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Peng H, Chen C, Cantin J, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Tang S, Codling G, Hecker M, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Li A, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Cai M, Giesy JP. Untargeted Screening and Distribution of Organo-Iodine Compounds in Sediments from Lake Michigan and the Arctic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10097-105. [PMID: 27611727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The majority of halogenated organic compounds present in the environment remain unidentified. To address this data gap, we recently developed an untargeted method (data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment; DIPIC-Frag) for identification of unknown organo-bromine compounds. In this study, the method was adapted to enable untargeted screening of natural and synthetic organo-iodine compounds (NSOICs) in sediments. A total of 4,238 NSOIC peaks were detected in sediments from Lake Michigan. Precursor ions and formulas were determined for 2,991 (71%) of the NSOIC peaks. These compounds exhibited variations in abundances (<10(3) to ∼10(7)), m/z values (206.9304-996.9474), retention times (1.0-29.7 min), and number of iodine atoms (1-4). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that sediments in closer proximity exhibited similar profiles of NSOICs. NSOICs were screened in 10 samples of sediment from the Arctic Ocean to compare the profiles of NSOICs between freshwater and marine sediments. A total of 3,168 NSOIC peaks were detected, and profiles of NSOICs in marine sediments were clearly distinct from Lake Michigan. The coexistence of brominated and iodinated analogues indicated that some NSOICs are of natural origin. Different ratios of abundances of iodinated compounds to brominated analogues were observed and proposed as a marker to distinguish sources of NSOICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunli Chen
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of MOE, School of Resources, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware , 255 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Minghong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China , Shanghai 200136, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Peoples Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Leonetti C, Butt CM, Hoffman K, Miranda ML, Stapleton HM. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol in human placental tissues. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:23-29. [PMID: 26700418 PMCID: PMC4755871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Legacy environmental contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in human tissues. However, few studies have measured PBDEs in placental tissues, and there are no reported measurements of 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in placental tissues. Measurements of these contaminants are important for understanding potential fetal exposures, as these compounds have been shown to alter thyroid hormone regulation in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we measured a suite of PBDEs and 2,4,6-TBP in 102 human placental tissues collected between 2010 and 2011 in Durham County, North Carolina, USA. The most abundant PBDE congener detected was BDE-47, with a mean concentration of 5.09ng/g lipid (range: 0.12-141ng/g lipid; detection frequency 91%); however, 2,4,6-TBP was ubiquitously detected and present at higher concentrations with a mean concentration of 15.4ng/g lipid (range:1.31-316ng/g lipid; detection frequency 100%). BDE-209 was also detected in more than 50% of the samples, and was significantly associated with 2,4,6-TBP in placental tissues, suggesting they may have a similar source, or that 2,4,6-TBP may be a degradation product of BDE-209. Interestingly, BDE-209 and 2,4,6-TBP were negatively associated with age (rs=-0.16; p=0.10 and rs=-0.17; p=0.08, respectively). The results of this work indicate that PBDEs and 2,4,6-TBP bioaccumulate in human placenta tissue and likely contribute to prenatal exposures to these environmental contaminants. Future studies are needed to determine if these joint exposures are associated with any adverse health measures in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marie Lynn Miranda
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Dahlgren E, Lindqvist D, Dahlgren H, Asplund L, Lehtilä K. Trophic transfer of naturally produced brominated aromatic compounds in a Baltic Sea food chain. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1597-604. [PMID: 26517387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brominated aromatic compounds (BACs) are widely distributed in the marine environment. Some of these compounds are highly toxic, such as certain hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs). In addition to anthropogenic emissions through use of BACs as e.g. flame retardants, BACs are natural products formed by marine organisms such as algae, sponges, and cyanobacteria. Little is known of the transfer of BACs from natural producers and further up in the trophic food chain. In this study it was observed that total sum of methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) and OH-PBDEs increased in concentration from the filamentous red alga Ceramium tenuicorne, via Gammarus sp. and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to perch (Perca fluviatilis). The MeO-PBDEs, which were expected to bioaccumulate, increased in concentration accordingly up to perch, where the levels suddenly dropped dramatically. The opposite pattern was observed for OH-PBDEs, where the concentration exhibited a general trend of decline up the food web, but increased in perch, indicating metabolic demethylation of MeO-PBDEs. Debromination was also indicated to occur when progressing through the food chain resulting in high levels of tetra-brominated MeO-PBDE and OH-PBDE congeners in fish, while some penta- and hexa-brominated congeners were observed to be the dominant products in the alga. As it has been shown that OH-PBDEs are potent disruptors of oxidative phosphorylation and that mixtures of different congener may act synergistically in terms of this toxic mode of action, the high levels of OH-PBDEs detected in perch in this study warrants further investigation into potential effects of these compounds on Baltic wildlife, and monitoring of their levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Dahlgren
- Legal Affairs, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, SE-10648, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dennis Lindqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dahlgren
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden
| | - Lillemor Asplund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | - Kari Lehtilä
- The School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Sweden
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54
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Peng H, Chen C, Cantin J, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Tang S, Codling G, Hecker M, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Li A, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP. Untargeted Screening and Distribution of Organo-Bromine Compounds in Sediments of Lake Michigan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:321-330. [PMID: 26618527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously unreported natural and synthetic organo-bromine compounds (NSOBCs) have been found to contribute more than 99% of total organic bromine (TOB) in environmental matrices. We recently developed a novel untargeted method (data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment, DIPIC-Frag) and identified ∼2000 NSOBCs in two sediments from Lake Michigan. In this study, this method was used to investigate the distributions of these NSOBCs in 23 surficial samples and 24 segments of a sediment core from Lake Michigan. NSOBCs were detected in all 23 surficial samples and exhibited 10- to 100-fold variations in peak abundance among locations. The pattern of distributions of NSOBCs was correlated with depth of the water column (r(2) = 0.61, p < 0.001). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that sediments in close proximity exhibited similar profiles of NSOBCs. Distributions of NSOBCs in 24 segments of a sediment core dated from 1766 to 2008 were investigated, and samples from similar depths exhibited similar profiles of NSOBCs. NSOBCs were grouped into four clusters (soft-cluster analysis) with different temporal trends of abundances. 515 and 768 of the NSOBCs were grouped into cluster 1 and cluster 3 with increasing temporal trends, especially since 1950, indicating that abundances of these compounds might have been affected by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunli Chen
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of MOE; School of Resources, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois , 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware , 255 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716 United States
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Biology Department, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, SAR China
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55
