Patterned microfluidic devices for rapid screening of metal-organic frameworks yield insights into polymorphism and non-monotonic growth

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline structures that are composed of coordinated metal ligands and organic linkers. Due to their high porosity, ultra-high surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical and structural flexibility, MOFs have numerous applications. MOFs are primarily synthesized in batch reactors under harsh conditions and long synthesis times. The continuous depletion of metal ligands and linkers in batch processes affects the kinetics of the oligomerization reaction and, hence, their nucleation and growth rates. Therefore, the existing screening systems that rely on batch processes, such as microtiter plates and droplet-based microfluidics, do not provide reliable nucleation and growth rate data. Significant challenges still exist for developing a relatively inexpensive, safe, and readily scalable screening device and ensuring consistency of results before scaling up. Here, we have designed patterned-surface microfluidic devices for continuous-flow synthesis of MOFs that allow effective and rapid screening of synthesis conditions. The patterned surface reduces the induction time of MOF synthesis for rapid screening while providing support to capture MOF crystals for growth measurements. The efficacy of the continuous-flow patterned microfluidic device to screen polymorphs, morphology, and growth rates is demonstrated for the HKUST-1 MOF. The effects of solvent composition and pH modulators on the morphology, polymorphs, and size distribution of HKUST-1 are evaluated using the patterned microfluidic device. Additionally, a time-resolved FT-IR analysis coupled with the patterned microfluidic device provides quantitative insights into the non-monotonic growth of MOF crystals with respect to the progression of the bulk oligomerization reaction. The patterned microfluidic device can be used to screen crystals with a longer induction time, such as proteins, covalent-organic frameworks, and MOFs.

Time-resolved color-changing long-afterglow for security systems based on metal–organic hybrids

Himpc-based phosphors exhibit diverse afterglow performances by modulating molecular aggregation dispositions for anti-counterfeiting application.

Recent advancement in bimetallic metal organic frameworks (M’MOFs): Synthetic challenges and applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a burgeoning research field and has received increasing interest in recent years due to their inherent advantages of inorganic metal ions, range of organic linkers, tunable...

Single-step Synthesis and Characterization of Zr-MOF onto Wool Fabric: Preparation of Antibacterial Wound Dressing with High Absorption Capacity

Improvement of curative herbal extracts effectiveness through novel drug delivery systems is a field of study for the researches nowadays. Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) are one of the most capable porous nanocarriers that need a biocompatible template to be used in biomedical applications. In this work, Zr-MOF was synthesized into the wool fabric through in-situ one-pot method with different molar ratios. The final fabrics were characterized thoroughly using various techniques and the effect of components on monodispersity and nucleation tendency of Zr-MOF onto the surface of wool were explained. The resultant fabric stablished absolute wash durability, increased air-permeability up to twice and reasonable hydrophilicity. Tensile strength and young modulus decreased 30 and 1244 % and strain increased 66 %. Salvia Officinalis (SO) and Calendula Officinalis (CO) extracts were loaded onto the modified fabrics with 1154 and 1842 % increased absorption capacity. The release profiles showed domination of diffusion mechanism. The wool-MOF-SO and CO displayed both 100 % antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and 60.95 and 64.64 % against Staphylococcus aureus because of diverse antibacterial components. Calendula Officinalis proved biocompatibility with human skin however Salvia Officinalis exhibited high toxicity.

Photoswitchable Zirconium MOF for Light-Driven Hydrogen Storage

Here, we report a new photosensitive metal–organic framework (MOF) that was constructed via the modification of UiO-66-NH₂ with diarylethene molecules (DAE, 4-(5-Methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-4-furan-2,5-dione). The material that was obtained was a highly crystalline porous compound. The photoresponse of the modified MOF was observed via UV–Vis and IR spectroscopy. Most of the DAE molecules inside of the UiO-66-pores had an open conformation after synthesis. However, the equilibrium was able to be shifted further toward an open conformation using visible light irradiation with a wavelength of 520 nm. Conversely, UV-light with a wavelength of 450 nm initiated the transformation of the photoresponsive moieties inside of the pores to a closed modification. We have shown that this transformation could be used to stimulate hydrogen adsorption–desorption processes. Specifically, visible light irradiation increased the H₂ capacity of modified MOF, while UV-light decreased it. A similar hybrid material with DAE moieties in the UiO-66 scaffold was applied for hydrogen storage for the first time. Additionally, the obtained results are promising for smart H₂ storage that is able to be managed via light stimuli.

Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane-4,4′-dicarboxylic Acid

The molecular structure of bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (H2bpmdc) was determined by single crystal X-Ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system; the unit cell contains four formula units. The molecules of H2bpmdc are linked into zig-zag chains by intermolecular carboxyl–carboxyl hydrogen bonds. Other types of supramolecular interactions, namely, CH···N and CH···O short contacts, CH–π interactions and carbonyl–carbonyl interactions were detected in the crystal structure.

Synthesis of nanocellulose aerogels and Cu-BTC/nanocellulose aerogel composites for adsorption of organic dyes and heavy metal ions

MOFs compounds with open metal sites, particularly Cu-BTC, have great potential for adsorption and catalysis applications. However, the powdery morphology limits their applications. One of the almost new ways to overcome this problem is to trap them in a standing and flexible aerogel matrix to form a hierarchical porous composite. In this work, Cu-BTC/CNC (crystalline nanocellulose) and Cu-BTC/NFC (nanofibrillated cellulose) aerogel composites were synthesized using a direct mixing method by the addition of Cu-BTC powder to the liquid precursor solution followed by gelation and freeze-drying. Also, pure nanocellulose aerogels (CNC and NFC aerogels) have been synthesized from cellulose isolated from peanut shells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to evaluate the structure and morphology of the prepared materials. The adsorption ability of pure CNC aerogel and Cu-BTC/NFC aerogel composite for organic dye (Congo Red) and heavy metal ion (Mn⁷⁺) was studied and determined by the UV-Vis spectrophotometry and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), respectively. It was concluded that Cu-BTC/NFC aerogel composite shows excellent adsorption capacity for Congo Red. The adsorption process of this composite is better described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 39 mg/g for Congo Red. Nevertheless, CNC aerogel shows no adsorption for Congo Red. Both CNC aerogel and Cu-BTC/NFC aerogel composite act as a monolith standing solid reducer, which means they could remove permanganate ions from water by reducing it into manganese dioxide without releasing any secondary product in the solution.

Role of Host-Guest Interaction in Understanding Polymerisation in Metal-Organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks, MOFs, offer an effective template for polymerisation of polymers with precisely controlled structures within the sub-nanometre scales. However, synthetic difficulties such as monomer infiltration, detailed understanding of polymerisation mechanisms within the MOF nanochannels and the mechanism for removing the MOF template post polymerisation have prevented wide scale implementation of polymerisation in MOFs. This is partly due to the significant lack in understanding of the energetic and atomic-scale intermolecular interactions between the monomers and the MOFs. Consequently in this study, we explore the interaction of varied concentration of styrene, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), at the surface and in the nanochannel of Zn₂(1,4-ndc)₂ (dabco), where 1,4-ndc = 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate and dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Our results showed that the interactions between monomers are stronger in the nanochannels than at the surfaces of the MOF. Moreover, the MOF-monomer interactions are strongest in the nanochannels and increase with the number of monomers. However, as the number of monomers increases, the monomers turn to bind more strongly at the surface leading to a potential agglomeration of the monomers at the surface.

