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Black Drum Fish Teeth: Built for Crushing Mollusk Shells. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:147-161. [PMID: 34673226 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With an exclusive diet of hard-shelled mollusks, the black drum fish (Pogonias cromis) exhibits one of the highest bite forces among extant animals. Here we present a systematic microstructural, chemical, crystallographic, and mechanical analysis of the black drum teeth to understand the structural basis for achieving the molluscivorous requirements. At the material level, the outermost enameloid shows higher modulus (Er = 126.9 ± 16.3 GPa, H = 5.0 ± 1.4 GPa) than other reported fish teeth, which is attributed to the stiffening effect of Zn and F doping in apatite crystals and the preferential co-alignment of crystallographic c-axes and enameloid rods along the biting direction. The high fracture toughness (Kc = 1.12 MPa⋅m1/2) of the outer enameloid also promotes local yielding instead of fracture during crushing contact with mollusk shells. At the individual-tooth scale, the molar-like teeth, high density of dentin tubules, enlarged pulp chamber, and specialized dentin-bone connection, all contribute to the functional requirements, including confinement of contact compressive stress in the stiff enameloid, enhanced energy absorption in the compliant dentin, and controlled failure of tooth-bone composite under excessive loads. These results show that the multi-scale structures of black drum teeth are adapted to feed on hard-shelled mollusks. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The black drum fish feeds on hard-shelled mollusks, which requires strong, tough, and wear-resistant teeth. This study presents a comprehensive multiscale material and mechanical analysis of the black drum teeth in achieving such remarkable biological function. At microscale, the fluoride- and zinc-doped apatite crystallites in the outer enameloid region are aligned perpendicular to the chewing surface, representing one of the stiffest biomineralized materials found in nature. In the inner enameloid region, the apatite crystals are arranged into intertwisted rods with crystallographic misorientation for increased crack resistance and toughness. At the macroscale, the molariform geometry, the two-layer design based on the outer enameloid and inner dentin, enlarged pulp chamber and the underlying strong bony toothplate work synergistically to contribute to the teeth's crushing resistance.
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52
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Baron C, Follet H, Pithioux M, Payan C, Lasaygues P. Assessing the Elasticity of Child Cortical Bone. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1364:297-318. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91979-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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53
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Schmidt FN, Hahn M, Stockhausen KE, Rolvien T, Schmidt C, Knopp T, Schulze C, Püschel K, Amling M, Busse B. Influence of X-rays and gamma-rays on the mechanical performance of human bone factoring out intraindividual bone structure and composition indices. Mater Today Bio 2021; 13:100169. [PMID: 34927043 PMCID: PMC8649390 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Doses of irradiation above 25 kGy are known to cause irreversible mechanical decay in bone tissue. However, the impact of irradiation doses absorbed in a clinical setting on the mechanical properties of bone remains unclear. In daily clinical practice and research, patients and specimens are exposed to irradiation due to diagnostic imaging tools, with doses ranging from milligray to Gray. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of irradiation at these doses ranges on the mechanical performance of bone independent of inter-individual bone quality indices. Therefore, cortical bone specimens (n = 10 per group) from a selected organ donor were irradiated at doses of milligray, Gray and kilogray (graft tissue sterilization) at five different irradiation doses. Three-point bending was performed to assess mechanical properties in the study groups. Our results show a severe reduction in mechanical performance (work to fracture: 50.29 ± 11.49 Nmm in control, 14.73 ± 1.84 Nmm at 31.2 kGy p ≤ 0.05) at high irradiation doses of 31.2 kGy, which correspond to graft tissue sterilization or synchrotron imaging. In contrast, no reduction in mechanical properties were detected for doses below 30 Gy. These findings are further supported by fracture surface texture imaging (i.e. more brittle fracture textures above 31.2 kGy). Our findings show that high radiation doses (≥31.2 kGy) severely alter the mechanical properties of bone. Thus, irradiation of this order of magnitude should be taken into account when mechanical analyses are planned after irradiation. However, doses of 30 Gy and below, which are common for clinical and experimental imaging (e.g., radiation therapy, DVT imaging, CT imaging, HR-pQCT imaging, DXA measurements, etc.), do not alter the mechanical bending-behavior of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix N. Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hahn
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kilian E. Stockhausen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Knopp
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 55, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding author. Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestrasse 59, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
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54
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Human Achilles tendon mechanical behavior is more strongly related to collagen disorganization than advanced glycation end-products content. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24147. [PMID: 34921194 PMCID: PMC8683434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with impaired tendon homeostasis and subsequent tendon dysfunction, but the mechanisms underlying these associations is unclear. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) accumulate with diabetes and have been suggested to alter tendon function. In vivo imaging in humans has suggested collagen disorganization is more frequent in individuals with diabetes, which could also impair tendon mechanical function. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between tendon tensile mechanics in human Achilles tendon with accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and collagen disorganization. Achilles tendon specimens (n = 16) were collected from individuals undergoing lower extremity amputation or from autopsy. Tendons were tensile tested with simultaneous quantitative polarized light imaging to assess collagen organization, after which AGEs content was assessed using a fluorescence assay. Moderate to strong relationships were observed between measures of collagen organization and tendon tensile mechanics (range of correlation coefficients: 0.570-0.727), whereas no statistically significant relationships were observed between AGEs content and mechanical parameters (range of correlation coefficients: 0.020-0.210). Results suggest that the relationship between AGEs content and tendon tensile mechanics may be masked by multifactorial collagen disorganization at larger length scales (i.e., the fascicle level).
