94801 Villejuif Cedex, France
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84
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Zhang C, Li Y, Ma H, Li S, Xue S, Chen D. Simultaneous multi-parameter observation of Harringtonine-treating HL-60 cells with both two-photon and confocal laser scanning microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 44:383-91. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02879605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2000] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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85
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Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a DNA repair enzyme composed of a DNA-binding component called Ku70/80 and a catalytic subunit called DNA-PKcs. Many investigators have utilized DNA-PKcs-deficient cells and cell lines derived from severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice to study DNA repair and apoptosis. However, little is known about the CNS of these mice. This study was carried out using primary neuronal cultures derived from the cerebral hemispheres of new-born wild-type and scid mice to investigate the effects of loss of DNA-PK function on neuronal maturation and survival. Purified neuronal cultures developed comparably in terms of neurite formation and expression of neuronal markers, but scid cultures showed a significant increase in the percentage of dying cells. Furthermore, when apoptosis was induced by staurosporine, scid neurons died more rapidly and in higher numbers. Apoptotic scid neurons exhibited nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation, but treatment with the general caspase inhibitor, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(O-methyl) fluoromethyl ketone did not prevent staurosporine-induced apoptosis. We conclude that a DNA-PK deficiency in cultured scid neurons may cause an accumulation of DNA damage and increased susceptibility to caspase-independent forms of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chechlacz
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
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86
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Narla RK, Dong Y, Uckun FM. Apoptosis inducing novel anti-leukemic agent, bis(4,7-dimethyl-1,10 phenanthroline) sulfatooxovanadium(IV) [VO(SO4)(Me2-Phen)2] depolarizes mitochondrial membranes. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 41:625-34. [PMID: 11378580 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109060353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bis(4,7-dimethyl-1,10 phenanthroline) sulfatooxovanadium(IV) [VO(SO(4) )(Me(2)-Phen)(2)] induces apoptosis in human NALM-6 leukemia cells. In the present report, we demonstrate that VO(SO(4) )(Me(2)-Phen)(2)-induced apoptosis is mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of glutathione and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim). Using multilaser flow cytometry methods, we further mapped out the death sequence that occurs in VO(SO(4))(Me(2)-Phen)(2)-treated leukemic cells. Triple labeling method to measure ROS, DeltaPsim and glutathione coupled with multilaser excitation flow cytometry showed that induction of ROS took place before the loss of mitochondrial permeability transition and depletion of glutathione. Correlated two parameter plots of glutathione content versus DeltaPsim showed that loss of DeltaPsim and depletion of glutathione closely follows each other. Translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane was the final step in the process before the cells became apoptotic. These results demonstrate that the mitochondrial permeability transition takes place during VO(SO(4))(Me(2)-Phen)(2)-induced apoptosis and is mediated through induction of ROS and depletion of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Narla
- Parker Hughes Cancer Center, Departments of Experimental Oncology and Chemistry, and Drug Discovery Program Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota 55113, USA
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87
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Holl V, Coelho D, Weltin D, Dufour P, Denis JM, Florentin I, Mathieu J, Gueulette J, Bischoff P. Induction de l'apoptose dans les lymphocytes spléniques de souris par un faisceau d'ions carbone. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the capacity of heavy ions to induce apoptosis in lymphocytes, mice have been irradiated with accelerated carbon ions (95 MeV/nucleon) at doses ranging from 0.1 to 4 Gy. Their spleens were removed 24 h later and gently dissociated to prepare a single cell suspension. Mononuclear cells were then maintained in culture at 37°C, and the occurrence of apoptosis in these cells was analysed 24 h later. Lymphocytes were also irradiated in vitro, in the presence of Ac-DEVD-CHO, a potent caspase-3 and -7 inhibitor. Results from three experiments performed at the Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL, Caen, France) are reported here. They indicate that carbon ions induce a marked, dose-dependent, reduction of the spleen weight and cellularity. However, in sharp contrast with spleen cells prepared from X-ray irradiated mice, only a slight increase of apoptosis is evidenced in cultured lymphocytes from mice irradiated with heavy ions. The significance of such results is discussed. So far, few data exist concerning the biological effects of heavy ions, in particular their capacity to induce apoptosis in lymphocytes; the present study provides useful clues for further investigations.Key words : lymphocytes, apoptosis, heavy ions, splenic model, caspases.
