51
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Leao JC, Teo CG, Porter SR. HCV infection: aspects of epidemiology and transmission relevant to oral health care workers. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:295-300. [PMID: 16487681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common worldwide problem, giving rise to long-term viral carriage and risk of chronic hepatic disease, hepatic malignancy and a wide spectrum of immunologically mediated disorders. The present report describes relevant data suggesting that nosocomial transmission to oral health care workers is unlikely, but in view of medical and occupational consequences of such infection, and the absence of long-term effective treatment or vaccine, the oral surgery profession must continue to be vigilant and to maintain the highest standards of infection control procedures to minimize the possible acquisition of HCV during dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Leao
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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52
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Bez C, Moneghini L, Nicali A, Cazzaniga A, Lodi G, Bosari S, Sardella A, Carrassi A. Characterization of induced mucosal connective tissue separation--a comparison of six different techniques. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33:220-6. [PMID: 16466509 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2006.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial separation of oral mucosa into epithelium and connective tissue represents the first step in investigating both the basement membrane zone and its two components (epithelium and connective tissue) separately. It is a useful tool in analysing the possible role of hepatitis C virus in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). The aim of the present study was to test different methods to separate the epithelium from the connective tissue of oral mucosa affected by OLP as a preliminary step for further immunohistochemical or molecular investigations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fourteen tissue biopsies of the oral mucosa of clinically and histopathologically confirmed OLP lesions underwent epithelial connective separation (ECS) using six different reagents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Among the separation methods tested, CaCl2 1 M at 37 degrees C for 30 min, NaCl 1 M at 4 degrees C for 26 h and elastase at 4 degrees C for 22 h allowed good ECS without structural alteration or tissue loss. The present study provides useful information regarding techniques to separate the epithelium from the connective tissue as a preliminary step to investigate oral mucosa affected by OLP from an immunohistochemical or molecular viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bez
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy.
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53
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Eisen D, Carrozzo M, Bagan Sebastian JV, Thongprasom K. Number V Oral lichen planus: clinical features and management. Oral Dis 2006; 11:338-49. [PMID: 16269024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common chronic inflammatory disorder affecting stratified squamous epithelia. Whereas in the majority of instances, cutaneous lesions of lichen planus (LP) are self-limiting and cause itching, oral lesions in OLP are chronic, rarely undergo spontaneous remission, are potentially premalignant and are often a source of morbidity. Current data suggest that OLP is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which auto-cytotoxic CD8+ T cells trigger apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. The characteristic clinical aspects of OLP may be sufficient to make a correct diagnosis if there are classic skin lesions present. An oral biopsy with histopathologic study is recommended to confirm the clinical diagnosis and mainly to exclude dysplasia and malignancy. The most commonly employed and useful agents for the treatment of lichen planus (LP) are topical corticosteroids but other newer agents are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eisen
- Dermatology Research Associates, Cincinnati, OH 45230, USA.
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54
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Tov NL, Nepomnyashchikh LM, Aidagulova SV, Onishchenko AA. Ultrastructure of kidney cell population in patients with markers of HCV- and HBV-infections (analysis of biopsy specimens). Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 138:624-8. [PMID: 16134829 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the glomerular, tubular, and interstitial compartments were revealed in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with serological markers of HCV and HBV infections. The dominant change was destruction of the tubular apparatus and atrophy of the tubular epithelium associated with progressive interstitial fibrosis. Our results indicate that kidney disorders constitute patho- and morphogenesis of systemic infection in HCV- and HBV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Tov
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Regional Pathology and Pathophysiology, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk
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55
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Abstract
Saliva can contain a range of infectious agents and, despite several antimicrobial mechanisms, transmission of these can occur. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is of increasing importance, and HCV is transmitted by unknown routes as well as by the percutaneous route and sexual contact. Contact with blood or other body fluids may be responsible, as may be receipt of unscreened blood or blood product transfusions. HCV-RNA can be detected by the polymerase chain reaction which also shows that HCV may be present in the saliva of HCV-infected patients. This might provide an argument for the possible transmission of HCV via contaminated saliva. Epidemiological studies however, suggest that the infective capacity of HCV viral particles in saliva is low, but it has not been possible to determine their infective potential. Moreover, HCV-specific receptors have not been defined on oral epithelial cells, nor has the role of host defence mechanisms been determined. New experimental animal models and the recently described infectious HCV pseudoparticles, capable of simulating HCV replication in vitro, could be useful in establishing any role of saliva in the transmission of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ferreiro
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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56
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Lodi G, Scully C, Carrozzo M, Griffiths M, Sugerman PB, Thongprasom K. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: Report of an international consensus meeting. Part 1. Viral infections and etiopathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 100:40-51. [PMID: 15953916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus (LP), the initial triggers of lesion formation and the essential pathogenic pathways are unknown. It is therefore not surprising that the clinical management of oral LP poses considerable difficulties to the dermatologist and the oral physician. A consensus meeting was held in France in March 2003 to discuss the most controversial aspects of oral LP. Part 1 of the meeting report focuses on (1) the relationship between oral LP and viral infection with special emphasis on hepatitis C virus (HCV), and (2) oral LP pathogenesis, in particular the immune mechanisms resulting in lymphocyte infiltration and keratinocyte apoptosis. Part 2 focuses on patient management and therapeutic approaches and includes discussion on malignant transformation of oral LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lodi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Milan, Italy.
