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Heterologous prime-boost strategy to immunize very young infants against measles: pre-clinical studies in rhesus macaques. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:672-85. [PMID: 17971812 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infants in developing countries are at high risk of developing severe clinical measles if they become infected during the "window of vulnerability" (age 4-9 months), when declining maternal antibodies do not protect against wild virus, yet impede successful immunization by attenuated measles vaccine. We developed two Sindbis replicon-based DNA vaccines expressing measles virus hemagglutinin and fusion protein with the goal of priming young infants to respond safely and effectively to subsequent boosting with attenuated measles vaccine. Intradermal prime with DNA vaccines by needle-free injection followed by aerosol or parenteral boost with licensed measles vaccine was well tolerated by juvenile and young infant rhesus macaques, and protected against clinical measles and viremia on wild-type virus challenge. A proteosome-measles vaccine administered alone (three doses) or as a boost following DNA vaccine priming was also safe and protective. These promising results pave the way for clinical trials to assess this prime-boost strategy.
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52
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Greer CE, Zhou F, Goodsell A, Legg HS, Tang Z, zur Megede J, Uematsu Y, Polo JM, Vajdy M. Long-term protection in hamsters against human parainfluenza virus type 3 following mucosal or combinations of mucosal and systemic immunizations with chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:645-53. [PMID: 17944814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
No licensed vaccines are available to protect against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), a significant health risk for infants. In search of a safe vaccine, we used an alphavirus-based chimeric vector, consisting of Sindbis virus (SIN) structural proteins and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon RNA, expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein (VEE/SIN-HN). We compared different routes of intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or combined i.n. and i.m. immunizations with VEE/SIN-HN in hamsters. Six months after the final immunization, all hamsters were protected against live PIV3 i.n. challenge in nasal turbinates and lungs. This protection appeared to correlate with antibodies in serum, nasal turbinates and lungs. This is the first report demonstrating mucosal protection against PIV3 for an extended time following immunizations with an RNA replicon delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Greer
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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53
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Callagy SJ, Kelly BJ, Fleeton MN, Sheahan BJ, Galbraith SE, Atkins GJ. Semliki Forest virus vectors expressing the H and HN genes of measles and mumps viruses reduce immunity induced by the envelope protein genes of rubella virus. Vaccine 2007; 25:7481-90. [PMID: 17905485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A Semliki Forest virus (SFV) recombinant particle vaccine vector was constructed expressing the viral E1 and E2 envelope proteins of the RA27/3 vaccine strain of rubella virus. This vector induced high titres of antibody after intramuscular administration to Balb/C mice, both following initial vaccination and a boost 4 weeks later. This occurred for antibody as measured by ELISA and as measured by a latex agglutination test. However, co-administration of similar particles expressing the measles virus H protein and the mumps virus HN protein with the rubella protein expressing vector resulted in reduction of the anti-rubella immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Callagy
- Virus Group, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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54
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Riddell MA, Moss WJ, Hauer D, Monze M, Griffin DE. Slow clearance of measles virus RNA after acute infection. J Clin Virol 2007; 39:312-7. [PMID: 17625962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles virus (MV) RNA was detected 1 month after hospitalization with measles in more than half of Zambian children but the duration of detectable RNA was not determined. OBJECTIVES To characterize the time course of MV clearance and identify factors associated with presence of viral RNA at late times after clinical recovery from infection. STUDY DESIGN Blood, urine and nasopharyngeal specimens from 49 Zambian children with laboratory-confirmed measles were collected a median of 100 days (range 65-118) after rash onset. Samples were assayed for MV nucleocapsid and hemagglutinin RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Amplified products were sequenced. Selected immunologic studies were performed. RESULTS MV RNA was detected in at least one specimen from 18 children (37%). Eighteen percent of 44 blood mononuclear cell, 23% of 30 nasopharyngeal and 50% of 6 urine specimens were positive. Detection was not associated with HIV-1 infection, % CD4(+) T lymphocytes, plasma interleukin-10 levels or persistent MV-specific IgM. The MV genotype was D2 and sequences of late specimens were the same as specimens collected during acute illness. CONCLUSIONS Presence of viral RNA at multiple sites more than 3 months after acute disease suggests that clearance of MV-infected cells occurs over many months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Riddell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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55
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Abstract