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Zou H, He W, Dong Q, Wang R, Yi N, Jiang J, Pen D, He W. First Catalyzed Hydration of Haloalkynes by a Recyclable Catalytic System. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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56
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Peng H, Chen C, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Tang S, Codling G, Hecker M, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Li A, Rockne KJ, Giesy JP. Untargeted Identification of Organo-Bromine Compounds in Lake Sediments by Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry with the Data-Independent Precursor Isolation and Characteristic Fragment Method. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10237-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Chunli Chen
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - David M. V. Saunders
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5C8
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5C8
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
| | - Paul D. Jones
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5C8
| | - An Li
- School
of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Karl J. Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering (MC 246), University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7023, United States
| | - John P. Giesy
- Toxicology
Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5B3
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5B3
- Zoology Department,
Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Peoples Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control
and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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Barón E, Hauler C, Gallistl C, Giménez J, Gauffier P, Castillo JJ, Fernández-Maldonado C, de Stephanis R, Vetter W, Eljarrat E, Barceló D. Halogenated Natural Products in Dolphins: Brain-Blubber Distribution and Comparison with Halogenated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9073-83. [PMID: 26148182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (MHC-1, TriBHD, TetraBHD, MeO-PBDEs, Q1, and related PMBPs) and halogenated flame retardants (PBDEs, HBB, Dec 602, Dec 603, and DP) in blubber and brain are reported from five Alboran Sea delphinids (Spain). Both HNPs and HFRs were detected in brain, implying that they are able to surpass the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain, which represents a new finding for some compounds, such as Q1 and PMBPs, MHC-1, TriBHD, TetraBHD, or Dec 603. Moreover, some compounds (TetraBHD, BDE-153, or HBB) presented higher levels in brain than in blubber. This study evidence the high concentrations of HNPs in the marine environment, especially in top predators. It shows the importance of further monitoring these natural compounds and evaluating their potential toxicity, when most studies focus on anthropogenic compounds only. While no bioaccumulation was found for ∑HNPs, ∑HFRs increased significantly with body size for both common and striped dolphins. Studies evaluating BBB permeation mechanisms of these compounds together with their potential neurotoxic effects in dolphins are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barón
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Hauler
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Gallistl
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Giménez
- §Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla Cartuja, 42092, Seville, Spain
| | - P Gauffier
- ∥Conservation, Information, and Research on Cetaceans (CIRCE), Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cádiz, Spain
| | - J J Castillo
- ⊥Centro de Recuperación de Especies Marinas Amenazadas (CREMA), Aula del Mar de Málaga, Pacífico 80, 29004 Málaga, Spain
| | - C Fernández-Maldonado
- #Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía, Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio, Junta de Andalucía, Johan Gütemberg, 1, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - R de Stephanis
- ∥Conservation, Information, and Research on Cetaceans (CIRCE), Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cádiz, Spain
| | - W Vetter
- ‡University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Eljarrat
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- †Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Microbial dehalogenation of organohalides in marine and estuarine environments. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Huber S, Warner NA, Nygård T, Remberger M, Harju M, Uggerud HT, Kaj L, Hanssen L. A broad cocktail of environmental pollutants found in eggs of three seabird species from remote colonies in Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1296-308. [PMID: 25728907 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Eggs of 3 seabird species, common eider (Somateria mollisima), European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis), and European herring gull (Larus argentatus), were surveyed for a broad range of legacy and emerging pollutants to assess chemical mixture exposure profiles of seabirds from the Norwegian marine environment. In total, 201 chemical substances were targeted for analysis ranging from metals, organotin compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and associated metabolites, chlorinated paraffins, chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dechlorane plus, octachlorostyrene, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphorous compounds, brominated and alkyl phenols, cyclic siloxanes, and phthalates. Of the chemicals targeted, 149 substances were found above the detection limits, with metals dominating the contaminant profile and comprising 60% of the total contaminant load. Polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, organophosphorous compounds, and PFAS were the dominant contaminant classes of organic pollutants found within the seabird species, with the highest loads occurring in herring gulls, followed by shag, and common eider. New generation pollutants (e.g., PFAS, organophosphorous compounds, and alkylphenols) were detected at similar or higher concentrations than the legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Time trends of reported concentrations of legacy POPs appear to have decreased in recent decades from the Norwegian coastal environment. Concentrations of detected pollutants do not appear to have a negative effect on seabird population development within the sampling area. Additional stress caused by pollutants, however, may affect seabird health more at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Huber
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nicholas A Warner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torgeir Nygård
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Mikael Harju
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hilde T Uggerud
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Lennart Kaj
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Hanssen
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Fram Centre, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsø, Norway
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60
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Aceto M, Arrais A, Marsano F, Agostino A, Fenoglio G, Idone A, Gulmini M. A diagnostic study on folium and orchil dyes with non-invasive and micro-destructive methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 142:159-68. [PMID: 25703360 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Folium and orchil are dyes of vegetal origin. Folium is obtained from Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss., whereas orchil is obtained from Roccella and other genera of lichens. These dyes were used in the past to impart purple hue to paintings and textiles as substitutes for the more prised Tyrian purple dye, obtained from shellfish. Despite several citations in ancient technical treatises dating back at least to the Greek-Roman age, the identification of these dyes in artworks is rare. In the case of folium, an additional drawback is that its composition is presently unknown. In this work different non-invasive (FT-IR, FT-Raman, fibre optic reflectance spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry) and micro-invasive (surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) techniques were used in order to increase the diagnostic information available on these dyes. Measurements were carried out on the dyes extracted from raw materials and on painted or dyed parchments. The possibility to distinguish between folium and orchil by chemical analysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Aceto
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; Centro Interdisciplinare per lo Studio e la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali (CenISCo), Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, via Manzoni, 8, 13100 Vercelli, Italy..
| | - Aldo Arrais
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Marsano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Angelo Agostino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Center of Excellence (NIS), via Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Gaia Fenoglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ambra Idone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; Laboratorio analisi scientifiche, Direzione Ricerca e Progetti Cofinanziati, Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta, Loc. Lillaz, 7, 11020 Villair de Quart (AO), Italy.