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57
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Kirtschig G, Wakelin SH, Wojnarowska F. Mucosal vulval lichen planus: outcome, clinical and laboratory features. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005; 19:301-7. [PMID: 15857455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal lichen planus of the vulva is a rare but increasingly recognized condition. It has potentially severe complications such as fusion of the labia and vagina; the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may be increased. An association between hepatitis B and C infection and skin or oral lichen planus appears to exist in certain geographical areas. OBJECTIVE To investigate the course of mucosal vulval lichen planus, its response to treatment and associated laboratory features. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-four women with mucosal vulval lichen planus were studied between 1997 and 2000 and laboratory data were collected. RESULTS Thirty of 44 patients had additional oral lesions, only nine had cutaneous findings compatible with lichen planus. We did not find an association with antibodies to hepatitis B or C virus in this British study population. All women were treated with potent to very potent topical corticosteroids; however, in the majority of patients symptoms persisted. In seven (16%) patients vulval lichen planus was in remission after a disease duration between 2 and 18 years (mean 10.6 years). One patient developed a vulval SCC. CONCLUSIONS Screening for hepatitis B and C in women with mucosal vulval lichen planus in the UK seems unnecessary. We recommend long-term follow-up, and that all non-healing ulcerative and papular lesions should be biopsied.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kirtschig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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58
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Carrozzo M, Brancatello F, Dametto E, Arduino P, Pentenero M, Rendine S, Porter SR, Lodi G, Scully C, Gandolfo S. Hepatitis C virus-associated oral lichen planus: is the geographical heterogeneity related to HLA-DR6? J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34:204-8. [PMID: 15752254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and oral lichen planus (OLP) is more common in the Mediterranean area and Japan, possibly because of immunogenetic factors. METHODS Intermediate-resolution HLA-DRB typing by hybridization with oligonucleotide probes was performed in 31 Italian OLP patients with HCV infection, in 45 Italian OLP and in 48 British OLP patients without HCV infection. As healthy controls we included data from 145 unrelated Italian and 101 unrelated British bone marrow donors. RESULTS Italian HCV+ve OLP patients possessed the HLA-DR6 allele more frequently than Italian and British OLP patients without HCV infection (51.6% vs. 17.7% vs. 16.7%; P corrected = 0.028 and 0.017, respectively). There was no difference in the frequency of the HLA-DR6 allele between Italian and British control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that HLA-DR6 may be responsible for the peculiar geographic heterogeneity of the association between HCV and OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carrozzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Oral Medicine Section, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Turin, Italy.
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59
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Lodi G, Giuliani M, Majorana A, Sardella A, Bez C, Demarosi F, Carrassi A. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus: a multicentre study of patients with oral lesions and a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2005; 151:1172-81. [PMID: 15606512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and lichen planus (LP) has been investigated, but results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between LP and HCV seropositivity. Methods In a cross-sectional study we tested the sera of 303 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with histologically proven LP referred to three Italian centres for the presence of anti-HCV IgG. A comparable control group was also tested. Next, in a systematic review, studies were identified by searching different databases in April 2004. Inclusion criteria were: (i) analytical study design; (ii) clinical and histological diagnosis of LP; and (iii) serological test for anti-HCV antibodies as main outcome. The risk of bias was assessed on the basis of characteristics of the study group, appropriateness of the control group and study design. Pooled data were analysed by calculating odds ratios (ORs), using a random effects model. RESULTS In the cross-sectional study, nearly one in five (19.1%) of the LP group was HCV positive, while a much lower prevalence of infection was found in the control group (3.2%) [OR 7.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.43-14.58]. The systematic review yielded 25 relevant studies, six of which had a low risk of bias. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of HCV-seropositive subjects among patients with LP, compared with controls (OR 4.80; 95% CI 3.25-7.09). Following subgroup analyses, the variability of HCV prevalence in patients with LP seemed to depend on geographical area, but not on age. CONCLUSIONS Anti-HCV circulating antibodies are more common in patients with LP than in controls, although such an association may not be significant in some geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lodi
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medicine, University of Milan, via Beldiletto 1/3, Milan 20142, Italy.
