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Piha-Paul SA, Geva R, Tan TJ, Lim DW, Hierro C, Doi T, Rahma O, Lesokhin A, Luke JJ, Otero J, Nardi L, Singh A, Xyrafas A, Chen X, Mataraza J, Bedard PL. First-in-human phase I/Ib open-label dose-escalation study of GWN323 (anti-GITR) as a single agent and in combination with spartalizumab (anti-PD-1) in patients with advanced solid tumors and lymphomas. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002863. [PMID: 34389618 PMCID: PMC8365809 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GWN323 is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein. This first-in-human, open-label phase I/Ib study aimed to investigate the safety and tolerability and to identify the recommended doses of GWN323 with/without spartalizumab, an anti-programmed cell death receptor-1 agent, for future studies. Pharmacokinetics, preliminary efficacy and efficacy biomarkers were also assessed. Methods Patients (aged ≥18 years) with advanced/metastatic solid tumors with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of ≤2 were included. GWN323 (10–1500 mg) or GWN323+spartalizumab (GWN323 10–750 mg+spartalizumab 100–300 mg) were administered intravenously at various dose levels and schedules during the dose-escalation phase. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were assessed during the first 21 days in a single-agent arm and 42 days in a combination arm. Adverse events (AEs) were graded per National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events V.4.03 and efficacy was assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors V.1.1. Results Overall, 92 patients (single-agent, n=39; combination, n=53) were included. The maximum administered doses (MADs) in the single-agent and combination arms were GWN323 1500 mg every 3 weeks (q3w) and GWN323 750 mg+spartalizumab 300 mg q3w, respectively. No DLTs were observed with single-agent treatment. Three DLTs (6%, all grade ≥3) were noted with combination treatment: blood creatine phosphokinase increase, respiratory failure and small intestinal obstruction. Serious AEs were reported in 30.8% and 34.0%, and drug-related AEs were reported in 82.1% and 77.4% of patients with single-agent and combination treatments, respectively. Disease was stable in 7 patients and progressed in 26 patients with single-agent treatment. In combination arm patients, 1 had complete response (endometrial cancer); 3, partial response (rectal cancer, adenocarcinoma of colon and melanoma); 14, stable disease; and 27, disease progression. GWN323 exhibited a pharmacokinetic profile typical of mAbs with a dose-dependent increase in the pharmacokinetic exposure. Inconsistent decreases in regulatory T cells and increases in CD8+ T cells were observed in the combination arm. Gene expression analyses showed no significant effect of GWN323 on interferon-γ or natural killer-cell signatures. Conclusions GWN323, as a single agent and in combination, was well tolerated in patients with relapsed/refractory solid tumors. The MAD was 1500 mg q3w for single-agent and GWN323 750 mg+spartalizumab 300 mg q3w for combination treatments. Minimal single-agent activity and modest clinical benefit were observed with the spartalizumab combination. Trial registration number NCT02740270.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina A Piha-Paul
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ravit Geva
- Division of Oncology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tira J Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren Wt Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cinta Hierro
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit (UITM), Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toshikiko Doi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Osama Rahma
- Center for Cancer Therapeutic Innovation, Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Lesokhin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason John Luke
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Javier Otero
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lisa Nardi
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Angad Singh
- Oncology Data Science, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandros Xyrafas
- Early Development Analytics-Statistics, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xinhui Chen
- Oncology Therapeutic Area-Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer Mataraza
- Oncology Translational Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philippe L Bedard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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52
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Meyer JE, Loff S, Dietrich J, Spehr J, Jurado Jiménez G, von Bonin M, Ehninger G, Cartellieri M, Ehninger A. Evaluation of switch-mediated costimulation in trans on universal CAR-T cells (UniCAR) targeting CD123-positive AML. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1945804. [PMID: 34290907 PMCID: PMC8274446 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1945804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) targeting CD19 have achieved significant success in patients with B cell malignancies. To date, implementation of CAR-T in other indications remains challenging due to the lack of truly tumor-specific antigens as well as control of CAR-T activity in patients. CD123 is highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts including leukemia-initiating cells making it an attractive immunotherapeutic target. However, CD123 expression in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelia bears the risk of severe toxicities and may limit CAR-T applications lacking fine-tuned control mechanisms. Therefore, we recently developed a rapidly switchable universal CAR-T platform (UniCAR), in which CAR-T activity depends on the presence of a soluble adapter called targeting module (TM), and confirmed clinical proof-of-concept for targeting CD123 in AML with improved safety. As costimulation via 4–1BB ligand (4–1BBL) can enhance CAR-T expansion, persistence, and effector functions, a novel CD123-specific TM variant (TM123-4-1BBL) comprising trimeric single-chain 4–1BBL was developed for transient costimulation of UniCAR-T cells (UniCAR-T) at the leukemic site in trans. TM123-4-1BBL-directed UniCAR-T efficiently eradicated CD123-positive AML cells in vitro and in a CDX in vivo model. Moreover, additional costimulation via TM123-4-1BBL enabled enhanced expansion and persistence with a modulated UniCAR-T phenotype. In addition, the increased hydrodynamic volume of TM123-4-1BBL prolonged terminal plasma half-life and ensured a high total drug exposure in vivo. In conclusion, expanding the soluble adapter optionality for CD123-directed UniCAR-T maintains the platforms high anti-leukemic efficacy and immediate control mechanism for a flexible, safe, and individualized CAR-T therapy of AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Malte von Bonin
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Clinic I, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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53
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Solinas C, Gu-Trantien C, Willard-Gallo K. The rationale behind targeting the ICOS-ICOS ligand costimulatory pathway in cancer immunotherapy. ESMO Open 2021; 5:S2059-7029(20)30002-8. [PMID: 32516116 PMCID: PMC7003380 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS, cluster of differentiation (CD278)) is an activating costimulatory immune checkpoint expressed on activated T cells. Its ligand, ICOSL is expressed on antigen-presenting cells and somatic cells, including tumour cells in the tumour microenvironment. ICOS and ICOSL expression is linked to the release of soluble factors (cytokines), induced by activation of the immune response. ICOS and ICOSL binding generates various activities among the diversity of T cell subpopulations, including T cell activation and effector functions and when sustained also suppressive activities mediated by regulatory T cells. This dual role in both antitumour and protumour activities makes targeting the ICOS/ICOSL pathway attractive for enhancement of antitumour immune responses. This review summarises the biological background and rationale for targeting ICOS/ICOSL in cancer together with an overview of the principal ongoing clinical trials that are testing it in combination with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and anti-programmed cell death-1 or anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 based immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Regional Hospital of Valle d'Aosta, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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54
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Pourakbari R, Hajizadeh F, Parhizkar F, Aghebati-Maleki A, Mansouri S, Aghebati-Maleki L. Co-stimulatory agonists: An insight into the immunotherapy of cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1055-1085. [PMID: 34267616 PMCID: PMC8278219 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint pathways consist of stimulatory pathways, which can function like a strong impulse to promote T helper cells or killer CD8+ cells activation and proliferation. On the other hand, inhibitory pathways keep self-tolerance of the immune response. Increasing immunological activity by stimulating and blocking these signaling pathways are recognized as immune checkpoint therapies. Providing the best responses of CD8+ T cell needs the activation of T cell receptor along with the co-stimulation that is generated via stimulatory checkpoint pathways ligation including Inducible Co-Stimulator (ICOS), CD40, 4-1BB, GITR, and OX40. In cancer, programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1), Programmed cell death ligand-1(PD-L1) and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) are the most known inhibitory checkpoint pathways, which can hinder the immune responses which have specifically anti-tumor characteristics and attenuate T cell activation and also cytokine production. The use of antagonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block CTLA-4 or PD-1 activation is used in a variety of malignancies. It has been reported that they can lead to an increase in T cells and thereby strengthen anti-tumor immunity. Agonists of stimulatory checkpoint pathways can induce strong immunologic responses in metastatic patients; however, for achieving long-lasting benefits for the wide range of patients, efficient combinatorial therapies are required. In the present review, we focus on the preclinical and basic research on the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade or other approaches with co-stimulatory agonists work together to improve T-cell antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Pourakbari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Hajizadeh
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Forough Parhizkar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mansouri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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55
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Two Complementarity Immunotherapeutics in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients-Mechanism of Action and Future Concepts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112836. [PMID: 34200219 PMCID: PMC8201041 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Here, we focused on the most important mechanisms of action of combined immunotherapy with modern anticancer approaches in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. This knowledge is extremely important for lung cancer clinicians. First, it facilitates proper involvement of the patient in the treatment and monitoring its effectiveness. More importantly, the knowledge of the immunotherapy mechanisms will certainly allow quick recognition of the side effects of such a therapy, which are totally different of those observed after chemotherapy. Side effects of combination therapies can occur at any stage of treatment, and even after completion thereof. This review article could particularly explain the mechanism of action of combined immunotherapy, which have different targets in patients. Abstract Due to the limited effectiveness of immunotherapy used as first-line monotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the concepts of combining classical immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint antibodies with other treatment methods have been developed. Pembrolizumab and atezolizumab were registered in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC, while durvalumab found its application in consolidation therapy after successful chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced NSCLC. Exceptionally attractive, due to their relatively low toxicity and high effectiveness, are treatment approaches in which a combination of two different immunotherapy methods is applied. This method is based on observations from clinical trials in which nivolumab and ipilimumab were used as first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. It turned out that the dual blockade of immune checkpoints activated T lymphocytes in different compartments of the immune response, at the same time affecting the downregulation of immune suppressor cells (regulatory T cells). These experiments not only resulted in the registration of combination therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab, but also initiated other clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with other ICIs or activators of costimulatory molecules found on immune cells. There are also studies in which ICIs are associated with molecules that modify the tumour environment. This paper describes the mechanism of the synergistic effect of a combination of different immunotherapy methods in NSCLC patients.
