51
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Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Breast Cancer: Pathogenesis and Therapeutics. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040375. [PMID: 31027259 PMCID: PMC6523618 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women, only followed by lung cancer. Given the importance of BC in public health, it is essential to identify biomarkers to predict prognosis, predetermine drug resistance and provide treatment guidelines that include personalized targeted therapies. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an essential role in embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and stem cell renewal. Several lines of evidence endorse the important role of canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling in BC. In this comprehensive review we discuss the role of Hh signaling in breast development and homeostasis and its contribution to tumorigenesis and progression of different subtypes of BC. We also examine the efficacy of agents targeting different components of the Hh pathway both in preclinical models and in clinical trials. The contribution of the Hh pathway in BC tumorigenesis and progression, its prognostic role, and its value as a therapeutic target vary according to the molecular, clinical, and histopathological characteristics of the BC patients. The evidence presented here highlights the relevance of the Hh signaling in BC, and suggest that this pathway is key for BC progression and metastasis.
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Abramyan J. Hedgehog Signaling and Embryonic Craniofacial Disorders. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:E9. [PMID: 31022843 PMCID: PMC6631594 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in a Drosophila mutagenesis screen, the Hedgehog pathway has been revealed to be instrumental in the proper development of the vertebrate face. Vertebrates possess three hedgehog paralogs: Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and Desert hedgehog (Dhh). Of the three, Shh has the broadest range of functions both in the face and elsewhere in the embryo, while Ihh and Dhh play more limited roles. The Hedgehog pathway is instrumental from the period of prechordal plate formation early in the embryo, until the fusion of the lip and secondary palate, which complete the major patterning events of the face. Disruption of Hedgehog signaling results in an array of developmental disorders in the face, ranging from minor alterations in the distance between the eyes to more serious conditions such as severe clefting of the lip and palate. Despite its critical role, Hedgehog signaling seems to be disrupted through a number of mechanisms that may either be direct, as in mutation of a downstream target of the Hedgehog ligand, or indirect, such as mutation in a ciliary protein that is otherwise seemingly unrelated to the Hedgehog pathway. A number of teratogens such as alcohol, statins and steroidal alkaloids also disrupt key aspects of Hedgehog signal transduction, leading to developmental defects that are similar, if not identical, to those of Hedgehog pathway mutations. The aim of this review is to highlight the variety of roles that Hedgehog signaling plays in developmental disorders of the vertebrate face.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abramyan
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA.
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53
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Galperin I, Dempwolff L, Diederich WE, Lauth M. Inhibiting Hedgehog: An Update on Pharmacological Compounds and Targeting Strategies. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8392-8411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Galperin
- Center for Tumor and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Dempwolff
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Tumor and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wibke E. Diederich
- School of Pharmacy, Center for Tumor and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Core Facility Medicinal Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Center for Tumor and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Curran T. Reproducibility of academic preclinical translational research: lessons from the development of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors to treat cancer. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180098. [PMID: 30068568 PMCID: PMC6119869 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Academic translational research is growing at a great pace at a time in which questions have been raised about the reproducibility of preclinical findings. The development of Hedgehog (HH) pathway inhibitors for the treatment of cancer over the past two decades offers a case study for understanding the root causes of failure to predict clinical outcomes arising from academic preclinical translational research. Although such inhibitors were once hoped to be efficacious in up to 25% of human cancer, clinical studies showed responses only in basal cell carcinoma and the HH subtype of medulloblastoma. Close examination of the published studies reveals limitations in the models used, lack of quantitative standards, utilization of high drug concentrations associated with non-specific toxicities and improper use of cell line and mouse models. In part, these issues arise from scientific complexity, for example, the failure of tumour cell lines to maintain HH pathway activity in vitro, but a greater contributing factor appears to be the influence of unconscious bias. There was a strong expectation that HH pathway inhibitors would make a profound impact on human cancer and experiments were designed with this assumption in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Curran
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MI 64108, USA
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55
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Raleigh DR, Reiter JF. Misactivation of Hedgehog signaling causes inherited and sporadic cancers. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:465-475. [PMID: 30707108 DOI: 10.1172/jci120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is critical for the development of diverse organs. Misactivation of the Hedgehog pathway can cause developmental abnormalities and cancers, including medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain tumor, and basal cell carcinoma, the most common cancer in the United States. Here, we review how basic, translational, and clinical studies of the Hedgehog pathway have helped reveal how cells communicate, how intercellular communication controls development, how signaling goes awry to cause cancer, and how to use targeted molecular agents to treat both inherited and sporadic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology.,Department of Neurological Surgery, and
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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56
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Maerz LD, Burkhalter MD, Schilpp C, Wittekindt OH, Frick M, Philipp M. Pharmacological cholesterol depletion disturbs ciliogenesis and ciliary function in developing zebrafish. Commun Biol 2019; 2:31. [PMID: 30729178 PMCID: PMC6351647 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with an inherited inability to synthesize sufficient amounts of cholesterol develop congenital malformations of the skull, toes, kidney and heart. As development of these structures depends on functional cilia we investigated whether cholesterol regulates ciliogenesis through inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA-R), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. HMG-CoA-R is efficiently inhibited by statins, a standard medication for hyperlipidemia. When zebrafish embryos are treated with statins cilia dysfunction phenotypes including heart defects, left-right asymmetry defects and malformation of ciliated organs develop, which are ameliorated by cholesterol replenishment. HMG-CoA-R inhibition and other means of cholesterol reduction lowered ciliation frequency and cilia length in zebrafish as well as several mammalian cell types. Cholesterol depletion further triggers an inability for ciliary signalling. Because of a reduction of the transition zone component Pi(4,5)P2 we propose that cholesterol governs crucial steps of cilium extension. Taken together, we report that cholesterol abrogation provokes cilia defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars D. Maerz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin D. Burkhalter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Schilpp
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Wittekindt
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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57
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Ahaley SS. Synaptojanin regulates Hedgehog signalling by modulating phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate levels. J Biosci 2018; 43:867-876. [PMID: 30541947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Hedgehog (Hh) signalling, Hh ligand concentration gradient is effectively translated into a spatially distinct transcriptional program to give precisely controlled context dependent developmental outcomes. In the absence of Hh, the receptor Patched (Ptc) inhibits the signal transducer Smoothened (Smo) by maintaining low phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) levels. Binding of Hh to its receptor Ptc promotes PI(4)P production, which in turn activates Smo. Using wingdiscs of Drosophila melanogaster, this study shows that Synaptojanin (Synj), a dual phosphatase, modulates PI(4)P levels and affects Smo activation, and thereby functions as an additional regulatory step in the Hh pathway. Reducing the levels of Synj in the wing-discs caused enhancement of a Hh dominant gain-of-function Moonrat phenotype in the adult wings. Synj downregulation augmented Hh signalling, which was associated with elevated PI(4)P levels and Smo activation. Synj did not control the absolute pathway activity but rather fine-tuned the response since its downregulation increased expression of decapentaplegic (dpp), a low-threshold target of the pathway while the high-threshold targets remained unaffected. This is the first report that identifies Synj as a negative regulator of Hh signalling, implying its importance and an additional regulatory step in Hh signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital Sarah Ahaley
- Biology Department, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, India,
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58