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60
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Kluger R, Mühlberger H, Hoffmann O, Berger CE, Engel A, Pavlova BG. Osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts are targets for hepatitis C virus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005:251-7. [PMID: 15805965 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000150561.86138.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether human osteoblasts might harbor the hepatitis C virus. We tested for positive-strand and negative-strand (replicative) hepatitis C virus RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, by in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for intracellular localization of the hepatitis C virus, and by amplicon sequencing in in vitro differentiated mature osteoblasts from STRO-1+ osteoprogenitor cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C and from healthy individuals. We only detected the hepatitis C virus genome in STRO-1+ cells and mature osteoblasts from carriers with chronic hepatitis C, and we found hepatitis C virus negative strands expressed sporadically in these patients. Using in situ hepatitis C virus reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we determined that the percentage of infected carrier osteoblasts ranged from 8.0-15.3%. These data provide evidence of hepatitis C virus presence and replication in human osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts, which may have important implications for bone allograft processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kluger
- Department of Orthopaedics, SMZO Donauspital, Langobardenstrasse 122, A-1220 Vienna, Austria.
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61
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Petruzzi M, De Benedittis M, Loria MP, Dambra P, D'Oronzio L, Capuzzimati C, Tursi A, Lo Muzio L, Serpico R. Immune response in patients with oral lichen planus and HCV infection. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004; 17:93-8. [PMID: 15000872 DOI: 10.1177/039463200401700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years an association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and HCV infection has been reported, but the frequency of this association seems to differ in the various geographic areas. It is clear, instead, that some abnormalities occur in the immune-regulation mechanisms of patients with OLP and it is thought to be due to the chronic antigenic stimulus of HCV that causes functional disorders of the immune system in infected patients. Possible immunologic difference between 17 patients with OLP and HCV+ and 17 patients with OLP and HCV- were investigated using standard immunofluorescence and flow cytometry techniques. The distribution of T and B cells was normal in all patients examined, while NK CD56+ cells were increased, above all in HCV- patients. About 65% of T CD4+ lymphocytes coexpressed the CD45RO isoform (p=0.002), while approximately 32% expressed CD45RA, without significant differences in comparison to HCV+ subjects (p>0.05). Moreover, almost all the CD4+CD45RO+ subpopulation coexpressed CD29 in all patients examined. No significant differences between the two groups of patients were detected as to the increase of cytotoxic T CD8+CD57+ lymphocytes. The B cells CD19+CD5+ responsible for the production of "natural" antibodies were detectable in both the examined groups, even if not in all HCV+ subjects (30% +/- 10.1 in HCV- and 27% +/- 19.4 in HCV+ patients; p=0.47). These findings suggest the existence of differences in lymphocyte subpopulations between OLP-HCV+ subjects and OLP-HCV- patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petruzzi
- Department of Dentistry and Surgery, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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62
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important factor in the development of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years it has become known that HCV induces various extrahepatic manifestations including mixed cryoglobulinemia, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis, malignant lymphoma, porphyria cutanea tarda and lichen planus. Although the mechanisms of extrahepatic manifestations remain unclear, it is known that interferon (IFN) therapy and coadministration of IFN with ribavirin are effective in promoting the disappearance or alleviation of such extrahepatic lesions, which have tended to be overlooked. The present review focuses on lichen planus, one of the major extrahepatic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nagao
- Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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63
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Campisi G, Fedele S, Lo Russo L, Di Fede O, Aricò P, Craxì A, Mignogna MD. HCV infection and oral lichen planus: a weak association when HCV is endemic. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:465-70. [PMID: 15357654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2004.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP), an immune-mediated disorder, has been reported as an extra-hepatic manifestation of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, especially in HCV hyperendemic areas such as southern Europe and Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate from an epidemiological standpoint whether HCV infection is an important factor affecting the relative risk of OLP in a Mediterranean population or whether this relates to the degree of HCV endemicity. Two cohorts of OLP patients resident in two different regions of southern Italy (Campania and Sicily; n = 859) were evaluated for HCV infection status and categorized into five age classes to respective region-matched controls. No significant difference was found between OLP patients and the general population in this area, when data were corrected by the age-stratified prevalence of HCV. Therefore, the age-specific prevalence of HCV infection in OLP patients shows a close trend of direct association with increasing age, without significant differences with the general population of each geographical area. An aetiological link between OLP and HCV cannot be inferred solely by epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campisi
- Unit of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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64
