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Voisard R, Münder U, von Müller L, Baur R, Hombach V. Direct inhibitory effects of Ganciclovir on ICAM-1 expression and proliferation in human coronary vascular cells (SI/MPL-ratio: >1). Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:PI1-6. [PMID: 21169918 PMCID: PMC3524678 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection with ganciclovir has beneficial indirect effects on the complex interactions of HCMV with restenosis, atherosclerosis, and transplant vascular sclerosis. The current study reports on direct effects of ganciclovir on expression of ICAM-1 and cell proliferation, key events of coronary atherosclerosis/restenosis. A potential clinical relevance of the data will be evaluated with the help of SI/MPL-ratio’s. Material/Methods Definition of the SI/MPL-ratio: relation between significant inhibitory effects in vitro/ex vivo and the maximal plasma level after systemic administration in vivo (ganciclovir: 9 μg/ml). Part I of the study investigated in cytoflow studies the effect of ganciclovir (0.05–5000 μg/mL) on TNF-a induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins (HUVEC), human coronary endothelial cells (HCAEC), and human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCMSMC). Part II of the study analysed the effect of ganciclovir (0.05–5000 μg/mL) on cell proliferation (HUVEC, HCAEC, and HCMSMC). In part III cytotoxic effects of ganciclovir (0.05–5000 μg/mL) were studied (HUVEC, HCAEC, and HCMSMC). Results Ganciclovir caused slight but significant inhibitory effects on expression of ICAM-1 in HUVEC, HCAEC, and HCMSMC. In all three cell types studied strong dose depending significant antiproliferative effects of ganciclovir were detected. Partially, the antiproliferative effects of ganciclovir were caused by cytotoxic effects. Conclusions SI/MPL-ratio’s >1 in HCAEC and HCMSMC indicate that the inhibitory effects of gancliclovir on ICAM-1-expression and cell proliferation may only be expected in vivo following local high dose administration e.g. in drug eluting stents (DES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Voisard
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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The human cytomegalovirus gene UL79 is required for the accumulation of late viral transcripts. J Virol 2011; 85:4841-52. [PMID: 21367901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02344-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we adopted a conditional protein genetic approach to characterize the role of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene UL79 during virus infection. We constructed ADddUL79, a recombinant HCMV in which the annotated UL79 open reading frame (ORF) was tagged with the destabilization domain of a highly unstable variant of the human FKBP12 protein (ddFKBP). The ddFKBP domain targets the tagged protein for rapid proteasomal degradation, but the synthetic ligand Shield-1 can stabilize ddFKBP, allowing accumulation of the tagged protein. ADddUL79 failed to replicate without Shield-1, but it grew at wild-type levels with Shield-1 or in human foreskin fibroblasts overexpressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged UL79 (HF-UL79HA cells), indicating an essential role of UL79 and the effectiveness of this approach. Without Shield-1, representative immediate-early and early viral proteins as well as viral DNA accumulated normally, but late transcripts and proteins were markedly reduced. UL79 was transcribed with early-late kinetics, which was also regulated via a positive-feedback loop. Using HF-UL79HA cells, we found that the UL79 protein localized to viral replication compartments during HCMV infection. Finally, we created a second UL79 mutant virus (ADinUL79(stop)) in which the UL79 ORF was disrupted by a stop codon mutation and found that ADinUL79(stop) phenocopied ADddUL79 under the destabilizing condition. Taking these results together, we conclude that UL79 acts after viral DNA replication to promote the accumulation of late viral transcripts. Importantly, the comparative analysis of ADddUL79 and ADinUL79(stop) viruses provide additional proof for the power of the protein stability-based conditional approach to dissect the role of viral factors in HCMV biology.
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Pérez-Faginas P, Aranda MT, García-López MT, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Balzarini J, González-Muñiz R. Synthesis and SAR studies on azetidine-containing dipeptides as HCMV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:1155-61. [PMID: 21256035 PMCID: PMC7127091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies on an azetidine-containing dipeptide prototype inhibitor of HCMV are described. Three series of structurally modified analogues, involving substitutions at the N- and C-terminus, and at the C-terminal side-chain were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. Aliphatic or no substituents at the C-carboxamide group, an aliphatic C-terminal side-chain, as well as a benzyloxycarbonyl moiety at the N-terminus were absolute requirements for anti-HCMV activity. The conformational restriction induced by the 2-azetidine residue into the dipeptide derivatives, identified by 1H NMR as a γ-type reverse turn, seems to have influence on the activity of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pérez-Faginas
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juna de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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IL-6 in human cytomegalovirus secretome promotes angiogenesis and survival of endothelial cells through the stimulation of survivin. Blood 2010; 117:352-61. [PMID: 20930069 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-291245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is linked to the acceleration of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and transplant vasculopathy. One of the hallmarks of these diseases is angiogenesis (AG) and neovessel formation. Endothelial cells (ECs) are an integral part of AG and are sites of HCMV persistence. AG requires multiple synchronous processes that include EC proliferation, migration, and vessel stabilization. Virus-free supernatant (secretome) from HCMV-infected ECs induces AG. To identify factor(s) involved in this process, we performed a human cytokine array. Several cytokines were significantly induced in the HCMV secretomes including interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-8/CXCL8. Using in vitro AG assays, neutralization of IL-6 significantly reduced neovessel formation. Addition of the HCMV secretome to preformed vessels extended neovessel survival, but this effect was blocked by neutralization of IL-6. In these cells, IL-6 prevented apoptosis by blocking caspase-3 and -7 activation through the induction of survivin. Neutralization of IL-6 receptor on ECs abolished the ability of HCMV secretome to increase survivin expression and activated effector caspases. Moreover, survivin shRNA expression induced rapid regression of tubule capillary networks in ECs stimulated with HCMV secretome and activated effector caspases. These observations may explain how CMV accelerates vascular disease despite limited infection in tissues.