In situ growth of copper-based metal-organic framework on a helical shape copper wire as a sorbent in stir-bar sorptive extraction of fenthion followed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

In this paper, a helical copper wire, coated with copper-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid metal-organic framework (Cu-BDC) was used as a sorbent for stir-bar sorptive extraction of fenthion from water and fruit samples. The homogenous coating was fabricated through two simple and fast steps. The chemical conversion of copper substrate to copper hydroxide nanotubes (Cu(OH)₂ NTs) was performed in an alkaline solution and then Cu-BDC was formed through a neutralization reaction. Corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry in positive mode was applied for the detection of fenthion. To improve the sensitivity of the method, some synthesis and extraction parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid concentration, ionic strength, sample pH, stirring rate, extraction temperature, and extraction time were investigated. The linear dynamic range between 0.5 and 80 μg L^-1 and detection limit of 0.1 μg L^-1 were obtained under optimal conditions. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 6.4 and 8.6%, respectively. The applicability of the method was examined for the analysis of different samples (i.e., well water, agricultural wastewater, and orange). The recovery for the determination of fenthion in spiked samples varied from 88 to 111%.

A review on recent advances in hydrogen energy, fuel cell, biofuel and fuel refining via ultrasound process intensification

Hydrogen energy is one of the most suitable green substitutes for harmful fossil fuels and has been investigated widely. This review extensively compiles and compares various methodologies used in the production, storage and usage of hydrogen. Sonochemistry is an emerging synthesis process and intensification technique adapted for the synthesis of novel materials. It manifests acoustic cavitation phenomena caused by ultrasound where higher rates of reactions occur locally. The review discusses the effectiveness of sonochemical routes in developing fuel cell catalysts, fuel refining, biofuel production, chemical processes for hydrogen production and the physical, chemical and electrochemical hydrogen storage techniques. The operational parameters and environmental conditions used during ultrasonication also influence the production rates, which have been elucidated in detail. Hence, this review's major focus addresses sonochemical methods that can contribute to the technical challenges involved in hydrogen usage for energy.

Loading of the Model Amino Acid Leucine in UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2: Optimization of Metal-Organic Framework Carriers and Evaluation of Host-Guest Interactions

Two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH₂, were considered as containers for bioactive chemicals. We provide a synthesis technique, which allowed the production of these materials suitable for biomedical applications. Both MOFs were characterized as single-phase porous materials composed of nanoparticles (30-65 nm) with a ζ-potential of more than 40 mV in water suspension. D,L-Leucine was applied as a model molecule, which allowed us to trace the mechanism of the loading process. We showed that after synthesis, amino groups of UiO-66-NH₂ are coordinated with solvent residuals. It results in a similar route of leucine loading in UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH₂ samples. Using joint data of thermogravimetric analysis and calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption, we revealed that methyl groups of leucine molecules are responsible for bonding of an MOF matrix. We proposed the formation of bonds between CH₃ groups and benzene rings of linkers via CH-π interaction. We also assessed the toxicity of the synthesized MOFs toward HeLa cells at 50 μg/mL after 24 h incubation and revealed no negative effects on the viability of the cells, prompting further biomedical research in the areas of small-molecule delivery and cell signaling and metabolism modulation.

Metal-Organic Frameworks for Drug Delivery: A Design Perspective

The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in biomedical applications has greatly expanded over the past decade due to the precision tunability, high surface areas, and high loading capacities of MOFs. Specifically, MOFs are being explored for a wide variety of drug delivery applications. Initially, MOFs were used for delivery of small-molecule pharmaceuticals; however, more recent work has focused on macromolecular cargos, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Here, we review the historical application of MOFs for drug delivery, with a specific focus on the available options for designing MOFs for specific drug delivery applications. These options include choices of MOF structure, synthetic method, and drug loading. Further considerations include tuning, modifications, biocompatibility, cellular targeting, and uptake. Altogether, this Review aims to guide MOF design for novel biomedical applications.

A green synthesized recyclable ZnO/MIL-101(Fe) for Rhodamine B dye removal via adsorption and photo-degradation under UV and visible light irradiation