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Campisi G, Di Fede O, Craxi A, Di Stefano R, Margiotta V. Oral lichen planus, hepatitis C virus, and HIV: No association in a cohort study from an area of high hepatitis C virus endemicity. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51:364-70. [PMID: 15337978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the age-specific prevalence of oral lichen planus (OLP) in Mediterranean patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to evaluate the features of OLP in relation to sex, smoking, HCV genotype, HIV-1 coinfection, and antiviral treatments. METHODS In all, 178 anti-HCV-positive adults (60 women and 118 men; age range 20-66 years) recruited from two cohorts (104 HIV-negative patients and 74 patients with HIV coinfection) underwent oral examination. RESULTS Overall prevalence of OLP was 2.8% (5 of 178) (male/female ratio 0.2; odds ratio=0.119; 95% confidence interval=0.013-1.106), only among HIV-negative participants, always in the reticular pattern, and in the adult age. HCV genotype, tobacco smoking, and treatment (interferon alfa/ribavirin) were not significantly associated to OLP. CONCLUSIONS Among HCV-infected patients, we found a low prevalence of OLP. The absence of OLP in HIV-coinfected patients suggests immunosuppression secondary to defective CD4 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Campisi
- Unit of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy
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65
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and oral lichen planus (OLP) remains a matter of controversy. It is important to determine whether there is an association between OLP and HCV infection so that guidelines regarding the routine HCV testing of patients with OLP can be developed for clinicians. OBJECTIVES The objective of this article was to review and summarize the published literature on the association between OLP and HCV and to describe future directions. METHODS A search of the computerized database MEDLINE (1966-June 2003) was conducted. The bibliographies of articles identified by means of MEDLINE were also searched. Any studies reporting the prevalence of HCV in a group of patients with LP either with or without a control group were included in this review. Also included were studies comparing the clinical and histologic features of LP among patients with and without HCV infection, studies on the presence of HCV within LP lesions, and studies of HCV genotypes among patients with LP. RESULTS Thirty-two studies conducted in various parts of the world were identified. Study types included prevalence studies on HCV exposure among patients with OLP (0%-62%), prevalence of OLP among patients with HCV infection (1.6%-20%), and case-control studies of this association. In addition, the results from 3 studies on the replication of HCV in the oral mucosa, 3 studies on the genotype of HCV in OLP patients, and 4 studies comparing the clinical and histologic features of OLP in HCV-infected and uninfected individuals have been summarized. CONCLUSION At present, studies on the association of OLP and HCV provide enough information to raise a number of interesting questions about this association. Important biases-including selection bias; investigator bias due to lack of blinding and the possible resultant nondifferential misclassification of disease; and possible confounding by age in the studies published-make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. However, the need for future studies that take into consideration all these factors in the study methodology is highlighted by this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita Chainani-Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0658, USA.
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66
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Ghodsi SZ, Daneshpazhooh M, Shahi M, Nikfarjam A. Lichen planus and Hepatitis C: a case-control study. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2004; 4:6. [PMID: 15153247 PMCID: PMC434515 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of lichen planus with hepatitis C (HCV) has been widely reported in the literature. However, there are wide geographical variations in the reported prevalence of HCV infection in patients with lichen planus. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of hepatitis C in Iranian patients with lichen planus at Razi hospital, Tehran. METHODS During the years 1997 and 1998, 146 cases of lichen planus, 78 (53.1%) women and 69 (46.9%) men were diagnosed. They were diagnosed on the basis of the usual clinical features and, if necessary, typical histological findings. The patients were screened for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies by third generation ELISA and liver function tests. We used the results from screening of blood donors for anti HCV (carried out by Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization) for comparison as the control group. RESULTS Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in seven cases (4.8%). This was significantly higher than that of the blood donors' antibodies (p < 0.001). The odds ratio was 50.37(21.45-112.24). A statistically significant association was demonstrated between erosive lichen planus and HCV infection. Liver function tests were not significantly different between HCV infected and non-infected patients. CONCLUSION HCV appears to have an etiologic role for lichen planus in Iranian patients. On the other hand, liver function tests are not good screening means for HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zahra Ghodsi
- Department of Dermatology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Razi Hospital Vahdat Islami Square 11996 Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpazhooh
- Department of Dermatology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Razi Hospital Vahdat Islami Square 11996 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahi
- Private dermatologist Razi Hospital Vahdat Islami Square 11996 Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Nikfarjam
- District Health Center Prevention and Disease Control Sector Tehran University of Medical Sciences Nasr Ave. 24 Str. No 35 14488 43117 Tehran Iran
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67