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55
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Tice MJ, Bailey S, Sroga GE, Gallagher EJ, Vashishth D. Non‐Obese
MKR
Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Reveals Skeletal Alterations in Mineralization and Material Properties. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10583. [PMID: 35229063 PMCID: PMC8861985 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, increased risk of fragility fractures in T2D is often confounded by the effects of obesity. This study was conducted to elucidate the mechanistic basis by which T2D alone leads to skeletal fragility. We hypothesized that obesity independent T2D would deteriorate bone's material quality by accumulating defects in the mineral matrix and undesired modifications in its organic matrix associated with increased oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. To test this hypothesis, we used 15‐week‐old male non‐obese mice with engineered muscle creatine kinase promoter/human dominant negative insulin growth factor 1 (IGF‐I) receptor (MKR) and FVB/N wild‐type (WT) controls (n = 12/group). MKR mice exhibit reduced insulin production and loss of glycemic control leading to diabetic hyperglycemia, verified by fasting blood glucose measurements (>250 mg/dL), without an increase in body weight. MKR mice showed a significant decrease in femoral radial geometry (cortical area, moment of inertia, cortical thickness, endosteal diameter, and periosteal diameter). Bone mineral density (BMD), as assessed by micro–computed tomography (μCT), remained unchanged; however, the quality of bone mineral was altered. In contrast to controls, MKR mice had significantly increased hydroxyapatite crystal thickness, measured by small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and elongated c‐axis length of the crystals evaluated by confocal Raman spectroscopy. There was an increase in changes in the organic matrix of MKR mice, associated with enhanced glycoxidation (carboxymethyl‐lysine [CML] and pentosidine) and overall glycation (fluorescent advanced glycation end products), both of which were associated with various measures of bone fragility. Moreover, increased CML formation positively correlated with elongated mineral crystal length, supporting the role of this negatively charged side chain to attract calcium ions, promote growth of hydroxyapatite, and build a physical link between mineral and collagen. Collectively, our results show, for the first time, changes in bone matrix in a non‐obese T2D model in which skeletal fragility is attributable to alterations in the mineral quality and undesired organic matrix modifications. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J.L. Tice
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute New York NY USA
| | - Stacyann Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute New York NY USA
| | - Grażyna E. Sroga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute New York NY USA
| | - Emily J. Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute New York NY USA
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56
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Pisano AA, Fuschi P. Limit analysis of human proximal femur. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104844. [PMID: 34601433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A limit analysis numerical approach oriented to predict the peak/collapse load of human proximal femur, under two different loading conditions, is presented. A yield criterion of Tsai-Hu-type, expressed in principal stress space, is used to model the orthotropic bone tissues. A simplified human femur 3D model is envisaged to carry on numerical simulation of in-vitro tests borrowed from the relevant literature and to reproduce their findings. A critical discussion, together with possible future developments, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Pisano
- University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Via dell'Universitá 25, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - P Fuschi
- University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Via dell'Universitá 25, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
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57
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Leighton MP, Rutenberg AD, Kreplak L. D-band strain underestimates fibril strain for twisted collagen fibrils at low strains. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104854. [PMID: 34601435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Collagen fibrils are the main structural component of load-bearing tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, the cornea of the eye, and the heart. The D-band of collagen fibrils is an axial periodic density modulation that can be easily characterized by tissue-level X-ray scattering. During mechanical testing, D-band strain is often used as a proxy for fibril strain. However, this approach ignores the coupling between strain and molecular tilt. We examine the validity of this approximation using an elastomeric collagen fibril model that includes both the D-band and a molecular tilt field. In the low strain regime, we show that the D-band strain substantially underestimates fibril strain for strongly twisted collagen fibrils - such as fibrils from skin or corneal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Leighton
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew D Rutenberg
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Laurent Kreplak
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
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58
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Frank M, Grabos A, Reisinger AG, Burr DB, Pahr DH, Allen MR, Thurner PJ. Effects of anti-resorptive treatment on the material properties of individual canine trabeculae in cyclic tensile tests. Bone 2021; 150:115995. [PMID: 33940224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is defined as a decrease of bone mass and strength, as well as an increase in fracture risk. It is conventionally treated with antiresorptive drugs, such as bisphosphonates (BPs) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Although both drug types successfully decrease the risk of bone fractures, their effect on bone mass and strength is different. For instance, BP treatment causes an increase of bone mass, stiffness and strength of whole bones, whereas SERM treatment causes only small (4%) increases of bone mass, but increased bone toughness. Such improved mechanical behavior of whole bones can be potentially related to the bone mass, bone structure or material changes. While bone mass and architecture have already been investigated previously, little is known about the mechanical behavior at the tissue/material level, especially of trabecular bone. As such, the goal of the work presented here was to fill this gap by performing cyclic tensile tests in a wet, close to physiologic environment of individual trabeculae retrieved from the vertebrae of beagle dogs treated with alendronate (a BP), raloxifene (a SERM) or without treatments. Identification of material properties was performed with a previously developed rheological model and of mechanical properties via fitting of envelope curves. Additionally, tissue mineral density (TMD) and microdamage formation were analyzed. Alendronate treatment resulted in a higher trabecular tissue stiffness and strength, associated with higher levels of TMD. In contrast, raloxifene treatment caused a higher trabecular toughness, pre-dominantly in the post-yield region. Microdamage formation during testing was not affected by either anti-resorptive treatment regimens. These findings highlight that the improved mechanical behavior of whole bones after anti-resorptive treatment is at least partly caused by improved material properties, with different mechanisms for alendronate and raloxifene. This study further shows the power of performing a mechanical characterization of trabecular bone at the level of individual trabeculae for better understanding of clinically relevant mechanical behavior of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frank
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 7, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Grabos
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 7, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street Fairbanks Hall, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Andreas G Reisinger
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria.
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street Fairbanks Hall, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, USA.
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 7, 1060 Vienna, Austria; Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street Fairbanks Hall, Suite 6200, Indianapolis, USA.