Measles remains a leading vaccine-preventable cause of child mortality worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where almost half of the estimated 454,000 measles deaths in 2004 occurred. However, great progress in measles control has been made in resource-poor countries through accelerated measles-control efforts. The global elimination of measles has been debated since measles vaccines were first licensed in the 1960's, and this debate is likely to be renewed if polio virus is eradicated. This review discusses the pathogenesis of measles and the likelihood of the worldwide elimination of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
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56
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Halwani R, Doroudchi M, Yassine-Diab B, Janbazian L, Shi Y, Said EA, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. Generation and maintenance of human memory cells during viral infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:197-208. [PMID: 16967292 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of memory T cell response is the hallmark of immune protection and hence the holy grail of most vaccine development studies. Persistent memory cells, developed after either viral infection or vaccination, ensure the generation of an antiviral response upon reexposure to the pathogen. During acute viral infections, as in the case of measles and influenza viruses, strong T cell effector functions, which eradicate the virus and protect patients against reexposure, are achieved by the generation of persistent protective memory cells. However, in chronic infections, T cells drastically lose effector functions before acquiring a memory phenotype. Chronic infections can be categorized into infections where viremia is controlled and protective memory cells are maintained as in the case of EBV and CMV infections, or where the virus persists and memory cells are exhausted and disrupted as in the case of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In this review, we will discuss the different phenotypical and functional characteristics of memory cells subsets, the importance of the role they play during acute and chronic infections, and the mechanisms behind their effectiveness and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Halwani
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Campus St.-Luc, Pavillon Edouard-Asselin, 264 Boulevard Rene Levesque Est, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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57
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Greer CE, Zhou F, Legg HS, Tang Z, Perri S, Sloan BA, Megede JZ, Uematsu Y, Vajdy M, Polo JM. A chimeric alphavirus RNA replicon gene-based vaccine for human parainfluenza virus type 3 induces protective immunity against intranasal virus challenge. Vaccine 2006; 25:481-9. [PMID: 17052811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) infections continue to be a significant health risk for infants, young children, and immunocompromised adults. We describe a gene-based vaccine strategy against PIV3 using replication-defective alphavirus vectors. These RNA replicon vectors, delivered as virus-like particles and expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein, were shown to be highly immunogenic in mice and hamsters, inducing PIV3-specific neutralizing antibody responses. Importantly, the replicon particle-based vaccine administered intramuscularly or intranasally protected against mucosal PIV3 challenge in hamsters, preventing virus replication in both nasal turbinates and lungs. These data suggest that the alphavirus replicon platform can be useful for a PIV3 vaccine and possibly other respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Alphavirus/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Mesocricetus
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/growth & development
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Paramyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Paramyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Replicon/genetics
- Replicon/immunology
- Sindbis Virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Greer
- Vaccines Research, Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, MS 4.3, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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58
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Oh S, Stegman B, Pendleton CD, Ota MO, Pan CH, Griffin DE, Burke DS, Berzofsky JA. Protective immunity provided by HLA-A2 epitopes for fusion and hemagglutinin proteins of measles virus. Virology 2006; 352:390-9. [PMID: 16781760 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection and vaccination with a live-attenuated measles virus (MV) induce CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immune responses that may play a central role in controlling MV infection. In this study, we show that newly identified human HLA-A2 epitopes from MV hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins induced protective immunity in HLA-A2 transgenic mice challenged with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing F or H protein. HLA-A2 epitopes were predicted and synthesized. Five and four peptides from H and F, respectively, bound to HLA-A2 molecules in a T2-binding assay, and four from H and two from F could induce peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Further experiments proved that three peptides from H (H9-567, H10-250, and H10-516) and one from F protein (F9-57) were endogenously processed and presented on HLA-A2 molecules. All peptides tested in this study are common to 5 different strains of MV including Edmonston. In both A2K(b) and HHD-2 mice, the identified peptide epitopes induced protective immunity against recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing H or F. Because F and H proteins induce neutralizing antibodies, they are major components of new vaccine strategies, and therefore data from this study will contribute to the development of new vaccines against MV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangKon Oh
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10-Rm 6B-09, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1578, USA.