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55
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Caposio P, Orloff SL, Streblow DN. The role of cytomegalovirus in angiogenesis. Virus Res 2010; 157:204-11. [PMID: 20869406 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been associated with the acceleration of vascular disease including atherosclerosis and transplant associated vasculopathy in solid organ transplants. HCMV promotes vascular disease at many of the different stages of the disease development. These include the initial injury phase, enhancing the response to injury and inflammation, as well as by increasing SMC hyperplasia and foamy macrophage cell formation. Angiogenesis is a critical process involved in the development of vascular diseases. Recently, HCMV has been shown to induce angiogenesis and this process is thought to contribute to HCMV-accelerated vascular disease and may also be important for HCMV-enhanced tumor formation. This review will highlight the role of HCMV in promoting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Caposio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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56
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Imbronito AV, Marcelino SL, Grande SR, Nunes FD, Romito GA. Detection of human cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus in coronary atherosclerotic tissue. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:563-6. [PMID: 24031529 PMCID: PMC3768663 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that patients with atherosclerosis are predominantly infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but rarely infected by type 1 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV-1). In this study, atheromas of 30 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery with coronary endartherectomy were tested for the presence of these two viruses. HCMV occurred in 93.3% of the samples and EBV-1 was present in 50% of them. Concurrent presence of both pathogens was detected in 43.3% of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitória Imbronito
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, SP , Brasil
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57
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Gershom ES, Sutherland MR, Lollar P, Pryzdial ELG. Involvement of the contact phase and intrinsic pathway in herpes simplex virus-initiated plasma coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1037-43. [PMID: 20128864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND A hemostatic response to vascular injury is initiated by the extrinsic pathway of coagulation and amplified by the intrinsic pathway. We previously reported that purified herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV1) has constitutive extrinsic pathway tissue factor (TF) and anionic phospholipid on its surface derived from the host cell, and can consequently bypass strict cellular control of coagulation. OBJECTIVE The current work addresses the hypothesis that HSV1-induced plasma coagulation also involves intrinsic pathway, factor VIII (FVIII), and upstream contact activation pathway, factor XII (FXII). RESULTS HSV1-initiated clotting was accelerated when purified FVIII was added to FVIII-deficient plasma and in normal plasma attenuated by an inhibitory anti-FVIII antibody (Ab). High HSV1 concentrations predictably reduced the effect of FVIII due to the availability of excess viral TF. To further define TF-independent clotting mechanisms initiated by HSV1, the extrinsic pathway was disabled using factor VII-deficient plasma. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by activation of FXII associated with surface-bound kallikrein, which subsequently activates factor XI. Here we found that an inhibitor of activated FXII, corn trypsin inhibitor, and anti-FXII, anti-kallikrein and anti-FXI Abs inhibited HSV1-initiated clotting. HSV1-enhanced activation of purified FXII was confirmed by Western blot, but required prekallikrein. CONCLUSION The current work shows that HSV1 can trigger and amplify coagulation through the contact phase and intrinsic pathway, and suggests an additional mechanism that may contribute to vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Gershom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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Vomaske J, Nelson JA, Streblow DN. Human Cytomegalovirus US28: a functionally selective chemokine binding receptor. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2010; 9:548-56. [PMID: 19594424 DOI: 10.2174/187152609789105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are small cytokines that are part of a large family of molecules that bind to G-protein coupled receptors, which, as a family, are the most widely targeted group of molecules in the treatment of disease. Chemokines are critical for recruiting and activating the cells of the immune system during inflammation especially during viral infections. However, a number of viruses including the large herpes virus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encode mechanisms to impede the effects of chemokines or has gained the ability to use these molecules to its own advantage. The Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded chemokine receptor US28 is the best characterized of the four unique chemokine receptor-like molecules found in the HCMV genome. US28 has been studied as an important virulence factor for HCMV-mediated vascular disease and, more recently, in models of HCMV-associated malignancy. US28 is a rare multi-chemokine family binding receptor with the ability to bind ligands from two distinct chemokine classes. Ligand binding to US28 activates cell-type and ligand-specific signaling pathways leading to cellular migration, which is an important example of receptor functional selectivity. Additionally, US28 has been demonstrated to constitutively activate phospholipase C (PLC) and NF-kB signaling pathways. Understanding the structure/function relationships between US28, its ligands and intracellular signaling molecules will provide essential clues for effective pharmacological targeting of this multifunctional chemokine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vomaske
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and The Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
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Ho RCM, Neo LF, Chua ANC, Cheak AAC, Mak A. Research on Psychoneuroimmunology: Does Stress Influence Immunity and Cause Coronary Artery Disease? ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2010. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n3p191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the importance of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) studies in understanding the role of acute and chronic psychological stressors on the immune system and development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Firstly, it illustrates how psychological stressors change endothelial function and lead to chemotaxis. Secondly, acute psychological stressors lead to leukocytosis, increased natural killer cell cytotoxicity and reduced proliferative response to mitogens while chronic psychological stressors may lead to adverse health effects. This will result in changes in cardiovascular function and development of CAD. Thirdly, acute and chronic psychological stressors will increase haemostatic factors and acute phase proteins, possibly leading to thrombus formation and myocardial infarction. The evidence for the effects of acute and chronic psychological stress on the onset and progression of CAD is consistent and convincing. This paper also highlights potential research areas and implications of early detection of immunological changes and cardiovascular risk in people under high psychological stress.
Key words: Cardiovascular, Inflammation, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger CM Ho
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Fang Neo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna NC Chua
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia AC Cheak
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anselm Mak
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Human cytomegalovirus gene UL21a encodes a short-lived cytoplasmic protein and facilitates virus replication in fibroblasts. J Virol 2010; 84:291-302. [PMID: 19846516 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01116-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene UL21a was recently annotated by its conservation in chimpanzee cytomegalovirus. Two large-scale mutagenic analyses showed that mutations in overlapping UL21a/UL21 resulted in a severe defect of virus growth in fibroblasts. Here, we characterized UL21a and demonstrated its role in HCMV infection. We mapped a UL21a-specific transcript of approximately 600 bp that was expressed with early kinetics. UL21a encoded pUL21a, a protein of approximately 15 kDa, which was unstable and localized predominantly to the cytoplasm during HCMV infection or when expressed alone. Interestingly, pUL21a was drastically stabilized in the presence of proteasome inhibitor MG132, but its instability was independent of a functional ubiquitin-mediated pathway, suggesting that pUL21a underwent proteasome-dependent, ubiquitin-independent degradation. A UL21a deletion virus was attenuated in primary human newborn foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) and embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), whereas a marker-rescued virus and mutant viruses lacking the neighboring or overlapping genes UL20, UL21, or UL21.5-UL23 replicated at wild-type levels. The growth defect of UL21a-deficient virus in MRC-5 cells was more pronounced than that in HFFs. At a high multiplicity of infection, the UL21a deletion virus synthesized viral proteins with wild-type kinetics but had a two- to threefold defect in viral DNA replication. More importantly, although pUL21a was not detected in the virion, progeny virions produced by the mutant virus were approximately 10 times less infectious than wild-type virus, suggesting that UL21a is required for HCMV to establish efficient productive infection. We conclude that UL21a encodes a short-lived cytoplasmic protein and facilitates HCMV replication in fibroblasts.