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Liu A. Proteostasis in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:153-163. [PMID: 31429406 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial for the development of vertebrate and invertebrate animals alike. Hh ligand binds its receptor Patched (Ptc), allowing the activation of the obligate signal transducer Smoothened (Smo). The levels and localizations of both Ptc and Smo are regulated by ubiquitination, and Smo is under additional regulation by phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Downstream of Smo, the Ci/Gli family of transcription factors regulates the transcriptional responses to Hh. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation are important for the stability and localization of Ci/Gli proteins and Hh signaling output. Finally, Suppressor of Fused directly regulates Ci/Gli proteins and itself is under proteolytic regulation that is critical for normal Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Liu
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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59
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Raleigh DR, Sever N, Choksi PK, Sigg MA, Hines KM, Thompson BM, Elnatan D, Jaishankar P, Bisignano P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Krup AL, Eberl M, Byrne EFX, Siebold C, Wong SY, Renslo AR, Grabe M, McDonald JG, Xu L, Beachy PA, Reiter JF. Cilia-Associated Oxysterols Activate Smoothened. Mol Cell 2018; 72:316-327.e5. [PMID: 30340023 PMCID: PMC6503851 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are required for Smoothened to transduce vertebrate Hedgehog signals, but how Smoothened accumulates in cilia and is activated is incompletely understood. Here, we identify cilia-associated oxysterols that promote Smoothened accumulation in cilia and activate the Hedgehog pathway. Our data reveal that cilia-associated oxysterols bind to two distinct Smoothened domains to modulate Smoothened accumulation in cilia and tune the intensity of Hedgehog pathway activation. We find that the oxysterol synthase HSD11β2 participates in the production of Smoothened-activating oxysterols and promotes Hedgehog pathway activity. Inhibiting oxysterol biosynthesis impedes oncogenic Hedgehog pathway activation and attenuates the growth of Hedgehog pathway-associated medulloblastoma, suggesting that targeted inhibition of Smoothened-activating oxysterol production may be therapeutically useful for patients with Hedgehog-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pervinder K Choksi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Eberl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Urology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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60
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Holy P, Kloudova A, Soucek P. Importance of genetic background of oxysterol signaling in cancer. Biochimie 2018; 153:109-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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61
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Casillas C, Roelink H. Gain-of-function Shh mutants activate Smo cell-autonomously independent of Ptch1/2 function. Mech Dev 2018; 153:30-41. [PMID: 30144507 PMCID: PMC6165682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling is characterized by non-cell autonomy; cells expressing Shh do not respond to the ligand. Here, we identify several Shh mutations that can activate the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway cell-autonomously. Cell-autonomous pathway activation requires the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smoothened, but is otherwise independent of the Shh receptors Patched1 and -2. Many of the Shh mutants that gain activity fail to undergo auto processing resulting in the perdurance of the Shh pro-peptide, a form of Shh that is sufficient to activate the Hh response cell-autonomously. Our results demonstrate that Shh is capable of activating the Hh pathway via Smoothened, independently of Patched1/2, and that it harbors an intrinsic mechanism that prevents cell-autonomous activation of the Shh response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Casillas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henk Roelink
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 16 Barker Hall, 3204, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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62
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Giroux-Leprieur E, Costantini A, Ding VW, He B. Hedgehog Signaling in Lung Cancer: From Oncogenesis to Cancer Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2835. [PMID: 30235830 PMCID: PMC6165231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling pathway is physiologically activated during embryogenesis, especially in lung development. It is also reactivated in many solid tumors. In lung cancer, Hedgehog pathway is closely associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent works have shown that CSCs produced a full-length Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) protein, with paracrine activity and induction of tumor development. Hedgehog pathway is also involved in tumor drug resistance in lung cancer, as cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies. This review proposes to describe the activation mechanisms of Hedgehog pathway in lung cancer, the clinical implications for overcoming drug resistance, and the perspectives for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Giroux-Leprieur
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP-Hopital Ambroise Pare, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
- EA 4340, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Adrien Costantini
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Oncology, APHP-Hopital Ambroise Pare, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
- EA 4340, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Vivianne W Ding
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Biao He
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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63
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Synaptojanin regulates Hedgehog signalling by modulating phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate levels. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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64
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65
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Rapid discrimination of pediatric brain tumors by mass spectrometry imaging. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:269-279. [PMID: 30128689 PMCID: PMC6244779 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Medulloblastoma, the most common primary pediatric malignant brain tumor, originates in the posterior fossa of the brain. Pineoblastoma, which originates within the pineal gland, is a rarer malignancy that also presents in the pediatric population. Medulloblastoma and pineoblastoma exhibit overlapping clinical features and have similar histopathological characteristics. Histopathological similarities confound rapid diagnoses of these two tumor types. We have conducted a pilot feasibility study analyzing the molecular profile of archived frozen human tumor specimens using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to identify potential biomarkers capable of classifying and distinguishing between medulloblastoma and pineoblastoma. Methods We performed matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging on eight medulloblastoma biopsy specimens and three pineoblastoma biopsy specimens. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the MSI dataset to generate classifiers that distinguish the two tumor types. Lastly, the molecules that were discriminative of tumor type were queried against the Lipid Maps database and identified. Results In this pilot study we show that medulloblastoma and pineoblastoma can be discriminated using molecular profiles determined by MSI. The highest-ranking discriminating classifiers of medulloblastoma and pineoblastoma were glycerophosphoglycerols and sphingolipids, respectively. Conclusion We demonstrate proof-of-concept that medulloblastoma and pineoblastoma can be rapidly distinguished by using MSI lipid profiles. We identified biomarker candidates capable of distinguishing these two histopathologically similar tumor types. This work expands the current molecular knowledge of medulloblastoma and pineoblastoma by characterizing their lipidomic profiles, which may be useful for developing novel diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11060-018-2978-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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66
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Hasanovic A, Mus-Veteau I. Targeting the Multidrug Transporter Ptch1 Potentiates Chemotherapy Efficiency. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080107. [PMID: 30110910 PMCID: PMC6115939 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the crucial challenges in the clinical management of cancer is resistance to chemotherapeutics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) has been intensively studied, and one of the most prominent mechanisms underlying MDR is overexpression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Despite research efforts to develop compounds that inhibit the efflux activity of ABC transporters and thereby increase classical chemotherapy efficacy, to date, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the use of any ABC transporter inhibitors due to toxicity issues. Hedgehog signaling is aberrantly activated in many cancers, and has been shown to be involved in chemotherapy resistance. Recent studies showed that the Hedgehog receptor Ptch1, which is over-expressed in many recurrent and metastatic cancers, is a multidrug transporter and it contributes to the efflux of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin, and to chemotherapy resistance. Remarkably, Ptch1 uses the proton motive force to efflux drugs, in contrast to ABC transporters, which use ATP hydrolysis. Indeed, the “reversed pH gradient” that characterizes cancer cells, allows Ptch1 to function as an efflux pump specifically in cancer cells. This makes Ptch1 a particularly attractive therapeutic target for cancers expressing Ptch1, such as lung, breast, prostate, ovary, colon, brain, adrenocortical carcinoma, and melanoma. Screening of chemical libraries have identified several molecules that are able to enhance the cytotoxic effect of different chemotherapeutic agents by inhibiting Ptch1 drug efflux activity in different cancer cell lines that endogenously over-express Ptch1. In vivo proof of concept has been performed in mice where combining one of these compounds with doxorubicin prevented the development of xenografted adrenocortical carcinoma tumors more efficiently than doxorubicin alone, and without obvious undesirable side effects. Therefore, the use of a Ptch1 drug efflux inhibitor in combination with classical or targeted therapy could be a promising therapeutic option for Ptch1-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anida Hasanovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Campus Valrose, 06100 Nice, France.
- CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
- NEOGENEX CNRS International Associated Laboratory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Isabelle Mus-Veteau
- Université Côte d'Azur, Campus Valrose, 06100 Nice, France.
- CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
- NEOGENEX CNRS International Associated Laboratory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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Shi R, Huang Y, Ma C, Wu C, Tian W. Current advances for bone regeneration based on tissue engineering strategies. Front Med 2018; 13:160-188. [PMID: 30047029 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a rapidly developing strategy for repairing critical-sized bone defects to address the unmet need for bone augmentation and skeletal repair. Effective therapies for bone regeneration primarily require the coordinated combination of innovative scaffolds, seed cells, and biological factors. However, current techniques in bone tissue engineering have not yet reached valid translation into clinical applications because of several limitations, such as weaker osteogenic differentiation, inadequate vascularization of scaffolds, and inefficient growth factor delivery. Therefore, further standardized protocols and innovative measures are required to overcome these shortcomings and facilitate the clinical application of these techniques to enhance bone regeneration. Given the deficiency of comprehensive studies in the development in BTE, our review systematically introduces the new types of biomimetic and bifunctional scaffolds. We describe the cell sources, biology of seed cells, growth factors, vascular development, and the interactions of relevant molecules. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and perspectives that may propel the direction of future clinical delivery in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chengai Wu
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China. .,Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China.
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68
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Abstract
Purpose Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common skin cancers, and is typically driven by an aberrantly activated Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. The Hh pathway is regulated by interactions between the Patched-1 (Ptch1) and Smoothened (Smo) receptors. Smo is an activating receptor and is subject to inhibition by Ptch1. Following ligand binding to Ptch1, its inhibitory action is relieved and pathway activation occurs. This receptor interaction is pivotal to restraining uncontrolled cellular growth. Both receptors have been found to be frequently mutated in BCCs. Ptch2 is a Ptch1 paralog that exhibits overlapping functions in both normal development and tissue homeostasis. As yet, its contribution to cancer growth is poorly defined. Here we set out to assess how Ptch2 inhibits BCC growth. Methods We used several in vitro readouts for transcriptional and chemotactic Hh signaling in BCC-derived ASZ001 cells, and a novel xenograft model to assess in vivo BCC tumor growth. Gene editing by TALEN was used to untangle the different Ptch2-dependent responses to its ligand sonic hedgehog (Shh). Results We first defined the signaling competence of Ptch2 in Ptch1-deficient ASZ001 cells in vitro, and found that Ptch2 ligand binding drives their migration rather than eliciting a transcriptional response. We found that subsequent targeting of Ptch2 abrogated the chemotaxic effect. Next, we tested the contribution of Ptch2 to in vivo tumor growth using a xenograft model and found that reduced Ptch function results in increased tumor growth, but that selective pressure appatently acts against complete Ptch2 ablation. Conclusions We conclude that like Ptch1, Ptch2 exerts a tumor-suppressive function in BCC cells, and that after targeting of both paralogs, ligand-independent activation of the Hh pathway contributes to tumor growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13402-018-0381-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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69
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Huang P, Zheng S, Wierbowski BM, Kim Y, Nedelcu D, Aravena L, Liu J, Kruse AC, Salic A. Structural Basis of Smoothened Activation in Hedgehog Signaling. Cell 2018; 174:312-324.e16. [PMID: 29804838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The seven-transmembrane-spanning protein Smoothened is the central transducer in Hedgehog signaling, a pathway fundamental in development and in cancer. Smoothened is activated by cholesterol binding to its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). How this interaction leads to changes in the transmembrane domain and Smoothened activation is unknown. Here, we report crystal structures of sterol-activated Smoothened. The CRD undergoes a dramatic reorientation, allosterically causing the transmembrane domain to adopt a conformation similar to active G-protein-coupled receptors. We show that Smoothened contains a unique inhibitory π-cation lock, which is broken on activation and is disrupted in constitutively active oncogenic mutants. Smoothened activation opens a hydrophobic tunnel, suggesting a pathway for cholesterol movement from the inner membrane leaflet to the CRD. All Smoothened antagonists bind the transmembrane domain and block tunnel opening, but cyclopamine also binds the CRD, inducing the active transmembrane conformation. Together, these results define the mechanisms of Smoothened activation and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanduo Zheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradley M Wierbowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Daniel Nedelcu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Aravena
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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70
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Zhang R, Huang SY, Ka-Wai Li K, Li YH, Hsu WH, Zhang GJ, Chang CJ, Yang JY. Dual degradation signals destruct GLI1: AMPK inhibits GLI1 through β-TrCP-mediated proteasome degradation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49869-49881. [PMID: 28562331 PMCID: PMC5564814 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the GLI1 gene has frequently been found in various cancer types, particularly in brain tumors, in which aberrant GLI1 induction promotes cancer cell growth. Therefore, identifying the molecular players controlling GLI1 expression is of clinical importance. Previously, we reported that AMPK directly phosphorylated and destabilized GLI1, resulting in the suppression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. The current study not only demonstrates that AMPK inhibits GLI1 nuclear localization, but further reveals that β-TrCP plays an essential role in AMPK-induced GLI1 degradation. We found that activation of AMPK promotes the interaction between β-TrCP and GLI1, and induces β-TrCP-mediated GLI1-ubiquitination and degradation. Inhibiting AMPK activity results in the dissociation of the β-TrCP and GLI1 interaction, and diminishes β-TrCP-mediated-GLI1 ubiquitination and degradation. On GLI1, substitution of AMPK phosphorylation sites to aspartic acid (GLI13E) results in stronger binding affinity of GLI1 with β-TrCP, accompanied by enhanced GLI1 ubiquitination and later degradation. In contrast, the GLI1 alanine mutant (GLI13A) shows weaker binding with β-TrCP, which is accompanied by reduced β-TrCP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. Together, these results demonstrate that AMPK regulates GLI1 interaction with β-TrCP by phosphorylating GLI1 and thus both post-translational modifications by AMPK and β-TrCP ultimately impact GLI1 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sherri Y Huang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kay Ka-Wai Li
- /F of Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yen-Hsing Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Wei-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Guang Jun Zhang
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chun-Ju Chang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jer-Yen Yang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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71
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Yin Y, Liu L, Zhao Z, Yin L, Bauer N, Nwaeburu CC, Gladkich J, Gross W, Hackert T, Sticht C, Gretz N, Strobel O, Herr I. Simvastatin inhibits sonic hedgehog signaling and stemness features of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 426:14-24. [PMID: 29627496 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has poor therapeutic options. Recent patient studies indicate that cholesterol-lowering statins have anti-tumor capacities. We examined several established and primary PDA and normal cell lines as well as PDA patient tissues (n = 68). We found that simvastatin inhibited viability, stemness, tumor growth and metastasis and that it enhanced the efficacy of gemcitabine. These changes were associated with modulation of Shh-related gene expression. Overexpression of Shh prevented the anti-cancer effect of simvastatin, and inhibition of Shh mimicked the simvastatin effect. In PDA tissues, expression levels of Shh, downstream mediators of Shh and progression markers, namely, cMet, CxCR4 and Vimentin, were lower when patients were prescribed statin medication prior to surgery. These results suggested that statins are cost effective and well-tolerated drugs for prevention and co-treatment of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Yin