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59
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Capozzo AVE, Ramírez K, Polo JM, Ulmer J, Barry EM, Levine MM, Pasetti MF. Neonatal Immunization with a Sindbis Virus-DNA Measles Vaccine Induces Adult-Like Neutralizing Antibodies and Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Presence of Maternal Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5671-81. [PMID: 16622037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infants younger than age 9 mo do not respond reliably to the live attenuated measles vaccine due the immaturity of their immune system and the presence of maternal Abs that interfere with successful immunization. We evaluated the immune responses elicited by Sindbis virus replicon-based DNA vaccines encoding measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H, pMSIN-H) or both hemagglutinin and fusion (F, pMSINH-FdU) glycoproteins in neonatal mice born to naive and measles-immune mothers. Despite the presence of high levels of maternal Abs, neonatal immunization with pMSIN-H induced long-lasting, high-avidity MV plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) Abs, mainly IgG2a, that also inhibited syncytium formation in CD150(+) B95-8 cells. IgG secreting plasma cells were detected in spleen and bone marrow. Newborns vaccinated with pMSINH-FdU elicited PRN titers that surpassed the protective level (200 mIU/ml) but were short-lived, had low syncytium inhibition capacity, and lacked avidity maturation. This vaccine failed to induce significant PRN titers in the presence of placentally transferred Abs. Both pMSIN-H and pMSINH-FdU elicited strong Th1 type cell-mediated immunity, measured by T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production, that was unaffected by maternal Abs. Newborns responded to measles DNA vaccines with similar or even higher PRN titers and cell-mediated immunity than adult mice. This study is the first demonstration that a Sindbis virus-based measles DNA vaccine can elicit robust MV immunity in neonates bypassing maternal Abs. Such a vaccine could be followed by the current live attenuated MV vaccine in a heterologous prime-boost to protect against measles early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V E Capozzo
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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60
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Dudek T, Knipe DM. Replication-defective viruses as vaccines and vaccine vectors. Virology 2006; 344:230-9. [PMID: 16364753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The classical viral vaccine approaches using inactivated virus or live-attenuated virus have not been successful for some viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus or herpes simplex virus. Therefore, new types of vaccines are needed to combat these infections. Replication-defective mutant viruses are defective for one or more functions that are essential for viral genome replication or synthesis and assembly of viral particles. These viruses are propagated in complementing cell lines expressing the missing gene product; however, in normal cells, they express viral gene products but do not replicate to form progeny virions. As vaccines, these mutant viruses have advantages of both classical types of viral vaccines in being as safe as inactivated virus but expressing viral antigens inside infected cells so that MHC class I and class II presentation can occur efficiently. Replication-defective viruses have served both as vaccines for the virus itself and as a vector for the expression of heterologous antigens. The potential advantages and disadvantages of these vaccines are discussed as well as contrasting them with single-cycle mutant virus vaccines and replicon/amplicon versions of vaccines. Replication-defective viruses have also served as important probes of the host immune response in helping to define the importance of the first round of infected cells in the host immune response, the mechanisms of activation of innate immune response, and the role of the complement pathway in humoral immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dudek
- Program in Biological Sciences and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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61
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Abstract
HIV poses a serious health threat in the world. Mucosal transmission of HIV through the genitourinary tract may be the most important route of transmission. Intranasal immunisations induce vaginal and systemic immune responses. Various protein-, DNA- and RNA-based immunopotentiating adjuvants/delivery systems and live bacterial and viral vectors are available for intranasal immunisations, and these systems may differ in their ability to induce a specific type of immune response (e.g., a cytotoxic T cell versus an antibody response). As the protection against HIV may require both cytotoxic T cell and antibodies, a combination of adjuvants/delivery systems for combinations of mucosal and parenteral immunisations may be required in order to develop a protective anti-HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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62
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Zagorski N. Profile of Diane E. Griffin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11578-80. [PMID: 16087864 PMCID: PMC1188013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505531102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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