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61
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Wen DQ, Zhang YY, Lv LP, Zhou XP, Yan F, Ma P, Xu JB. Human cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor homolog US28 stimulates the major immediate early gene promoter/enhancer via the induction of CREB. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 29:266-73. [PMID: 19772393 DOI: 10.1080/10799890903178141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The major immediate early (MIE) gene of cytomegalovirus plays a key role in determining the activation and replication of cytomegalovirus, which represents the most important event signaling the onset of virus-induced disease relapse. The viral-encoded chemokine receptor homolog US28 can constitutively activate many cellular transcription factors, which can bind to the promoter/enhancer of the MIE gene and activate its transcription. Using reporter gene assays in HEK293 cells, we found that US28 enhanced the transcription efficiency of MIE and other genes via cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Inhibition of CREB partially blocked the effect of US28, whereas forskolin enhanced this effect. There was a direct correlation between CREB and transcription of MIE gene. These data, together with the broad-spectrum effect of cellular transcription factors, suggest that US28 may be involved in the very early transcription of the host cell during virus activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qing Wen
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P R China
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62
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Ardalan MR, Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Ghabili K. Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis Associated with Acute Cytomegalovirus Infection: Resolution Following Ganciclovir Administration. Ren Fail 2009; 31:982-4. [PMID: 20030536 DOI: 10.3109/08860220903288526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Ardalan
- Department of Nephrology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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63
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Gredmark S, Jonasson L, Van Gosliga D, Ernerudh J, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Active cytomegalovirus replication in patients with coronary disease. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2009; 41:230-4. [PMID: 17680510 DOI: 10.1080/14017430701383755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence of active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with stable and unstable conditions of coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN Forty patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 50 patients with stable angina and angiographically verified CAD (SA) and 50 clinically healthy controls were included. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood and CMV-RNA expression was determined by a nested RT-PCR assay. CMV IgM and IgG antibodies, interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-10 and CRP were measured in serum. RESULTS The prevalence of active CMV infection was significantly higher in patients with ACS (15%) and in patients with SA (10%) compared with controls (2%) (p<0.001). The presence of an active CMV infection was associated with increased serum concentrations of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Active CMV infection was found to a larger extent in CAD patients than in healthy controls. The data indicate that CAD patients are more susceptible to reactivation of CMV and put new focus on the role of CMV in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gredmark
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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64
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65
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Williamson CD, Colberg-Poley AM. Access of viral proteins to mitochondria via mitochondria-associated membranes. Rev Med Virol 2009; 19:147-64. [PMID: 19367604 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
By exploiting host cell machineries, viruses provide powerful tools for gaining insight into cellular pathways. Proteins from two unrelated viruses, human CMV (HCMV) and HCV, are documented to traffic sequentially from the ER into mitochondria, probably through the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) compartment. The MAM are sites of ER-mitochondrial contact enabling the direct transfer of membrane bound lipids and the generation of high calcium (Ca2+) microdomains for mitochondria signalling and responses to cellular stress. Both HCV core protein and HCMV UL37 proteins are associated with Ca2+ regulation and apoptotic signals. Trafficking of viral proteins to the MAM may allow viruses to manipulate a variety of fundamental cellular processes, which converge at the MAM, including Ca2+ signalling, lipid synthesis and transfer, bioenergetics, metabolic flow, and apoptosis. Because of their distinct topologies and targeted MAM sub-domains, mitochondrial trafficking (albeit it through the MAM) of the HCMV and HCV proteins predictably involves alternative pathways and, hence, distinct targeting signals. Indeed, we found that multiple cellular and viral proteins, which target the MAM, showed no apparent consensus primary targeting sequences. Nonetheless, these viral proteins provide us with valuable tools to access the poorly characterised MAM compartment, to define its cellular constituents and describe how virus infection alters these to its own end. Furthermore, because proper trafficking of viral proteins is necessary for their function, discovering the requirements for MAM to mitochondrial trafficking of essential viral proteins may provide novel targets for the rational design of anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Williamson
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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66
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Simanek AM, Dowd JB, Aiello AE. Persistent pathogens linking socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease in the US. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:775-87. [PMID: 19109247 PMCID: PMC2689394 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have documented a strong inverse association between cardiovascular disease and socioeconomic position (SEP). Several infections are associated with both cardiovascular disease and SEP; hence infection may form an important link between SEP and cardiovascular disease. This study examines whether seropositivity to cytomegalovirus (CMV), to herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), and/or to both pathogens mediates the relationship between SEP and cardiovascular disease history in a nationally representative sample of the United States. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of subjects > or =45 years of age, who were tested for seropositivity to CMV, HSV-1 or both pathogens and assessed for cardiovascular disease history in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Cardiovascular disease history was defined as history of stroke, heart attack and/or congestive heart failure and SEP as education level. RESULTS SEP was associated with CMV, HSV-1 and seropositivity to both pathogens. CMV seropositivity was associated with cardiovascular disease history even after adjusting for confounders as well as SEP. The odds of reporting a history of cardiovascular disease for those with less than a high school education compared with those with more than a high school education decreased by 7.7% after adjusting for CMV (Sobel mediation test for CMV, P = 0.0006). In contrast, neither seropositivity to HSV-1 nor to both pathogens was associated with cardiovascular disease history after adjusting for SEP. CONCLUSIONS Persistent pathogens such as CMV infection may explain a portion of the relationship between SEP and cardiovascular disease in the United States. Further studies examining additional pathogens and sociobiological mechanisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Simanek
- Center for Social Epidemiology & Population Health School of Public Health-University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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67
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Cheng J, Ke Q, Jin Z, Wang H, Kocher O, Morgan JP, Zhang J, Crumpacker CS. Cytomegalovirus infection causes an increase of arterial blood pressure. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000427. [PMID: 19436702 PMCID: PMC2673691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common infection in adults (seropositive 60–99% globally), and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, in line with risk factors such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Several viral infections are linked to hypertension, including human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and HIV-1. The mechanisms of how viral infection contributes to hypertension or increased blood pressure are not defined. In this report, the role of CMV infection as a cause of increased blood pressure and in forming aortic atherosclerotic plaques is examined. Using in vivo mouse model and in vitro molecular biology analyses, we find that CMV infection alone caused a significant increase in arterial blood pressure (ABp) (p<0.01∼0.05), measured by microtip catheter technique. This increase in blood pressure by mouse CMV (MCMV) was independent of atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta, defined by histological analyses. MCMV DNA was detected in blood vessel samples of viral infected mice but not in the control mice by nested PCR assay. MCMV significantly increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in mouse serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR (Q-RT-PCR) and Western blot, we find that CMV stimulated expression of renin in mouse and human cells in an infectious dose-dependent manner. Co-staining and immunofluorescent microscopy analyses showed that MCMV infection stimulated renin expression at a single cell level. Further examination of angiotensin-II (Ang II) in mouse serum and arterial tissues with ELISA showed an increased expression of Ang II by MCMV infection. Consistent with the findings of the mouse trial, human CMV (HCMV) infection of blood vessel endothelial cells (EC) induced renin expression in a non-lytic infection manner. Viral replication kinetics and plaque formation assay showed that an active, CMV persistent infection in EC and expression of viral genes might underpin the molecular mechanism. These results show that CMV infection is a risk factor for increased arterial blood pressure, and is a co-factor in aortic atherosclerosis. Viral persistent infection of EC may underlie the mechanism. Control of CMV infection can be developed to restrict hypertension and atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with cardiovascular diseases. The exact mechanisms, however, remain to be defined. Using both mouse model and cell culture analyses, we find that CMV infection alone causes an increase in blood pressure. Additionally, CMV infection augments the increased blood pressure induced by a high cholesterol diet. CMV infection alone, however, does not cause atherosclerosis in aortas. CMV infection along with a high cholesterol diet, however, causes the classic atherosclerotic plaque formation in the main artery connected to the heart. Further studies show that CMV infection induces renin and angiotensin II (Ang II) expression in blood and in vessel cells, in a persistent infection manner. An increased expression of renin and Ang II has been known to cause an increase in blood pressure or hypertension in humans. Expression of viral genes and viral persistent infection of blood vessel endothelial cells resulting in an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, including renin and Ang II, may underpin the molecular mechanism by which CMV infection induces an increase in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Established cardiovascular risk factors do not fully explain the variations in the prevalence and severity of coronary heart disease. Recent evidence suggests that common chronic infections may contribute, either by direct or indirect mechanisms, to the etiology and/or progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Of the candidate infectious agents implicated, Chlamydia pneumoniae has emerged as the most likely pathogen to have a causal role. Evidence for this is based on seroepidemiologic, pathologic, and laboratory-based evidence, in addition to recent small-scale antibiotic intervention studies. Concerted efforts are now focused on the design of large prospective trials with antibiotics active against C. pneumoniae in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K
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Miller-Kittrell M, Sparer TE. Feeling manipulated: cytomegalovirus immune manipulation. Virol J 2009; 6:4. [PMID: 19134204 PMCID: PMC2636769 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
No one likes to feel like they have been manipulated, but in the case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) immune manipulation, we do not really have much choice. Whether you call it CMV immune modulation, manipulation, or evasion, the bottom line is that CMV alters the immune response in such a way to allow the establishment of latency with lifelong shedding. With millions of years of coevolution within their hosts, CMVs, like other herpesviruses, encode numerous proteins that can broadly influence the magnitude and quality of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These viral proteins include both homologues of host proteins, such as MHC class I or chemokine homologues, and proteins with little similarity to any other known proteins, such as the chemokine binding protein. Although a strong immune response is launched against CMV, these virally encoded proteins can interfere with the host's ability to efficiently recognize and clear virus, while others induce or alter specific immune responses to benefit viral replication or spread within the host. Modulation of host immunity allows survival of both the virus and the host. One way of describing it would be a kind of "mutually assured survival" (as opposed to MAD, Mutually Assured Destruction). Evaluation of this relationship provides important insights into the life cycle of CMV as well as a greater understanding of the complexity of the immune response to pathogens in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Miller-Kittrell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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70
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Active cytomegalovirus infection in aortic smooth muscle cells from patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 87:347-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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71
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Ghotaslou R, Aslanabadi N, Ghojazadeh M. Hepatitis B Virus Infection and the Risk of Coronary Atherosclerosis. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2008. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v37n11p913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Many studies have reported on the association between human coronary artery disease (CAD) and certain persistent bacterial and viral infections. Currently, it is unclear whether hepatitis B virus infection is associated with the risk of the atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between hepatitis B virus infection and angiography-proven CAD.