| | - Monica Gulmini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Hu X, Hu D, Chen W, Wu B, Lin C. Simultaneous Determination of Methoxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Water, Soil and Sediment from China by GC–MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1239-49. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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62
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Hamamoto H, Miki Y, Umemoto H, Umemoto M, Ohta C, Fujita E, Nakamura A, Maegawa T. Decarboxylative Halogenation of Indolecarboxylic Acids Using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent and Its Application to the Synthesis of Polybromoindoles. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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63
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Lin K, Gan J, Liu W. Production of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers from bromophenols by bromoperoxidase-catalyzed dimerization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11977-11983. [PMID: 25229997 DOI: 10.1021/es502854e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) are emerging endocrine-disrupting compounds that are widely present in the marine environment. The origin of HO-PBDEs is generally attributed to metabolism of PBDEs and natural production in the environment. However, it is unclear how HO-PBDEs are produced naturally. Here we report the formation of HO-PBDEs from simple bromophenols (BPs) [e.g., 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP)] under the catalysis of bromoperoxidase (BPO) isolated from the common marine red alga Corallina officinalis. Experiments at room temperature showed that BPO readily catalyzes the conversion of 2,4-DBP and 2,4,6-TBP to HO-PBDEs in the presence of Br(-) and H2O2. From analysis of the original forms and their corresponding methylated derivatives, the reaction products were tentatively identified as 2'-HO-BDE-121 and 4'-HO-BDE-121. The formation of HO-PBDEs was likely resulted from the coupling of bromophenoxy radicals generated by the oxidation of BPs via BPO-mediated processes. The presence of Br(-) in the reaction favored the conversion. The production of HO-PBDEs was found to be pH-dependent, and a higher yield was obtained at pH 6.5. In view of the abundance of BPs and C. officinalis in the marine environment, bioconversion of BPs mediated by BPO may be a potential route for the natural production of HO-PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunde Lin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032, China
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64
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Vorkamp K, Rigét FF. A review of new and current-use contaminants in the Arctic environment: evidence of long-range transport and indications of bioaccumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:379-395. [PMID: 24997943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Systematic monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Arctic has been conducted for several years, in combination with assessments of POP levels in the Arctic, POP exposure and biological effects. Meanwhile, environmental research continues to detect new contaminants some of which could be potential new Arctic pollutants. This study summarizes the empirical evidence that is currently available of those compounds in the Arctic that are not commonly included in chemical monitoring programmes. The study has focused on novel flame retardants, e.g. alternatives to the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), current-use pesticides and various other compounds, i.e. synthetic musk compounds, siloxanes, phthalic acid esters and halogenated compounds like hexachlorobutadiene, octachlorostyrene, pentachlorobenzene and polychlorinated naphthalenes. For a number of novel brominated flame retardants, e.g. 2,3-bibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and hexabromobenzene (HBBz), transport to the Arctic has been documented, but evidence of bioaccumulation is sparse and ambiguous. For short-chain chlorinated paraffins and dechlorane plus, however, increasing evidence shows both long-range transport and bioaccumulation. Ice cores have documented increasing concentrations of some current-use pesticides, e.g. chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and trifluralin, and bioaccumulation has been observed for pentachloroanisole, chorpyrifos, endosulfan and metoxychlor, however, the question of biomagnification remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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65
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Agarwal V, El Gamal AA, Yamanaka K, Poth D, Kersten RD, Schorn M, Allen EE, Moore BS. Biosynthesis of polybrominated aromatic organic compounds by marine bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:640-7. [PMID: 24974229 PMCID: PMC4104138 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated bipyrroles are natural products that bioaccumulate in the marine food chain. PBDEs have attracted widespread attention due to their persistence in the environment and potential toxicity to humans. However, the natural origins of PBDE biosynthesis are not known. Here we report marine bacteria as producers of PBDEs and establish a genetic and molecular foundation for their production that unifies paradigms for the elaboration of bromophenols and bromopyrroles abundant in marine biota. We provide biochemical evidence of marine brominase enzymes revealing decarboxylative-halogenation enzymology previously unknown among halogenating enzymes. Biosynthetic motifs discovered in our study were used to mine sequence databases to discover unrealized marine bacterial producers of organobromine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Agarwal
- 1] Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2]
| | - Abrahim A El Gamal
- 1] Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2]
| | - Kazuya Yamanaka
- 1] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2]
| | - Dennis Poth
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Roland D Kersten
- 1] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2]
| | - Michelle Schorn
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric E Allen
- 1] Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Division of Biological Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- 1] Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. [3] Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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66
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Barrios DA, D'Antonio J, McCombs NL, Zhao J, Franzen S, Schmidt AC, Sombers LA, Ghiladi RA. Peroxygenase and oxidase activities of dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin from Amphitrite ornata. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7914-25. [PMID: 24791647 PMCID: PMC4063182 DOI: 10.1021/ja500293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
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The marine globin dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin
(DHP) from Amphitrite ornata was found to catalyze
the H2O2-dependent oxidation of monohaloindoles,
a previously
unknown class of substrate for DHP. Using 5-Br-indole as a representative
substrate, the major monooxygenated products were found to be 5-Br-2-oxindole
and 5-Br-3-oxindolenine. Isotope labeling studies confirmed that the
oxygen atom incorporated was derived exclusively from H2O2, indicative of a previously unreported peroxygenase
activity for DHP. Peroxygenase activity could be initiated from either
the ferric or oxyferrous states with equivalent substrate conversion
and product distribution. It was found that 5-Br-3-oxindole, a precursor
of the product 5-Br-3-oxindolenine, readily reduced the ferric enzyme
to the oxyferrous state, demonstrating an unusual product-driven reduction
of the enzyme. As such, DHP returns to the globin-active oxyferrous
form after peroxygenase activity ceases. Reactivity with 5-Br-3-oxindole
in the absence of H2O2 also yielded 5,5′-Br2-indigo above the expected reaction stoichiometry under aerobic
conditions, and O2-concentration studies demonstrated dioxygen
consumption. Nonenzymatic and anaerobic controls both confirmed the
requirements for DHP and molecular oxygen in the catalytic generation
of 5,5′-Br2-indigo, and together suggest a newly
identified oxidase activity for DHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Barrios
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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67
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Gopi E, Namboothiri INN. Synthesis of α-tribromomethylamines via Mg-mediated addition of bromoform to imines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2769-77. [PMID: 24668340 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mg-mediated addition of bromoform to electron deficient imines such as N-sulfonylimines affords α-tribromomethylated N-sulfonylamines in good to excellent yields. The procedure could be further simplified by transforming the imine precursors, α-sulfonyl-N-tosyl- and Boc-amines, in one pot to the corresponding α-tribromomethyl derivatives. Facile removal of the Boc protecting group in nearly quantitative yield and a silver carbonate mediated monodebromination have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Gopi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India.