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Straße 7, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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59
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Shitole P, Choubey A, Mondal P, Ghosh R. LDN Protects Bone Property Deterioration at Different Hierarchical Levels in T2DM Mice Bone. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20369-20378. [PMID: 34395985 PMCID: PMC8358965 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) commonly affects bone quality at different hierarchical levels and leads to an increase in the risk of bone fracture. Earlier, some anti-diabetic drugs showed positive effects on bone mechanical properties. Recently, we have investigated that low-dose naltrexone (LDN), a TLR4 antagonist treatment, improves glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced T2DM mice and also gives protection against HFD-induced weight gain. However, effects on bone are still unknown. In this study, the effects of LDN on the bone properties at different hierarchical levels in T2DM mice bone were investigated. In order to investigate these, four different groups of bone (divided based on diet and treatment) were considered in this present study. These are (a) normal control diet treated with saline water, (b) normal control diet treated with LDN, (c) HFD treated with saline water, and (d) HFD treated with LDN. Bone properties were measured in terms of fracture toughness, nano-Young's modulus, hardness, mineral crystal size, bone composition, and bulk mineral to matrix ratio. Results indicated that fracture toughness, nano-Young's modulus, and hardness were decreased in T2DM bone as compared to normal bone, and interestingly, treatment with the LDN increases these material properties in T2DM mice bone. Similarly, as compared to the normal bone, decrease in the mineral crystal size and bulk mineral-to-matrix ratio was observed in the T2DM bone, whereas LDN treatment protects these alterations in the T2DM mice bone. The bone size (bone geometry) was increased in the case of HFD-induced T2DM bone; however, LDN cannot protect to increase the bone size in the T2DM mice bone. In conclusion, LDN can be used to control the T2DM-affected bone properties at different hierarchical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Shitole
- School
of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Kamand, Mandi 175005, Himachal
Pradesh, India
| | - Abhinav Choubey
- School
of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Kamand, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prosenjit Mondal
- School
of Basic Science, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Kamand, Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Ghosh
- School
of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Mandi, Kamand, Mandi 175005, Himachal
Pradesh, India
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60
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Jähn-Rickert K, Zimmermann EA. Potential Role of Perilacunar Remodeling in the Progression of Osteoporosis and Implications on Age-Related Decline in Fracture Resistance of Bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2021; 19:391-402. [PMID: 34117624 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We took an interdisciplinary view to examine the potential contribution of perilacunar/canalicular remodeling to declines in bone fracture resistance related to age or progression of osteoporosis. RECENT FINDINGS Perilacunar remodeling is most prominent as a result of lactation; recent advances further elucidate the molecular players involved and their effect on bone material properties. Of these, vitamin D and calcitonin could be active during aging or osteoporosis. Menopause-related hormonal changes or osteoporosis therapies affect bone material properties and mechanical behavior. However, investigations of lacunar size or osteocyte TRAP activity with age or osteoporosis do not provide clear evidence for or against perilacunar remodeling. While the occurrence and potential role of perilacunar remodeling in aging and osteoporosis progression are largely under-investigated, widespread changes in bone matrix composition in OVX models and following osteoporosis therapies imply osteocytic maintenance of bone matrix. Perilacunar remodeling-induced changes in bone porosity, bone matrix composition, and bone adaptation could have significant implications for bone fracture resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jähn-Rickert
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Lottestr. 55a, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center Hamburg, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmermann
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Strathcona Anatomy and Dentistry Building, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, Canada.
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61
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Groetsch A, Zysset PK, Varga P, Pacureanu A, Peyrin F, Wolfram U. An experimentally informed statistical elasto-plastic mineralised collagen fibre model at the micrometre and nanometre lengthscale. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15539. [PMID: 34330938 PMCID: PMC8324897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is an intriguingly complex material. It combines high strength, toughness and lightweight via an elaborate hierarchical structure. This structure results from a biologically driven self-assembly and self-organisation, and leads to different deformation mechanisms along the length scales. Characterising multiscale bone mechanics is fundamental to better understand these mechanisms including changes due to bone-related diseases. It also guides us in the design of new bio-inspired materials. A key-gap in understanding bone's behaviour exists for its fundamental mechanical unit, the mineralised collagen fibre, a composite of organic collagen molecules and inorganic mineral nanocrystals. Here, we report an experimentally informed statistical elasto-plastic model to explain the fibre behaviour including the nanoscale interplay and load transfer with its main mechanical components. We utilise data from synchrotron nanoscale imaging, and combined micropillar compression and synchrotron X-ray scattering to develop the model. We see that a 10-15% micro- and nanomechanical heterogeneity in mechanical properties is essential to promote the ductile microscale behaviour preventing an abrupt overall failure even when individual fibrils have failed. We see that mineral particles take up 45% of strain compared to collagen molecules while interfibrillar shearing seems to enable the ductile post-yield behaviour. Our results suggest that a change in mineralisation and fibril-to-matrix interaction leads to different mechanical properties among mineralised tissues. Our model operates at crystalline-, molecular- and continuum-levels and sheds light on the micro- and nanoscale deformation of fibril-matrix reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Groetsch
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Philippe K Zysset
- ARTORG Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Varga
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Françoise Peyrin
- Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, UCBL Lyon 1, Creatis, Lyon, France
| | - Uwe Wolfram
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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62