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56
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Wang F, Chau B, West SM, Kimberlin CR, Cao F, Schwarz F, Aguilar B, Han M, Morishige W, Bee C, Dollinger G, Rajpal A, Strop P. Structures of mouse and human GITR-GITRL complexes reveal unique TNF superfamily interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1378. [PMID: 33654081 PMCID: PMC7925557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) and GITR ligand (GITRL) are members of the tumor necrosis superfamily that play a role in immune cell signaling, activation, and survival. GITR is a therapeutic target for directly activating effector CD4 and CD8 T cells, or depleting GITR-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby promoting anti-tumor immune responses. GITR activation through its native ligand is important for understanding immune signaling, but GITR structure has not been reported. Here we present structures of human and mouse GITR receptors bound to their cognate ligands. Both species share a receptor–ligand interface and receptor–receptor interface; the unique C-terminal receptor–receptor enables higher order structures on the membrane. Human GITR–GITRL has potential to form a hexameric network of membrane complexes, while murine GITR–GITRL complex forms a linear chain due to dimeric interactions. Mutations at the receptor–receptor interface in human GITR reduce cell signaling with in vitro ligand binding assays and minimize higher order membrane structures when bound by fluorescently labeled ligand in cell imaging experiments. Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) and GITR ligand (GITRL) regulate immune cell activities, including anti-tumor immune responses. Structures and visualization of human and mouse GITR–GITRL complexes offer insight into the architecture of higher-order membrane assemblies, and their signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Bryant Chau
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Sean M West
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | - Fei Cao
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Flavio Schwarz
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Aguilar
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Minhua Han
- Tumor Microenvironment Thematic Research Center, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Winse Morishige
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Christine Bee
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Gavin Dollinger
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pavel Strop
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA.
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57
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Fabian KP, Padget MR, Fujii R, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Differential combination immunotherapy requirements for inflamed (warm) tumors versus T cell excluded (cool) tumors: engage, expand, enable, and evolve. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001691. [PMID: 33602696 PMCID: PMC7896589 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different types of tumors have varying susceptibility to immunotherapy and hence require different treatment strategies; these cover a spectrum ranging from ‘hot’ tumors or those with high mutational burden and immune infiltrates that are more amenable to targeting to ‘cold’ tumors that are more difficult to treat due to the fewer targetable mutations and checkpoint markers. We hypothesized that an effective anti-tumor response requires multiple agents that would (1) engage the immune response and generate tumor-specific effector cells; (2) expand the number and breadth of the immune effector cells; (3) enable the anti-tumor activity of these immune cells in the tumor microenvironment; and (4) evolve the tumor response to widen immune effector repertoire. Methods A hexatherapy combination was designed and administered to MC38-CEA (warm) and 4T1 (cool) murine tumor models. The hexatherapy regimen was composed of adenovirus-based vaccine and IL-15 (interleukin-15) superagonist (N-803) to engage the immune response; anti-OX40 and anti-4-1BB to expand effector cells; anti-PD-L1 (anti-programmed death-ligand 1) to enable anti-tumor activity; and docetaxel to promote antigen spread. Primary and metastatic tumor growth inhibition were measured. The generation of anti-tumor immune effector cells was analyzed using flow cytometry, ELISpot (enzyme-linked immunospot), and RNA analysis. Results The MC38-CEA and 4T1 tumor models have differential sensitivities to the combination treatments. In the ‘warm’ MC38-CEA, combinations with two to five agents resulted in moderate therapeutic benefit while the hexatherapy regimen outperformed all these combinations. On the other hand, the hexatherapy regimen was required in order to decrease the primary and metastatic tumor burden in the ‘cool’ 4T1 model. In both models, the hexatherapy regimen promoted CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and activity. Furthermore, the hexatherapy regimen induced vaccine-specific T cells and stimulated antigen cascade. The hexatherapy regimen also limited the immunosuppressive T cell and myeloid derived suppressor cell populations, and also decreased the expression of exhaustion markers in T cells in the 4T1 model. Conclusion The hexatherapy regimen is a strategic combination of immuno-oncology agents that can engage, expand, enable, and evolve the immune response and can provide therapeutic benefits in both MC38-CEA (warm) and 4T1 (cool) tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellsye P Fabian
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle R Padget
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rika Fujii
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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58
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Skokos D, Waite JC, Haber L, Crawford A, Hermann A, Ullman E, Slim R, Godin S, Ajithdoss D, Ye X, Wang B, Wu Q, Ramos I, Pawashe A, Canova L, Vazzana K, Ram P, Herlihy E, Ahmed H, Oswald E, Golubov J, Poon P, Havel L, Chiu D, Lazo M, Provoncha K, Yu K, Kim J, Warsaw JJ, Stokes Oristian N, Siao CJ, Dudgeon D, Huang T, Potocky T, Martin J, MacDonald D, Oyejide A, Rafique A, Poueymirou W, Kirshner JR, Smith E, Olson W, Lin J, Thurston G, Sleeman MA, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD. A class of costimulatory CD28-bispecific antibodies that enhance the antitumor activity of CD3-bispecific antibodies. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/525/eaaw7888. [PMID: 31915305 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation is initiated upon binding of the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex to peptide-major histocompatibility complexes ("signal 1"); activation is enhanced by engagement of a second "costimulatory" receptor, such as the CD28 receptor on T cells binding to its cognate ligand(s) on the target cell ("signal 2"). CD3-based bispecific antibodies act by replacing conventional signal 1, linking T cells to tumor cells by binding a tumor-specific antigen (TSA) with one arm of the bispecific and bridging to TCR/CD3 with the other. Although some of these so-called TSAxCD3 bispecifics have demonstrated promising antitumor efficacy in patients with cancer, their activity remains to be optimized. Here, we introduce a class of bispecific antibodies that mimic signal 2 by bridging TSA to the costimulatory CD28 receptor on T cells. We term these TSAxCD28 bispecifics and describe two such bispecific antibodies: one specific for ovarian and the other for prostate cancer antigens. Unlike CD28 superagonists, which broadly activate T cells and resulted in profound toxicity in early clinical trials, these TSAxCD28 bispecifics show limited activity and no toxicity when used alone in genetically humanized immunocompetent mouse models or in primates. However, when combined with TSAxCD3 bispecifics, they enhance the artificial synapse between a T cell and its target cell, potentiate T cell activation, and markedly improve antitumor activity of CD3 bispecifics in a variety of xenogeneic and syngeneic tumor models. Combining this class of CD28-costimulatory bispecific antibodies with the emerging class of TSAxCD3 bispecifics may provide well-tolerated, off-the-shelf antibody therapies with robust antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Skokos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.
| | - Janelle C Waite
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Lauric Haber
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Alison Crawford
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Aynur Hermann
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Erica Ullman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Rabih Slim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Stephen Godin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Dharani Ajithdoss
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Xuan Ye
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Ilyssa Ramos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Arpita Pawashe
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Lauren Canova
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Kristin Vazzana
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Priyanka Ram
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Evan Herlihy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Hassan Ahmed
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Erin Oswald
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jacquelynn Golubov
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Patrick Poon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Lauren Havel
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Danica Chiu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Miguel Lazo
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Kathleen Provoncha
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Kevin Yu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Julie Kim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jacqueline J Warsaw
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Chia-Jen Siao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Tammy Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Terra Potocky
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Joel Martin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Douglas MacDonald
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Adelekan Oyejide
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Ashique Rafique
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - William Poueymirou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jessica R Kirshner
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Eric Smith
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - William Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - John Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Matthew A Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - George D Yancopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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Fabian KP, Malamas AS, Padget MR, Solocinski K, Wolfson B, Fujii R, Abdul Sater H, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Therapy of Established Tumors with Rationally Designed Multiple Agents Targeting Diverse Immune-Tumor Interactions: Engage, Expand, Enable. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 9:239-252. [PMID: 33355290 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of immunologically cold solid tumors may require multiple agents to engage immune effector cells, expand effector populations and activities, and enable immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). To target these distinct phenomena, we strategically chose five clinical-stage immuno-oncology agents, namely, (i) a tumor antigen-targeting adenovirus-based vaccine (Ad-CEA) and an IL15 superagonist (N-803) to activate tumor-specific T cells, (ii) OX40 and GITR agonists to expand and enhance the activated effector populations, and (iii) an IDO inhibitor (IDOi) to enable effector-cell activity in the TME. Flow cytometry, T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses showed that in the CEA-transgenic murine colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA) tumor model, Ad-CEA + N-803 combination therapy resulted in immune-mediated antitumor effects and promoted the expression of costimulatory molecules on immune subsets, OX40 and GITR, and the inhibitory molecule IDO. Treatment with Ad-CEA + N-803 + OX40 + GITR + IDOi, termed the pentatherapy regimen, resulted in the greatest inhibition of tumor growth and protection from tumor rechallenge without toxicity. Monotherapy with any of the agents had little to no antitumor activity, whereas combining two, three, or four agents had minimal antitumor effects. Immune analyses demonstrated that the pentatherapy combination induced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activity in the periphery and tumor, and antitumor activity associated with decreased regulatory T-cell (Treg) immunosuppression in the TME. The pentatherapy combination also inhibited tumor growth and metastatic formation in 4T1 and LL2-CEA murine tumor models. This study provides the rationale for the combination of multimodal immunotherapy agents to engage, enhance, and enable adaptive antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellsye P Fabian
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony S Malamas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michelle R Padget
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristen Solocinski
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin Wolfson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rika Fujii
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abstract