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Li Liu
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Zhefu Zhao
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Libo Yin
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nathalie Bauer
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Clifford C Nwaeburu
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jury Gladkich
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Gross
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Herr
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Germany; Section Surgical Research, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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72
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Lin BM, Li WQ, Cho E, Curhan GC, Qureshi AA. Statin use and risk of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78:682-693. [PMID: 29208416 PMCID: PMC5957516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are among the most commonly used medications in the United States, and statin use is associated with increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, previous studies are limited by lack of adjustment for important confounders. OBJECTIVE Examine the relation between statins and skin cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. METHODS Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations. RESULTS During follow-up (2000-2010), we documented 10,201 BCC, 1393 SCC, and 333 melanoma cases. History of high cholesterol level was not associated with risk of BCC (pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.09), SCC (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85-1.06), or melanoma (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.64-1.19). Statin use was not associated with risk of BCC (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09]), SCC (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94-1.24), or melanoma (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.78-1.38). There was a trend toward higher BCC risk with longer duration of statin use in men (P trend = .003) but not in women (P trend = .86). LIMITATIONS Lack of treatment data. CONCLUSION History of high cholesterol level was not associated with skin cancer risk. Longer duration of statin use was associated with a trend toward higher BCC risk in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gary C Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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73
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Skoda AM, Simovic D, Karin V, Kardum V, Vranic S, Serman L. The role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in cancer: A comprehensive review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2018; 18:8-20. [PMID: 29274272 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway was first identified in the common fruit fly. It is a highly conserved evolutionary pathway of signal transmission from the cell membrane to the nucleus. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in the embryonic development. It exerts its biological effects through a signaling cascade that culminates in a change of balance between activator and repressor forms of glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) transcription factors. The components of the Hh signaling pathway involved in the signaling transfer to the Gli transcription factors include Hedgehog ligands (Sonic Hh [SHh], Indian Hh [IHh], and Desert Hh [DHh]), Patched receptor (Ptch1, Ptch2), Smoothened receptor (Smo), Suppressor of fused homolog (Sufu), kinesin protein Kif7, protein kinase A (PKA), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The activator form of Gli travels to the nucleus and stimulates the transcription of the target genes by binding to their promoters. The main target genes of the Hh signaling pathway are PTCH1, PTCH2, and GLI1. Deregulation of the Hh signaling pathway is associated with developmental anomalies and cancer, including Gorlin syndrome, and sporadic cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, pancreatic, breast, colon, ovarian, and small-cell lung carcinomas. The aberrant activation of the Hh signaling pathway is caused by mutations in the related genes (ligand-independent signaling) or by the excessive expression of the Hh signaling molecules (ligand-dependent signaling - autocrine or paracrine). Several Hh signaling pathway inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, have been developed for cancer treatment. These drugs are regarded as promising cancer therapies, especially for patients with refractory/advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marija Skoda
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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74
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Gordon RE, Zhang L, Peri S, Kuo YM, Du F, Egleston BL, Ng JMY, Andrews AJ, Astsaturov I, Curran T, Yang ZJ. Statins Synergize with Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors for Treatment of Medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1375-1388. [PMID: 29437795 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The role of cholesterol biosynthesis in hedgehog pathway activity and progression of hedgehog pathway medulloblastoma (Hh-MB) were examined in vivo Statins, commonly used cholesterol-lowering agents, were utilized to validate cholesterol biosynthesis as a therapeutic target for Hh-MB.Experimental Design: Bioinformatic analysis was performed to evaluate the association between cholesterol biosynthesis with hedgehog group medulloblastoma in human biospecimens. Alterations in hedgehog signaling were evaluated in medulloblastoma cells after inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. The progression of endogenous medulloblastoma in mice was examined after genetic blockage of cholesterol biosynthesis in tumor cells. Statins alone, or in combination with vismodegib (an FDA-approved Smoothened antagonist), were utilized to inhibit medulloblastoma growth in vivoResults: Cholesterol biosynthesis was markedly enhanced in Hh-MB from both humans and mice. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis dramatically decreased Hh pathway activity and reduced proliferation of medulloblastoma cells. Statins effectively inhibited medulloblastoma growth in vivo and functioned synergistically in combination with vismodegib.Conclusions: Cholesterol biosynthesis is required for Smoothened activity in the hedgehog pathway, and it is indispensable for the growth of Hh-MB. Targeting cholesterol biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for treatment of Hh-MB. Clin Cancer Res; 24(6); 1375-88. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata E Gordon
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Li Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yin-Ming Kuo
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian L Egleston
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M Y Ng
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Andrew J Andrews
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tom Curran
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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75
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Abstract
For decades, lipids were assumed to fulfill roles only in energy storage and membrane structure. Recent studies have discovered critical roles for phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols in many cellular pathways, including cell signaling and transcriptional regulation. Frequently, lipids from these various classes work together to achieve defined cellular outcomes. Specific mitochondrial lipids are critical for proper assembly of the electron transport chain complexes and for effective responses to mitochondrial damage, including maintenance of mitochondrial protein homeostasis, regulation of mitophagy, and induction of apoptosis. In this Minireview, we will primarily focus on mitochondrial lipid signaling mediated by lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Nielson
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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76
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Abstract
Signaling pathways direct organogenesis, often through concentration-dependent effects on cells. The hedgehog pathway enables cells to sense and respond to hedgehog ligands, of which the best studied is sonic hedgehog. Hedgehog signaling is essential for development, proliferation, and stem cell maintenance, and it is a driver of certain cancers. Lipid metabolism has a profound influence on both hedgehog signal transduction and the properties of the ligands themselves, leading to changes in the strength of hedgehog signaling and cellular functions. Here we review the evolving understanding of the relationship between lipids and hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blassberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Department of Neurology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Milton Keynes University Hospital, Standing Way, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, MK6 5LD, UK.