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently debuted as participants and solid supports in catalysts for environmental application in water treatment. Visible light active nanocomposites; ZnO/MIL-101(Fe); were synthesized via a hydrothermal method by loading ZnO; prepared by a green method; on a porous MIL-101(Fe) to be used as a heterogeneous catalyst for Rhodamine B dye (RhB) degradation as a model pollutant. The effect of adding acetic acid during the preparation of MIL-101(Fe) was studied; [A] used for the samples prepared by acetic acid. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XPS, XRD, zeta potential, TGA, FTIR, N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements, SEM, EDX, elemental mapping, TEM, and UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The loading of ZnO on MIL-101(Fe) decreased the band gap from 3.2 eV for ZnO to be 2.85 eV for ZnO/MIL-101(Fe)[A], this low band gap explaining the obtained high activity under visible light irradiation. The mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation of RhB was investigated by introducing different scavengers to compete for the possible reactive species involved in the degradation process. The trapping experiments indicated that h⁺ and ^•OH have a vital role in the RhB degradation. The reusability of MIL-101(Fe) was also investigated after three runs. Thus, the synthesized ZnO/MIL-101(Fe)[A] could be used as an alternative catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of coloured wastewater as it can successfully degrade 97.1% of Rhodamine B (10 mg/L) with high reaction rate (k = 0.0339 min^-1) under visible light irradiation for 300 min using 0.5 g/L of the catalyst. The as-prepared ZnO/MIL-101(Fe) and ZnO/MIL-101(Fe)[A] have competitive photocatalytic dye degradation activity.

UiO series of metal-organic frameworks composites as advanced sorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions: Synthesis, applications and adsorption mechanism

Heavy metal pollution has threatened the ecological environment and human health, therefore, effective removal of these toxic pollutants from various complex substrates is of great significance. So far, adsorption is still one of the most effective approaches. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous crystalline materials consisting of metal ions or metal clusters and organic ligands through coordination bonds. Due to their high surface area, porosity, as well as good chemical/thermal stability, the materials have recently attracted great attention in environmental analytical chemistry. This review mainly focused on the recent studies about the applications of UiO series MOFs and their composites as the emerging MOFs, which have been used effectively for the adsorption and removal of diverse heavy metal ions from a variety of environmental samples as novel adsorption materials. Moreover, an elaboration about UiO-MOFs and its composites including the synthetic methods and the applications of these materials in the removal of heavy metal ions were presented in detail. In addition, the adsorption characteristics and mechanism of UiO-MOFs as solid sorbents for heavy metal ions were discussed, including adsorption isotherms equation, adsorption thermodynamics, and kinetics. To this end, the developing trends of MOF-based composites for the removal of heavy metal ions had also prospected. This review will provide a new idea for the study of the adsorption mechanism of heavy metal ions on sorbents and the development of high-performance media for the efficient removal of pollutants in wastewater.

Effect of pyridyl donors from organic ligands versus metalloligands on material design

This review illustrates designs and structures of various coordination frameworks constructed using assorted organic ligands and metalloligands offering pyridyl donors to evaluate the impact of flexibility versus rigidity on material design.

Design and application of metal-organic frameworks and derivatives as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts for organic wastewater treatment: A review

Advanced oxidation process (AOP), with a high oxidation efficiency, fast reaction speed (relatively no secondary pollution), has become one of the core technologies of industrial wastewater and advanced drinking water treatment. Heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process (HFOP) is a kind of AOP, which developed rapidly in recent years in such a way to overcome the disadvantages of traditional Fenton reaction. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives become essential heterogeneous catalysts for organics mineralization due to the large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and ease of structural regulation. However, the knowledge gap on the mechanism and the fate of heterogeneous catalyst species during organics degradation activities by MOFs presents considerable impediments, particularly for a wide application and scaling up the process. This work has the potential to provide guidance and ideas for researchers and engineers in the fields of environmental remediation, environmental catalysis and functional materials. This review focuses on clarifying the critical mechanism of •OH production from MOFs and derivatives as well as its action on the organic's degradation process. The recent developments in MOF based HFOP are compared, and more attention is paid for the following aspects in this review: (1) classifies systematically progressive modification methods of MOFs by chemical and physical treatments; (2) analyzes the fate of catalytic species during treating organic wastewater; (3) proposes design ideas and principles for improving the performance of MOFs catalysts; (4) discusses the main factors influencing the catalytic properties and practical application; (5) summarizes the possible research challenges and directions for MOFs and their derivatives as catalysts applied to wastewater treatment in the future.