Therapeutic manipulation of the immune system against cancer has revolutionized the treatment of several advanced-stage tumors. While many have benefited from these treatments, the proportion of patients responding to immunotherapies is still low. Nanomedicines have promise to revolutionize tumor treatments through spatiotemporal control of drug activity. Such control of drug function could allow enhanced therapeutic actions of immunotherapies and reduced side effects. However, only a handful of formulations have been able to reach human clinical studies so far, and even fewer systems are being used in the clinic. Among translatable formulations, self-assembled nanomedicines have shown unique and versatile features for dealing with the heterogeneity and malignancy of tumors in the clinic. Such nanomedicines can be designed to promote antitumor immune responses through a series of immunopotentiating functions after being directly injected into tumors, or achieving selective tumor accumulation upon intravenous administration. Thus, tumor-targeted nanomedicines can enhance antitumor immunity by several mechanisms, such as inducing immunogenic damage to cancer cells, altering the tumor immune microenvironment by delivering immunomodulators, or eliminating or reprogramming immunosuppressive cells, enhancing the exposure of tumor-associated antigens to antigen presenting cells, stimulating innate immunity mechanisms, and facilitating the infiltration of antitumor immune cells and their interaction with cancer cells. Moreover, nanomedicines can be engineered to sense intratumoral stimuli for activating specific immune responses or installed with ligands for increasing drug levels in tumors, granting subcellular delivery, and triggering immune signals and proliferation of immune cells. Thus, the ability of nanomedicines to exert immunomodulatory functions selectively in tumor and tumor-associated tissues, such as draining lymph nodes, increases the efficiency of the treatments, while avoiding systemic immunosuppressive toxicities and the exacerbation of adverse immune responses. Moreover, the compartmentalized structure of self-assembled nanomedicines offers the possibility to coload a variety of drugs for controlled pharmacokinetics, enhanced tumor delivery, and synergistic therapeutic output. Also, by integrating imaging functionalities into nanomedicines, it is possible to develop theranostic platforms reporting the immune settings of tumors as well as the effects of nanomedicines on the tumor immune microenvironment. Herein, we critically reviewed significant strategies for developing nanomedicines capable of potentiating antitumor immune responses by surmounting biological barriers and modulating antitumor immune signals. Moreover, the potential of these nanomedicines for developing innovative anticancer treatments by targeting particular cells is discussed. Finally, we present our perspectives on the awaiting challenges and future directions of nanomedicines in the age of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Leem G, Park J, Jeon M, Kim ES, Kim SW, Lee YJ, Choi SJ, Choi B, Park S, Ju YS, Jung I, Kim S, Shin EC, Lee JY, Park SH. 4-1BB co-stimulation further enhances anti-PD-1-mediated reinvigoration of exhausted CD39 + CD8 T cells from primary and metastatic sites of epithelial ovarian cancers. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001650. [PMID: 33335029 PMCID: PMC7745695 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responses to immunotherapy vary between different cancer types and sites. Here, we aimed to investigate features of exhaustion and activation in tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells at both the primary and metastatic sites in epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS Tumor tissues and peripheral blood were obtained from 65 patients with ovarian cancer. From these samples, we isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These cells were used for immunophenotype using multicolor flow cytometry, gene expression profile using RNA sequencing and ex vivo functional restoration assays. RESULTS We found that CD39+ CD8 TILs were enriched with tumor-specific CD8 TILs, and that the activation status of these cells was determined by the differential programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression level. CD39+ CD8 TILs with high PD-1 expression (PD-1high) exhibited features of highly tumor-reactive and terminally exhausted phenotypes. Notably, PD-1high CD39+ CD8 TILs showed similar characteristics in terms of T-cell exhaustion and activation between the primary and metastatic sites. Among co-stimulatory receptors, 4-1BB was exclusively overexpressed in CD39+ CD8 TILs, especially on PD-1high cells, and 4-1BB-expressing cells displayed immunophenotypes indicating higher degrees of T-cell activation and proliferation, and less exhaustion, compared with cells not expressing 4-1BB. Importantly, 4-1BB agonistic antibodies further enhanced the anti-PD-1-mediated reinvigoration of exhausted CD8 TILs from both primary and metastatic sites. CONCLUSION Severely exhausted PD-1high CD39+ CD8 TILs displayed a distinctly heterogeneous exhaustion and activation status determined by differential 4-1BB expression levels, providing rationale and evidence for immunotherapies targeting co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB in ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galam Leem
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsik Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Jeon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Soon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Baekgyu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongyeol Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Seledtsov VI, von Delwig A. Clinically feasible and prospective immunotherapeutic interventions in multidirectional comprehensive treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:323-342. [PMID: 32981358 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1828338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system is able to exert both tumor-destructive and tumor-protective functions. Immunotherapeutic technologies aim to enhance immune-based anti-tumor activity and (or) weaken tumor-protective immunity. AREAS COVERED Cancer vaccination, antibody (Ab)-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-based checkpoint molecule inhibition, Ab-based immunostimulation, cytokine therapy, oncoviral therapy, drug-mediated immunostimulation, exovesicular therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, neurohormonal immunorehabilitation, metabolic therapy, as well as adoptive cell immunotherapy, could be coherently used to synergize and amplify each other in achieving robust anti-cancer responses in cancer patients. Tumor-specific immunotherapy applied at early stages is capable of eliminating remaining tumor cells after surgery, thus preventing the development of minimal residual disease. Patients with advanced disease stages could benefit from combined immunotherapy, which would be aimed at providing tumor cell/mass dormancy. Traditional therapeutic anti-cancer interventions (chemoradiotherapy, hyperthermia, anti-hormonal therapy) could significantly enhance tumor sensitivity to anti-cancer immunotherapy. It is important that lower-dose (metronomic) chemotherapy regimens, which are well-tolerated by normal cells, could advance immune-mediated control over tumor growth. EXPERT OPINION We envisage that combined immunotherapy regimens in the context of traditional treatment could become the mainstream modality for treating cancers in all phases of the tumorigenesis. The effectiveness of the anti-cancer treatment could be monitored by the following blood parameters: C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Seledtsov
- Center for Integral Immunotherapy, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Immunology, Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexei von Delwig
- Department of Immunology, Innovita Research Company, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Morales Del Valle C, Maxwell JR, Xu MM, Menoret A, Mittal P, Tsurutani N, Adler AJ, Vella AT. Costimulation Induces CD4 T Cell Antitumor Immunity via an Innate-like Mechanism. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1434-1445.e3. [PMID: 31042471 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to tumor-associated antigens inactivates cognate T cells, restricting the repertoire of tumor-specific effector T cells. This problem was studied here by transferring TCR transgenic CD4 T cells into recipient mice that constitutively express a cognate self-antigen linked to MHC II on CD11c-bearing cells. Immunotherapeutic agonists to CD134 plus CD137, "dual costimulation," induces specific CD4 T cell expansion and expression of the receptor for the Th2-associated IL-1 family cytokine IL-33. Rather than producing IL-4, however, they express the tumoricidal Th1 cytokine IFNγ when stimulated with IL-33 or IL-36 (a related IL-1 family member) plus IL-12 or IL-2. IL-36, which is induced within B16-F10 melanomas by dual costimulation, reduces tumor growth when injected intratumorally as a monotherapy and boosts the efficacy of tumor-nonspecific dual costimulated CD4 T cells. Dual costimulation thus enables chronic antigen-exposed CD4 T cells, regardless of tumor specificity, to elaborate tumoricidal function in response to tumor-associated cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph R Maxwell
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Antoine Menoret
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Payal Mittal
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Naomi Tsurutani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Walsh RJ, Soo RA. Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920937902. [PMID: 32670423 PMCID: PMC7339077 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920937902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer has
evolved greatly with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, many
patients do not derive benefit from checkpoint blockade, developing either
primary or secondary resistance, highlighting a need for alternative approaches
to modulate immune function. In this review, we highlight the absence of a
common definition of primary and secondary resistance and summarize their
frequency and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, we provide an overview of
the biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance involving the tumor, the tumor
microenvironment and the host, and suggest treatment strategies to overcome
these mechanisms and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Walsh
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National
University Cancer Institute Singapore, Singapore
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Yu X, Li W, Liang O, Bai Y, Xie YH. Molecular orientation and specificity in the identification of biomolecules via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 2020; 599:113709. [PMID: 32298641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The orientation dependence of the Raman spectral features of individual protein/biomolecules is studied using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Large variation in spectral features mainly in term of peak intensity is observed from small proteins/peptides. We aim to address the question of whether the spectral features of SERS are uniquely determined by the type of protein/molecules or are influenced prominently by factors more than the identity of the molecules such as orientation of molecules relative to the substrate surface. The standard deviation in the intensity of individual Raman peaks diminishes for protein size larger than 13 amino acids. Secondary structure of protein (such as protein-protein interaction) remains unchanged regardless of protein orientation. Numerical simulation studies corroborate the experimental observation in that the SERS spectral features of biomedically relevant protein (of larger than 13 amino acids in size, which represent all human protein types) are not affected by the orientation of amino acids randomly dispersed on SERS-active surfaces. These findings are instrumental to understanding the exceedingly high (label-free) specificity when SERS is used in identifying proteins/peptides as can be found in numerous publications from different research groups in both in vivo and in vitro analyses. It was noted that the spectral position of all Raman peaks assignable to the various amino acids are independent of molecule orientation even though their intensities do vary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Wei Li
- School of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Suzhou & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Owen Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Suzhou & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ya-Hong Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
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Yarchoan M, Ho WJ, Mohan A, Shah Y, Vithayathil T, Leatherman J, Dennison L, Zaidi N, Ganguly S, Woolman S, Cruz K, Armstrong TD, Jaffee EM. Effects of B cell-activating factor on tumor immunity. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136417. [PMID: 32434989 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies that modulate T cell function have been firmly established as a pillar of cancer therapy, whereas the potential for B cells in the antitumor immune response is less established. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is a B cell-activating cytokine belonging to the TNF ligand family that has been associated with autoimmunity, but little is known about its effects on cancer immunity. We find that BAFF upregulates multiple B cell costimulatory molecules; augments IL-12a expression, consistent with Be-1 lineage commitment; and enhances B cell antigen-presentation to CD4+ Th cells in vitro. In a syngeneic mouse model of melanoma, BAFF upregulates B cell CD40 and PD-L1 expression; it also modulates T cell function through increased T cell activation and TH1 polarization, enhanced expression of the proinflammatory leukocyte trafficking chemokine CCR6, and promotion of a memory phenotype, leading to enhanced antitumor immunity. Similarly, adjuvant BAFF promotes a memory phenotype of T cells in vaccine-draining lymph nodes and augments the antitumor efficacy of whole cell vaccines. BAFF also has distinct immunoregulatory functions, promoting the expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in the spleen and tumor microenvironment (TME). Human melanoma data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) demonstrate that BAFF expression is positively associated with overall survival and a TH1/IFN-γ gene signature. These data support a potential role for BAFF signaling as a cancer immunotherapy.