Materials and Methods: Sera from 5004 patients who underwent coronary angiography were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay at Madani Heart Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Results: Our study population comprised 66% male and 34% female, with an age range of 36 to 86 years. The prevalence of HBsAg positivity tended to be higher in CAD patients than in those without CAD (3.28% versus 2.17%), but the difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that hepatitis B virus infection is not associated with coronary atherosclerosis in this population.
Key words: Atherosclerosis, Coronary artery disease, Hepatitis B virus
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72
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Britt W. Manifestations of human cytomegalovirus infection: proposed mechanisms of acute and chronic disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 325:417-70. [PMID: 18637519 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans with acquired or developmental deficits in innate and adaptive immunity. In the normal immunocompetent host, symptoms rarely accompany acute infections, although prolonged virus shedding is frequent. Virus persistence is established in all infected individuals and appears to be maintained by both a chronic productive infections as well as latency with restricted viral gene expression. The contributions of the each of these mechanisms to the persistence of this virus in the individual is unknown but frequent virus shedding into the saliva and genitourinary tract likely accounts for the near universal incidence of infection in most populations in the world. The pathogenesis of disease associated with acute HCMV infection is most readily attributable to lytic virus replication and end organ damage either secondary to virus replication and cell death or from host immunological responses that target virus-infected cells. Antiviral agents limit the severity of disease associated with acute HCMV infections, suggesting a requirement for virus replication in clinical syndromes associated with acute infection. End organ disease secondary to unchecked virus replication can be observed in infants infected in utero, allograft recipients receiving potent immunosuppressive agents, and patients with HIV infections that exhibit a loss of adaptive immune function. In contrast, diseases associated with chronic or persistent infections appear in normal individuals and in the allografts of the transplant recipient. The manifestations of these infections appear related to chronic inflammation, but it is unclear if poorly controlled virus replication is necessary for the different phenotypic expressions of disease that are reported in these patients. Although the relationship between HCMV infection and chronic allograft rejection is well known, the mechanisms that account for the role of this virus in graft loss are not well understood. However, the capacity of this virus to persist in the midst of intense inflammation suggests that its persistence could serve as a trigger for the induction of host-vs-graft responses or alternatively host responses to HCMV could contribute to the inflammatory milieu characteristic of chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Childrens Hospital, Harbor Bldg. 104, 1600 7th Ave. South Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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73
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Abstract
Coronary heart disease remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States and other western countries despite major advances in its treatment. During the last decades, many markers of coronary artery disease have been found which help predict future risk of cardiovascular events. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein has been studied extensively and was seen to be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes and/or peripheral artery disease. Discussed in this review is the latest literature about this marker and its association with cardiovascular disease, as well as the latest therapeutic options available.
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74
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The full-length protein encoded by human cytomegalovirus gene UL117 is required for the proper maturation of viral replication compartments. J Virol 2008; 82:3452-65. [PMID: 18216115 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01964-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, two large-scale mutagenic analyses showed that mutations in the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene UL117 resulted in a defect in virus growth in fibroblasts. Early transcriptional analyses have revealed several mRNAs from the UL119-UL115 region; however, specific transcripts encoding UL117-related proteins have not been identified. In this study, we identified two novel transcripts arising from the UL117 gene locus, and we reported that the UL117 open reading frame encoded the full-length protein pUL117 (45 kDa) and the shorter isoform pUL117.5 (35 kDa) as the result of translation initiation at alternative in-frame ATGs. Both proteins were expressed with early kinetics, but pUL117 accumulated at a lower abundance relative to that of pUL117.5. During HCMV infection, both proteins localized predominantly to the nucleus, and the major fraction of pUL117 localized in viral nuclear replication compartments. We constructed mutant HCMV viruses in which the entire UL117 coding sequence was deleted or the expression of pUL117 was specifically abrogated. The growth of mutant viruses was significantly attenuated, indicating that pUL117 was required for efficient virus infection in fibroblasts. Cells infected with the pUL117-deficient mutant virus accumulated representative viral immediate-early proteins and early proteins normally. In the absence of pUL117, the accumulation of replicating viral DNA was reduced by no more than twofold at early times and was indistinguishable from that of the wild type at 72 h postinfection. Strikingly, there was a 12- to 24-h delay in the development of nuclear replication compartments and a marked delay in the expression of late viral proteins. We conclude that pUL117 acts to promote the development of nuclear replication compartments to facilitate viral growth.
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75
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Structure, function and physiological consequences of virally encoded chemokine seven transmembrane receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S154-66. [PMID: 18204488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of human and animal herpes viruses encode G-protein coupled receptors with seven transmembrane (7TM) segments-most of which are clearly related to human chemokine receptors. It appears, that these receptors are used by the virus for immune evasion, cellular transformation, tissue targeting, and possibly for cell entry. In addition, many virally-encoded chemokine 7TM receptors have been suggested to be causally involved in pathogenic phenotypes like Kaposi sarcoma, atherosclerosis, HIV-infection and tumour development. The role of these receptors during the viral life cycle and in viral pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Here we focus on the current knowledge of structure, function and trafficking patterns of virally encoded chemokine receptors and further address the putative roles of these receptors in virus survival and host -cell and/or -immune system modulation. Finally, we highlight the emerging impact of these receptor on virus-mediated diseases.
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76
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77
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José Pérez-Sola M, José Castón J, Solana R, Rivero A, Torre-Cisneros J. Indirect effects of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26:38-47. [DOI: 10.1157/13114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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78
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Hansson GK, Robertson AKL, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2007; 1:297-329. [PMID: 18039117 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 739] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemic gangrene, is an inflammatory disease. The atherosclerotic process is initiated when cholesterol-containing low-density lipoproteins accumulate in the intima and activate the endothelium. Leukocyte adhesion molecules and chemokines promote recruitment of monocytes and T cells. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and upregulate pattern recognition receptors, including scavenger receptors and toll-like receptors. Scavenger receptors mediate lipoprotein internalization, which leads to foam-cell formation. Toll-like receptors transmit activating signals that lead to the release of cytokines, proteases, and vasoactive molecules. T cells in lesions recognize local antigens and mount T helper-1 responses with secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to local inflammation and growth of the plaque. Intensified inflammatory activation may lead to local proteolysis, plaque rupture, and thrombus formation, which causes ischemia and infarction. Inflammatory markers are already used to monitor the disease process and anti-inflammatory therapy may be useful to control disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden.