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77
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Levy D, de Melo TC, Ruiz JL, Bydlowski SP. Oxysterols and mesenchymal stem cell biology. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:223-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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78
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Abstract
Communication between cells pervades the development and physiology of metazoans. In animals, this process is carried out by a relatively small number of signaling pathways, each consisting of a chain of biochemical events through which extracellular stimuli control the behavior of target cells. One such signaling system is the Hedgehog pathway, which is crucial in embryogenesis and is implicated in many birth defects and cancers. Although Hedgehog pathway components were identified by genetic analysis more than a decade ago, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signaling is far from complete. In this review, we focus on the biochemistry and cell biology of the Hedgehog pathway. We examine the unique biosynthesis of the Hedgehog ligand, its specialized release from cells into extracellular space, and the poorly understood mechanisms involved in ligand reception and pathway activation at the surface of target cells. We highlight several critical questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin Petrov
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
| | - Bradley M Wierbowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
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79
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Identification and characterization of two novel PTCH1 splice variants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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80
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Wu F, Zhang Y, Sun B, McMahon AP, Wang Y. Hedgehog Signaling: From Basic Biology to Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:252-280. [PMID: 28286127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway was discovered originally as a key pathway in embryonic patterning and development. Since its discovery, it has become increasingly clear that the HH pathway also plays important roles in a multitude of cancers. Therefore, HH signaling has emerged as a therapeutic target of interest for cancer therapy. In this review, we provide a brief overview of HH signaling and the key molecular players involved and offer an up-to-date summary of our current knowledge of endogenous and exogenous small molecules that modulate HH signaling. We discuss experiences and lessons learned from the decades-long efforts toward the development of cancer therapies targeting the HH pathway. Challenges to develop next-generation cancer therapies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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81
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Torquato HFV, Goettert MI, Justo GZ, Paredes-Gamero EJ. Anti-Cancer Phytometabolites Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:156-174. [PMID: 28367074 PMCID: PMC5345336 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160803162309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a plentiful source of bioactive molecules with much structural diversity. In cancer treatment, molecules obtained from plants represent an attractive alternative to other treatments because several plant-derived compounds have exhibited lower toxicity and higher selectivity against cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the possible application of bioactive molecules obtained from plants against more primitive cell populations in cancers, cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are present in several kinds of tumors and are responsible for recurrences and metastases. Common anti-cancer drugs exhibit lower effectiveness against cancer stem cells because of their biological features. However, recently discovered natural phytometabolites exert cytotoxic effects on this rare population of cells in cancers. Therefore, this review presents the latest research on promising compounds from plants that can act as antitumor drugs and that mainly affect stem cell populations in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heron F V Torquato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Campus São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia I Goettert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário Univates, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giselle Z Justo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Campus São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil;; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (Campus Diadema), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Campus São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil;; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
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82
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Hammerling U, Bergman Laurila J, Grafström R, Ilbäck NG. Consumption of Red/Processed Meat and Colorectal Carcinoma: Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Significant Association. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:614-34. [PMID: 25849747 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.972498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology and experimental studies provide an overwhelming support of the notion that diets high in red or processed meat accompany an elevated risk of developing pre-neoplastic colorectal adenoma and frank colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The underlying mechanisms are disputed; thus several hypotheses have been proposed. A large body of reports converges, however, on haem and nitrosyl haem as major contributors to the CRC development, presumably acting through various mechanisms. Apart from a potentially higher intestinal mutagenic load among consumers on a diet rich in red/processed meat, other mechanisms involving subtle interference with colorectal stem/progenitor cell survival or maturation are likewise at play. From an overarching perspective, suggested candidate mechanisms for red/processed meat-induced CRC appear as three partly overlapping tenets: (i) increased N-nitrosation/oxidative load leading to DNA adducts and lipid peroxidation in the intestinal epithelium, (ii) proliferative stimulation of the epithelium through haem or food-derived metabolites that either act directly or subsequent to conversion, and (iii) higher inflammatory response, which may trigger a wide cascade of pro-malignant processes. In this review, we summarize and discuss major findings of the area in the context of potentially pertinent mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned association between consumption of red/processed meat and increased risk of developing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hammerling
- a Cancer Pharmacology & Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Uppsala Academic Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergman Laurila
- b Sahlgrenska Biobank, Gothia Forum, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Roland Grafström
- c Institute of Environmental Medicine, The Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Knowledge Intensive Products and Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , Turku , Finland
| | - Nils-Gunnar Ilbäck
- e Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Uppsala Academic Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden
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83
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Dash RC, Maschinot CR, Hadden MK. A molecular dynamics approach to identify an oxysterol-based hedgehog pathway inhibitor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:168-177. [PMID: 27825830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple oxysterols (OHCs) have demonstrated the ability to act as agonists or antagonists of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, a developmental signaling pathway that has been implicated as a potential therapeutic target in a variety of human diseases. These OHCs are known to modulate Hh signaling through direct binding interactions with the N-terminal cysteine rich domain (CRD) of Smoothened, a key regulator of Hh signal transduction. METHODS Homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM/GBSA energy calculations were utilized to explore binding interactions between the OHC scaffold and the human Smoothened CRD. Follow-up cellular assays explored the in vitro activity of potential Hh pathway modulators. RESULTS Structural features that govern key molecular interactions between the Smoothened CRD and the OHC scaffold were identified. Orientation of the iso-octyl side chain as well as the overall entropy of the OHC-CRD complex are important for determining activity against the Hh pathway. OHC 9, which was previously thought to be inactive because it was not an Hh agonist, was identified as an inhibitor of Hh signal transmission. CONCLUSIONS Calculated MM/GBSA binding energies for OHCs in complex with the CRD of Smoothened correlate well with in vitro Hh modulatory activity. Compounds with high affinity stabilize Smoothened and are antagonists, whereas compounds with reduced affinity allow a conformational change in Smoothened that results in pathway activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Computational modeling and molecular dynamics simulations can be used to predict whether a small molecule that binds the Smoothened CRD will be an agonist or antagonist of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Charan Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, United States
| | - Chad R Maschinot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, United States.