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68
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Bartosova Z, Jirovsky D, Riman D, Halouzka V, Svidrnoch M, Hrbac J. HPLC–ED of low-molecular weight brominated phenols and tetrabromobisphenol A using pretreated carbon fiber microelectrode. Talanta 2014; 122:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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69
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Chelucci G, Pinna GA, Pinna G. Regioselective Hydrodebromination of Polybrominated Indoles. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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Bendig P, Lehnert K, Vetter W. Quantification of bromophenols in Islay whiskies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2767-2771. [PMID: 24605764 DOI: 10.1021/jf405006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two single malt whiskies from the Scottish island Islay, i.e., Laphroiag and Lagavulin, are characterized by an iodine-like flavor associated with marine environments. In this study we investigated if this flavor impression could be due to bromophenols which are character impact compounds of marine fish and shrimps. In this study we developed a method suited for the determination of dibromo- and tribromophenols in whisky. Aliquots were O-acetylated, and quantification was carried out with gas chromatography with electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Both Islay whiskies contained more than 400 ng/L bromophenols with 2,6-dibromophenol being the most relevant homologue (>300 ng/L, respectively). These concentrations are at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the taste threshold of 2,6-dibromophenol in water. A third Islay whisky, Bowmore, contained ∼100 ng/L bromophenols while seventeen other whiskies from other regions in Scotland as well as from the USA, Ireland, and Germany contained at least 1 order of magnitude less than the two whiskies with the marine taste. Accordingly, bromophenols may contribute to the marine flavor and taste of Laphroaig and Lagavulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bendig
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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71
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Winnberg U, Rydén A, Löfstrand K, Asplund L, Bignert A, Marsh G. Novel octabrominated phenolic diphenyl ether identified in blue mussels from the Swedish West Coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3319-3326. [PMID: 24559155 DOI: 10.1021/es404969e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are compounds present in the marine environment and OH-PBDEs are of toxicological concern and are therefore of interest to monitor in the environment. A phenolic octaBDE was tentatively identified in the phenolic fraction of previously analyzed mussel samples after methylation of the halogenated phenolic compounds (HPCs). The aim of the present study was to confirm the identity of this compound in blue mussels and investigate whether the analyte is diOH- and/or OH-MeO-octaBDE. Two reference standards, 6,6'-dimethoxy-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octabromodiphenyl ether (6,6'-diMeO-BDE194) and 6-ethoxy-6'-methoxy-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octabromodiphenyl ether (6-EtO-6'-MeO-BDE194) were prepared via O-arylation of 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-6-methoxyphenol and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-6-ethoxyphenol, respectively, with a novel unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salt, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-6-methoxydiphenyliodonium triflate. The GC retention time and GC/MS spectrum of the synthesized 6,6'-diMeO-BDE194 correspond well with the analyte in the methylated phenolic fraction of a mussel extract from a previous study. Structural analysis performed in this study indicate that the synthesized 6,6'-diMeO-BDE194 and 6-EtO-6'-MeO-BDE194 correspond well with 6-hydroxy-6'-methoxy-2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-octabromodiphenyl ether (6-OH-6'-MeO-BDE194) after methylation and ethylation, respectively, of the HPCs in the mussel extracts. The compound 6-OH-6'-MeO-BDE194 was identified and quantified in new mussels, sampled in 2012 from two locations on the Swedish west coast, with geometric mean concentrations of 3700 and 410 ng/g fat, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Winnberg
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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72
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Johnson GA, Ellis EA, Kim H, Muthukrishnan N, Snavely T, Pellois JP. Photoinduced membrane damage of E. coli and S. aureus by the photosensitizer-antimicrobial peptide conjugate eosin-(KLAKLAK)2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91220. [PMID: 24608860 PMCID: PMC3946741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Upon irradiation with visible light, the photosensitizer-peptide conjugate eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 kills a broad spectrum of bacteria without damaging human cells. Eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 therefore represents an interesting lead compound for the treatment of local infection by photodynamic bacterial inactivation. The mechanisms of cellular killing by eosin-(KLAKLAK)2, however, remain unclear and this lack of knowledge hampers the development of optimized therapeutic agents. Herein, we investigate the localization of eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 in bacteria prior to light treatment and examine the molecular basis for the photodynamic activity of this conjugate. Methodology/Principal Findings By employing photooxidation of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB), (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) methodologies, eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 is visualized at the surface of E. coli and S. aureus prior to photodynamic irradiation. Subsequent irradiation leads to severe membrane damage. Consistent with these observations, eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 binds to liposomes of bacterial lipid composition and causes liposomal leakage upon irradiation. The eosin moiety of the conjugate mediates bacterial killing and lipid bilayer leakage by generating the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen and superoxide. In contrast, the (KLAKLAK)2 moiety targets the photosensitizer to bacterial lipid bilayers. In addition, while (KLAKLAK)2 does not disrupt intact liposomes, the peptide accelerates the leakage of photo-oxidized liposomes. Conclusions/Significance Together, our results suggest that (KLAKLAK)2 promotes the binding of eosin Y to bacteria cell walls and lipid bilayers. Subsequent light irradiation results in membrane damage from the production of both Type I & II photodynamic products. Membrane damage by oxidation is then further aggravated by the (KLAKLAK)2 moiety and membrane lysis is accelerated by the peptide. These results therefore establish how photosensitizer and peptide act in synergy to achieve bacterial photo-inactivation. Learning how to exploit and optimize this synergy should lead to the development of future bacterial photoinactivation agents that are effective at low concentrations and at low light doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - E. Ann Ellis
- Microscopy & Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hansoo Kim
- Microscopy & Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nandhini Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Snavely
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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73
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Abstract
This review, with 290 references, presents the fascinating area of iodinated natural products over the past hundred years for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Mangaladoss Fredimoses
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Shengrong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301, China
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74
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Dahlberg AK, Norrgran J, Hovander L, Bergman K, Asplund L. Recovery discrepancies of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum versus herring and long-tailed duck plasma. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 94:97-103. [PMID: 24091245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) have been identified as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or as natural products. The OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols have come into focus over the last decade due to their abundance in biota and their potential adverse health effects. The present recovery study aims to validate a commonly used method (published by Hovander et al. 2000) for OH-PBDE analysis in human plasma. Further, the authors intended to determine the method's applicability to serum/plasma matrices from other species than humans. The investigated matrices were human plasma, cat serum, herring- and long-tailed duck plasma. The recovery study included nine OH-PBDEs, four polybromophenols and three methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). Five replicates of each matrix were spiked with these compounds at two dose levels; a low dose (0.5 ng) and a high dose (5 ng) and were cleaned up according to the Hovander method. The recovery of OH-PBDEs and polybromophenols in human plasma and cat serum were high and reproducible at both dose levels whereas the recovery for herring and long-tailed duck plasma were low and insufficient with great variability amongst OH-PBDE congeners at both dose levels. Our data show that the method can be fully applied to matrices like human plasma and cat serum but not for herring and long-tailed duck plasma without further method development. Hence care needs to be taken when applying the method onto other blood matrices without validation since the present study have demonstrated that the recoveries may differ amongst OH-PBDE congeners and specie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Dahlberg
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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75
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Bargar TA, Garrison VH, Alvarez DA, Echols KR. Contaminants assessment in the coral reefs of Virgin Islands National Park and Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 70:281-288. [PMID: 23566560 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Coral, fish, plankton, and detritus samples were collected from coral reefs in Virgin Islands National Park (VIIS) and Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICR) to assess existing contamination levels. Passive water sampling using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) and semi-permeable membrane devices found a few emerging pollutants of concern (DEET and galaxolide) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Very little persistent organic chemical contamination was detected in the tissue or detritus samples. Detected contaminants were at concentrations below those reported to be harmful to aquatic organisms. Extracts from the POCIS were subjected to the yeast estrogen screen (YES) to assess potential estrogenicity of the contaminant mixture. Results of the YES (estrogen equivalency of 0.17-0.31 ng/L 17-β-estradiol) indicated a low estrogenicity likelihood for contaminants extracted from water. Findings point to low levels of polar and non-polar organic contaminants in the bays sampled within VICR and VIIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bargar