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Golay J, Andrea AE. Combined Anti-Cancer Strategies Based on Anti-Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E17. [PMID: 32443877 PMCID: PMC7345008 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer came of age in 1997, with the approval of anti-CD20 Rituximab. Since then, a wide variety of antibodies have been developed with many different formats and mechanisms of action. Among these, antibodies blocking immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the field, based on the novelty of their concept and their demonstrated efficacy in several types of cancer otherwise lacking effective immunotherapy approaches. ICI are expressed by tumor, stromal or immune cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment, and negatively regulate anti-tumor immunity. Antibodies against the first discovered ICI, CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1, have shown significant activity in phase III studies against melanoma and other solid cancers, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, not all cancers and not all patients respond to these drugs. Therefore, novel antibodies targeting additional ICI are currently being developed. In addition, CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 blocking antibodies are being combined with each other or with other antibodies targeting novel ICI, immunostimulatory molecules, tumor antigens, angiogenic factors, complement receptors, or with T cell engaging bispecific antibodies (BsAb), with the aim of obtaining synergistic effects with minimal toxicity. In this review, we summarize the biological aspects behind such combinations and review some of the most important clinical data on ICI-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, UOC Ematologia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut 1100, Lebanon;
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Kimura T, Fukushima S, Okada E, Kuriyama H, Kanemaru H, Kadohisa-Tsuruta M, Kubo Y, Nakahara S, Tokuzumi A, Kajihara I, Makino K, Miyashita A, Aoi J, Makino T, Tsukamoto H, Nishimura Y, Inozume T, Zhang R, Uemura Y, Senju S, Ihn H. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid cells expressing OX40 ligand amplify antigen-specific T cells in advanced melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:744-755. [PMID: 32353897 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors improved the survival rate of patients with unresectable melanoma. However, some patients do not respond, and variable immune-related adverse events have been reported. Therefore, more effective and antigen-specific immune therapies are urgently needed. We previously reported the efficacy of an immune cell therapy with immortalized myeloid cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-ML). In this study, we generated OX40L-overexpressing iPS-ML (iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L) and investigated their characteristics and in vivo efficacy against mouse melanoma. We found that iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L suppressed the progression of B16-BL6 melanoma, and prolonged survival of mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing B16 melanoma (MO4). The number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells was higher in spleen cells treated with OVA peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L than in those without OX40L. The OVA peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L significantly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in MO4 tumor. Flow cytometry showed decreased regulatory T cells but increased effector and effector memory T cells among the TILs. Although we plan to use allogeneic iPS-ML in the clinical applications, iPS-ML showed the tumorgenicity in the syngeneic mice model. Incorporating the suicide gene is necessary to ensure the safety in the future study. Collectively, these results indicate that iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L therapy might be a new method for antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kimura
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Etsuko Okada
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Kuriyama
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mina Kadohisa-Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kubo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Aki Tokuzumi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ikko Kajihara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunari Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Azusa Miyashita
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Aoi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Nishimura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Inozume
- Department of Dermatology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Gaspar M, Pravin J, Rodrigues L, Uhlenbroich S, Everett KL, Wollerton F, Morrow M, Tuna M, Brewis N. CD137/OX40 Bispecific Antibody Induces Potent Antitumor Activity that Is Dependent on Target Coengagement. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:781-793. [PMID: 32273279 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the success of immune checkpoint blockade therapy against cancer, agonistic antibodies targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways are in clinical trials. The TNF superfamily of receptors (TNFRSF) members CD137 and OX40 are costimulatory receptors that stimulate T-cell proliferation and activation upon interaction with their cognate ligands. Activating CD137 and OX40 with agonistic mAbs stimulates the immune system due to their broad expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells and has antitumor effects in preclinical models. Most TNFRSF agonist antibodies require crosslinking via Fcγ receptors (FcγR), which can limit their clinical activity. FS120 mAb2, a dual agonist bispecific antibody targeting CD137 and OX40, activated both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in an FcγR-independent mechanism, dependent on concurrent binding. A mouse surrogate version of the bispecific antibody displayed antitumor activity in syngeneic tumor models, independent of T regulatory cell depletion and of FcγR interaction, but associated with peripheral T-cell activation and proliferation. When compared with a crosslink-independent CD137 agonist mAb, the FS120 surrogate induced lower liver T-cell infiltration. These data support initiation of clinical development of FS120, a first-in-class dual agonist bispecific antibody for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Pravin
- F-star Therapeutics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neil Brewis
- F-star Therapeutics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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70
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Gopal AK, Levy R, Houot R, Patel SP, Popplewell L, Jacobson C, Mu XJ, Deng S, Ching KA, Chen Y, Davis CB, Huang B, Fly KD, Thall A, Woolfson A, Bartlett NL. First-in-Human Study of Utomilumab, a 4-1BB/CD137 Agonist, in Combination with Rituximab in Patients with Follicular and Other CD20 + Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2524-2534. [PMID: 32144134 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this phase I study (NCT01307267), we evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, clinical activity, and pharmacodynamics of treatment with utomilumab plus rituximab in patients with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma (FL) and other CD20+ non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS Primary objectives were to assess treatment safety and tolerability for estimating the MTD, using a modified time-to-event continual reassessment method, and selecting the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). RESULTS Sixty-seven patients received utomilumab (0.03-10.0 mg/kg every 4 weeks) and rituximab (375 mg/m2 weekly) in the dose-escalation groups or utomilumab (1.2 mg/kg every 4 weeks) plus rituximab in the dose-expansion cohort. No patient experienced dose-limiting toxicity. The MTD for utomilumab in combination with rituximab was not reached and estimated to be ≥10 mg/kg every 4 weeks. The majority of the utomilumab treatment-related adverse events (AE) were grade 1 to 2; the most common AE was fatigue (16.4%). The pharmacokinetics of utomilumab in combination with rituximab was linear in the 0.03 to 10 mg/kg dose range. A low incidence (1.5%) of treatment-induced antidrug antibodies against utomilumab was observed. The objective response rate was 21.2% (95% CI, 12.1%-33.0%) in all patients with NHL, including four complete and 10 partial responses. Analysis of paired biopsies from a relapsed/refractory FL patient with complete response showed increased T-cell infiltration and cytotoxic activity in tumors. Biomarker correlations with outcomes suggested that clinical benefit may be contingent on patient immune function. CONCLUSIONS Utomilumab in combination with rituximab demonstrated clinical activity and a favorable safety profile in patients with CD20+ NHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Gopal
- University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Ronald Levy
- Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford, California
| | - Roch Houot
- 1 CHU Rennes, Service Hématologie Clinique Rennes, France.,University of Rennes, EFS, Microenvironment, Cell Differentiation, Immunology and Cancer Rennes, France.,INSERM 0203, Unité d'Investigation Clinique, Rennes, France
| | - Sandip P Patel
- University of California at San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Chen
- Pfizer Oncology, San Diego, California
| | | | - Bo Huang
- Pfizer Oncology, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | - Nancy L Bartlett
- Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, Missouri
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71
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Kim H, Park S, Jeong S, Lee YJ, Lee H, Kim CG, Kim KH, Hong S, Lee J, Kim S, Kim HK, Min BS, Chang JH, Ju YS, Shin E, Song G, Hwang S, Park S. 4-1BB Delineates Distinct Activation Status of Exhausted Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2020; 71:955-971. [PMID: 31353502 PMCID: PMC7154753 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Targeting costimulatory receptors with agonistic antibodies is a promising cancer immunotherapy option. We aimed to investigate costimulatory receptor expression, particularly 4-1BB (CD137 or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9), on tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells (CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes [TILs]) and its association with distinct T-cell activation features among exhausted CD8+ TILs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). APPROACH AND RESULTS Tumor tissues, adjacent nontumor tissues, and peripheral blood were collected from HCC patients undergoing surgical resection (n = 79). Lymphocytes were isolated and used for multicolor flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, and in vitro functional restoration assays. Among the examined costimulatory receptors, 4-1BB was most prominently expressed on CD8+ TILs. 4-1BB expression was almost exclusively detected on CD8+ T cells in the tumor-especially on programmed death 1 (PD-1)high cells and not PD-1int and PD-1neg cells. Compared to PD-1int and 4-1BBneg PD-1high CD8+ TILs, 4-1BBpos PD-1high CD8+ TILs exhibited higher levels of tumor reactivity and T-cell activation markers and significant enrichment for T-cell activation gene signatures. Per-patient analysis revealed positive correlations between percentages of 4-1BBpos cells among CD8+ TILs and levels of parameters of tumor reactivity and T-cell activation. Among highly exhausted PD-1high CD8+ TILs, 4-1BBpos cells harbored higher proportions of cells with proliferative and reinvigoration potential. Our 4-1BB-related gene signature predicted survival outcomes of HCC patients in the The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. 4-1BB agonistic antibodies enhanced the function of CD8+ TILs and further enhanced the anti-PD-1-mediated reinvigoration of CD8+ TILs, especially in cases showing high levels of T-cell activation. CONCLUSION 4-1BB expression on CD8+ TILs represents a distinct activation state among highly exhausted CD8+ T cells in HCC. 4-1BB costimulation with agonistic antibodies may be a promising strategy for treating HCCs exhibiting prominent T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung‐Don Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seongyeol Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seongju Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary ProgramKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary ProgramKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Chang Gon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Yun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySeverance Hospital, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologySeverance Hospital, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hong Kwan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgerySamsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung Soh Min