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Ramer MA, Altchek A, Deligdisch L, Phelps R, Montazem A, Buonocore PM. Lichen planus and the vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome. J Periodontol 2003; 74:1385-93. [PMID: 14584875 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.9.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lichen planus is a dermatologic disease that affects both skin and mucosa. Here we report five cases of lichen planus that presented as the oral component of the vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome. Four of the cases were associated with biopsy-proven oral lichen planus, and all five patients had oral lesions that clinically resembled lichen planus. Three patients were taking medications that are associated with lichenoid drug reactions; four patients were postmenopausal; and all five patients had desquamative vulvovaginitis. Clinicians may see these patients when they show persistent signs and symptoms of oral lichen planus. We report five case histories and review the 127 cases found in the literature to make the practicing clinician aware of this unusual clinical entity. The hepatitis C virus association and drug-induced lichenoid mucositis are topics that are addressed. In addition, clarification of the issues surrounding the premalignant potential of oral lichen planus is provided with evidence, rationale, and data from the literature to support the position that true oral lichen planus has no inherent predisposition to become malignant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ramer
- Department of Pathology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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68
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de Moura Castro Jacques C, Cardozo Pereira AL, Cabral MG, Cardoso AS, Ramos-e-Silva M. Oral lichen planus part I: epidemiology, clinics, etiology, immunopathogeny, and diagnosis. Skinmed 2003; 2:342-7; quiz 348-9. [PMID: 14673245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2003.02038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review of the literature on oral lichen planus, focusing on important aspects of its epidemiology, etiopathogeny, and clinical manifestations. The oral form is an important clinical presentation of lichen planus. It may precede or accompany the skin lesions, or it may be the only manifestation of the disease. Dermatologists, dentists, otorhinolaryngologists, and other specialists who deal with the oral cavity must be aware of this disease so they can diagnose, treat, and keep these patients under observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio de Moura Castro Jacques
- The Sector of Dermatology and Post-Graduation Course, Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga and School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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69
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Maticic M, Poljak M, Seme K, Skaleric U. The IgG antibody profile to various antigen regions of hepatitis C virus differs in oral fluid and serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 18:176-82. [PMID: 12753470 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be detected not only in serum but also in oral fluid. The aim of the study was to determine IgG antibody reactivity directed to six antigen regions of HCV in oral fluid and to evaluate the significance of the antibody pattern in oral fluid compared to serum. Oral fluid and serum samples of 32 HCV viremic patients were collected to detect antibodies to six antigen regions incorporated as antigen bands into modified commercial updated third generation line immuno-assay. Compared to serum, a significantly lower cumulative antibody response and reactivity to five HCV antigens was found in oral fluid. The significantly highest prevalence of oral fluid reactivity was recorded with antigen C1 (78%), whereas in serum the most significantly frequent reactivity was detected with antigen NS3 (100%). The absence of antibody reactivity with antigen E2 was similar in both body fluids. The discrepancy in antibody pattern to HCV antigens between oral fluid and serum indicates the possible existence of local viral replication, viral mutants, viral inhibitors in oral cavity and, most probably, leakage of the muco-vascular barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maticic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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70
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of lichen planus (LP) with liver diseases is well established. The reported prevalence rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in patients with LP tend to appear quite variable. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HCV antibodies in a group of patients with LP and evaluate the clinical characteristics of the subgroup with LP associated with HCV. METHODS We studied 101 patients, 57 (56.4%) women and 44 (43.5%) men with a mean age of 48 years, consecutively diagnosed with cutaneous and/or mucosal LP between January 1992 and December 2000. We used 99 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in nine cases (8.9%) of the LP group but only two (2.02%) of the controls. The odds ratio between the subjects with HCV positivity and those with negative HCV virus was 4.74, with a confidence interval at 95%, between 0.999 and 22.545. A statistically significant association was only demonstrated between erosive LP and infection by HCV. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of liver disease caused by HCV should be ruled out in patients with LP, especially in the erosive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gimenez-García
- Dermatology Section, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital del Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain.
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71
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Nagao Y, Hanada S, Shishido S, Ide T, Kumashiro R, Ueno T, Sata M. Incidence of Sjögren's syndrome in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:258-66. [PMID: 12603525 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatitis viruses induce not only chronic liver diseases but also the impairment of other organs and tissues as extrahepatic manifestations. In particular, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is involved in various extrahepatic manifestations. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and lichen planus (LP) involvement, which are various extrahepatic manifestations in patients with liver diseases related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HCV. METHODS We examined a total of 110 Japanese patients with chronic liver disease: 29 with HBV infections and 81 HCV infections. RESULTS The prevalence of SS according to European and Japanese criteria in patients with chronic HCV infection was significantly higher than in patients with chronic HBV infection (European criteria: 25.9 vs 3.4%; P < 0.05, Japanese criteria: 21.0 vs 3.4%; P = 0.05). Lichen planus was observed in one (3.4%) of 29 patients with chronic HBV infection, and in 11 (13.6%) of 81 patients with chronic HCV infection. Simultaneously combined LP and SS occurred in 8.6% (seven of 81) of patients with HCV infection, but in none with HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should routinely follow the HCV-infected patients, paying sufficient attention to the presence of SS and LP, and they should also carefully monitor their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nagao
- Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
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72
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Santoro A, Majorana A, Bardellini E, Festa S, Sapelli P, Facchetti F. NF-?B expression in oral and cutaneous lichen planus. J Pathol 2003; 201:466-72. [PMID: 14595759 DOI: 10.1002/path.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder involving cutaneous and mucosal surfaces, characterized by a T-cell-mediated immune response against epithelial cells, with persistent accumulation of T lymphocytes and epithelial cell damage. The mechanisms involved in this chronic inflammatory disease are largely unknown. A pivotal role in the pathogenesis of long-lasting inflammatory processes is played by the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), a primary transcription factor which upon translocation to the nucleus, binds to promoter regions of different genes encoding immune and pro-inflammatory mediators. Using immunohistochemistry, the present study analysed the expression of NF-kappaB in 25 cases of cutaneous LP (CLP) and 28 cases of oral LP (OLP) and correlated this with the recruitment of cytotoxic T-cells (expressing Tia-1 or perforin) in the inflammatory infiltrate. Nuclear NF-kappaB was expressed on basal and suprabasal keratinocytes in all cases of LP, while normal epithelium was consistently negative; OLP contained significantly higher numbers of NF-kappaB-positive keratinocytes than CLP (means: 89.32 versus 22.6; p<0.05). Furthermore, nuclear NF-kappaB expression by epithelial cells correlated with the amount of cytotoxic cell infiltration (p<0.02). These data suggest that increased NF-kappaB activity may represent the basis of maintenance of the inflammatory response. The differences observed between NF-kappaB expression on epithelial cells in OLP and CLP and their correlation with the degree of cytotoxic inflammatory infiltrate might explain the different clinical courses of the two variants of the disease, since OLP is typically more recalcitrant than CLP. As proposed for other chronic inflammatory disorders associated with increased NF-kappaB activity, the involvement of NF-kappaB in the pathogenesis of LP could be considered for selective therapeutic inhibitory targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amerigo Santoro
- Department of Odontostomatology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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73
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Pilli M, Penna A, Zerbini A, Vescovi P, Manfredi M, Negro F, Carrozzo M, Mori C, Giuberti T, Ferrari C, Missale G. Oral lichen planus pathogenesis: A role for the HCV-specific cellular immune response. Hepatology 2002. [PMID: 12447871 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840360622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection can be associated with different extrahepatic manifestations, including lichen planus; however, no clear role for HCV in their pathogenesis has been established. T cells were isolated from lichen biopsy specimens of 7 HCV positive patients with oral lichen planus. HCV-specific CD4(+) T-cell lines were obtained in 4 patients from lichen lesions but only in 2 of them from the peripheral blood. Different clonal populations were found in oral tissue and peripheral blood of individual patients, as shown by TCR-Vbeta analysis of antigen-specific T cells. Frequency of HCV-specific CD8(+) cells tested with 4 different HCV tetramers was significantly higher in the lichen tissue than in the circulation; moreover, lichen-derived HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells showed the phenotype of recently activated T cells because most of them were CD69(+) and produced interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) but expanded poorly in vitro upon antigen stimulation. The specificity of HCV-reactive T-cell recruitment into the lichen tissue was further confirmed by the absence of HBV-specific T cells within lichen lesions in 3 additional patients with lichen planus associated with HBV infection. Our study shows HCV-specific T-cell responses at the site of the lesions of an HCV-associated dermatologic disease, sustained by HCV-specific T cells with phenotypic and functional characteristics of terminally differentiated effector cells. In conclusion, this finding and the detection of HCV RNA strands in the lichen tissue strongly suggest a role for HCV-specific T-cell responses in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus associated with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pilli
- Divisione Malattie Infettive ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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74