- Southeast Ecological Science Center, US Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
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76
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Osako K, Teixeira VL. Natural Products from Marine Algae of the Genus Osmundaria(Rhodophyceae, Ceramiales). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is a review of the natural products isolated from red marine algae of the genus Osmundaria (including Vidalia), which intends to encompass their occurrence in the species of this genus, the possible synonymies, their geographic distribution, their structural variety and their biological potential as prototypes for the pharmaceutical industry and as active principles of cosmetics. At the end, we provide a table with these natural products and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Osako
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói/Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 24210-130
| | - Valéria Laneuville Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói/Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 24210-130
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói/Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 24001-970
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77
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Mizukawa H, Nomiyama K, Nakatsu S, Yachimori S, Hayashi T, Tashiro Y, Nagano Y, Tanabe S. Species-specific differences in the accumulation features of organohalogen contaminants and their metabolites in the blood of Japanese terrestrial mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 174:28-37. [PMID: 23246744 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Residue levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs, OH-PBDEs), and methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in the blood of various terrestrial mammals in Japan, including cats, raccoon dogs, dogs, masked palm civets, foxes, raccoons, badgers, and mongooses were determined. Tri- through penta-chlorinated OH-PCBs were predominant in cat blood, whereas hexa- through octa-chlorinated OH-PCBs were found in other species. High proportion of BDE209 was found in all species, suggesting exposure to municipal waste and soil containing higher levels of deca-BDE products. 6OH-/MeO-BDE47 and 2'OH-/MeO-BDE68 were dominant in all terrestrial mammals. This is first report on the detection of OH-/MeO-PBDEs in the blood of terrestrial mammals. High concentrations of OH-/MeO-PBDEs were found in cats, suggesting the intake of these compounds from seafood. Cats exhibited higher accumulation and specific patterns of OH-PCBs, OH-PBDEs, and MeO-PBDEs, they may be at a high risk from these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Mizukawa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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78
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Wang BG, Gloer JB, Ji NY, Zhao JC. Halogenated Organic Molecules of Rhodomelaceae Origin: Chemistry and Biology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3632-85. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Gui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental
Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - James B. Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Yantai 264003, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Chun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental
Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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79
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Bayer K, Scheuermayer M, Fieseler L, Hentschel U. Genomic mining for novel FADH₂-dependent halogenases in marine sponge-associated microbial consortia. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:63-72. [PMID: 22562484 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many marine sponges (Porifera) are known to contain large amounts of phylogenetically diverse microorganisms. Sponges are also known for their large arsenal of natural products, many of which are halogenated. In this study, 36 different FADH₂-dependent halogenase gene fragments were amplified from various Caribbean and Mediterranean sponges using newly designed degenerate PCR primers. Four unique halogenase-positive fosmid clones, all containing the highly conserved amino acid motif "GxGxxG", were identified in the microbial metagenome of Aplysina aerophoba. Sequence analysis of one halogenase-bearing fosmid revealed notably two open reading frames with high homologies to efflux and multidrug resistance proteins. Single cell genomic analysis allowed for a taxonomic assignment of the halogenase genes to specific symbiotic lineages. Specifically, the halogenase cluster S1 is predicted to be produced by a deltaproteobacterial symbiont and halogenase cluster S2 by a poribacterial sponge symbiont. An additional halogenase gene is possibly produced by an actinobacterial symbiont of marine sponges. The identification of three novel, phylogenetically, and possibly also functionally distinct halogenase gene clusters indicates that the microbial consortia of sponges are a valuable resource for novel enzymes involved in halogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bayer
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 3, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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80
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Alcaide B, Almendros P, Luna A, Prieto N. Metal-catalyzed rearrangements of 3-allenyl 3-hydroxyindolin-2-ones in the presence of halogenated reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1216-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27359d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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81
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Wischang D, Radlow M, Schulz H, Vilter H, Viehweger L, Altmeyer MO, Kegler C, Herrmann J, Müller R, Gaillard F, Delage L, Leblanc C, Hartung J. Molecular cloning, structure, and reactivity of the second bromoperoxidase from Ascophyllum nodosum. Bioorg Chem 2012; 44:25-34. [PMID: 22884431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of bromoperoxidase II from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum was determined from a full length cloned cDNA, obtained from a tandem mass spectrometry RT-PCR-approach. The clone encodes a protein composed of 641 amino-acids, which provides a mature 67.4 kDa-bromoperoxidase II-protein (620 amino-acids). Based on 43% sequence homology with the previously characterized bromoperoxidase I from A. nodosum, a tertiary structure was modeled for the bromoperoxidase II. The structural model was refined on the basis of results from gel filtration and vanadate-binding studies, showing that the bromoperoxidase II is a hexameric metalloprotein, which binds 0.5 equivalents of vanadate as cofactor per 67.4 kDa-subunit, for catalyzing oxidation of bromide by hydrogen peroxide in a bi-bi-ping-pong mechanism (k(cat) = 153 s(-1), 22 °C, pH 5.9). Bromide thereby is converted into a bromoelectrophile of reactivity similar to molecular bromine, based on competition kinetic data on phenol bromination and correlation analysis. Reactivity provided by the bromoperoxidase II mimics biosynthesis of methyl 4-bromopyrrole-2-carboxylate, a natural product isolated from the marine sponge Axinella tenuidigitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Wischang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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82
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Wagner A, Cooper M, Ferdi S, Seifert J, Adrian L. Growth of Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1 by reductive dehalogenation of brominated benzenes to benzene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8960-8968. [PMID: 22800291 DOI: 10.1021/es3003519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brominated aromatics are used in many different applications but occur also naturally. Here, we demonstrate organohalide respiration and growth of Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1 with 1,2,4-tribromobenzene, all three dibrominated benzene congeners and monobromobenzene. All bromobenzenes were fully dehalogenated to benzene. Growth yields were between 1.8 × 10(14) and 2.8 × 10(14) cells per mol of bromide released. Furthermore, a newly designed high-throughput methyl viologen-based photometric microtiter plate assay was established to determine the activity of the reductive dehalogenases in resting cell assays of strain CBDB1 with brominated aromatics as electron acceptors. Activities of 2.8-13.2 nkat per mg total cell protein (0.16-0.8 units per mg total cell protein) were calculated after cultivation of strain CBDB1 on 1,2,4-tribromobenzene. Mass spectrometric analyses and activity assays with whole cell extracts of strain CBDB1 gave strong evidence that four to six reductive dehalogenases were involved in the dehalogenation of all tested brominated benzenes, including the reductive dehalogenases CbdbA80 and CbrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wagner
- Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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83
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Rydén A, Nestor G, Jakobsson K, Marsh G. Synthesis and tentative identification of novel polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in human blood. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1227-1234. [PMID: 22572169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PDBEs) are exogenous, bioactive compounds that originate, to a large extent, from anthropogenic activities, although they are also naturally produced in the environment. In the present study nine new authentic OH-PBDE reference standards and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives (MeO-PBDEs) were synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Seven of the authentic reference standards prepared were thereafter tentatively identified in a pooled human blood sample. The tentatively identified OH-PBDEs were 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether, 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether and 4-hydroxy-2,2',3,4',5,5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether. An additional seven OH-PBDEs were tentatively identified in the pooled human blood sample, of which one OH-PBDE, 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5,5'-pentabromodiphenyl ether, has not been identified in human blood before. The identification was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) recording the bromine ions m/z 79, 81. The tentative identification was supported by the peaks relative retention times (RRTs) compared to authentic references on two GC columns of different polarities for the hexa-, and heptabrominated OH-PBDEs, and three different GC columns for the pentabrominated OH-PBDEs. The OH-PBDE congeners most likely originate from human metabolism of a flame retardant, i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to the relatively high concentrations of PBDEs in the same human blood sample and the fact that these PBDEs could form the tentatively identified OH-PBDEs via metabolic direct hydroxylation or via 1,2-shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rydén
- Department of Material and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 90 Stockholm, Sweden.