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79
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Liu R, Moroi M, Yamamoto M, Kubota T, Ono T, Funatsu A, Komatsu H, Tsuji T, Hara H, Hara H, Nakamura M, Hirai H, Yamaguchi T. Presence and severity of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Cytomegalovirus infection in coronary plaques are associated with acute coronary syndromes. Int Heart J 2007; 47:511-9. [PMID: 16960406 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.47.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) or Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and coronary atherosclerosis has been reported, such an association is less clear for acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenic roles of Cpn and CMV infection of coronary plaques in ACS. We divided 38 coronary plaque specimens obtained from 38 patients who underwent directional coronary atherectomy or thrombectomy into an ACS group (n = 21) and a non-ACS group (n = 17). Cpn and CMV in specimens were stained using immunohistochemical techniques and analyzed quantitatively. The detection rate for either Cpn- or CMV-positive cells in ACS patients was slightly higher compared with non-ACS patients. Detection rates for both Cpn- and CMV-positive cells were significantly higher in ACS patients than in non-ACS patients (P = 0.010). Furthermore, the density of Cpn- and CMV-positive cells in plaques was significantly higher in ACS patients than in non-ACS patients (P < 0.003). The results indicate that the presence and severity of Cpn and CMV infection in coronary plaques are greater in patients with ACS compared with non-ACS patients. We conclude that infection with Cpn and CMV in coronary plaques may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Ohashi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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80
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Krebs P, Scandella E, Bolinger B, Engeler D, Miller S, Ludewig B. Chronic Immune Reactivity Against Persisting Microbial Antigen in the Vasculature Exacerbates Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2206-13. [PMID: 17656668 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.141846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
The purpose of this study was to examine the relative contribution of different immunopathological mechanisms during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-mediated acceleration of atheroma formation in apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE
−/−
) mice.
Methods and Results—
To distinguish between the effects of systemic activation and cognate immune reactivity against a pathogen-derived persisting antigen in the vasculature, we used hypercholesterolemic transgenic mice constitutively expressing the β-galactosidase (β-gal) transgene in the cardiovascular system (apoE
−/−
×SM-LacZ). After infection with β-gal–recombinant MCMV-LacZ, apoE
−/−
, and apoE
−/−
×SM-LacZ mice mounted comparable cellular immune responses against the virus. β-gal–specific CD8
+
T cells expanded rapidly and remained detectable for at least 100 days in both mouse strains. However, compared with apoE
−/−
mice, apoE
−/−
×SM-LacZ mice developed drastically accelerated atherosclerosis. Moreover, atherosclerotic lesions in MCMV-LacZ–infected apoE
−/−
×SM-LacZ but not apoE
−/−
mice were associated with pronounced inflammatory infiltrates.
Conclusions—
Taken together, our data indicate that chronic immune reactivity against pathogen-derived antigens persisting in the vasculature significantly exacerbates atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Krebs
- Research Department, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, CH-9007 St Gallen, Switzerland
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81
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Bolovan-Fritts CA, Spector SA. Endothelial damage from cytomegalovirus-specific host immune response can be prevented by targeted disruption of fractalkine-CX3CR1 interaction. Blood 2007; 111:175-82. [PMID: 17895402 PMCID: PMC2200803 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-107730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been linked to inflammatory diseases, including vascular disease and chronic transplant rejection, that involve vascular endothelial damage. We have previously shown that the host CD4(+) T-cell response to CMV antigen can produce IFNgamma and TNFalpha at levels sufficient to drive induction of fractalkine, a key marker of inflammation in endothelial cells. We have also observed a major pathogenic effect in which endothelial cell damage and loss follow the induction of fractalkine and up-regulation of cell adhesion markers in the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors with a high CMV-specific T-cell frequency. In this report, we show that the fractalkine-CX(3)CR1 interaction resulting in recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells and monocyte-macrophages plays an important role in mediating this endothelial damage. Supportive evidence for frac-talkine's key role is shown by the ability of specific antibody to CX(3)CR1 to reduce significantly CX(3)CR1(+)-bearing cell chemoattraction and to protect against endothelial damage. These findings support CMV as a member of a class of persistent pathogens in which a high T-cell response and chemokine-mediated effects are a risk factor for development of chronic inflammation and endothelial cell injury.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/pharmacology
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CX3CL1/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Bolovan-Fritts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0672, USA
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82
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Jin SW, Her SH, Lee JM, Yoon HJ, Moon SJ, Kim PJ, Baek SH, Seung KB, Kim JH, Kang SB, Kim JH, Kim KY. The association between current Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary artery disease. Korean J Intern Med 2007; 22:152-6. [PMID: 17939331 PMCID: PMC2687700 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2007.22.3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is still controversial, and the relation between current H. pylori infection and CAD has not been fully examined. This study evaluated the relation between H. pylori infection as confirmed by gastroduodenoscopic biopsy and CAD. METHODS We determined the presence of H. pylori infections, via gastroduodenoscopy, in 88 patients of the normal coronary angiographic group and also in 175 patients of the CAD group, and the latter patients had more than 50% coronary stenosis angiographically demonstrated. We excluded those patients with a history of previous H. pylori eradication and/or malignancy. A small piece of tissue from the antrum, which was obtained by gastroduodenoscopic biopsy, was stained by Warthin-starry silver stain. We defined a negative staining result that there was no stained tissue in the sample and the stained tissue was also positive for H. pylori infection. RESULTS There was no significant difference, except for gender, age, smoking and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), of the demographic and laboratory characteristics between the groups. Twenty seven (30.7%) patients of the normal control group and 71 (40.6%) patients of the CAD group were positive of H. pylori infection, yet there was no statistical difference. We angiographically followed up the 80 patients of the CAD group who were treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at 6 to 9 months after their primary intervention. Twenty two (37.9%) of the 58 patients of the H. pylori negative group and 10 (45.5%) of the 22 patients of the H. pylori positive group were treated with reintervention, but reintervention was also not significantly different between the group with H. pylori infection and the group without the infection. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that H. pylori infection had a modest influence on CAD and progressive atheroma, but the showed a tendency to increase. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between H. pylori infection and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Her
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jeoung Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pum-Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hong Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hi Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Cha Hospital, College of Medicine, Pochon Cha University, Bundang, Korea
| | - Keon-Yeop, Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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83
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Voisard R, Krügers T, Reinhardt B, Vaida B, Baur R, Herter T, Lüske A, Weckermann D, Weingärtner K, Rössler W, Hombach V, Mertens T. HCMV-infection in a human arterial organ culture model: effects on cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:68. [PMID: 17659083 PMCID: PMC1950876 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of infections with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) for the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis is still unclear. Both a clear correlation and no correlation at all have been reported in clinical, mostly serological studies. In our study we employed a human non-injury ex vivo organ culture model to investigate the effect of an in vitro permissive HCMV-infection on cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia for a period of 56 days. Results During routine-nephrectomies parts of renal arteries from 71 patients were obtained and prepared as human organ cultures. Cell free HCMV infection was performed with the fibroblast adapted HCMV strain AD169, the endotheliotropic strain TB40E, and a clinical isolate (AN 365). After 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 56 days in culture staining of HCMV-antigens was carried out and reactive cell proliferation and neointimal thickening were analysed. Successful HCMV-infection was accomplished with all three virus strains studied. During the first 21 days in organ culture no cell proliferation or neointimal hyperplasia was detected. At day 35 and day 56 moderate cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia was found both in HCMV-infected segments and mock infected controls. Neointimal hyperplasia in productively HCMV-infected segments was lower than in non infected at day 35 and day 56, but relatively higher after infection with the endotheliotropic TB40E in comparison with the two other strains. Conclusion The data do not support the hypothesis that HCMV-infection triggers restenosis via a stimulatory effect on cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in comparison to non infected controls. Interestingly however, even after lytic infection, a virus strain specific difference was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Voisard
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Krügers
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Reinhardt
- Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bianca Vaida
- Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Regine Baur
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tina Herter
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anke Lüske
- Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorothea Weckermann
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Augsburg, Stenglin Straße 2, D-86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Karl Weingärtner
- Department of Urology, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Straße 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rössler
- Department of Urology, St. Josef Spital Regensburg, Landshuter Straße 65, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Hombach
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Mertens
- Department of Virology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Straße 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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84