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84
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Mullen PJ, Yu R, Longo J, Archer MC, Penn LZ. The interplay between cell signalling and the mevalonate pathway in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:718-731. [PMID: 27562463 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate (MVA) pathway is an essential metabolic pathway that uses acetyl-CoA to produce sterols and isoprenoids that are integral to tumour growth and progression. In recent years, many oncogenic signalling pathways have been shown to increase the activity and/or the expression of MVA pathway enzymes. This Review summarizes recent advances and discusses unique opportunities for immediately targeting this metabolic vulnerability in cancer with agents that have been approved for other therapeutic uses, such as the statin family of drugs, to improve outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mullen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Rosemary Yu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Joseph Longo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Michael C Archer
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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85
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Luchetti G, Sircar R, Kong JH, Nachtergaele S, Sagner A, Byrne EFX, Covey DF, Siebold C, Rohatgi R. Cholesterol activates the G-protein coupled receptor Smoothened to promote Hedgehog signaling. eLife 2016; 5:e20304. [PMID: 27705744 PMCID: PMC5123864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is necessary for the function of many G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We find that cholesterol is not just necessary but also sufficient to activate signaling by the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, a prominent cell-cell communication system in development. Cholesterol influences Hh signaling by directly activating Smoothened (SMO), an orphan GPCR that transmits the Hh signal across the membrane in all animals. Unlike many GPCRs, which are regulated by cholesterol through their heptahelical transmembrane domains, SMO is activated by cholesterol through its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). Residues shown to mediate cholesterol binding to the CRD in a recent structural analysis also dictate SMO activation, both in response to cholesterol and to native Hh ligands. Our results show that cholesterol can initiate signaling from the cell surface by engaging the extracellular domain of a GPCR and suggest that SMO activity may be regulated by local changes in cholesterol abundance or accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Ria Sircar
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Andreas Sagner
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eamon FX Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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86
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Abstract
Oxysterols have long been known for their important role in cholesterol homeostasis, where they are involved in both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms for controlling cholesterol levels. However, they are increasingly associated with a wide variety of other, sometimes surprising cell functions. They are activators of the Hedgehog pathway (important in embryogenesis), and they act as ligands for a growing list of receptors, including some that are of importance to the immune system. Oxysterols have also been implicated in several diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. Here, we explore the latest research into the roles oxy-sterols play in different areas, and we evaluate the current evidence for these roles. In addition, we outline critical concepts to consider when investigating the roles of oxysterols in various situations, which includes ensuring that the concentration and form of the oxysterol are relevant in that context--a caveat with which many studies have struggled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
| | - Isabelle Capell-Hattam
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia;
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; , , ,
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87
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Huang P, Nedelcu D, Watanabe M, Jao C, Kim Y, Liu J, Salic A. Cellular Cholesterol Directly Activates Smoothened in Hedgehog Signaling. Cell 2016; 166:1176-1187.e14. [PMID: 27545348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, sterols are necessary for Hedgehog signaling, a pathway critical in embryogenesis and cancer. Sterols activate the membrane protein Smoothened by binding its extracellular, cysteine-rich domain (CRD). Major unanswered questions concern the nature of the endogenous, activating sterol and the mechanism by which it regulates Smoothened. We report crystal structures of CRD complexed with sterols and alone, revealing that sterols induce a dramatic conformational change of the binding site, which is sufficient for Smoothened activation and is unique among CRD-containing receptors. We demonstrate that Hedgehog signaling requires sterol binding to Smoothened and define key residues for sterol recognition and activity. We also show that cholesterol itself binds and activates Smoothened. Furthermore, the effect of oxysterols is abolished in Smoothened mutants that retain activation by cholesterol and Hedgehog. We propose that the endogenous Smoothened activator is cholesterol, not oxysterols, and that vertebrate Hedgehog signaling controls Smoothened by regulating its access to cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Nedelcu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miyako Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cindy Jao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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88
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Signore IA, Jerez C, Figueroa D, Suazo J, Marcelain K, Cerda O, Colombo Flores A. Inhibition of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase induces orofacial defects in zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:814-830. [PMID: 27488927 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common birth defects, which include a range of disorders with a complex etiology affecting formation of craniofacial structures. Some forms of syndromic OFCs are produced by defects in the cholesterol pathway. The principal enzyme of the cholesterol pathway is the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Our aim is to study whether defects of HMGCR function would produce orofacial malformation similar to those found in disorders of cholesterol synthesis. METHODS We used zebrafish hmgcrb mutants and HMGCR inhibition assay using atorvastatin during early and late stages of orofacial morphogenesis in zebrafish. To describe craniofacial phenotypes, we stained cartilage and bone and performed in situ hybridization using known craniofacial markers. Also, we visualized neural crest cell migration in a transgenic fish. RESULTS Our results showed that mutants displayed loss of cartilage and diminished orofacial outgrowth, and in some cases palatal cleft. Late treatments with statin show a similar phenotype. Affected-siblings displayed a moderate phenotype, whereas early-treated embryos had a minor cleft. We found reduced expression of the downstream component of Sonic Hedgehog-signaling gli1 in ventral brain, oral ectoderm, and pharyngeal endoderm in mutants and in late atorvastatin-treated embryos. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HMGCR loss-of-function primarily affects postmigratory cranial neural crest cells through abnormal Sonic Hedgehog signaling, probably induced by reduction in metabolites of the cholesterol pathway. Malformation severity correlates with the grade of HMGCR inhibition, developmental stage of its disruption, and probably with availability of maternal lipids. Together, our results might help to understand the spectrum of orofacial phenotypes found in cholesterol synthesis disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:814-830, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra A Signore
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Filosofía y Ciencias de la Complejidad (IFICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Jerez
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Figueroa
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Suazo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine Marcelain
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo Flores
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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89
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Chen D, Chen M, Lu Z, Yang M, Xie L, Zhang W, Xu H, Lu K, Lu Y. Cholesterol induces proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 171:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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90
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Byrne EF, Sircar R, Miller PS, Hedger G, Luchetti G, Nachtergaele S, Tully MD, Mydock-McGrane L, Covey DF, Rambo RP, Sansom MSP, Newstead S, Rohatgi R, Siebold C. Structural basis of Smoothened regulation by its extracellular domains. Nature 2016; 535:517-522. [PMID: 27437577 PMCID: PMC4970916 DOI: 10.1038/nature18934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Developmental signals of the Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt families are transduced across the membrane by Frizzledclass G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) composed of both a heptahelical transmembrane domain (TMD) and an extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD). How the large extracellular domains of GPCRs regulate signalling by the TMD is unknown. We present crystal structures of the Hh signal transducer and oncoprotein Smoothened, a GPCR that contains two distinct ligand-binding sites: one in its TMD and one in the CRD. The CRD is stacked a top the TMD, separated by an intervening wedge-like linker domain. Structure-guided mutations show that the interface between the CRD, linker domain and TMD stabilizes the inactive state of Smoothened. Unexpectedly, we find a cholesterol molecule bound to Smoothened in the CRD binding site. Mutations predicted to prevent cholesterol binding impair the ability of Smoothened to transmit native Hh signals. Binding of a clinically used antagonist, vismodegib, to the TMD induces a conformational change that is propagated to the CRD, resulting in loss of cholesterol from the CRD-linker domain-TMD interface. Our results clarify the structural mechanism by which the activity of a GPCR is controlled by ligand-regulated interactions between its extracellular and transmembrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon F.X. Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Miller