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Giannini C, De Caro L, Terzi A, Fusaro L, Altamura D, Diaz A, Lassandro R, Boccafoschi F, Bunk O. Decellularized pericardium tissues at increasing glucose, galactose and ribose concentrations and at different time points studied using scanning X-ray microscopy. IUCRJ 2021; 8:621-632. [PMID: 34258010 PMCID: PMC8256709 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521005054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Diseases like widespread diabetes or rare galactosemia may lead to high sugar concentrations in the human body, thereby promoting the formation of glycoconjugates. Glycation of collagen, i.e. the formation of glucose bridges, is nonenzymatic and therefore cannot be prevented in any other way than keeping the sugar level low. It relates to secondary diseases, abundantly occurring in aging populations and diabetics. However, little is known about the effects of glycation of collagen on the molecular level. We studied in vitro the effect of glycation, with d-glucose and d-galactose as well as d-ribose, on the structure of type 1 collagen by preparing decellularized matrices of bovine pericardia soaked in different sugar solutions, at increasing concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg ml-1), and incubated at 37°C for 3, 14, 30 and 90 days. The tissue samples were analyzed with small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering in scanning mode. We found that glucose and galactose produce similar changes in collagen, i.e. they mainly affect the lateral packing between macromolecules. However, ribose is much faster in glycation, provoking a larger effect on the lateral packing, but also seems to cause qualitatively different effects on the collagen structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Giannini
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Liberato De Caro
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Alberta Terzi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Luca Fusaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Tissuegraft srl., Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Altamura
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Rocco Lassandro
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Oliver Bunk
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
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63
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Damrath JG, Creecy A, Wallace JM, Moe SM. The impact of advanced glycation end products on bone properties in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 30:411-417. [PMID: 33928911 PMCID: PMC8154706 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 15% of Americans and results in an increased risk of skeletal fractures and fracture-related mortality. However, there remain great challenges in estimating fracture risk in CKD patients, as conventional metrics such as bone density assess bone quantity without accounting for the material quality of the bone tissue. The purpose of this review is to highlight the detrimental effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the structural and mechanical properties of bone, and to demonstrate the importance of including bone quality when assessing fracture risk in CKD patients. RECENT FINDINGS Increased oxidative stress and inflammation drive the production of AGEs in CKD patients that form nonenzymatic crosslinks between type I collagen fibrils in the bone matrix. Nonenzymatic crosslinks stiffen and embrittle the bone, reducing its ability to absorb energy and resist fracture. Clinical measurement of AGEs is typically indirect and fails to distinguish the identity and properties of the various AGEs. SUMMARY Accounting for the impact of AGEs on the skeleton in CKD patients may improve our estimation of overall bone quality, fracture risk, and treatments to improve both bone quantity and quality by reducing AGEs in patients with CKD merit investigation in order to improve our understanding of the etiology of increased fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Damrath
- Purdue University Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Amy Creecy
- Indiana University – Purdue University at Indianapolis Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Indiana University – Purdue University at Indianapolis Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharon M. Moe
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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64
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Schurman CA, Verbruggen SW, Alliston T. Disrupted osteocyte connectivity and pericellular fluid flow in bone with aging and defective TGF-β signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023999118. [PMID: 34161267 PMCID: PMC8237574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023999118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal fragility in the elderly does not simply result from a loss of bone mass. However, the mechanisms underlying the concurrent decline in bone mass, quality, and mechanosensitivity with age remain unclear. The important role of osteocytes in these processes and the age-related degeneration of the intricate lacunocanalicular network (LCN) in which osteocytes reside point to a primary role for osteocytes in bone aging. Since LCN complexity severely limits experimental dissection of these mechanisms in vivo, we used two in silico approaches to test the hypothesis that LCN degeneration, due to aging or an osteocyte-intrinsic defect in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling (TβRIIocy-/-), is sufficient to compromise essential osteocyte responsibilities of mass transport and exposure to mechanical stimuli. Using reconstructed confocal images of bone with fluorescently labeled osteocytes, we found that osteocytes from aged and TβRIIocy-/- mice had 33 to 45% fewer, and more tortuous, canaliculi. Connectomic network analysis revealed that diminished canalicular density is sufficient to impair diffusion even with intact osteocyte numbers and overall LCN architecture. Computational fluid dynamics predicts that the corresponding drop in shear stress experienced by aged or TβRIIocy-/- osteocytes is highly sensitive to canalicular surface area but not tortuosity. Simulated expansion of the osteocyte pericellular space to mimic osteocyte perilacunar/canalicular remodeling restored predicted shear stress for aged osteocytes to young levels. Overall, these models show how loss of LCN volume through LCN pruning may lead to impaired fluid dynamics and osteocyte exposure to mechanostimulation. Furthermore, osteocytes emerge as targets of age-related therapeutic efforts to restore bone health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Schurman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Stefaan W Verbruggen
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom, E1 4NS
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, S1 3JD
- The Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, S1 3JD
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10027
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143
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65
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Yadav RN, Uniyal P, Sihota P, Kumar S, Dhiman V, Goni VG, Sahni D, Bhadada SK, Kumar N. Effect of ageing on microstructure and fracture behavior of cortical bone as determined by experiment and Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). Med Eng Phys 2021; 93:100-112. [PMID: 34154770 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture is a severe health concern; therefore, understanding the causes of bone fracture are crucial. This paper investigates the microstructure and fracture behaviour of cadaveric cortical bone of two different groups (Young, n= 6; Aged, n=7). The microstructure is obtained from µ-CT images, and the material parameters are measured with nanoindentation. Fracture behaviour in transverse and longitudinal orientations is investigated experimentally and numerically. The results show that the Haversian canal (HC) size increases and the osteon wall thickness (OWT) decreases significantly in the aged group, whereas a nonsignificant difference is found in tissue properties. The crack initiation (Jic) and crack growth (Jgrow) toughness of the aged group are found to be significantly lower (p<0.01) than the young group in the transverse orientation; however, for the longitudinal orientation, only the value of Jic in the aged group is found significantly lower. Further, a 4-phase XFEM (based on micro-CT image) model is developed to investigate the crack propagation behaviour in both orientations. For the transverse orientation, results show that in the aged group, the crack initially follows the cementline and then penetrates the osteon, whereas, in the young group, it propagates along the cementline. These results are in agreement with experimental results where the decrease in Jgrow is more significant than the Jic in the aged group. This study suggests that ageing leads to a larger HC and reduced OWT, which weakens the crack deflection ability and causes fragility fracture. Further, the XFEM results indicate that the presence of a small microcrack in the vicinity of a major crack tip causes an increase in the critical stress intensity factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Naresh Yadav