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84
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Arnoldsson K, Andersson PL, Haglund P. Formation of environmentally relevant brominated dioxins from 2,4,6,-tribromophenol via bromoperoxidase-catalyzed dimerization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7239-7244. [PMID: 22686187 DOI: 10.1021/es301255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) are emerging environmental pollutants with structural similarities to the highly characterized toxicants polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. The geographical and temporal variations of PBDD in biota samples from the Baltic Sea do not display features that are normally related to anthropogenic sources such as incineration, and therefore the natural formation of PBDDs has been suggested. This study of the bromoperoxidase mediated oxidative coupling of 2,4,6-tribromophenol (an abundant substance that is naturally formed in marine systems) identified the formation of ppb-level yields of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3,6,8-TeBDD) through direct condensation. Additional TeBDDs (1,3,7,9-TeBDD, 1,2,4,7-TeBDD, and/or 1,2,4,8-TeBDD) and tri-BDDs (1,3,7-TrBDD and 1,3,8-TrBDD) were frequently formed but at lower yields. The formation of these TeBDDs probably proceeds via bromine shifts or Smiles rearrangements, whereas the TrBDDs may result from subsequent debromination processes. Because all of the congeners formed by oxidative coupling and subsequent reactions are also found in Baltic Sea biota, the results support the theory that PBDDs are formed from natural precursors.
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85
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Scientific Opinion on Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Food: Brominated Phenols and their Derivatives. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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86
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Shelepchikov AA, Brodsky ES, Vasina OI. Methoxy-substituted octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in the Vietnamese soil. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500812020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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87
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Rotander A, van Bavel B, Rigét F, Auðunsson GA, Polder A, Gabrielsen GW, Víkingsson G, Mikkelsen B, Dam M. Methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) are major contributors to the persistent organobromine load in sub-Arctic and Arctic marine mammals, 1986-2009. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:482-489. [PMID: 22225820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A selection of MeO-BDE and BDE congeners were analyzed in pooled blubber samples of pilot whale (Globicephala melas), ringed seal (Phoca hispida), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), and Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), covering a time period of more than 20 years (1986-2009). The analytes were extracted and cleaned-up using open column extraction and multi-layer silica gel column chromatography. The analysis was performed using both low resolution and high resolution GC-MS. MeO-PBDE concentrations relative to total PBDE concentrations varied greatly between sampling periods and species. The highest MeO-PBDE levels were found in the toothed whale species pilot whale and white-sided dolphin, often exceeding the concentration of the most abundant PBDE, BDE-47. The lowest MeO-PBDE levels were found in fin whales and ringed seals. The main MeO-BDE congeners were 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68. A weak correlation only between BDE47 and its methoxylated analog 6-MeO-BDE47 was found and is indicative of a natural source for MeO-PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rotander
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
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88
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Ben Ameur W, Ben Hassine S, Eljarrat E, El Megdiche Y, Trabelsi S, Hammami B, Barceló D, Driss MR. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated analogs in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:258-264. [PMID: 21983038 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of ten polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and eight methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) collected from the Bizerte Lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea were investigated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these compounds in marine fishes from Tunisia. The PBDE mean concentrations in fish from Bizerte Lagoon were 45.3 and 96.2 ng g(-1) lw respectively in mullet and sea bass, while the concentrations of these compounds in mullet and sea bass from Mediterranean Sea were 7.80 and 27.9 ng g(-1) lw respectively. MeO-PBDE concentrations in mullet and sea bass from Bizerte Lagoon ranged from 6.46 to 286 ng g(-1) lw and from 49.4 to 798 ng g(-1) lw respectively, while the concentrations of these compounds in mullet and sea bass from Mediterranean Sea ranged from 190 to 401 ng g(-1) lw and from 353 to 578 ng g(-1) lw respectively. The total PBDEs and total MeO-PBDEs concentration in fish from Bizerte Lagoon were similar or slightly lower than those reported for other species from other locations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (05/UR/12-03), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
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89
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Vetter W, Kirres J, Bendig P. Bromination of 2-methoxydiphenyl ether to an average of tetrabrominated 2-methoxydiphenyl ethers. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:1117-24. [PMID: 21546057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Brominated 2-phenoxyanisoles (2-methoxydiphenyl ethers, 2-MeO-BDEs) are a class of halogenated natural products, produced by algae and sponges. Especially two tetrabrominated isomers, i.e. 2'-MeO-BDE 68 (BC-2) and 6-MeO-BDE 47 (BC-3), have also been frequently determined in environmental and food samples. In addition, 2-MeO-BDEs are under discussion as metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In this study, we synthesized the backbone 2-methoxydiphenyl ether and brominated it to an average degree of four bromine substituents. The reaction mixture only contained one major product (∼90%) along with three further MeO-BDEs and ∼5% hydroxylated BDEs. In all likelihood, the HO-BDEs were formed in a side reaction by cleavage of the methoxy group. The major MeO-BDE was identified as 6'-methoxy-2,3',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (6'-MeO-BDE-66). The HO-BDEs were separated by KOH/n-hexane partitioning, and the resulting 2-MeO-BDEs were fractionated by means of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). Due to the excellent enrichment facilities of HSCCC, some 15 MeO-BDEs, mainly present at traces only, could be detected in 26 fractions, and eight of them could be characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Only two of the compounds--2'-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 123--had been characterized as natural products while the prominent halogenated natural product 6-MeO-BDE 47 was not detected at all in the reaction product. The "non-natural" 2-MeO-BDEs may be useful internal standards in trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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90
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Liu H, Zhao H, Quan X, Zhang Y, Chen S, Zhao H. Formation of 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodipheyl ether (2'-HO-BDE68) from 2,4-dibromophenol in aqueous solution under simulated sunlight irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:512-518. [PMID: 21459404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (HO-PBDEs) have received significant attention due to their toxicities and universal presence in the environmental matrices. However, their origins are not fully understood. We explored the feasibility of the generation of HO-PBDEs through photochemical processes from bromophenol, a commonly detected pollutant with anthropogenic source in freshwater and natural source in the marine environment. The results showed that when 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-diBP) was irradiated in aquatic solutions under simulated sunlight, significant amounts of 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,5'-tetrabromodipheyl ether (2'-HO-BDE68) were rapidly formed as the dimeric product of 2,4-diBP. The formation of 2'-HO-BDE68 intensified with the increase of light intensity and with the initial concentration increase of 2,4-diBP, whereas it weakened with an increase in pH. Moreover, Fe(III) and fulvic acid played important roles in the formation of 2'-HO-BDE68. This study provides important insight into a possible source of HO-PBDEs from bromophenols in natural aquatic systems through photochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China.