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Hedger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Tully
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science &Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Laurel Mydock-McGrane
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Rambo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science &Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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91
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Ali SA, Al-Jazrawe M, Ma H, Whetstone H, Poon R, Farr S, Naples M, Adeli K, Alman BA. Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis by Hedgehog Signaling in Osteoarthritic Cartilage. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:127-37. [PMID: 26315393 PMCID: PMC4690757 DOI: 10.1002/art.39337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective With no effective therapies to attenuate cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA), the result is pain and disability. Activation of hedgehog (HH) signaling causes changes related to the progression of OA, with higher levels of Gli‐mediated transcriptional activation associated with increased disease severity. To elucidate the mechanism through which this occurs, this study sought to identify genes regulated by HH signaling in human OA chondrocytes. Methods Using human OA cartilage samples, microarray analyses were performed to detect changes in gene expression when the HH pathway was modulated. Results were analyzed for differentially expressed genes, grouped into functional networks, and validated in independent samples. To investigate the effects of chondrocyte‐specific sterol accumulation, we generated mice lacking Insig1 and Insig2, which are major negative regulators of cholesterol homeostasis, under Col2a1 regulatory elements. Results HH signaling was found to regulate genes that govern cholesterol homeostasis, and this led to alterations in cholesterol accumulation in chondrocytes. A higher level of Gli‐mediated transcription resulted in accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. In genetically modified mice, chondrocyte‐specific cholesterol accumulation was associated with an OA phenotype. Reducing cholesterol accumulation attenuated the severity of OA in mice in vivo and decreased the expression of proteases in human OA cartilage in vitro. Conclusion HH signaling regulates cholesterol homeostasis in chondrocytes, and intracellular cholesterol accumulation contributes to the severity of OA. Our findings have therapeutic implications, since reduction of HH signaling reversed cholesterol accumulation and statin treatment attenuated cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Amanda Ali
- University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mushriq Al-Jazrawe
- University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Ma
- University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Raymond Poon
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Farr
- University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Naples
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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92
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Gorojankina T. Hedgehog signaling pathway: a novel model and molecular mechanisms of signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1317-32. [PMID: 26762301 PMCID: PMC11108571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has numerous roles in the control of cell proliferation, tissue patterning and stem cell maintenance. In spite of intensive study, the mechanisms of Hh signal transduction are not completely understood. Here I review published data and present a novel model of vertebrate Hh signaling suggesting that Smoothened (Smo) functions as a G-protein-coupled receptor in cilia. This is the first model to propose molecular mechanisms for the major steps of Hh signaling, including inhibition of Smo by Patched, Smo activation, and signal transduction from active Smo to Gli transcription factors. It also suggests a novel role for the negative pathway regulators Sufu and PKA in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gorojankina
- Neuroscience Paris-Saclay Institute (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 32/33, CNRS, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Orsay, France.
- CNRS UMR3347, 91400, Orsay, France.
- Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.
- INSERM U1021, 91400, Orsay, France.
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93
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Hu Y, Li S. Survival regulation of leukemia stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1039-50. [PMID: 26686687 PMCID: PMC11108378 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are a subpopulation cells at the apex of hierarchies in leukemia cells and responsible for disease continuous propagation. In this article, we discuss some cellular and molecular components, which are critical for LSC survival. These components include intrinsic signaling pathways and extrinsic microenvironments. The intrinsic signaling pathways to be discussed include Wnt/β-catenin signaling, Hox genes, Hh pathway, Alox5, and some miRNAs, which have been shown to play important roles in regulating LSC survival and proliferation. The extrinsic components to be discussed include selectins, CXCL12/CXCR4, and CD44, which involve in LSC homing, survival, and proliferation by affecting bone marrow microenvironment. Potential strategies for eradicating LSCs will also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Hu
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, The Third Part Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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94
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Maschinot CA, Corman AR, DeBerardinis AM, Hadden MK. Synthesis and Evaluation of Osteogenic Oxysterols as Hedgehog Pathway Activators. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:679-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Maschinot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Connecticut; 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092 Storrs CT 06269-3092 USA
| | - Audrey R. Corman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Connecticut; 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092 Storrs CT 06269-3092 USA
| | - Albert M. DeBerardinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Connecticut; 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092 Storrs CT 06269-3092 USA
| | - M. Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Connecticut; 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092 Storrs CT 06269-3092 USA
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95
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Berretta A, Gowing EK, Jasoni CL, Clarkson AN. Sonic hedgehog stimulates neurite outgrowth in a mechanical stretch model of reactive-astrogliosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21896. [PMID: 26902390 PMCID: PMC4763245 DOI: 10.1038/srep21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recovery following a stroke is limited, undamaged neurons under the right conditions can establish new connections and take on-board lost functions. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is integral for developmental axon growth, but its role after injury has not been fully examined. To investigate the effects of Shh on neuronal sprouting after injury, we used an in vitro model of glial scar, whereby cortical astrocytes were mechanically traumatized to mimic reactive astrogliosis observed after stroke. This mechanical trauma impaired neurite outgrowth from post-natal cortical neurons plated on top of reactive astrocytes. Addition of Shh to the media, however, resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in neurite outgrowth. This response was inhibited by cyclopamine and activated by oxysterol 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol, both of which modulate the activity of the Shh co-receptor Smoothened (Smo), demonstrating that Shh-mediated neurite outgrowth is Smo-dependent. In addition, neurite outgrowth was not associated with an increase in Gli-1 transcription, but could be inhibited by PP2, a selective inhibitor of Src family kinases. These results demonstrate that neurons exposed to the neurite growth inhibitory environment associated with a glial scar can be stimulated by Shh, with signaling occurring through a non-canonical pathway, to overcome this suppression and stimulate neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Berretta
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Emma K. Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Christine L. Jasoni
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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96