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Piyush Uniyal
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Praveer Sihota
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Vandana Dhiman
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vijay G Goni
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bhadada
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
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Qian T, Chen X, Hang F, Zhuang J, Chen X. Ordered Fibril Arrays in Osteons Promote the Multidirectional Nanodeflection of Cracks: In Situ AFM Imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2372-2382. [PMID: 34015922 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The high fracture resistance of cortical bone is not completely understood across its complex hierarchical structure, especially on micro- and nanolevels. Here, a novel in situ bending test combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) is utilized to assess the micro-/nanoscale failure behavior of cortical bone under the external load. Unlike the smoother crack path in the transverse direction, the multilevel composite material model endows the longitudinal direction to show multilevel Y-shaped cracks with more failure interfaces for enhancing the fracture resistance. In the lamellae, the nanocracks originating from the interfibrillar nanointerface deflect multidirectionally at certain angles related to the periodic ordered arrangement of the mineralized collagen fibril (MCF) arrays. The ordered MCF arrays in the lamellae may use the nanodeflection of the dendritic nanocracks to adjust the direction of the crack tip, which subsequently reaches the interlamellae to sharply deflect and finally form a zigzag path. This work provides an insight into the relationship between the structure and the function of bone at a multilevel under load, specifically the role of the ordered MCF arrays in the lamellar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Qian
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiangxin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Fei Hang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Influence of non-enzymatic glycation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104553. [PMID: 33930651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poor bone quality induced by non-enzymatic glycation (NEG) of bone tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is regarded as the major factor of bone fragility and affecting bone mechanical properties. A comprehensive and systemic mechanical investigation for evaluating the effect of NEG on bone was still lacking. In order to provide additional information for the bone quality of T2DM, the effects of NEG on mechanical properties of cortical bone were investigated in terms of elastoplasticity, fracture toughness and viscoelasticity. All samples of cortical bone, including the samples of strength test (n = 20), fracture toughness test (n = 40, quasi-static and fall-like conditions with displacement rates of 10-3 mm/s and 10 mm/s, respectively) and stress relaxation test (n = 20), were harvested from bovine tibiae. The samples of each test were equally divided into incubated-control group and ribose-incubated group. All mechanical tests were performed after incubating all samples for 15 days. Post-yield strain (p = 0.014), post-yield energy (p < 0.0001) and damage fraction (p = 0.040) of ribose-incubated group were significantly lower than those of incubated-control group, but secant modulus (p = 0.029) of ribose-incubated group was significantly higher than that of incubated-control group. In quasi-static condition, the plastic contribution Jpl of fracture toughness (p = 0.043) of ribose-incubated group was significantly lower than that of incubated-control group. In fall-like condition, there were no differences in Jpl, elastic contribution Jel and J-integral in both two groups. The quasi-static Jel (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001) of incubated-control and ribose-incubated groups and J-integral (p = 0.007) of incubated-control group were all significantly higher than those of fall-like condition. In stress relaxation test, initial modulus E0 (p = 0.040) and equilibrium modulus (p = 0.029) of ribose-incubated group were significantly higher than those of incubated-control group. Reductions of relaxation modulus, which were the differences between two adjacent time points within 700 s-3000 s for ribose-incubated group, were significantly lower than those of incubated-control group. NEG could decrease the post-yield properties and quasi-static facture toughness of cortical bone, especially the plastic contribution of quasi-static fracture toughness. It could also decrease the viscoelasticity of cortical bone. The present study confirmed the negative effects of NEG on the mechanical properties of cortical bone in terms of elastoplasticity, fracture toughness and viscoelasticity, but NEG had no significant effect on the fracture toughness of cortical bone at fall-like loading. These results provided more evidence for increased fragility of cortical bone in patients with T2DM.
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68
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Dempsey N, Bassed R, Blau S. The issues and complexities of establishing methodologies to differentiate between vertical and horizontal impact mechanisms in the analysis of skeletal trauma: An introductory femoral test. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 323:110785. [PMID: 33866189 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding skeletal trauma characteristics is fundamental for the examination and interpretation of blunt force trauma (BFT). BFT is the most complex type of trauma to interpret based on the analysis of skeletal fractures alone, with comminuted fractures presenting additional complications to assess and interpret. Considerable variation exists within each type of BFT injury dependent on direction, magnitude of force, plus a myriad of biological/environmental factors. Given the complex processes governing the nature of BFT skeletal injuries determining whether differences between impact mechanisms and skeletal trauma can be quantified requires investigation. AIM this study aims to determine the feasibility of quantifying outcomes between two separate loading conditions by using a formula created from transformed variables recorded from specific trauma cases involving BFT to the femur. METHODOLOGY Displacement, comminution, and femoral midshaft area data were recorded from full body postmortem computed tomography scans of 103 individuals (males, mean age 42.5, and females, mean age 48.9) where cause of death was the result of rapid horizontal deceleration impact events (pedestrian motor vehicular accidents, n = 59) and vertical (>3-metre falls, n = 44). These measurements were standardised and transformed into a continuous variable. Independent t-tests, binary logistic regression and K Nearest- Neighbours (KNN) were used to analyse the data. RESULTS The standardised values showed mean group differences between falls (9.62) and pedestrian motor vehicular impacts (pedestrian MVAs) (9.53), however, these results were not statistically significant. The results indicate that similarities in variance between types of trauma outcomes and impact mechanisms demonstrate low equivalency (samples have limited differences), and the overall limitations in relying on using single elements to explain complex skeletal trauma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dempsey
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia.
| | - Richard Bassed
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia.
| | - Soren Blau
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh Street, Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia.