- Department of SurgerySeverance Hospital, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Severance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary ProgramKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Eui‐Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary ProgramKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Gi‐Won Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Su‐Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary ProgramKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
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72
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Fu Y, Lin Q, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Therapeutic strategies for the costimulatory molecule OX40 in T-cell-mediated immunity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:414-433. [PMID: 32140389 PMCID: PMC7049610 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell co-stimulatory molecule OX40 and its cognate ligand OX40L have attracted broad research interest as a therapeutic target in T cell-mediated diseases. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the therapeutic efficacy of both agonist and blockade of the OX40-OX40L interaction. Despite this progress, many questions about the immuno-modulator roles of OX40 on T cell function remain unanswered. In this review we summarize the impact of the OX40-OX40L interaction on T cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Treg, Tfh, and CD8+ T cells, to gain a comprehensive understanding of anti-OX40 mAb-based therapies. The potential therapeutic application of the OX40-OX40L interaction in autoimmunity diseases and cancer immunotherapy are further discussed; OX40-OX40L blockade may ameliorate autoantigen-specific T cell responses and reduce immune activity in autoimmunity diseases. We also explore the rationale of targeting OX40-OX40L interactions in cancer immunotherapy. Ligation of OX40 with targeted agonist anti-OX40 mAbs conveys activating signals to T cells. When combined with other therapeutic treatments, such as anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 blockade, cytokines, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, the anti-tumor activity of agonist anti-OX40 treatment will be further enhanced. These data collectively suggest great potential for OX40-mediated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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73
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Canel M, Taggart D, Sims AH, Lonergan DW, Waizenegger IC, Serrels A. T-cell co-stimulation in combination with targeting FAK drives enhanced anti-tumor immunity. eLife 2020; 9:e48092. [PMID: 31959281 PMCID: PMC6974352 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical testing in combination with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, which patients are most likely to benefit from FAK inhibitors, and what the optimal FAK/immunotherapy combinations are, is currently unknown. We identify that cancer cell expression of the T-cell co-stimulatory ligand CD80 sensitizes murine tumors to a FAK inhibitor and show that CD80 is expressed by human cancer cells originating from both solid epithelial cancers and some hematological malignancies in which FAK inhibitors have not been tested clinically. In the absence of CD80, we identify that targeting alternative T-cell co-stimulatory receptors, in particular OX-40 and 4-1BB in combination with FAK, can drive enhanced anti-tumor immunity and even complete regression of murine tumors. Our findings provide rationale supporting the clinical development of FAK inhibitors in combination with patient selection based on cancer cell CD80 expression, and alternatively with therapies targeting T-cell co-stimulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - David Taggart
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - David W Lonergan
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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74
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Rapid Affinity Maturation of Novel Anti-PD-L1 Antibodies by a Fast Drop of the Antigen Concentration and FACS Selection of Yeast Libraries. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6051870. [PMID: 31976323 PMCID: PMC6959147 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6051870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The affinity engineering is a key step to increase the efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and yeast surface display is the most widely used and powerful affinity maturation approach, achieving picomolar binding affinities. In this study, we provide an optimization of the yeast surface display methodology, applied to the generation of potentially therapeutic high affinity antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint PD-L1. In this approach, we coupled a 10-cycle error-prone mutagenesis of heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 of an anti‐PD-L1 scFv, previously identified by phage display, with high-throughput sequencing, to generate scFv-yeast libraries with high mutant frequency and diversity. In addition, we set up a novel, faster and effective selection scheme by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, based on a fast drop of the antigen concentration between the first and the last selection cycles, unlike the gradual decrease typical of current selection protocols. In this way we isolated 6 enriched mutated scFv-yeast clones overall, showing an affinity improvement for soluble PD-L1 protein compared to the parental scFv. As a proof of the potency of the novel approach, we confirmed that the antibodies converted from all the mutated scFvs retained the affinity improvement. Remarkably, the best PD-L1 binder among them also bound with a higher affinity to PD-L1 expressed in its native conformation on human-activated lymphocytes, and it was able to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in vitro more efficiently than its parental antibody. This optimized technology, besides the identification of a new potential checkpoint inhibitor, provides a tool for the quick isolation of high affinity binders.
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75
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Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:197-218. [PMID: 30610226 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-018-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1927] [Impact Index Per Article: 385.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are the most rapidly growing drug class and have a major impact in oncology and on human health. It is increasingly clear that the effectiveness of immunomodulatory strategies depends on the presence of a baseline immune response and on unleashing of pre-existing immunity. Therefore, a general consensus emerged on the central part played by effector T cells in the antitumour responses. Recent technological, analytical and mechanistic advances in immunology have enabled the identification of patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy. In this Review, we focus on defining hot, altered and cold tumours, the complexity of the tumour microenvironment, the Immunoscore and immune contexture of tumours, and we describe approaches to treat such tumours with combination immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors. In the upcoming era of combination immunotherapy, it is becoming critical to understand the mechanisms responsible for hot, altered or cold immune tumours in order to boost a weak antitumour immunity. The impact of combination therapy on the immune response to convert an immune cold into a hot tumour will be discussed.
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76
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Abstract
The BAFF receptor BR3 plays key roles in B-cell activation, maturation, and survival whereas the function of BR3 on T lymphocytes is less well characterized. Previous reports have demonstrated that BR3 costimulates human T-cell activation in vitro in the presence of high nonphysiological levels of plate-bound BAFF. Here, relying on the soluble and membrane-bound BAFF expressed by T cells themselves, we investigated the function of BR3 on activated primary CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes using a BR3-specific neutralization antibody and shRNA gene down-modulation. Interestingly, the anti-BR3 blocking antibody resulted in significant augmentation of CD25 and IFN-γ expression by both subsets, as did shRNA-mediated down-modulation of BR3. In addition, granzyme B expression was substantially elevated in anti-BR3-treated and BR3-silenced T cells. Anti-BR3 blockade increased the expression of CD25 on cytolytic CRTAM T cells. Importantly, anti-BR3 significantly enhanced redirected killing of P-815 cells by both CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T cells [cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)]. Furthermore, anti-BR3-augmented CD4 T-cell-mediated killing of class II melanoma cell line A375 and cervical cancer cell line HeLa in vitro, increasing the level of granzyme B activity as measured by PARP-1 cleavage and active caspase 3. Together, our data indicate that BR3 neutralization increases the activation and cytolytic function of CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Our findings provide a novel strategy for ex vivo T-cell activation applicable to T-cell immunotherapy platforms such as TIL or CAR-T cell therapeutics.
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77
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Deng J, Zhao S, Zhang X, Jia K, Wang H, Zhou C, He Y. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand, important immune checkpoints in cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:7347-7353. [PMID: 31564917 PMCID: PMC6735535 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s214211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown promising results in cancer treatment. Research shows that most patients might be resistant to these therapies. So, new immune therapies are needed. OX40 (CD134) and OX40 ligand (OX40L), costimulatory molecules, express on different types of immune cells. The interaction between OX40 and OX40L (OX40/OX40L) induces the expansion and proliferation of T cells and decreases the immunosuppression of regulatory T (Treg) cells to enhance the immune response to the specific antigen. For the important role OX40 takes in the process of immunity, many clinical trials are focusing on OX40 to find out whether it may have active effects in clinical cancer treatment. The results of clinical trials are still not enough. So, we reviewed the OX40 and its ligand (OX40L) function in cancer, clinical trials with OX40/OX40L and the correlation between OX40/OX40L and other immune checkpoints to add more ideas to tumor feasible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyi Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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78
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Zhang J, Larrocha PSL, Zhang B, Wainwright D, Dhar P, Wu JD. Antibody targeting tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC provides dual co-stimulation of CD8 T cells and enables sMIC + tumors respond to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:223. [PMID: 31446896 PMCID: PMC6709558 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insufficient co-stimulation accounts for a great deal of the suboptimal activation of cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTLs) and presumably unsatisfactory clinical expectation of PD1/PD-L1 therapy. Tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligands are associated with poor clinical response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in cancer patients. One of the mostly occurring tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligands, the soluble MHC I chain related molecule (sMIC) can impair co-stimulation to CD8 T cells. We investigated whether co-targeting sMIC can provide optimal co-stimulation to CTLs and enhance the therapeutic effect of PD1/PD-L1 blockades. Methods Single agent therapy of a PD1/PD-L1 blockade antibody or a sMIC-targeting non-blocking antibody or a combination therapy of the two antibodies were implied to well-characterized pre-clinical MIC/sMIC+ tumor models that closely resemble the NKG2D-mediated oncoimmune dynamics of MIC+ cancer patients. Therapeutic efficacy and associated effector mechanisms were evaluated. Results We show that antibody co-targeting sMIC enables or enhances the response of sMIC+ tumors to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy. The therapy response of the combination therapy was associated with enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T cell enrichment and function in tumors. We show that co-targeting sMIC with a nonblocking antibody provides antigen-specific CD8 T cells with NKG2D and CD28 dual co-stimulation, in addition to elimination of inhibitory signals, and thus amplifies antigen-specific CD8 T cell anti-tumor responses. Conclusion Our findings provide the proof-of-concept rationale and previously undiscovered mechanisms for co-targeting sMIC to enable and enhance the response to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapy in sMIC+ cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0693-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Derek Wainwright
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Payal Dhar
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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79