Different view of solvent effect on the synthesis methods of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 to tuning the crystal structure and properties

One of the important aims in the synthesis of zeolite imidazolate framework-8 is to prepare crystals with predictable structures and valuable properties. It is observed that the properties of ZIF-8 have been directly or indirectly determined by various synthetic factors. Among many synthetic factors, solvents and synthesis methods are unavoidable parameters that control the overall structure of ZIF-8. This article presents a deep understanding of how solvents play their role in the crystallization and structure and therefore the properties of ZIF-8 by considering the polarity, viscosity, interfacial tension and molecular structure and comparing the behaviour of each solvent in every synthesis method. Also, to clearly realize their effect on the formation and final properties of ZIF-8, the crystallization process and mass transfer are discussed.

One of the important aims in the synthesis of zeolite imidazolate framework-8 is to prepare crystals with predictable structures and valuable properties.

ᶫ-Leucine Loading and Release in MIL-100 Nanoparticles

Synthesis of the MIL-100 metal-organic framework particles was carried out by hydrothermal (HT) and microwave (MW)-assisted methods. Transmission electron microscopy showed formation of microparticles in the course of hydrothermal synthesis and nanoparticles for microwave-assisted synthesis. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed formation of larger crystallites for hydrothermal synthesis. Particle aggregation in aqueous solution was observed by dynamic light scattering. However, the stability of both samples could be improved in acetic acid solution. Nitrogen sorption isotherms showed high porosity of the particles. ᶫ-leucine molecule was used as a model molecule for loading in the porous micro- and nanoparticles. Loading was estimated by FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. UV-VIS spectroscopy quantified ᶫ-leucine release from the particles in aqueous solution. Cytotoxicity studies using the HeLa cell model showed that the original particles were somewhat toxic, but ᶫ-leucine loading ameliorated the toxic effects, likely due to signaling properties of the amino acid.

Polypyrrole merged zirconium-based metal-organic framework NU-1000 for detection of levodopa

A post-synthetic integration of polypyrrole onto NU-1000 MOF (PPy@NU-1000) was done by pyrrole adsorption, followed by oxidative polymerization. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, and FTIR. The ultra-high specific surface area with high-density catalytic sites of NU-1000 (2223 m² g^-1) was combined with the electrical conductivity of PPy (2-100 S cm^-1). PPy@NU-1000 provides superior electrocatalytic activity and charge transfer properties compared to an individual component. The PPy@NU-1000-modified GCE was applied to detect the biomolecule Levodopa (LD). The DPV oxidation peak of LD was strongest at 272 ± 10 mV vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Under the optimized experimental condition, the fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibited a wide quantification range of 0.005-70 μM with a sub-nanomolar detection limit of 0.0001 μM (S/N 3). The described sensor exhibits high sensitivity (2.08 μA μM^-1 cm^-2) with reasonable stability, reproducibility, and selectivity for the detection LD in the presence of potentially interfering compounds. Furthermore, human serum analysis showed excellent recovery values within the range 99.3-101.6%. Validation of the method was performed against HPLC.Graphical abstract.

Immobilization of UiO-67 with photochromic spiropyrans: a quantum chemical study

Post-synthetic modification of MOFs allows tuning the properties according to desired applications. The incorporation of photoactive molecules introduces sensitivity to radiation properties to the matrix of MOFs. We report on the theoretical analysis of possible ways of construction photoactive MOFs from UiO-67 and spiropyran molecules containing different carbonyl substituents. Large-scale computer modeling with the use of density functional theory method allowed us to select the most energy-efficient schemes of design. It was revealed that the most preferred way of immobilization of UiO-67 is the interaction with the carboxylic group in the indoline fragment of spiropyran. These results are promising for the application of MOFs modified in this way as photoactive sensors. Graphical abstract.

Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Doped with Cobalt Using Bimetallic ZIFs as Sacrificial Agents

We report here a simple two-stage synthesis of zinc–cobalt oxide nanoparticles. We used Zn/Co-zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 materials as precursors for annealing and optional impregnation with a silicon source for the formation of a protective layer on the surface of oxide nanoparticles. Using bimetallic ZIFs allowed us to trace the phase transition of the obtained oxide nanoparticles from wurtzite ZnO to spinel Co₃O₄ structures. Using (X-ray diffraction) XRD and (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) XANES techniques, we confirmed the incorporation of cobalt ions into the ZnO structure up to 5 mol.% of Co. Simple annealing of Zn/Co-ZIF-8 materials in the air led to the formation of oxide nanoparticles of about 20–30 nm, while additional treatment of ZIFs with silicon source resulted in nanoparticles of about 5–10 nm covered with protective silica layer. We revealed the incorporation of oxygen vacancies in the obtained ZnO nanoparticles using FTIR analysis. All obtained samples were comprehensively characterized, including analysis with a synchrotron radiation source.

In Situ Time-Resolved Decomposition of β-Hydride Phase in Palladium Nanoparticles Coated with Metal-Organic Framework

The formation of palladium hydrides is a well-known phenomenon, observed for both bulk and nanosized samples. The kinetics of hydrogen adsorption/desorption strongly depends on the particle size and shape, as well as the type of support and/or coating of the particles. In addition, the structural properties of hydride phases and their distribution also depend on the particle size. In this work, we report on the in situ characterization of palladium nanocubes coated with HKUST-1 metal-organic framework (Pd@HKUST-1) during desorption of hydrogen by means of synchrotron-based time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction. A slower hydrogen desorption, compared to smaller sized Pd nanoparticles was observed. Rietveld refinement of the time-resolved data revealed the remarkable stability of the lattice parameters of α- and β-hydride phases of palladium during the α- to β- phase transition, denoting the behavior more similar to the bulk materials than nanoparticles. The stability in the crystal sizes for both α- and β-hydride phases during the phase transition indicates that no sub-domains are formed within a single particle during the phase transition.

Graphene Oxide Protected Copper Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxylate for Clean Energy Gas Adsorption

Among microporous storage materials copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC MOF, Cu3(BTC)2 or HKUST-1) holds the greatest potential for clean energy gases. However, its usefulness is challenged by water vapor, either in the gas to be stored or in the environment. To determine the protection potential of graphene oxide (GO) HKUST1@GO composites containing 0-25% GO were synthesized and studied. In the highest concentration, GO was found to strongly affect HKUST-1 crystal growth in solvothermal conditions by increasing the pH of the reaction mixture. Otherwise, the GO content had practically no influence on the H2, CH4 and CO2 storage capacities, which were very similar to those from the findings of other groups. The water vapor resistance of a selected composite was compared to that of HKUST-1. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric (TG/DTG) and N2 adsorption techniques were used to monitor the changes in the crystal and pore structure. It was found that GO saves the copper-carboxyl coordination bonds by sacrificing the ester groups, formed during the solvothermal synthesis, between ethanol and the carboxyl groups on the GO sheets.

Synthesis of ordered microporous/macroporous MOF-808 through modulator-induced defect-formation, and surfactant self-assembly strategies

Ordered materials with interconnected porosity allow the diffusion of molecules within their inner porous structure to access the active sites located in the microporous core. As a follow-up of our work on engineering of MOF-808, in this contribution, we study the synthesis of defective MOF-808 using two different strategies: the use of modulators and the surfactant-assisted synthesis to obtain materials with ordered and interconnected pores. The results of the study indicated that (i) the use of modulators of different chain length led to the formation of microporous/mesoporous MOFs through the formation of missing linker defects. However, the use of the acetic acid contributes to the formation of MOFs with larger mesoporous size distributions compared to materials synthesized with formic and propionic acids as modulators, and (ii) the self-assembly of CTAB surfactant produced an ordered microporous/macroporous network which enhanced crystallinity. However, the surface properties of the materials seem to be unaffected by the use of surfactants during synthesis. These results contribute to the development of ordered materials with a broad range of pore size distributions and give rise to new opportunities to extend the applications of MOF-808.