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69
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Singh P, Telnova S, Zhou B, Mohamed AD, Mello VD, Wackerhage H, Guo XE, Panda AK, Yadav VK. Maternal vitamin B 12 in mice positively regulates bone, but not muscle mass and strength in post-weaning and mature offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R984-R993. [PMID: 33759575 PMCID: PMC8285619 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00355.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 deficiency has been shown to affect bone mass in rodents and negatively impact bone formation in humans. In this study using mouse models, we define the effect of B12 supplementation in the wild-type mother and B12 deficiency in a mouse genetic model (Gif−/− mice) during gestation on bone and muscle architecture and mechanical properties in the offspring. Analysis of bones from 4-wk-old offspring of the wild-type mother following vehicle or B12 supplementation during gestation (from embryonic day 0.5 to 20.5) showed an increase in bone mass caused by an isolated increase in bone formation in the B12-supplemented group compared with vehicle controls. Analysis of the effect of B12 deficiency in the mother in a mouse genetic model (Gif−/− mice) on the long bone architecture of the offspring showed a compromised cortical and trabecular bone mass, which was completely prevented by a single injection of B12 in the B12-deficient Gif−/− mothers. Biomechanical analysis of long bones of the offspring born from B12-supplemented wild-type mothers showed an increase in bone strength, and conversely, offspring born from B12-deficient Gif−/− mothers revealed a compromised bone strength, which could be rescued by a single injection of B12 in the B12-deficient Gif−/− mother. Muscle structure and function analysis however revealed no significant effect on muscle mass, structure, and grip strength of B12 deficiency or supplementation in Gif−/− mice compared with littermate controls. Together, these results demonstrate the beneficial effect of maternally derived B12 in the regulation of bone structure and function in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bin Zhou
- Bone Biomechanics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Abdalla D Mohamed
- Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Henning Wackerhage
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Biomechanics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Amulya K Panda
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay K Yadav
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York
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70
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Dietrich K, Fiedler IA, Kurzyukova A, López-Delgado AC, McGowan LM, Geurtzen K, Hammond CL, Busse B, Knopf F. Skeletal Biology and Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:436-458. [PMID: 33484578 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are teleosts (bony fish) that share with mammals a common ancestor belonging to the phylum Osteichthyes, from which their endoskeletal systems have been inherited. Indeed, teleosts and mammals have numerous genetically conserved features in terms of skeletal elements, ossification mechanisms, and bone matrix components in common. Yet differences related to bone morphology and function need to be considered when investigating zebrafish in skeletal research. In this review, we focus on zebrafish skeletal architecture with emphasis on the morphology of the vertebral column and associated anatomical structures. We provide an overview of the different ossification types and osseous cells in zebrafish and describe bone matrix composition at the microscopic tissue level with a focus on assessing mineralization. Processes of bone formation also strongly depend on loading in zebrafish, as we elaborate here. Furthermore, we illustrate the high regenerative capacity of zebrafish bones and present some of the technological advantages of using zebrafish as a model. We highlight zebrafish axial and fin skeleton patterning mechanisms, metabolic bone disease such as after immunosuppressive glucocorticoid treatment, as well as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and osteopetrosis research in zebrafish. We conclude with a view of why larval zebrafish xenografts are a powerful tool to study bone metastasis. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Dietrich
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Imke Ak Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kurzyukova
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandra C López-Delgado
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucy M McGowan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karina Geurtzen
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Knopf
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Bourgi R, Daood U, Bijle MN, Fawzy A, Ghaleb M, Hardan L. Reinforced Universal Adhesive by Ribose Crosslinker: A Novel Strategy in Adhesive Dentistry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:704. [PMID: 33652596 PMCID: PMC7956770 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic biodegradation of demineralized collagen fibrils could lead to the reduction of resin-dentin bond strength. Therefore, methods that provide protection to collagen fibrils appear to be a pragmatic solution to improve bond strength. Thus, the study's aim was to investigate the effect of ribose (RB) on demineralized resin-dentin specimens in a modified universal adhesive. Dentin specimens were obtained, standardized and then bonded in vitro with a commercial multi-mode adhesive modified with 0, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% RB, restored with resin composite, and tested for micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) after storage for 24 h in artificial saliva. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze resin-dentin interface. Contact angles were analyzed using a contact angle analyzer. Depth of penetration of adhesives and nanoleakage were assessed using micro-Raman spectroscopy and silver tracing. Molecular docking studies were carried out using Schrodinger small-molecule drug discovery suite 2019-4. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and cathepsin-K activities in RB-treated specimens were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The significance level was set at α = 0.05 for all statistical analyses. Incorporation of RB at 1% or 2% is of significant potential (p < 0.05) as it can be associated with improved wettability on dentin surfaces (0.5% had the lowest contact angle) as well as appreciable hybrid layer quality, and higher resin penetration. Improvement of the adhesive bond strength was shown when adding RB at 1% concentration to universal adhesive (p < 0.05). Modified adhesive increased the resistance of collagen degradation by inhibiting MMP-2 and cathepsin-K. A higher RB concentration was associated with improved results (p < 0.01). D-ribose showed favorable negative binding to collagen. In conclusion, universal adhesive using 1% or 2% RB helped in maintaining dentin collagen scaffold and proved to be successful in improving wettability, protease inhibition, and stability of demineralized dentin substrates. A more favorable substrate is created which, in turn, leads to a more stable dentin-adhesive bond. This could lead to more advantageous outcomes in a clinical scenario where a stable bond may result in longevity of the dental restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (M.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Umer Daood
- Clinical Dentistry, Restorative Division, Faculty of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Nadeem Bijle
- Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Amr Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Maroun Ghaleb
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (M.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (R.B.); (M.G.); (L.H.)