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Mikkelsen K, Harwood SL, Compte M, Merino N, Mølgaard K, Lykkemark S, Alvarez-Mendez A, Blanco FJ, Álvarez-Vallina L. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)-Specific 4-1BB-Costimulation Induced by CEA-Targeted 4-1BB-Agonistic Trimerbodies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1791. [PMID: 31417564 PMCID: PMC6685135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is an inducible costimulatory receptor that promotes expansion and survival of activated T cells; and IgG-based 4-1BB-agonistic monoclonal antibodies exhibited potent antitumor activity in clinical trials. However, the clinical development of those antibodies is restricted by major off-tumor toxicities associated with FcγR interactions. We have recently generated an EGFR-targeted 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody that demonstrated strong antitumor activity and did not induce systemic inflammatory cytokine secretion and hepatotoxicity associated with first-generation 4-1BB agonists. Here, we generate a bispecific 4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) that is highly expressed in cancers of diverse origins. The CEA-targeted anti-4-1BB-agonistic trimerbody consists of three 4-1BB-specific single-chain fragment variable antibodies and three anti-CEA single-domain antibodies positioned around a murine collagen XVIII-derived homotrimerization domain. The trimerbody was produced as a homogenous, non-aggregating, soluble protein purifiable by standard affinity chromatographic methods. The purified trimerbody was found to be trimeric in solution, very efficient at recognizing 4-1BB and CEA, and potently costimulating T cells in vitro in the presence of CEA. Therefore, trimerbody-based tumor-targeted 4-1BB costimulation is a broadly applicable and clinically feasible approach to enhance the costimulatory environment of disseminated tumor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Mikkelsen
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Seandean Lykke Harwood
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marta Compte
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nekane Merino
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Kasper Mølgaard
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Lykkemark
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Francisco J Blanco
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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80
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Richards DM, Marschall V, Billian-Frey K, Heinonen K, Merz C, Redondo Müller M, Sefrin JP, Schröder M, Sykora J, Fricke H, Hill O, Gieffers C, Thiemann M. HERA-GITRL activates T cells and promotes anti-tumor efficacy independent of FcγR-binding functionality. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:191. [PMID: 31324216 PMCID: PMC6642547 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (TNFRSF18, GITR, CD357), expressed by T cells, and its ligand (TNFSF18, GITRL), expressed by myeloid populations, provide co-stimulatory signals that boost T cell activity. Due to the important role that GITR plays in regulating immune functions, agonistic stimulation of GITR is a promising therapeutic concept. Multiple strategies to induce GITR signaling have been investigated. The limited clinical efficacy of antibody-based GITR agonists results from structural and functional characteristics of antibodies that are unsuitable for stimulating the well-defined trimeric members of the TNFRSF. Methods To overcome limitations of antibody-based TNFRSF agonists, we have developed HERA-GITRL, a fully human hexavalent TNF receptor agonist (HERA) targeting GITR and mimicking the natural signaling concept. HERA-GITRL is composed of a trivalent but single-chain GITRL-receptor-binding-domain (scGITRL-RBD) unit fused to an IgG1 derived silenced Fc-domain serving as dimerization scaffold. A specific mouse surrogate, mmHERA-GITRL, was also generated to examine in vivo activity in respective mouse tumor models. Results For functional characterization of HERA-GITRL in vitro, human immune cells were isolated from healthy-donor blood and stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of HERA-GITRL. Consistently, HERA-GITRL increased the activity of T cells, including proliferation and differentiation, even in the presence of regulatory T cells. In line with these findings, mmHERA-GITRL enhanced antigen-specific clonal expansion of both CD4+ (OT-II) and CD8+ (OT-I) T cells in vivo while having no effect on non-specific T cells. In addition, mmHERA-GITRL showed single-agent anti-tumor activity in two subcutaneous syngeneic colon cancer models (CT26wt and MC38-CEA). Importantly, this activity is independent of its FcγR-binding functionality, as both mmHERA-GITRL with a functional Fc- and a silenced Fc-domain showed similar tumor growth inhibition. Finally, in a direct in vitro comparison to a bivalent clinical benchmark anti-GITR antibody and a trivalent GITRL, only the hexavalent HERA-GITRL showed full biological activity independent of additional crosslinking. Conclusion In this manuscript, we describe the development of HERA-GITRL, a true GITR agonist with a clearly defined mechanism of action. By clustering six receptor chains in a spatially well-defined manner, HERA-GITRL induces potent agonistic activity without being dependent on additional FcγR-mediated crosslinking. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0671-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Richards
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Billian-Frey
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Heinonen
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Merz
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Julian P Sefrin
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schröder
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jaromir Sykora
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Hill
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieffers
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meinolf Thiemann
- Research and Development, Apogenix AG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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81
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Remedios KA, Meyer L, Zirak B, Pauli ML, Truong HA, Boda D, Rosenblum MD. CD27 Promotes CD4 + Effector T Cell Survival in Response to Tissue Self-Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:639-646. [PMID: 31209102 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through CD27 plays a role in T cell activation and memory. However, it is currently unknown how this costimulatory receptor influences CD4+ effector T (Teff) cells in inflamed tissues. In the current study, we used a murine model of inducible self-antigen expression in the epidermis to elucidate the functional role of CD27 on autoreactive Teff cells. Expression of CD27 on Ag-specific Teff cells resulted in enhanced skin inflammation when compared with CD27-deficient Teff cells. CD27 signaling promoted the accumulation of IFN-γ and IL-2-producing T cells in skin draining lymph nodes in a cell-intrinsic fashion. Surprisingly, this costimulatory pathway had minimal effect on early T cell activation and proliferation. Instead, signaling through CD27 resulted in the progressive survival of Teff cells during the autoimmune response. Using BH3 profiling to assess mitochondrial cell priming, we found that CD27-deficient cells were equally as sensitive as CD27-sufficient cells to mitochondrial outer membrane polarization upon exposure to either BH3 activator or sensitizer peptides. In contrast, CD27-deficient Teff cells expressed higher levels of active caspase 8. Taken together, these results suggest that CD27 does not promote Teff cell survival by increasing expression of antiapoptotic BCL2 family members but instead acts by preferentially suppressing the cell-extrinsic apoptosis pathway, highlighting a previously unidentified role for CD27 in augmenting autoreactive Teff cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Remedios
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143.,TRex Bio, Burlingame, CA 94010; and
| | - Lauren Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Devi Boda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
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82
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Guillerey C, Nakamura K, Pichler AC, Barkauskas D, Krumeich S, Stannard K, Miles K, Harjunpää H, Yu Y, Casey M, Doban AI, Lazar M, Hartel G, Smith D, Vuckovic S, Teng MW, Bergsagel PL, Chesi M, Hill GR, Martinet L, Smyth MJ. Chemotherapy followed by anti-CD137 mAb immunotherapy improves disease control in a mouse myeloma model. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125932. [PMID: 31194697 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds promise for multiple myeloma (MM) patients but little is known about how MM-induced immunosuppression influences response to therapy. Here, we investigated the impact of disease progression on immunotherapy efficacy in the Vk*MYC mouse model. Treatment with agonistic anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAbs efficiently protected mice when administered early but failed to contain MM growth when delayed more than three weeks after Vk*MYC tumor cell challenge. The quality of CD8+ T cell response to CD137 stimulation was not altered by the presence of MM, but CD8+ T cell numbers were profoundly reduced at the time of treatment. Our data suggest that an insufficient ratio of CD8+ T cells over MM cells (CD8/MM) accounts for the loss of anti-CD137 mAb efficacy. We established serum M-protein levels prior to therapy as a predictive factor of response. Moreover, we developed an in silico model to capture the dynamic interactions between CD8+ T cells and MM cells. Finally, we explored two methods to improve the CD8/MM ratio: anti-CD137 mAb immunotherapy combined with Treg-depletion or administered after chemotherapy treatment with cyclophosphamide or melphalan efficiently reduced MM burden and prolonged survival. Altogether, our data indicate that consolidation treatment with anti-CD137 mAbs might prevent MM relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillerey
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea C Pichler
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Deborah Barkauskas
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie Krumeich
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley Stannard
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim Miles
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi Harjunpää
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuan Yu
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mika Casey
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mircea Lazar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Slavica Vuckovic
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Multiple Myeloma Research Group, Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michele Wl Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - P Leif Bergsagel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Marta Chesi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ludovic Martinet
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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83
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Rotte A. Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockers for treatment of cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:255. [PMID: 31196207 PMCID: PMC6567914 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting checkpoints of immune cell activation has been demonstrated to be the most effective approach for activation of anti-tumor immune responses. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), both inhibitory checkpoints commonly seen on activated T-cells have been found to be the most reliable targets for the treatment of cancer. Six drugs targeting PD-1 or its ligand PD-L1 and one drug targeting CTLA-4 have been approved for treatment of different types of cancers and several others are in advanced stages of development. The drugs when administered as monotherapy had dramatic increase in durable response rates and had manageable safety profile, but more than 50% of patients failed to respond to treatment. Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockers was then evaluated to increase the response rates in patients, and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) plus nivolumab (anti-PD-1) combination was shown to significantly enhance efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Subsequently, ipilimumab plus nivolumab was approved for treatment of metastatic melanoma, advanced renal cell carcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancer with MMR/MSI-H aberrations. The success of combination encouraged multiple clinical studies in other cancer types. Efficacy of the combination has been shown in a number of published studies and is under evaluation in multiple ongoing studies. This review aims to support future research in combination immunotherapy by discussing the basic details of CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways and the results from clinical studies that evaluated combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Rotte
- Clinical & Regulatory Affairs, Nevro Corp, 1800 Bridge Parkway, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA.