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Jiang K, Liu Y, Fan J, Zhang J, Li XA, Evers BM, Zhu H, Jia J. PI(4)P Promotes Phosphorylation and Conformational Change of Smoothened through Interaction with Its C-terminal Tail. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002375. [PMID: 26863604 PMCID: PMC4749301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, binding of Hh to the Patched-Interference Hh (Ptc-Ihog) receptor complex relieves Ptc inhibition on Smoothened (Smo). A longstanding question is how Ptc inhibits Smo and how such inhibition is relieved by Hh stimulation. In this study, we found that Hh elevates production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P). Increased levels of PI(4)P promote, whereas decreased levels of PI(4)P inhibit, Hh signaling activity. We further found that PI(4)P directly binds Smo through an arginine motif, which then triggers Smo phosphorylation and activation. Moreover, we identified the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (Gprk2) as an essential component for enriching PI(4)P and facilitating Smo activation. PI(4)P also binds mouse Smo (mSmo) and promotes its phosphorylation and ciliary accumulation. Finally, Hh treatment increases the interaction between Smo and PI(4)P but decreases the interaction between Ptc and PI(4)P, indicating that, in addition to promoting PI(4)P production, Hh regulates the pool of PI(4)P associated with Ptc and Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yajuan Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Junkai Fan
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiang-An Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - B. Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jianhang Jia
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Wang A, Stefanick ML, Kapphahn K, Hedlin H, Desai M, Manson JAE, Strickler H, Martin L, Wactawski-Wende J, Simon M, Tang JY. Relation of statin use with non-melanoma skin cancer: prospective results from the Women's Health Initiative. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:314-20. [PMID: 26742009 PMCID: PMC4742576 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between statin use and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is unclear with conflicting findings in literature. Data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study and WHI Clinical Trial were used to investigate the prospective relationship between statin use and NMSC in non-Hispanic white (NHW) postmenopausal women. METHODS The WHI study enrolled women aged 50-79 years at 40 US centres. Among 133,541 NHW participants, 118,357 with no cancer history at baseline and complete medication/covariate data comprised the analytic cohort. The association of statin use (baseline, overall as a time-varying variable, duration, type, potency, lipophilicity) and NMSC incidence was determined using random-effects logistic regression models. RESULTS Over a mean of 10.5 years of follow-up, we identified 11,555 NMSC cases. Compared with participants with no statin use, use of any statin at baseline was associated with significantly increased NMSC incidence (adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-1.35)). In particular, lovastatin (OR 1.52; 95% CI: 1.08-2.16), simvastatin (OR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.12-1.69), and lipophilic statins (OR 1.39; 95% CI: 1.18-1.64) were associated with higher NMSC risk. Low and high, but not medium, potency statins were associated with higher NMSC risk. No significant effect modification of the statin-NMSC relationship was found for age, BMI, smoking, solar irradiation, vitamin D use, and skin cancer history. CONCLUSIONS Use of statins, particularly lipophilic statins, was associated with increased NMSC risk in postmenopausal white women in the WHI cohort. The lack of duration-effect relationship points to possible residual confounding. Additional prospective research should further investigate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion B, 4th Floor MC 5338, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristopher Kapphahn
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Haley Hedlin
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Manisha Desai
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jo Ann E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Martin
- Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Simon
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion B, 4th Floor MC 5338, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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98
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Chen B, Trang V, Lee A, Williams NS, Wilson AN, Epstein EH, Tang JY, Kim J. Posaconazole, a Second-Generation Triazole Antifungal Drug, Inhibits the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway and Progression of Basal Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:866-76. [PMID: 26823493 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0729-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling has been associated with the pathogenesis of various malignancies, including basal cell carcinomas (BCC). Inhibitors of the Hh pathway currently available or under clinical investigation all bind and antagonize Smoothened (SMO), inducing a marked but transient clinical response. Tumor regrowth and therapy failure were attributed to mutations in the binding site of these small-molecule SMO antagonists. The antifungal itraconazole was demonstrated to be a potent SMO antagonist with a distinct mechanism of action from that of current SMO inhibitors. However, itraconazole represents a suboptimal therapeutic option due to its numerous drug-drug interactions. Here, we show that posaconazole, a second-generation triazole antifungal with minimal drug-drug interactions and a favorable side-effect profile, is also a potent inhibitor of the Hh pathway that functions at the level of SMO. We demonstrate that posaconazole inhibits the Hh pathway by a mechanism distinct from that of cyclopamine and other cyclopamine-competitive SMO antagonists but, similar to itraconazole, has robust activity against drug-resistant SMO mutants and inhibits the growth of Hh-dependent BCC in vivo Our results suggest that posaconazole, alone or in combination with other Hh pathway antagonists, may be readily tested in clinical studies for the treatment of Hh-dependent cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 866-76. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhi Chen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vinh Trang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alex Lee
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alexandra N Wilson
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ervin H Epstein
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California. Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - James Kim
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas.
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99
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Blassberg R, Macrae JI, Briscoe J, Jacob J. Reduced cholesterol levels impair Smoothened activation in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:693-705. [PMID: 26685159 PMCID: PMC4743690 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a common autosomal-recessive disorder that results from mutations in the gene encoding the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). Impaired DHCR7 function is associated with a spectrum of congenital malformations, intellectual impairment, epileptiform activity and autism spectrum disorder. Biochemically, there is a deficit in cholesterol and an accumulation of its metabolic precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) in developing tissues. Morphological abnormalities in SLOS resemble those seen in congenital Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-deficient conditions, leading to the proposal that the pathogenesis of SLOS is mediated by aberrant SHH signalling. SHH signalling is transduced through the transmembrane protein Smoothened (SMO), which localizes to the primary cilium of a cell on activation and is both positively and negatively regulated by sterol molecules derived from cholesterol biosynthesis. One proposed mechanism of SLOS involves SMO dysregulation by altered sterol levels, but the salient sterol species has not been identified. Here, we clarify the relationship between disrupted cholesterol metabolism and reduced SHH signalling in SLOS by modelling the disorder in vitro. Our results indicate that a deficit in cholesterol, as opposed to an accumulation of 7DHC, impairs SMO activation and its localization to the primary cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blassberg
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - James I Macrae
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Level 6, West Wing, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK, Department of Neurology, Milton Keynes Hospital, Standing Way, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire MK6 5LD, UK and Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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100
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Gopalakrishnan V, Tao RH, Dobson T, Brugmann W, Khatua S. Medulloblastoma development: tumor biology informs treatment decisions. CNS Oncol 2015; 4:79-89. [PMID: 25768332 DOI: 10.2217/cns.14.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Current treatments including surgery, craniospinal radiation and high-dose chemotherapy have led to improvement in survival. However, the risk for recurrence as well as significant long-term neurocognitive and endocrine sequelae associated with current treatment modalities underscore the urgent need for novel tumor-specific, normal brain-sparing therapies. It has also provided the impetus for research focused on providing a better understanding of medulloblastoma biology. The expectation is that such studies will lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets and eventually to an increase in personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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