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88
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Hsu HC, Shultz LD, Su X, Shi J, Yang PA, Relyea MJ, Zhang HG, Mountz JD. Mutation of the hematopoietic cell phosphatase (Hcph) gene is associated with resistance to gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis in Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1-deficient "motheaten" mutant mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:772-80. [PMID: 11145649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of Src homology protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1) in the ionizing radiation-induced stress response, we analyzed the apoptotic response and cell cycle function in irradiated spleen cells of motheaten (me/me) mice. The defect in me/me mice has been attributed to mutations of the HCPH: gene, which encodes SHP-1. Homozygotes develop severe systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disease, whereas heterozygotes live longer and develop hematopoietic and lymphoid malignance. Spleen cells from C57BL/6 (B6)-me/me and B6-+/+ controls were analyzed after gamma-irradiation from a (137)Cs source. B6-me/me cells were significantly more resistant than B6-+/+ cells to gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis exhibiting a higher LD(50). The defective apoptosis response of the B6-me/me cells was exhibited by T and B cells and macrophages. Of the Bcl-2 family members analyzed, a significant difference was observed in the transcription of Bax mRNA, which was up-regulated early after irradiation in B6-+/+ cells, but not B6-me/me cells. Analysis of 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide revealed resistance to the gamma-irradiation-induced mitochondrial transmembrane permeability transition in the B6-me/me cells. The blocking of the cell cycle in the G(0)/G(1) phase characteristic of the irradiated B6-+/+ cells was not observed in the B6-me/me cells. There was decreased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and increased phosphorylation of p53 from spleen cell lysates of irradiated B6-me/me mice compared with wild-type mice. These data suggest that SHP-1 plays an important role in regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest after a gamma-irradiation-induced stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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89
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Abstract
Several studies have shown that ionizing radiation induces transcription of the TNFRSF6 (Fas) gene, leading to augmented TNFRSF6 protein levels at the surface of irradiated cells. We have examined TNFRSF6 expression in an apparently normal lymphocyte line and in a lymphocyte cell line derived from a patient with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) before and after exposure to radiation (0-10 Gy). Plasma membranes were isolated from normal lymphocytes and AT cells and subjected to Western blot analysis, using a TNFRSF6-specific monoclonal antibody to probe resolved proteins transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes. In both cell types, the presence of a 48-kDa band corresponding to the molecular mass of TNFRSF6 was revealed. Analysis of FITC-conjugated anti-TNFRSF6 antibody-stained normal lymphocytes and AT cells confirmed TNFRSF6 expression in both cell types. In MTT assays, AT cells treated with agonistic anti-TNFRSF6 Ab (CH.11) displayed a 25.9% decrease in cell viability, relative to cells treated with isotype-matched IgM Ab, suggesting the presence of a biologically active TNFRSF6 receptor at the AT cell surface. Exposure to cycloheximide (0-5 microg/ml), a metabolic inhibitor, enhanced sensitivity of AT cells to CH.11. Normal lymphocytes exhibited increased levels of apoptosis (approximately 34% cell death relative to cells treated with isotype-matched IgM Ab) when exposed to CH.11; however, the degree of cell death was not altered significantly with increasing concentrations of cycloheximide. When AT cells were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 2 and 10 Gy, the activities of caspases 3 and 8 increased in a dose-dependent manner at 24 h postirradiation and reached a plateau by 72 h. A similar trend for activation of caspase 3 and 8 was observed in normal lymphocytes after irradiation. To assess the roles of TNFRSF6 and/or caspase 8 in radiation-induced cell death of AT and normal lymphocytes, and to determine whether hyper-radiosensitivity in AT cells is correlated with increased activity of these two components of the TNFRSF6 pathway, AT and normal lymphocytes were irradiated in the presence of ZB4, an anti-TNFRSF6 blocking antibody, and a caspase 8 inhibitor (Z-IETD-FMK). Apoptosis was determined by Annexin V staining using flow cytometry. Incubation with ZB4 anti-TNFRSF6 antibody did not alter the fraction of apoptotic cells in either AT cells or normal lymphocytes treated with doses of radiation ranging from 0-10 Gy. In contrast, apoptosis was significantly reduced in both cell lines in the presence of Z-IETD-FMK when samples were exposed to low-dose (< or = 2 Gy) radiation. Relative to control samples (those not incubated with Z-IETD-FMK), no difference in the level of apoptosis was observed in AT or normal lymphocytes treated with 10 Gy. These data indicate that: (a) despite radiation-induced up-regulation of TNFRSF6 at the cell surface, the death-promoting receptor does not play a role in radiation-mediated cytotoxicity; (b) apoptosis in lymphocytes irradiated with low (< or = 2 Gy) but not high doses (>2 Gy) proceeds at least in part through activation of caspase 8; and (3) since blocking anti-TNFRSF6 antibody (ZB4) did not reduce levels of apoptosis in irradiated AT cells to those of normal lymphocytes, TNFRSF6 is unlikely to play a significant role in the hyper-radiosensitivity exhibited by cells having the AT phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Albanese