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Lazaro P, Olalquiaga J, Bartolomé J, Ortiz-Movilla N, Rodríguez-Iñigo E, Pardo M, Lecona M, Pico M, Longo I, García-Morrás P, Carreño V. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA and core protein in keratinocytes from patients with cutaneous lichen planus and chronic hepatitis C. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:798-803. [PMID: 12406323 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous lichen planus has been associated in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. It is still unknown whether hepatitis C virus infects keratinocytes of lichen planus lesions. In this report we have analyzed the presence of genomic and anti-genomic hepatitis C virus RNA in skin biopsies from 26 patients with chronic hepatitis C and healthy skin and from 24 patients with cutaneous lichen planus (five with and 19 without hepatitis C virus infection) by in situ hybridization. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected in the keratinocytes of 69% of the patients with healthy skin and chronic hepatitis C, in 100% of the patients with lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection, and in none of lichen planus patients without hepatitis C virus infection. The percentage of keratinocytes showing genomic or anti-genomic hepatitis C virus RNA was statistically lower (p < 0.01 in all cases) in patients with healthy skin (mean +/- SD: 5.7 +/- 3.5% and 2.7 +/- 3.1% of keratinocytes with genomic or anti-genomic hepatitis C virus RNA, respectively) than in those with lichen planus lesions (31.7 +/- 7.9% and 18.8 +/- 7.4%, mean +/- SD) or the unaffected adjacent skin (24.8 +/- 6.9% and 14.3 +/- 3.8%, mean +/- SD). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that hepatitis C virus infects keratinocytes from patients with lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lazaro
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Carrozzo M, Quadri R, Latorre P, Pentenero M, Paganin S, Bertolusso G, Gandolfo S, Negro F. Molecular evidence that the hepatitis C virus replicates in the oral mucosa. J Hepatol 2002; 37:364-9. [PMID: 12175632 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) often have extrahepatic manifestations, which significantly contribute to HCV-related morbidity, but whose pathogenesis is largely unknown. Our aim was to evaluate the HCV replication in oral mucosa of chronic hepatitis C patients. METHODS We collected oral mucosa specimens from 17 anti-HCV-positive and four anti-HCV-negative patients. Fifteen had oral lichen (12 anti-HCV-positive). Total mucosa RNA was extracted and analyzed for presence and titer of genomic and negative-strand HCV RNA. Findings were compared with clinical and pathological features. RESULTS Genomic and negative-strand HCV RNA were detected, respectively, in 12 of 17 (70.6%) and four of 17 (23.5%) specimens from the chronic hepatitis C patients. No negative-strand HCV RNA was detected in five anti-HCV-positive patients without lichen (including three with normal mucosa). Presence and titer of the negative-strand HCV RNA were independent of HCV genotype, serum viral load, and histological diagnosis of liver lesions. The phylogenetic analysis of the envelope 2 region cloned from a normal mucosa and the corresponding serum further suggested that only lichen tissues appear to harbor replicating HCV. CONCLUSIONS HCV may occasionally replicate in oral lichen tissue, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of mucosa damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carrozzo
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Section of Oral Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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76
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Prolo P, Chiappelli F, Cajulis E, Bauer J, Spackman S, Romeo H, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Christensen R. Psychoneuroimmunology in oral biology and medicine: the model of oral lichen planus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 966:429-40. [PMID: 12114301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis involves psychoneuroendocrine-immunopathological comorbidities. In the stoma, patients with rheumatoid arthritis frequently show signs of periondontal disease consequent to elevated levels of crevicular proinflammatory cytokines. It is not clear whether rheumatoid arthritis may manifest in association with immunopathological manifestations of the oral soft mucosa. Oral lichen planus (OLP), first described by E. Wilson in 1859, is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease whose lesions characteristically lack B cells, plasma cells, immunoglobulin. or complement. It is increasingly well characterized and recognized as a model for psychoneuroimmunology research in oral biology and medicine. To date, we have shown an association between changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) regulation, systemic markers of cellular immunity and mood states, with clinical stages of OLP (i.e., atrophic vs. erosive vs. bullous lesions). We report significant associations (p < 0.05) between the stage of OLP, HPA deregulation, and altered distribution and functional responses of naïve CD4(+) cells. We emphasize the need to study in greater details the psychoneuroendocrine-immune inter-relationships in OLP, and we propose a novel neuroimmune hypothesis for OLP.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/psychology
- Atrophy
- Autoimmune Diseases/complications
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/psychology
- Blister/etiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Forecasting
- Humans
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Lichen Planus, Oral/immunology
- Lichen Planus, Oral/physiopathology
- Lichen Planus, Oral/psychology
- Lichen Planus, Oral/therapy
- Lichenoid Eruptions/immunology
- Lichenoid Eruptions/pathology
- Male
- Mood Disorders/immunology
- Mood Disorders/physiopathology
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Oral Medicine/trends
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Precancerous Conditions/immunology
- Precancerous Conditions/physiopathology
- Precancerous Conditions/psychology
- Precancerous Conditions/therapy
- Psychoneuroimmunology/trends
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Prolo
- UCLA School of Dentistry, and Dental Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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77