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91
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Löfstrand K, Liu X, Lindqvist D, Jensen S, Asplund L. Seasonal variations of hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels from the Baltic Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:527-532. [PMID: 21288551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) found at high levels in the Baltic biota are mainly natural products, but can also be formed through metabolism or abiotic oxidation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The formation of OH-PBDEs is of concern since there is growing evidence of phenolic toxicity. This study investigates seasonal variations in levels of OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs, focusing on an exposed species, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), sampled in the Baltic Sea in May, June, August and October of 2008. Both the OH-PBDE and MeO-PBDE levels in the mussels showed seasonal variations from May to October, the highest concentration of each congener appearing in June. The seasonal variation was more marked for OH-PBDEs than in MeO-PBDEs, but all congeners showed the same trends, except 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68, which did not significantly decline in concentrations after June. Biotic or abiotic debromination is suggested as a possible reason for the rapid decrease in methoxylated penta- and hexa-BDE concentrations observed in blue mussels from June to August, while the tetraBDE concentrations were stable. In addition, 1,3,7/1,3,8-tribrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins showed the same seasonal variation. The seasonal variations indicates natural formation and are unlikely to be due to transformation of anthropogenic precursors. The levels of PBDEs were fairly constant over time and considerably lower than those of the OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs. The timing of the peaks in concentrations suggests that filamentous macro-algae may be important sources of these compounds found in the blue mussels from this Baltic Sea location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löfstrand
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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92
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93
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Selective O-demethylation during bromination of (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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94
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Dsikowitzky L, Nordhaus I, Jennerjahn TC, Khrycheva P, Sivatharshan Y, Yuwono E, Schwarzbauer J. Anthropogenic organic contaminants in water, sediments and benthic organisms of the mangrove-fringed Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:851-862. [PMID: 21414637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Segara Anakan, a mangrove-fringed coastal lagoon in Indonesia, has a high diversity of macrobenthic invertebrates and is increasingly affected by human activities. We found > 50 organic contaminants in water, sediment and macrobenthic invertebrates from the lagoon most of which were polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Composition of PACs pointed to petrogenic contamination in the eastern lagoon. PACs mainly consisted of alkylated PAHs, which are more abundant in crude oil than parent PAHs. Highest total PAC concentration in sediment was above reported toxicity thresholds for aquatic invertebrates. Other identified compounds derived from municipal sewage and also included novel contaminants like triphenylphosphine oxide. Numbers of stored contaminants varied between species which is probably related to differences in microhabitat and feeding mode. Most contaminants were detected in Telescopium telescopium and Polymesoda erosa. Our findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the risk potential of alkylated PAHs, which has hardly been addressed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Dsikowitzky
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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95
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Wiseman SB, Wan Y, Chang H, Zhang X, Hecker M, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated/methoxylated analogs: environmental sources, metabolic relationships, and relative toxicities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:179-88. [PMID: 21439595 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Brominated compounds are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are anthropogenic compounds of concern. Studies suggest that PBDEs can be biotransformed to hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDE). However, the rate of OH-BDE formation observed has been extremely small. OH-BDEs have also been identified as natural compounds produced by some marine invertebrates. Another class of compounds, the methoxylated BDEs (MeO-BDEs), has also been identified as natural compounds in the marine environment. Both the OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs bioaccumulate in higher marine organisms. Recent studies have demonstrated that MeO-BDEs can be biotransformed to OH-BDEs and this generates greater amounts of OH-BDEs than could be generated from PBDEs. Consequently, MeO-BDEs likely represent the primary source of metabolically derived OH-BDEs. Given that for some endpoints OH-BDEs often exhibit greater toxicity compared to PBDEs, it is prudent to consider OH-BDEs as chemicals of concern, despite their seemingly "natural" origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve B Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3
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96
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Haldén AN, Nyholm JR, Andersson PL, Holbech H, Norrgren L. Oral exposure of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) to 2,4,6-tribromophenol affects reproduction. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 100:30-7. [PMID: 20719397 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The bromophenol 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) is widely used as an industrial chemical, formed by degradation of tetrabromobisphenol-A, and it occurs naturally in marine organisms. Concentrations of TBP in fish have been related to intake via feed, but little is known about effects on fish health after oral exposure. In this study, we exposed adult male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio) to TBP via feed in nominal concentrations of 33, 330, and 3300 μg/g feed (or control feed) for 6 weeks to assess the effects of TBP on reproductive output, gonad morphology, circulatory vitellogenin levels, and early embryo development. The aim was also to investigate the extent to which TBP was metabolised to 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) in dietary exposed zebrafish, and the amounts of TBP and TBA found in offspring. After 6 weeks of exposure, we found about 3% of the daily dose of TBP in adult fish and the mean concentration of TBA was 25-30% of the TBP concentration. TBP and TBA were detected in offspring with wet weight-based egg/fish concentration ratios well below one. Exposure to TBP significantly reduced the fertilization success and disturbed the gonad morphology, i.e. fewer spermatid cysts in males and increased presence of atretic follicles and oocytes with decreased vitellogenesis in females. In females, the disturbed gonad morphology was accompanied by increased levels of circulating vitellogenin. Significant effects were observed at 3300 μg/g feed. Offspring early development was not significantly affected, but yolk-sac oedema tended to increase in frequency in exposed groups with time. Our results show that dietary exposure to TBP, at concentrations found in marine organisms that are part of the natural diet of wild fish, can interfere with reproduction in zebrafish. We also observed low accumulation from feed of TBP in zebrafish and biotransformation of TBP to TBA. This is the first paper showing gonadal histopathological changes and effects on fertility in TBP exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Norman Haldén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7028, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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97