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Vischer HF, Vink C, Smit MJ. A viral conspiracy: hijacking the chemokine system through virally encoded pirated chemokine receptors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 303:121-54. [PMID: 16570859 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33397-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several herpesviruses and poxviruses contain genes encoding for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteins that are expressed on the surface of infected host cells and/or the viral envelope. Most of these membrane-associated proteins display highest homology to the subfamily of chemokine receptors known to play a key role in the immune system. Virally encoded chemokine receptors have been modified through evolutionary selection both in chemokine binding profile and signaling capacity, ultimately resulting in immune evasion and cellular reprogramming in favor of viral survival and replication. Insight in the role of virally encoded GPCRs during the viral lifecycle may reveal their potential as future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Vischer
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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85
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Bolovan-Fritts CA, Trout RN, Spector SA. High T-cell response to human cytomegalovirus induces chemokine-mediated endothelial cell damage. Blood 2007; 110:1857-63. [PMID: 17519388 PMCID: PMC1976357 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-078881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been linked to inflammatory diseases that involve vascular endothelial damage, including vascular disease and chronic transplant rejection. We previously reported that the host CD4(+) T-cell response to CMV antigen presented by endothelial cells can produce interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha at levels sufficient to drive induction of fractalkine, a key marker of inflammation, in endothelial cells. In this work, we report that donors with high frequencies of antigen-specific T cells to CMV (high responders) induce higher levels of activation-associated chemokines such as fractalkine, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, together with cell-adhesion markers in endothelial cells compared with donors with low levels of CMV-specific T cells (low responders). High-responder cultures had higher levels of leukocyte recruitment and adherence to the endothelial monolayers associated with progressive damage and loss of the endothelial cells. These processes that led to endothelial destruction only required viral antigen and did not require infectious virus. Our findings further support that CMV may represent one member of a class of persistent pathogens in which a high antigen-specific T-cell response defines an important risk factor for development of chronic inflammation and endothelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Bolovan-Fritts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0672, USA
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86
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Ozdemir FN, Akgul A, Altunoglu A, Bilgic A, Arat Z, Haberal M. The Association Between Cytomegalovirus Infection and Atherosclerotic Events in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2007; 39:990-2. [PMID: 17524871 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a risk factor for arteriosclerosis in renal transplant recipients. We sought to investigate the effects of CMV infection on atherosclerotic events (AE) in renal transplant recipients. This retrospective analysis included 200 patients: 52 women and 148 men of overall mean age of 36.18 +/- 10.23 years who were transplanted at our center between 1998 and 2001. We analyzed demographic features, dialysis duration, diabetes, blood pressure level, body mass index (BMI), medications, and lipid parameters. CMV infection was diagnosed in 23.5% of patients in the first 2 years after transplantation; these patients were followed for 4 years. All patients had been assessed for AE, including previous myocardial infarction, angina, revascularization procedures, intermittent claudication, stroke, or transient ischemic attack. AE occurred in 13% during the follow-up period. CMV infection was more frequent among these patients compared to those without AE, namely 42.3% versus 20.6%, respectively. Although the gender, dialysis duration, serum cholesterol level, presence of acute rejection, and BMI were not associated with AE, age, hypertension, and CMV infection did show a relation. A multivariate analysis by logistic regression revealed mean age and CMV infection to be independent risk factors for AE: odds ratio (OR)=5.6, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3 to 24.6 (P=0.02) and OR=4, 95% CI = 1.3 to 12.3 (P=.01). This study suggested that the presence of CMV infection may be a triggering factor for AE in renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Ozdemir
- Department of Nephrology, Baskent University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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87
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Terhune S, Torigoi E, Moorman N, Silva M, Qian Z, Shenk T, Yu D. Human cytomegalovirus UL38 protein blocks apoptosis. J Virol 2007; 81:3109-23. [PMID: 17202209 PMCID: PMC1866066 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02124-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an innate cellular defense response to viral infection. The slow-replicating human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) blocks premature death of host cells prior to completion of the infection cycle. In this study, we report that the HCMV UL38 gene encodes a cell death inhibitory protein. A mutant virus lacking the pUL38 coding sequence, ADdlUL38, grew poorly in human fibroblasts, failed to accumulate viral DNA to wild-type levels, and induced excessive death of infected cells. Cells expressing pUL38 were resistant to cell death upon infection and effectively supported the growth of ADdlUL38. Cells infected with the pUL38-deficient virus showed morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, vesicle release, and chromatin condensation and fragmentation. The proteolytic cleavage of two key enzymes involved in apoptosis, namely, caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, was activated upon ADdlUL38 infection, and the cleavage was blocked in cells expressing pUL38. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK largely restored the growth of ADdlUL38 in normal fibroblasts, indicating that the defective growth of the mutant virus mainly resulted from premature death of host cells. Furthermore, cells expressing pUL38 were resistant to cell death induced by a mutant adenovirus lacking the antiapoptotic E1B-19K protein or by thapsigargin, which disrupts calcium homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Taken together, these results indicate that the HCMV protein pUL38 suppresses apoptosis, blocking premature death of host cells to facilitate efficient virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Terhune
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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88
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Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Sinclair E, Bredt B, Franklin A, Killian M, Hoh R, Martin JN, McCune JM, Waters DD, Deeks SG. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in HIV patients is associated with increased cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell responses. AIDS 2006; 20:2275-83. [PMID: 17117013 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3280108704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-infected subjects are at increased risk for myocardial infarction. The mechanism of this increased risk remains unclear. Since cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in the transplant population and immune responses against CMV may be altered by HIV disease, we hypothesized that enhanced T-cell responses against CMV would be associated with increased atherosclerosis in subjects with HIV. METHODS We measured high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), T-cell activation, CMV-specific T-cell responses, and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in 93 HIV-infected subjects and in 37 uninfected controls. RESULTS The mean age of the HIV-infected subjects was 48 years and 85 (91%) were male. The median carotid IMT was higher in the HIV-infected group compared to the uninfected group (0.95 mm versus 0.68 mm, P < 0.001). This difference remained significant after controlling for all traditional risk factors. Compared to HIV-negative controls, HIV-infected subjects had higher median levels of hs-CRP (P = 0.05), higher levels of CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation (P < 0.0001) and higher CMV-specific interferon-gamma CD8 T-cell responses (P < 0.0001). CMV-specific T-cell responses, but not hs-CRP and T-cell activation, were independently associated with higher carotid IMT (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected subjects had thicker carotid IMT compared to controls. While HIV patients also had higher T-cell activation, hs-CRP levels, and CMV-specific T-cell responses, only CMV-specific T-cell responses were independently associated with IMT. Accelerated atherosclerosis in HIV patients may be mediated by heightened CMV-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Y Hsue
- Divisions of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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89
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Yates PJ, Nicholson ML. The aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic allograft nephropathy. Transpl Immunol 2006; 16:148-57. [PMID: 17138047 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the ultimate form of renal replacement therapy, and is the treatment of choice for many patients with end-stage renal failure. The advent of calcineurin inhibitor based immunosuppression resulted in the 1-year renal allograft failure rate dropping from around 50% twenty years ago to less than 10% in more recent times. Despite a massive improvement in renal allograft survival in the first year following transplantation 10-year graft survival can be as low as 50%. Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is recognised as the main cause of renal allograft failure following the first year after transplantation. The diagnosis of CAN can only be made histologically. Typically biopsy specimens in grafts with CAN demonstrate an overall fibrotic appearance effecting the vascular endothelium, renal tubules, interstitium, and glomerulus. The risk factors for CAN are divided into alloimmune and alloimmune independent. Alloimmune dependent factors include acute cellular rejection, severity of rejection, subclinical rejection and HLA mismatch. Alloimmune independent factors such as delayed graft function, donor age, Cytomegalovirus infection, donor/recipient co-morbidity and of course calcineurin inhibitor toxicity are important in the development of CAN. The pathogenesis of CAN is complex, multifactorial, and unfortunately incompletely understood. There are a number of pivotal steps in the initiation and propagation of the fibrosis seen in biopsy specimens from kidneys with CAN. Endothelial activation in response to one or more of the aforementioned risk factors stimulates leukocyte activation and recruitment. Recruited leukocytes subsequently infiltrate through the endothelium and induce key effector cells to secrete excessive and abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM). Enhanced deposition of ECM is a histological hallmark of CAN. This paper aims to present a concise yet accurate and up-to-date review of the literature concerning the aetiological factors and pathological processes which are present in the generation of CAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Yates
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE5 4PW UK.