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Xi L, Zhang Y, Gupta H, Terrill N, Wang P, Zhao T, Fang D. A multiscale study of structural and compositional changes in a natural nanocomposite: Osteoporotic bone with chronic endogenous steroid excess. Bone 2021; 143:115666. [PMID: 33007528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (or steroid) induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the leading form of secondary osteoporosis, affecting up to 50% of patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Bone quantity (bone mass) changes in GIOP patients alone are inadequate to explain the increased fracture risk, and bone material changes (bone quality) at multiple levels have been implicated in the reduced mechanics. Quantitative analysis of specific material-level changes is limited. Here, we combined multiscale experimental techniques (scanning small/wide-angle X-ray scattering/diffraction, backscattered electron imaging, and X-ray radiography) to investigate these changes in a mouse model (Crh-120/+) with chronic endogenous steroid production. Nanoscale degree of orientation, the size distribution of mineral nanocrystals in the bone matrix, the spatial map of mineralization on the femoral cortex, and the microporosity showed significant changes between GIOP and the control, especially in the endosteal cortex. Our work can provide insight into the altered structure-property relationship leading to lowered mechanical properties in GIOP. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: As a natural nanocomposite with a hierarchical structure, bone undergoes a staggered load transfer mechanism at the nanoscale. Disease and age-related deterioration of bone mechanics are caused by changes in bone structure at multiple length scales. Although clinical tools such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to assess the reduction of bone quantity in these cases, little is known about how altered bone quality in diseased bone can increase fracture risk. It is clear that high-resolution diagnostic techniques need to be developed to narrow the gap between the onset and diagnosis of fracture-related changes. Here, by combining several scanning probe methods on a mouse model (Crh-120/+) of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP), we developed quantitative and spatially resolved maps of ultrastructural changes in collagen fibrils and mineral nanocrystals, mineralization distribution (microscale), and morphology (macroscale) across femoral osteoporotic bone. Our results indicate that the altered bone remodelling in GIOP leads to 1) heterogeneous bone structure and mineralization, 2) reduced degree of orientation of collagen fibrils and mineral nanocrystals, and 3) reduced length and increased thickness of mineral nanocrystals, which contribute to mechanical abnormalities. The combined multiscale experimental approach presented here will be used to understand musculoskeletal degeneration in aging and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xi
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institution of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Himadri Gupta
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Nick Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Tian Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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73
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Creecy A, Brown KL, Rose KL, Voziyan P, Nyman JS. Post-translational modifications in collagen type I of bone in a mouse model of aging. Bone 2021; 143:115763. [PMID: 33220504 PMCID: PMC7968971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fracture resistance of cortical bone and matrix hydration are known to decline with advanced aging. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, and so we investigated levels of matrix proteins and post-translational modifications (PTM) of collagen I in extracts from the tibia of 6-mo. and 20-mo. old BALB/c mice (female and male analysis done separately). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that the levels of collagen I deamidation at specific asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) residues significantly increased with age. Other non-enzymatic PTMs such as carboxymethylation of lysine (CML) were detected as well, but the relative abundance did not vary with age. No significant age-related differences in the abundance of hydroxylysine glycosylation sites were found, but hydroxylation levels at a few of the numerous lysine and proline hydroxylation sites significantly changed by a small amount with age. We performed molecular modeling and dynamics (MD) simulations for three triple helical fragments representing collagen I regions with prominent age-dependent increases in deamidation as identified by LC-MS/MS of male extracts. These 3 fragments included deamidated Asn and Gln residues as follows: 1) an Asn428 site of the α2(I) chain in which deamidation levels increased from 4.4% at 6-mo. to 8.1% at 20-mo., 2) an Asn983 site of the α2(I) chain with a deamidation increase from 18.3% to 36.8% with age and an Asn1052 site of the α1(I) chain with consistent deamidation levels of ~60% across the age groups, and 3) a Gln410 site of the α1(I) chain that went from no detectable deamidation at 6-mo. to 2.7% at 20-mo. and a neighboring Asn421 site of the same chain with an age-related deamidation increase from 3.6% to 16.3%. The deamidation levels at these sites inversely correlated with an estimate of toughness determined from three-point bending tests of the femur mid-diaphysis. MD revealed that the sidechains become more negatively charged at deamidated sites and that deamidation alters hydrogen bonding with water along the collagen backbone while increasing water interactions with the aspartic and glutamic acid sidechains. Our findings suggest a new mechanism of the age-dependent reduction in the fracture resistance of cortical bone whereby deamidation of Asn and Glu residues redistributes bound water within collagen I triple helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kyle L Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Paul Voziyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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74
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Stockhausen KE, Qwamizadeh M, Wölfel EM, Hemmatian H, Fiedler IAK, Flenner S, Longo E, Amling M, Greving I, Ritchie RO, Schmidt FN, Busse B. Collagen Fiber Orientation Is Coupled with Specific Nano-Compositional Patterns in Dark and Bright Osteons Modulating Their Biomechanical Properties. ACS NANO 2021; 15:455-467. [PMID: 33404232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone continuously adapts to its mechanical environment by structural reorganization to maintain mechanical strength. As the adaptive capabilities of bone are portrayed in its nano- and microstructure, the existence of dark and bright osteons with contrasting preferential collagen fiber orientation (longitudinal and oblique-angled, respectively) points at a required tissue heterogeneity that contributes to the excellent fracture resistance mechanisms in bone. Dark and bright osteons provide an exceptional opportunity to deepen our understanding of how nanoscale tissue properties influence and guide fracture mechanisms at larger length scales. To this end, a comprehensive structural, compositional, and mechanical assessment is performed using circularly polarized light microscopy, synchrotron nanocomputed tomography, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nanoindentation testing. To predict how the mechanical behavior of osteons is affected by shifts in collagen fiber orientation, finite element models are generated. Fundamental disparities between both osteon types are observed: dark osteons are characterized by a higher degree of mineralization along with a higher ratio of inorganic to organic matrix components that lead to higher stiffness and the ability to resist plastic deformation under compression. On the contrary, bright osteons contain a higher fraction of collagen and provide enhanced ductility and energy dissipation due to lower stiffness and hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E Stockhausen
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mahan Qwamizadeh
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Wölfel
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imke A K Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silja Flenner
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Elena Longo
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imke Greving
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Felix N Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Forum Medical Technology Health Hamburg (FMTHH), Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Lottestrasse 55a, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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75