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Romero MA, Seoane J, Varela-Centelles P, Diz-Dios P, Otero XL. Clinical and pathological characteristics of oral lichen planus in hepatitis C-positive and -negative patients. CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES 2002; 27:22-6. [PMID: 11903367 DOI: 10.1046/j.0307-7772.2001.00516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reported prevalence rate of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in patients with oral lichen planus shows wide geographical variation and ranges from 0 to 65%. Certain characteristic clinical features have been attributed to oral lichen planus associated to HCV infection. The purpose of this investigation has been to assess hypothetical clinical differences, as well as differences in the intensity of the subepithelial inflammatory infiltrate between oral lichen planus-HCV +ve patients and oral lichen planus-HCV -ve patients. A total of sixty-two patients entered the study. Their mean age was 63.5 +/- 14.49 years, and 48.4% of them were men and 51.6% women. Patients were classified according to their serum HCV positivity. Age, sex, clinical presentation (reticular or atrophic-erosive), extension of the lesions, location of the lesions, number of locations affected, intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate and Candida albicans colonization were recorded for each patient. Reticular lichen planus was the most frequent clinical presentation in both HCV +ve (57.1%) and HCV -ve patients (63.6%). C. albicans colonization ranged from 42.8% in HCV +ve and 41.7% in HCV -ve patients. HCV + ve patients showed certain oral locations more frequently affected than HCV -ve ones: lip mucosa, 28.6% versus 7.3%; tongue, 57.1% versus 29.1%; and gingiva, 71.4% versus 23.6%. The number of affected intraoral locations was higher in HCV +ve patients (71.4%) than among HCV -ve ones (20.4%; chi2 = 8.34; P < 0.011). No statistically significant differences could be established in terms of density of subepithelial inflammatory infiltrate between the groups. Our results reinforce the need for liver examination in all patients with oral lichen planus, particularly those showing lesions on the gingiva with multiple intraoral locations affected, as no pathological differences could be identified between HCV + ve and HCV -ve patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Romero
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Cantón Grande 5, E-15003 A Coruña, Spain.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation was conducted to determine the possible association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) in the population of São Paulo (Brazil). MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of patients were studied: group 1 was composed of 68 patients with OLP lesions; group 2 had 126 patients with HCV infection; and the control group consisted of 898 individuals seeking dental treatment at our school, used to determine the prevalence of lichen planus in the general population. The prevalence of HCV in group 1 was determined and compared with that of the population of São Paulo (Focaccia et al (1998) Brazilian J Infect Dis 2: 269), while the prevalence of OLP in group 2 was determined and compared with that of the control group. RESULTS The results showed that the frequency of HCV in OLP patients was 8.8%, significantly higher than in the general population of São Paulo, which is 1.4% (P = 0.002), and the frequency of OLP in HCV patients (4.7%) was also significantly higher (P = 0.0003) than that of the control group (0.6%). CONCLUSION These data suggest that, at least in São Paulo, there is an association between OLP and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Figueiredo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Brazil
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79
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Abstract
AIM: To establish a cell culture system with long-term replication of hepatitis C virus in vitro.
METHODS: Human hepatoma cell line 7721 was tested for its susceptibility to HCV by incubating with a serum from a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Cells and supernatant were harvested at various phases during the culturing periods. The presence of HCV RNA, the expression of HCV antigens in cells and/or supernatant were examined by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohisto-chemistry respectively.
RESULTS: The intracellular HCV RNA was first detected on d2 after infection and then could be intermittently detected in both cells and supernatant over a period of at least three months. The expression of HCV NS3, CP10 antigens could be observed in cells. The fresh cells could be infected by supernatant from cultured infected cells and the transmission of viral genome from HCV-infected 7721 cells to PBMCs was also observed.
CONCLUSION: The hepatoma line 7721 is not only susceptible to HCV but also supports its long-term replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Song
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Mega H, Jiang WW, Takagi M. Immunohistochemical study of oral lichen planus associated with hepatitis C virus infection, oral lichenoid contact sensitivity reaction and idiopathic oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 2001; 7:296-305. [PMID: 12117205 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common mucocutaneous disorder and might be associated to a possible pathogenic relationship with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or hypersensitivity to dental alloy. We examined the clinical and immunohistochemical features of OLP associated with HCV infection (OLP-HCV), oral lichenoid contact sensitivity reaction (OLCSR), and idiopathic oral lichen planus (iOLP). The immunohistochemical expressions of CD4, CD8, B cells, Class II major histocompatibility complex antigen (HLA-DR), S-100, HSP60, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 were compared to study the pathogenic differences of the three OLP groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of OLP patients, (I) OLP-HCV patients (n = 17), (2) OLCSR patients (n = 10) and (3) iOLP patients (n = 14) were retrieved from clinical records and tissues examined immunohistochemically by the avidin-biotin-complex technique. RESULTS The patients with OLP-HCV showed widespread lesions. The proportion of CD8+ cells was found to be significantly higher in the lamina propria of the OLP-HCV patients and a significantly lower proportion of CD8+ cells of the OLCSR patients was noticed in the epithelium or the connective tissue papillae than in the iOLP patients. There were no significant differences in either the number of CD4+ cells or B cells between the three OLP groups. No significant differences in the number of HLA-DR+ cells were found between the three OLP groups and some OLP-HCV patients showed a significant increase of S-100+ cells in the epithelium compared with iOLP patients. There were no significant differences in either the number of PCNA+ or Ki-67+ cells between the groups. The patients showed similar weak expressions of HSP60 in the three OLP groups. CONCLUSION The different distributions of the CD8+ cells that could have functionally different roles might be related to the distinct pathogenic mechanisms in the three OLP groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mega
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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