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90
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Reinhardt B, Winkler M, Schaarschmidt P, Pretsch R, Zhou S, Vaida B, Schmid-Kotsas A, Michel D, Walther P, Bachem M, Mertens T. Human cytomegalovirus-induced reduction of extracellular matrix proteins in vascular smooth muscle cell cultures: a pathomechanism in vasculopathies? J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2849-2858. [PMID: 16963742 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection appears to be linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. An association between HCMV infection and an enhanced restenosis rate as well as the induction of vasculopathies after solid organ transplantation has been documented. Knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis of these findings is limited, however. By Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC), we identified extracellular matrix (ECM) genes that were downregulated after HCMV infection, including collagen type I and fibronectin. Quantitative immunoassays showed a significant reduction of soluble collagen type I and fibronectin proteins in supernatants of both cell types. This was shown to be a direct effect of HCMV infection and not due to a response to interferons released from infected cells, since neutralization of alpha and beta interferon activity could not block virus-induced downregulation of matrix proteins. As the amount of ECM depends on both synthesis and degradation, we also assessed the influence of HCMV on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Interestingly, a significant difference in virus-induced matrix degradation could be shown between the two cell types. HCMV upregulated MMP-2 protein and activity in SMC but not in HFF. Thus, HCMV infection of SMC reduces ECM dramatically by inducing two independent mechanisms that influence synthesis as well as degradation of ECM. These may represent molecular mechanisms for HCMV-induced pathogenesis of inflammatory vasculopathies and may facilitate dissemination of HCMV by promoting the detachment of infected cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Reinhardt
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Winkler
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Schaarschmidt
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert Pretsch
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shaoxia Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bianca Vaida
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schmid-Kotsas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Detlef Michel
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Max Bachem
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Mertens
- Institute of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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91
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Bentz GL, Jarquin-Pardo M, Chan G, Smith MS, Sinzger C, Yurochko AD. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of endothelial cells promotes naive monocyte extravasation and transfer of productive virus to enhance hematogenous dissemination of HCMV. J Virol 2006; 80:11539-55. [PMID: 16987970 PMCID: PMC1642592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01016-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis is dependent on the hematogenous spread of the virus to host tissue. While data suggest that infected monocytes are required for viral dissemination from the blood to the host organs, infected endothelial cells are also thought to contribute to this key step in viral pathogenesis. We show here that HCMV infection of endothelial cells increased the recruitment and transendothelial migration of monocytes. Infection of endothelial cells promoted the increased surface expression of cell adhesion molecules (intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1), which were necessary for the recruitment of naïve monocytes to the apical surface of the endothelium and for the migration of these monocytes through the endothelial cell layer. As a mechanism to account for the increased monocyte migration, we showed that HCMV infection of endothelial cells increased the permeability of the endothelium. The cellular changes contributing to the increased permeability and increased naïve monocyte transendothelial migration include the disruption of actin stress fiber formation and the decreased expression of lateral junction proteins (occludin and vascular endothelial cadherin). Finally, we showed that the migrating monocytes were productively infected with the virus, documenting that the virus was transferred to the migrating monocyte during passage through the lateral junctions. Together, our results provide evidence for an active role of the infected endothelium in HCMV dissemination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Bentz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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92
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Sanchez V, Spector DH. Cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required for efficient expression and posttranslational modification of human cytomegalovirus proteins and for production of extracellular particles. J Virol 2006; 80:5886-96. [PMID: 16731927 PMCID: PMC1472584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02656-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the addition of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor Roscovitine at the beginning of infection of cells with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) significantly disrupts immediate-early gene expression and the progression of the infection. In the present study, we have examined the effects of cdk inhibition on late viral events by delaying addition of Roscovitine until 24 h postinfection. Although viral DNA replication was inhibited two- to threefold by treatment of infected cells with Roscovitine, the drop did not correspond to the 1- to 2-log-unit decrease in virus titer. Quantification of viral DNA in the supernatant from cells revealed that there was a significant reduction in the production or release of extracellular particles. We observed a lag in the expression of several viral proteins but there was a significant decrease in the steady-state levels of IE2-86. Likewise, the steady-state level of the essential tegument protein UL32 (pp150) was reduced. The levels of pp150 and IE2-86 mRNA were not greatly affected by treatment with Roscovitine and thus did not correlate with the reduced levels of protein. In contrast, the expression of the tegument protein ppUL69 was higher in drug-treated samples, and the protein accumulated in a hyperphosphorylated form. ppUL69 localized to intranuclear aggregates that did not overlap with viral replication centers in cells treated with Roscovitine. Taken together, these data indicate that cdk activity is required at multiple steps during HCMV infection, including the expression, modification, and localization of virus-encoded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0712, USA
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93
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Grabczewska Z, Nartowicz E, Kubica J, Rość D. Endothelial function parameters in patients with unstable angina and infection with Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Eur J Intern Med 2006; 17:339-42. [PMID: 16864009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial dysfunction may be a factor linking infection with atherosclerosis. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and/or to Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) and some endothelial function parameters in patients with unstable angina. METHODS In 31 patients with unstable angina, we determined the serum concentration of the von Willebrand factor (vWF), thrombomodulin, tissue plasminogen activator antigen, and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 antigen, the concentration of IgG antibodies to Hp and Cp (all by ELISA), and the level of C-reactive protein. The Western blot test was performed for all patients seropositive to Hp. It allowed us to identify 15 different antigen proteins of Hp. RESULTS Sixty-one percent of the patients were seropositive to both Hp and Cp, and 35% were seropositive to Hp only. We did not find significant differences in serum concentrations of endothelial function parameters and CRP between the two groups of patients. The patients seropositive to both Hp and Cp had a significantly higher serum concentration of vWF when Hp did not contain the 95 kDa protein (p=0.01) and a significantly higher serum concentration of PAI-1:Ag when Hp did not contain the 57 kDa protein (p=0.002) and the 66 kDa protein (p=0.02). CONCLUSION The results show that the antigenic profile of bacteria may play a more significant role in coronary artery disease than seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Grabczewska
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Toruń, ul.Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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94
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Hulshof JW, Vischer HF, Verheij MHP, Fratantoni SA, Smit MJ, de Esch IJP, Leurs R. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel inverse agonists acting on the viral-encoded chemokine receptor US28. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7213-30. [PMID: 16843661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors encoded by viruses represent an unexplored class of potential drug targets. In this study, we describe the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of the first class of inverse agonists acting on the HCMV-encoded receptor US28. It is shown that replacement of the 4-hydroxy group of lead compound 1 with a methylamine group results in a significant 6-fold increase in affinity. Interestingly, increasing the rigidity of the spacer by the introduction of a double bond also leads to a significant increase in binding affinity compared to 1. These novel inverse agonists serve as valuable tools to elucidate the role of constitutive signaling in the pathogenesis of viral infection and may have therapeutic potential as leads for new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke W Hulshof