- Department of Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06610, USA
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90
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Shangary S, Brown KD, Adamson AW, Edmonson S, Ng B, Pandita TK, Yalowich J, Taccioli GE, Baskaran R. Regulation of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity by ionizing radiation-activated abl kinase is an ATM-dependent process. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:30163-8. [PMID: 10906134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004302200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) treatment results in activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl because of phosphorylation by ATM. In vitro evidence indicates that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) can also phosphorylate and thus potentially activate Abl kinase activity in response to IR exposure. To unravel the role of ATM and DNA-PK in the activation of Abl, we assayed Abl, ATM, and DNA-PK activity in ATM- and DNA-PKcs-deficient cells after irradiation. Our results show that despite the presence of higher than normal levels of DNA-PK kinase activity, c-Abl fails to become activated after IR exposure in ATM-deficient cells. Conversely, normal activation of both ATM and c-Abl occurs in DNA-PKcs-deficient cells, indicating that ATM but not DNA-PK is required for activation of Abl in response to IR treatment. Moreover, activation of Abl kinase activity by IR correlates well with activation of ATM activity in all phases of the cell cycle. These results indicate that ATM is primarily responsible for activation of Abl in response to IR exposure in a cell cycle-independent fashion. Examination of DNA-PK activity in response to IR treatment in Abl-deficient cells expressing mutant forms of Abl or in normal cells exposed to an inhibitor of Abl suggests an in vivo role for Abl in the down-regulation of DNA-PK activity. Collectively, these results suggest a convergence of the ATM and DNA-PK pathways in the cellular response to IR through c-Abl kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shangary
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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91
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Spacey SD, Gatti RA, Bebb G. The molecular basis and clinical management of ataxia telangiectasia. Can J Neurol Sci 2000; 27:184-91. [PMID: 10975530 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The unique combination of phenotypic manifestations seen in ataxia telangiectasia (AT) has intrigued neurologists, oncologists, radiation biologists and immunologists for several decades. Initially, the primary care givers of AT patients are often pediatricians but neurologists will inevitably become involved in their care. Over the last few years great strides have been made in understanding the genetic basis of this disease but useful therapeutic interventions are still not available. In this article, we review the clinical features and the current understanding of the pathophysiology of the syndrome. In addition, we address issues related to genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, screening and implications for AT heterozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Spacey
- Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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92
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Pircher TJ, Zhao S, Geiger JN, Joneja B, Wojchowski DM. Pim-1 kinase protects hematopoietic FDC cells from genotoxin-induced death. Oncogene 2000; 19:3684-92. [PMID: 10951575 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic cell S/T kinase Pim-1 was originally discovered as a target of murine leukemia provirus integration, and when expressed at increased levels is predisposing to lymphomagenesis. Recently, Pim-1 has been shown to enhance the activities of p100, c-Myb and cdc25a, and in part this might explain reported effects on mitogenesis. In the context of cytokine withdrawal, Pim-1 also can attenuate programmed cell death (PCD). Cytokine withdrawal, however, alters signaling pathways and can complicate the dissection of mitogenic vs apoptotic responses. To better study possible effects of Pim-1 on PCD, a hematopoietic cell model was developed in which proliferation was supported efficiently by SCF plus EPO in the absence of endogenous Pim-1 gene expression. This was provided by factor-dependent FDCW2 cells that express endogenous and functional c-Kit, and were transfected stably with truncated Epo receptor form mutated at a Y343 STAT5 binding site. In proliferating cells, exogenously expressed Pim-1 was observed to efficiently inhibit PCD as induced by either Co60 or adriamycin, and the dose-dependent nature of this effect was established in several independent clones. By comparison, effects of exogenous Pim-1 on mitogenesis were nominal. In addition, in cell fractionation studies an estimated 25% of Mr 34000 Pim-1 (but not Mr 44000 Pim-1) was present in nuclear extracts. Thus, Pim-1 efficiently buffers hematopoietic progenitor cells against death as induced by several clinically important apoptotic agents, and may directly target nuclear effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Pircher
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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