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84
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Huff WX, Kwon JH, Henriquez M, Fetcko K, Dey M. The Evolving Role of CD8 +CD28 - Immunosenescent T Cells in Cancer Immunology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112810. [PMID: 31181772 PMCID: PMC6600236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional, tumor-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes drive the adaptive immune response to cancer. Thus, induction of their activity is the ultimate aim of all immunotherapies. Success of anti-tumor immunotherapy is precluded by marked immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) leading to CD8+ effector T cell dysfunction. Among the many facets of CD8+ T cell dysfunction that have been recognized—tolerance, anergy, exhaustion, and senescence—CD8+ T cell senescence is incompletely understood. Naïve CD8+ T cells require three essential signals for activation, differentiation, and survival through T-cell receptor, costimulatory receptors, and cytokine receptors. Downregulation of costimulatory molecule CD28 is a hallmark of senescent T cells and increased CD8+CD28− senescent populations with heterogeneous roles have been observed in multiple solid and hematogenous tumors. T cell senescence can be induced by several factors including aging, telomere damage, tumor-associated stress, and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tumor-induced T cell senescence is yet another mechanism that enables tumor cell resistance to immunotherapy. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of CD8+CD28− senescent T cell population, their origin, their function in immunology and pathologic conditions, including TME and their implication for immunotherapy. Further characterization and investigation into this subset of CD8+ T cells could improve the efficacy of future anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei X Huff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Jae Hyun Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mario Henriquez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Kaleigh Fetcko
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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85
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Expression of costimulatory and inhibitory receptors in FoxP3 + regulatory T cells within the tumor microenvironment: Implications for combination immunotherapy approaches. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:193-261. [PMID: 31349899 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has given rise to a rapidly growing number of immuno-oncology agents undergoing preclinical and clinical development and an exponential increase in possible combinations. Defining a clear rationale for combinations by identifying synergies between immunomodulatory pathways has therefore become a high priority. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) represent a major roadblock to endogenous and therapeutic tumor immunity. However, Tregs are also essential for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance, and share many molecular pathways with conventional T cells including cytotoxic T cells, the primary mediators of tumor immunity. Hence the inability to specifically target and neutralize Tregs within the TME of cancer patients without globally compromising self-tolerance poses a significant challenge. Here we review recent advances in the characterization of tumor-infiltrating Tregs with a focus on costimulatory and inhibitory receptors. We discuss receptor expression patterns, their functional role in Treg biology and mechanistic insights gained from targeting these receptors in preclinical models to evaluate their potential as clinical targets. We further outline a framework of parameters that could be used to refine the assessment of Tregs in cancer patients and increase their value as predictive biomarkers. Finally, we propose modalities to integrate our increasing knowledge on Treg phenotype and function for the rational design of checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapies. Such combinations have great potential for synergy, as they could concomitantly enhance cytotoxic T cells and inhibit Tregs within the TME, thereby increasing the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies.
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86
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Rivera-Molina Y, Jiang H, Fueyo J, Nguyen T, Shin DH, Youssef G, Fan X, Gumin J, Alonso MM, Phadnis S, Lang FF, Gomez-Manzano C. GITRL-armed Delta-24-RGD oncolytic adenovirus prolongs survival and induces anti-glioma immune memory. Neurooncol Adv 2019; 1:vdz009. [PMID: 31608328 PMCID: PMC6777503 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viroimmunotherapy is evolving as a strong alternative for the standard treatment of malignant gliomas. Promising results from a recent clinical trial testing the anticancer effect of Delta-24-RGD in patients with glioblastoma suggested the induction of antitumoral immunity after viral administration. To further enhance the anti-glioma immune effect, we have armed Delta-24-RGD with the costimulatory ligand GITRL (Delta-24-GREAT [Glucocorticoid Receptor Enhanced Activity of T cells]). Methods We tested the infectivity and replication of Delta-24-GREAT, and the expression of ectopic GITRL in human and murine glioma cell lines. In vivo experiments involved the intracranial implantation of glioma cells into an immunocompetent model to study the anticancer effect, and rechallenging experiments to study long-term protection. Phenotypic and functional characterization of lymphocyte populations were performed by FACS and ELISA for Th1 cytokines expression, respectively. Results Our results showed that Delta-24-GREAT infects and induces the expression of GITRL. Delta-24-GREAT prolonged the survival of glioma-bearing immunocompetent mice and resulted in both anti-viral and anti-glioma immune responses, including increased frequency of central memory CD8+ T cells. Rechallenging the surviving mice with a second implantation of glioma cells did not lead to tumor growth; however, the surviving mice developed lethal tumors when B16/F10 melanoma cells were implanted intracranially, strongly indicating that the immune response was specific for glioma antigens. Conclusions GITRL-armed Delta-24-RGD treatment results in an antigen-restricted antitumor memory, an enhanced anti-glioma effect, and the generation of central immune memory. Our results strongly indicate that this strategy represents a vertical advance in virotherapy designed to treat patients with malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisel Rivera-Molina
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Gilbert Youssef
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors, Center for the Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sheetal Phadnis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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87
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Beha N, Harder M, Ring S, Kontermann RE, Müller D. IL15-Based Trifunctional Antibody-Fusion Proteins with Costimulatory TNF-Superfamily Ligands in the Single-Chain Format for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1278-1288. [PMID: 31040163 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IL15 and costimulatory receptors of the tumor necrosis superfamily (TNFRSF) have shown great potential to support and drive an antitumor immune response. However, their efficacy as monotherapy is limited. Here, we present the development of a novel format for a trifunctional antibody-fusion protein that combines and focuses the activity of IL15/TNFSF-ligand in a targeting-mediated manner to the tumor site. The previously reported format consisted of a tumor-directed antibody (scFv), IL15 linked to an IL15Rα-fragment (RD), and the extracellular domain of 4-1BBL, where noncovalent trimerization of 4-1BBL into its functional unit led to a homotrimeric molecule with 3 antibody and 3 IL15-RD units. To reduce the size and complexity of the molecule, we have now designed a second format, where 4-1BBL is introduced as single-chain (sc), that is 3 consecutively linked 4-1BBL ectodomains. Thus, a monomeric trifunctional fusion protein presenting only 1 functional unit of each component was generated. Interestingly, the in vitro activity on T-cell stimulation was conserved or even enhanced for the soluble and target-bound molecule, respectively. Also, in a lung tumor mouse model, comparable antitumor effects were observed. Furthermore, corroborating the concept, OX40L and GITRL were also successfully incorporated into the novel single-chain format and the advantage of target-bound trifunctional versus corresponding combined bifunctional fusion proteins demonstrated by measuring T-cell proliferation and cytotoxic potential in vitro and antitumor effects of RD_IL15_scFv_scGITRL in a lung tumor mouse model in vivo Thus, the trifunctional antibody-fusion protein single-chain format constitutes a promising innovative platform for further therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Beha
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Harder
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Ring
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dafne Müller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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88
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Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have had limited efficacy, especially with late stage cancers. Cancer immunotherapy and targeted therapy have revolutionized how cancer is treated, especially in patients with late stage disease. In 2013 cancer immunotherapy was named the breakthrough of the year, partially due to the established efficacy of blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1, both T cell co-inhibitory molecules involved in tumor-induced immunosuppression. Though early trials promised success, toxicity and tolerance to immunotherapy have hindered long-term successes. Optimizing the use of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways has the potential to increase the effectiveness of T cell-mediated antitumor immune response, leading to increased efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. This review will address major T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways and the role they play in regulating immune responses during cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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89
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Chen S, Fan J, Zhang M, Qin L, Dominguez D, Long A, Wang G, Ma R, Li H, Zhang Y, Fang D, Sosman J, Zhang B. CD73 expression on effector T cells sustained by TGF-β facilitates tumor resistance to anti-4-1BB/CD137 therapy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:150. [PMID: 30635578 PMCID: PMC6329764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonist antibodies (Ab) directed against costimulatory molecules on the surface of antigen-primed T cells are in various stages of pre-clinical and clinical trials, albeit with limited therapeutic benefit as single agents. The underlying mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate an inhibitory role of ecto-enzyme CD73 for agonistic anti-4-1BB/CD137 Ab therapy. In particular, anti-4-1BB treatment preferentially drives CD73− effector T cell response for tumor inhibition. Anti-CD73 neutralizing Ab further improves anti-4-1BB therapy associated with enhanced anti-tumor T cell immunity. However, the TGF-β-rich tumor milieu confers resistance to anti-4-1BB therapy by sustaining CD73 expression primarily on infiltrating CD8+ T cells across several tumor models. TGF-β blockade results in downregulation of CD73 expression on infiltrating T cells and sensitizes resistant tumors to agonistic anti-4-1BB therapy. Thus, our findings identify a mechanism of action for more effective clinical targeting of 4-1BB or likely other costimulatory molecules. Targeting the immune-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB has only yielded modest benefit in cancer treatment. In this study, the authors show that CD73 expression on effector T cells sustained by TGF-β drives tumor resistance to anti-4-1BB therapy and therefore TGF- β blockade can be used to overcome such resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Chen
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Donye Dominguez
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alan Long
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gaoxiang Wang
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Renqiang Ma
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Allergy Center, Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sosman
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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90
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Wing JB, Tay C, Sakaguchi S. Control of Regulatory T Cells by Co-signal Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:179-210. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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91
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Sun C, He D, Ma C, Gao Z, Chen Y, Wang S. Bifunctional Fusion Proteins Derived from Tumstatin and 4-1BBL for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:867-876. [PMID: 30565463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic utilities of antiangiogenesis and immunotherapy have been proven in clinics, and cancer patients have benefited from respective therapy. Given that the combination of both therapeutic strategies may further improve the effectiveness, a recombinant human 4-1BBL/tumstatin fusion protein (rh4TFP) library was constructed in the present study to target both angiogenesis and T lymphocyte activation, in which the fragments of an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor tumstatin and a T lymphocyte costimulatory 4-1BBL are coupled with different linkers. After comparison of different combinations, rh4TFP-2 was found to show a promise on potential antiangiogenic immunotherapy. On one hand, rh4TFP-2 inhibited proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, exhibiting the antiangiogenic activity similar to tumstatin. On the other hand, rh4TFP-2 led to significant increase of T lymphocyte activation for the release of IL-2 and IFN-γ, showing the T lymphocyte activation by 4-1BBL. Moreover, administration of rh4TFP-2 suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in a B16F10 melanoma-bearing mouse model. Taken together, the present study provides a new approach of using bifunctional fusion proteins to target both angiogenesis and T lymphocyte activation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Dongyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhenyue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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92