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Löfstrand K, Malmvärn A, Haglund P, Bignert A, Bergman A, Asplund L. Brominated phenols, anisoles, and dioxins present in blue mussels from the Swedish coastline. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:1460-8. [PMID: 20396970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-010-0331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Naturally occurring hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), their methoxylated counterparts (MeO-PBDEs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs), together with their potential precursors polybrominated phenols (PBPs) and polybrominated anisoles (PBAs), were analyzed in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) gathered along the east coast (bordering the Baltic Sea) and west coast of Sweden (bordering the North Sea). Brown algae (Dictyosiphon foenicolaceus) and cyanobacteria (Nodularia spumigena) from the Baltic Sea, considered to be among the primary producers of these compounds, were also analyzed for comparison. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples were liquid-liquid extracted, separated into a phenolic and a neutral fraction, and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The levels of OH-PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs were significantly higher in Baltic Sea mussels than in those from the west coast, whereas the levels of PBPs and PBAs displayed the opposite pattern. The blue mussels from the Baltic Sea contained high levels of all analyzed substances, much higher than the levels of, e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers. In addition, the GC-MS chromatogram of the phenolic fraction of the west coast samples was dominated by four unknown peak clusters, three of which were tentatively identified as dihydroxy-PBDEs and the other as a hydroxylated-methyl-tetraBDE. CONCLUSIONS Clearly, all of the compounds analyzed are natural products, both in the Baltic and the North Sea. However, the geographical differences in composition may indicate different origin, e.g., due to differences in the occurrence and/or abundance of various algae species along these two coasts or possibly a more extensive dilution on the west coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löfstrand
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry Unit, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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98
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Wan Y, Jones PD, Wiseman S, Chang H, Chorney D, Kannan K, Zhang K, Hu JY, Khim JS, Tanabe S, Lam MHW, Giesy JP. Contribution of synthetic and naturally occurring organobromine compounds to bromine mass in marine organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:6068-6073. [PMID: 20704201 DOI: 10.1021/es100914r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An extraction, separation, and purification method was developed for the identification and quantification of total bromine (TBr), extractable organobromine (EOBr), and five classes of identified EOBrs. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was utilized to quantify EOBr and TBr. The method was then applied to liver samples of tuna, albatross, and polar bear collected from remote marine locations. Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), bromophenols (BRPs), hydroxylated (OH-) and methoxylated (MeO-) PBDEs were analyzed as identified EOBr. The majority of the bromine in these marine organisms was nonextractable or inorganic, with EOBr accounting for 10-28% of the TBr. Of the identified EOBr, in tuna and albatross, naturally occurring compounds, including MeO-PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, and BPRs, were prevalent. However, the identifiable EOBr in polar bears consisted primarily of synthetic compounds, including PBDEs and PBBs. Overall, 0.08-0.11% and 0.008-0.012% of EOBr and TBr, respectively, were identified. The proportion of EOBr that was identified in marine organisms was relatively small compared to the proportions for organofluorine and organochlorine compounds. This could be related to the great diversity of naturally occurring organobromine compounds in the environment. Naturally occurring brominated fatty acids were estimated to be the predominant compounds in the EOBr fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
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Haglund P, Löfstrand K, Malmvärn A, Bignert A, Asplund L. Temporal variations of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and methoxylated diphenyl ether concentrations in fish revealing large differences in exposure and metabolic stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2466-2473. [PMID: 20180550 DOI: 10.1021/es9038006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and polybrominated methoxylated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) were investigated in perch (Perca fluviatilis) collected from a Baltic Sea background contaminated area between 1990 and 2005. No temporal trend was found, but large variations were observed - up to 5-fold and 160-fold differences in MeO-PBDE and PBDD concentrations, respectively - between consecutive years, suggesting that retention of these compounds, particularly the PBDDs, is limited. Examination of the congener profiles using principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis indicated that MeO-PBDEs without adjacent substituents (6-MeO-BDE47) or with two adjacent substituents (2'-MeO-BDE68 and 6-MeO-BDE90) are retained more than MeO-PBDEs with three adjacent substituents (6-MeO-BDE85 and 6-MeO-BDE99) and that 1,3,6,8-tetraBDD and 1,3,7,9-tetraBDD are retained more than the other PBDDs which have vicinal hydrogen. Debromination could explain the limited retention of 6-MeO-PBDE85 and 6-MeO-BDE99 and the absence of 2-MeO-BDE123 and 6-MeO-BDE137, and cytochrome P-450 mediated oxidation could explain the limited retention of PBDDs containing vicinal hydrogen. The levels of organobromines, especially MeO-PBDEs, were found to covary with water conditions related to primary production, for example temperature, depth visibility, and inorganic nutrient concentrations, which also favor fish productivity. The results suggest natural production of MeO-PBDEs and PBDDs and imply that they fluctuate considerably over time, as do common marine toxins in fish. Thus, assessments of human and environmental risk should consider both the average and peak concentrations of these contaminants in marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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100
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Su GY, Gao ZS, Yu Y, Ge JC, Wei S, Feng JF, Liu FY, Giesy JP, Lam MHW, Yu HX. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated metabolites in anchovy (Coilia sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:634-642. [PMID: 19779753 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are toxic to animals, and concentrations of the PBDEs metabolites can exceed those of the parent materials. But no information was available on concentrations of PBDEs metabolites in the lower Yangtze River in the region around Jiangsu Province of China, which is heavily urbanized and industrialized area. The aims of this study were to determine whether PBDEs and their methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) were accumulated in Coilia sp. in this area and to investigate the potential sources for these two kinds of brominated organic pollutants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of four species of anchovy were collected from eight sites in the lower Yangtze River, Taihu Lake, and Hongzehu Lake. Concentrations of 13 PBDEs congeners and eight methoxylated PBDEs were determined by use of organic solvent extraction, followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The frequencies of detection for PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were 92% and 53%, respectively. Concentrations of summation operatorPBDEs ranged from not detected (ND) to 77 ng/g lipids (ND-3.8 ng/g wet weight). Concentrations of summation operatorMeO-PBDEs in anchovy ranged from ND to 48 ng/g lipids (ND-8.2 ng/g wet weight). The PBDE concentrations in anchovy from the Yangtze River Delta were similar to or less than those reported for other species from other locations around the world, while the concentrations of MeO-PBDEs were comparable to or slightly less than those reported in other studies. This is the first report of MeO-PBDEs in biota of China. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study as well as those of other studies suggest that PBDEs in anchovy are primarily of synthetic origin and released by human activities, while MeO-PBDEs in anchovy are primarily from nature as natural products from the sea instead of metabolism of PBDEs in anchovy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-yong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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