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, LACDR, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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95
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Yang X, Murthy V, Schultz K, Tatro JB, Fitzgerald KA, Beasley D. Toll-like receptor 3 signaling evokes a proinflammatory and proliferative phenotype in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H2334-43. [PMID: 16782847 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00252.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in atherogenesis, perhaps promoted by bacterial and viral products present within the artery wall. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can express certain bacterially responsive Toll-like receptors (TLR), which promote a proinflammatory and proliferative VSMC phenotype when activated, but it is unknown whether virally activated TLR can regulate VSMC phenotype. Here we tested the role in VSMC of TLR3, which is activated by double-stranded (dsRNA), a molecular signature of viruses. VSMC from multiple vessel types, including human coronary artery (HCoASMC) and mouse aorta (MAoSMC), expressed TLR3 constitutively, and HCoASMC were exquisitely sensitive to dsRNA-stimulated release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6. dsRNA-induced MCP-1 release was abolished by small interfering RNA-mediated TLR3 knockdown in HCoASMC and was absent in TLR3-/- MAoSMC but was unimpaired in TLR2-/- and in TLR4 signaling-deficient MAoSMC. Exposure to dsRNA also activated ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB in both human and murine SMC, but these effects were absent in SMC from TLR3-deficient mice, demonstrating a crucial role of TLR3 signaling. dsRNA also stimulated proliferation of HCoASMC, indicated by increased DNA synthesis, and induced persistent elevations in the intracellular levels of growth-promoting mediators, including interleukin-1alpha and phospho-ERK1/2. We conclude that exposure of HCoASMC to dsRNA elicits dramatic TLR3-mediated proinflammatory and proproliferative phenotypic changes, responses that could potentially be triggered by viral infection of cells within the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Tufts-New England Medical Center, Box 8486, 750 Washington St., Boston, MA 02111, USA
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96
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Yanai T, Lackner AA, Sakai H, Masegi T, Simon MA. Systemic arteriopathy in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2006; 35:106-12. [PMID: 16556297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe disseminated vasculopathy was observed in two simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). These animals developed clinical signs of AIDS, including lymphadenopathy, weight loss, diarrhea and collapse. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grossly, both animals showed emaciation, lymphadenopathy, vegetations on the mitral valve, renal infarcts and a dilated intestine; one animal had multifocal hemorrhages in multiple organs. Histologically, both cases had disseminated arteriopathy characterized by intimal thickening and fibrosis with varying degrees of vasculitis. The lesion was prominent in the kidney, intestine, pancreas, liver, heart, lymph nodes, spleen and testis. Occasional venules had intimal thickening. Both cases had cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with intranuclear inclusions, CMV antigen and nucleic acid; some inclusions were observed in endothelial cells within some of the vascular lesions in one of the two. These data suggest that CMV caused the unusual lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuma Yanai
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA.
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97
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Wang J, Shen YH, Utama B, Wang J, LeMaire SA, Coselli JS, Vercellotti GM, Wang XL. HCMV infection attenuates hydrogen peroxide induced endothelial apoptosis-- involvement of ERK pathway. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2779-87. [PMID: 16650413 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exerts anti-apoptotic effect during early stage of infection, which provides HCMV time for propagation. We investigated pathways mediating the resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced cell death - a self-defense mechanism to remove infected cells. We found that human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) infected with VHL/E strain of HCMV during first 3 days were resistant to H(2)O(2) (0-2 mM) induced apoptosis. This anti-apoptotic effect may be mediated by the upregulation of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein through the activation pro-survival pathway extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Through this mechanism, HCMV is able to propagate and causes endothelial dysfunction, hence vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Adult Cardiac Services, Texas Heart Institute, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, MS NAB 2010, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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98
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González JM, Andrés V. Cytostatic gene therapy for occlusive vascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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99
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Stassen FR, Vega-Córdova X, Vliegen I, Bruggeman CA. Immune activation following cytomegalovirus infection: More important than direct viral effects in cardiovascular disease? J Clin Virol 2006; 35:349-53. [PMID: 16387544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last 30 years multiple micro-organisms have been associated with different types of vascular disease, like atherosclerosis, restenosis or transplant arteriosclerosis. Nonetheless, it is still ambiguous which molecular mechanisms are exactly involved in the exacerbating effect of microbes in these disorders. OBJECTIVES AND STUDY DESIGN The present review summarizes sero-epidemiological, in vitro and animal data supporting the role of cytomegalovirus, a member of the herpes virus family, in vascular disease. Additionally, various ways by which the virus can potentially affect the disease will be discussed. RESULTS Rodent models as well as in vitro studies suggested that CMV might enhance lesion formation in various ways, like augmentation of the oxLDL uptake, altering monocyte adhesion or increasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nevertheless, recent data from our lab and others suggest that alternative mechanisms also may contribute to CMV induced. Inspired by this, we will hypothesise alternative mechanisms by which CMV might affect atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Although researchers have tried for many years to unravel the tactics by which micro-organisms, like CMV, aggravate atherosclerosis, so far most suggested mechanisms failed to fully explain both experimental and clinical observations. Therefore, new means to elucidate the observed effects are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Maastricht Infection Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 5800, 6202AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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100
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Söderberg-Nauclér C. Does cytomegalovirus play a causative role in the development of various inflammatory diseases and cancer? J Intern Med 2006; 259:219-46. [PMID: 16476101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpes virus that infects and is carried by 70-100% of the world's population. During its evolution, this virus has developed mechanisms that allow it to survive in an immunocompetent host. For many years, HCMV was not considered to be a major human pathogen, as it appeared to cause only rare cases of HCMV inclusion disease in neonates. However, HCMV is poorly adapted for survival in the immunosuppressed host and has emerged as an important human pathogen in AIDS patients and in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy following organ or bone marrow transplantation. HCMV-mediated disease in such patients has highlighted the possible role of this virus in the development of other diseases, in particular inflammatory diseases such as vascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and, more recently, with certain forms of cancers. Current research is focused on determining whether HCMV plays a causative role in these diseases or is merely an epiphenomenon of inflammation. Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of HCMV. This virus has developed a number of mechanisms that enable it to hide from the cells of the immune system and, at the same time, reactivation of a latent infection requires immune activation. Numerous products of the HCMV genome are devoted to control central functions of the innate and adaptive immune responses. By influencing the regulation of various cellular processes including the cell cycle, apoptosis and migration as well as tumour invasiveness and angiogenesis, HCMV may participate in disease development. Thus, the various drugs now available for treatment of HCMV disease (e.g. ganciclovir, acyclovir and foscarnet), may also prove to be useful in the treatment of other, more widespread diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, L8:03, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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