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Mandalà M, Rutkowski P. Rational combination of cancer immunotherapy in melanoma. Virchows Arch 2018; 474:433-447. [PMID: 30552520 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in cancer immunotherapy with unprecedented success in therapy of advanced melanoma represent a turning point in the landscape of melanoma treatment. Given the complexity of activation of immunological system and the physiologic multifactorial homeostatic mechanisms controlling immune responses, combinatorial strategies are eagerly needed in melanoma therapy. Nevertheless, rational selection of immunotherapy combinations should be more biomarker-guided, including not only the cancer immunogram, PD-L1 expression, interferon gene expression signature, mutational burden, and tumor infiltration by CD8+ T cells but also intratumoral T cell exhaustion and microbiota composition. In this review, we summarize the rationale to develop combination treatment strategies in melanoma and discuss biological background that could help to design new combinations in order to improve patients' outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Haematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24100, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
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93
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Lee JJ, Chu E. Recent Advances in the Clinical Development of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy for Mismatch Repair Proficient (pMMR)/non-MSI-H Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:258-273. [PMID: 30072278 PMCID: PMC6612427 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) continues to be associated with a poor prognosis, and there remains a significant unmet need for novel agents and treatment regimens. Major breakthroughs have been made with immune checkpoint blockade therapy in several disease types, including DNA mismatch repair deficient/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors. To date, however, immune checkpoint monotherapy has not shown significant clinical activity in the treatment of patients with mismatch repair proficient (pMMR)/non-MSI-H mCRC. The immune resistance mechanisms in pMMR/non-MSI-H mCRC have not yet been clearly elucidated. Significant efforts are currently focused on identifying effective combination immunotherapy regimens for the treatment of patients with pMMR/non-MSI-H mCRC. The combination of atezolizumab with cobimetinib had shown promising clinical activity in an early-phase clinical trial. Unfortunately, the IMblaze 370 (COTEZO) phase III trial of atezolizumab/cobimetinib combination in patients with mCRC failed to show significant improvement in overall survival in patients treated with the atezolizumab/combimetinib combination in comparison with regorafenib alone. This review summarizes the recent major advances in the clinical development of immunotherapy regimens for patients with pMMR/non-MSI-H mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Edward Chu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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94
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Ti D, Niu Y, Wu Z, Fu X, Han W. Genetic engineering of T cells with chimeric antigen receptors for hematological malignancy immunotherapy. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1320-1332. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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95
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Thiemann M, Richards DM, Heinonen K, Kluge M, Marschall V, Merz C, Redondo Müller M, Schnyder T, Sefrin JP, Sykora J, Fricke H, Gieffers C, Hill O. A Single-Chain-Based Hexavalent CD27 Agonist Enhances T Cell Activation and Induces Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2018; 8:387. [PMID: 30298117 PMCID: PMC6160747 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7 (TNFRSF7, CD27), expressed primarily by T cells, and its ligand CD27L (TNFSF7, CD70) provide co-stimulatory signals that boost T cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Agonistic stimulation of CD27 is therefore a promising therapeutic concept in immuno-oncology intended to boost and sustain T cell driven anti-tumor responses. Endogenous TNFSF/TNFRSF-based signal transmission is a structurally well-defined event that takes place during cell-to-cell-based contacts. It is well-established that the trimeric-trivalent TNFSF-receptor binding domain (TNFSF-RBD) exposed by the conducting cell and the resulting multi-trimer-based receptor clustering on the receiving cell are essential for agonistic signaling. Therefore, we have developed HERA-CD27L, a novel hexavalent TNF receptor agonist (HERA) targeting CD27 and mimicking the natural signaling concept. HERA-CD27L is composed of a trivalent but single-chain CD27L-receptor-binding-domain (scCD27L-RBD) fused to an IgG1 derived silenced Fc-domain serving as dimerization scaffold. The hexavalent agonist significantly boosted antigen-specific T cell responses while having no effect on non-specific T cells and was superior over stabilized recombinant trivalent CD27L. In addition, HERA-CD27L demonstrated potent single-agent anti-tumor efficacy in two different syngeneic tumor models, MC38-CEA and CT26wt. Furthermore, the combination of HERA-CD27L and an anti-PD-1 antibody showed additive anti-tumor effects highlighting the importance of both T cell activation and checkpoint inhibition in anti-tumor immunity. In this manuscript, we describe the development of HERA-CD27L, a true CD27 agonist with a clearly defined forward-signaling mechanism of action.
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96
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Bezu L, Kepp O, Cerrato G, Pol J, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Peptide-based vaccines in anticancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1511506. [PMID: 30524907 PMCID: PMC6279318 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1511506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based anticancer vaccination aims at stimulating an immune response against one or multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) following immunization with purified, recombinant or synthetically engineered epitopes. Despite high expectations, the peptide-based vaccines that have been explored in the clinic so far had limited therapeutic activity, largely due to cancer cell-intrinsic alterations that minimize antigenicity and/or changes in the tumor microenvironment that foster immunosuppression. Several strategies have been developed to overcome such limitations, including the use of immunostimulatory adjuvants, the co-treatment with cytotoxic anticancer therapies that enable the coordinated release of damage-associated molecular patterns, and the concomitant blockade of immune checkpoints. Personalized peptide-based vaccines are also being explored for therapeutic activity in the clinic. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical progress in the use of peptide-based vaccines as anticancer therapeutics.Abbreviations: CMP: carbohydrate-mimetic peptide; CMV: cytomegalovirus; DC: dendritic cell; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; HPV: human papillomavirus; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome; MHP: melanoma helper vaccine; NSCLC: non-small cell lung carcinoma; ODD: orphan drug designation; PPV: personalized peptide vaccination; SLP: synthetic long peptide; TAA: tumor-associated antigen; TNA: tumor neoantigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucillia Bezu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Cerrato
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Pol
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers,Paris, France.,U1138, INSERM, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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97
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Enokida T, Nishikawa H. Regulatory T cells, as a target in anticancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2018; 9:623-627. [PMID: 28653572 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Enokida
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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98
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Han X, Vesely MD. Stimulating T Cells Against Cancer With Agonist Immunostimulatory Monoclonal Antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:1-25. [PMID: 30635089 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of cancer cells through antitumor immunity has been a long-sought after goal since Sir F. Macfarlane Burnet postulated the theory of immune surveillance against tumors in the 1950s. Finally, the use of immunotherapeutics against established cancer is becoming a reality in the past 5years. Most notable are the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against inhibitory T-cell receptors cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1. The next generation of mAbs targeting T cells is designed to stimulate costimulatory receptors on T cells. Here we review the recent progress on these immunostimulatory agonist antibodies against the costimulatory receptors CD137, GITR, OX40, and CD27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew D Vesely
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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99
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Sasso E, D'Avino C, Passariello M, D'Alise AM, Siciliano D, Esposito ML, Froechlich G, Cortese R, Scarselli E, Zambrano N, Nicosia A, De Lorenzo C. Massive parallel screening of phage libraries for the generation of repertoires of human immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2018; 10:1060-1072. [PMID: 29995563 PMCID: PMC6204801 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1496772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are emerging as novel targets for cancer therapy, and antibodies against them have shown remarkable clinical efficacy with potential for combination treatments to achieve high therapeutic index. This work aims at providing a novel approach for the generation of several novel human immunomodulatory antibodies capable of binding their targets in their native conformation and useful for therapeutic applications. We performed a massive parallel screening of phage libraries by using for the first time activated human lymphocytes to generate large collections of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) against 10 different immune checkpoints: LAG-3, PD-L1, PD-1, TIM3, BTLA, TIGIT, OX40, 4-1BB, CD27 and ICOS. By next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis we ranked individual scFvs in each collection and identified those with the highest level of enrichment. As a proof of concept of the quality/potency of the binders identified by this approach, human IgGs from three of these collections (i.e., PD-1, PD-L1 and LAG-3) were generated and shown to have comparable or better binding affinity and biological activity than the clinically validated anti-PD-1 mAb nivolumab. The repertoires generated in this work represent a convenient source of agonistic or antagonistic antibodies against the ‘Checkpoint Immunome’ for preclinical screening and clinical implementation of optimized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sasso
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy
| | - Chiara D'Avino
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy
| | - Margherita Passariello
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy
| | | | - Daniela Siciliano
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy
| | | | - Guendalina Froechlich
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Zambrano
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy.,e Keires AG , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Claudia De Lorenzo
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology , University of Naples "Federico II" , Napoli ( NA ), Italy.,b CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c. a.r.l ., Naples , Italy
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100
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McCloskey CW, Rodriguez GM, Galpin KJC, Vanderhyden BC. Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy: Preclinical Models and Emerging Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080244. [PMID: 30049987 PMCID: PMC6115831 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for ovarian cancer treatment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key factor to consider when stimulating antitumoral responses as it consists largely of tumor promoting immunosuppressive cell types that attenuate antitumor immunity. As our understanding of the determinants of the TME composition grows, we have begun to appreciate the need to address both inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, mutation/neoantigen burden, immune landscape, and stromal cell contributions. The majority of immunotherapy studies in ovarian cancer have been performed using the well-characterized murine ID8 ovarian carcinoma model. Numerous other animal models of ovarian cancer exist, but have been underutilized because of their narrow initial characterizations in this context. Here, we describe animal models that may be untapped resources for the immunotherapy field because of their shared genomic alterations and histopathology with human ovarian cancer. We also shed light on the strengths and limitations of these models, and the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to enhance the utility of preclinical models for testing novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W McCloskey
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Galaxia M Rodriguez
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Kristianne J C Galpin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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