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Ulivieri FM, Rinaudo L. Beyond Bone Mineral Density: A New Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry Index of Bone Strength to Predict Fragility Fractures, the Bone Strain Index. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:590139. [PMID: 33521014 PMCID: PMC7843921 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.590139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For a proper assessment of osteoporotic fragility fracture prediction, all aspects regarding bone mineral density, bone texture, geometry and information about strength are necessary, particularly in endocrinological and rheumatological diseases, where bone quality impairment is relevant. Data regarding bone quantity (density) and, partially, bone quality (structure and geometry) are obtained by the gold standard method of dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data about bone strength are not yet readily available. To evaluate bone resistance to strain, a new DXA-derived index based on the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of a greyscale of density distribution measured on spine and femoral scan, namely Bone Strain Index (BSI), has recently been developed. Bone Strain Index includes local information on density distribution, bone geometry and loadings and it differs from bone mineral density (BMD) and other variables of bone quality like trabecular bone score (TBS), which are all based on the quantification of bone mass and distribution averaged over the scanned region. This state of the art review illustrates the methodology of BSI calculation, the findings of its in reproducibility and the preliminary data about its capability to predict fragility fracture and to monitor the follow up of the pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Massimo Ulivieri
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Unità Operativa (UO) Medicina Nucleare, Milan, Italy
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76
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Tehrani KF, Pendleton EG, Southern WM, Call JA, Mortensen LJ. Spatial frequency metrics for analysis of microscopic images of musculoskeletal tissues. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:4-14. [PMID: 33028134 PMCID: PMC7718369 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1828381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Imaging-based metrics for analysis of biological tissues are powerful tools that can extract information such as shape, size, periodicity, and many other features to assess the requested qualities of a tissue. Muscular and osseous tissues consist of periodic structures that are directly related to their function, and so analysis of these patterns likely reflects tissue health and regeneration.Methods: A method for assessment of periodic structures is by analyzing them in the spatial frequency domain using the Fourier transform. In this paper, we present two filters which we developed in the spatial frequency domain for the purpose of analyzing musculoskeletal structures. These filters provide information about 1) the angular orientation of the tissues and 2) their periodicity. We explore periodic structural patterns in the mitochondrial network of skeletal muscles that are reflective of muscle metabolism and myogenesis; and patterns of collagen fibers in the bone that are reflective of the organization and health of bone extracellular matrix.Results: We present an analysis of mouse skeletal muscle in healthy and injured muscles. We used a transgenic mouse that ubiquitously expresses fluorescent protein in their mitochondria and performed 2-photon microscopy to image the structures. To acquire the collagen structure of the bone we used non-linear SHG microscopy of mouse flat bone. We analyze and compare juvenile versus adult mice, which have different structural patterns.Conclusions: Our results indicate that these metrics can quantify musculoskeletal tissues during development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Forouhesh Tehrani
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily G. Pendleton
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W. Michael Southern
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens,
GA 30602, USA,Currently with Department of Biochemistry, Molecular
Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jarrod A. Call
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens,
GA 30602, USA
| | - Luke J. Mortensen
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Rhodes Center for ADS,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,
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77
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Karali A, Kao AP, Zekonyte J, Blunn G, Tozzi G. Micromechanical evaluation of cortical bone using in situ XCT indentation and digital volume correlation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 115:104298. [PMID: 33445104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The overall mechanical behaviour of cortical bone is strongly dependant on its microstructure. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) has been widely used to identify the microstructural morphology of cortical tissue (i.e. pore network, Haversian and Volkmann's canals). However, the connection between microstructure and mechanics of cortical bone during plastic deformation is unclear. Hence, the purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth evaluation of the interplay of plastic strain building up in relation to changes in the canal network for cortical bone tissue. In situ step-wise XCT indentation was used to introduce a localised load on the surface of the tissue and digital volume correlation (DVC) was employed to assess the three-dimensional (3D) full-field plastic strain distribution in proximity of the indent. It was observed that regions adjacent to the imprint were under tensile strain, whereas the volume underneath experienced compressive strain. Canal loss and disruption was detected in regions of higher compressive strains exceeding -20000 με and crack formation occurred in specimens where Haversian canals were running parallel to the indentation tip. The results of this study outline the relationship between the micromechanical and structural behaviour of cortical bone during plastic deformation, providing information on cortical tissue fracture pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterina Karali
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
| | | | - Jurgita Zekonyte
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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78
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Huang Y, Zou Z, Ping H, Lei L, Xie J, Xie H, Fu Z. Mineralization of calcium phosphate induced by a silk fibroin film under different biological conditions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18590-18596. [PMID: 35480911 PMCID: PMC9033461 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silk fibroin films can have an important effect on the mineralization process of calcium phosphate in different biological environments. There was improvement of MSF with good biocompatibility that are promising in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zhaoyong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Hang Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Liwen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
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79
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Zhang Y, Garrevoet J, Wang Y, Roeh JT, Terrill NJ, Falkenberg G, Dong Y, Gupta HS. Molecular to Macroscale Energy Absorption Mechanisms in Biological Body Armour Illuminated by Scanning X-ray Diffraction with In Situ Compression. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16535-16546. [PMID: 33034451 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Determining multiscale, concurrent strain, and deformation mechanisms in hierarchical biological materials is a crucial engineering goal, to understand structural optimization strategies in Nature. However, experimentally characterizing complex strain and displacement fields within a 3D hierarchical composite, in a multiscale full-field manner, is challenging. Here, we determined the in situ strains at the macro-, meso-, and molecular-levels in stomatopod cuticle simultaneously, by exploiting the anisotropy of the 3D fiber diffraction coupled with sample rotation. The results demonstrate the method, using the mineralized 3D α-chitin fiber networks as strain sensors, can capture submicrometer deformation of a single lamella (mesoscale), can extract strain information on multiple constituents concurrently, and shows that α-chitin fiber networks deform elastically while the surrounding matrix deforms plastically before systematic failure under compression. Further, the results demonstrate a molecular-level prestrain gradient in chitin fibers, resulting from different mineralization degrees in the exo- and endo cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, E1 4NS London, U.K
| | - Jan Torben Roeh
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE Harwell, U.K
| | | | - Yuhui Dong
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Himadri S Gupta
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Science, E1 4NS London, U.K
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80
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Wölfel EM, Jähn-Rickert K, Schmidt FN, Wulff B, Mushumba H, Sroga GE, Püschel K, Milovanovic P, Amling M, Campbell GM, Vashishth D, Busse B. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus show dimorphic and heterogeneous patterns of loss in femoral bone quality. Bone 2020; 140:115556. [PMID: 32730921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a metabolic disease on the rise, is associated with substantial increase in bone fracture risk. Because individuals with T2DM have normal or high bone mineral density (BMD), osteodensitometric measurements of BMD do not predict fracture risk with T2DM. Here, we aim to identify the underlying mechanism of the diabetes-induced fracture risk using a high-resolution multi-scale analysis of human cortical bone with special emphasis on osseous cellular activity. Specifically, we show increased cortical porosity in a subgroup of T2DM individuals accompanied by changed mineralization patterns and glycoxidative damage to bone protein, caused by non-enzymatic glycation of bone by reducing sugar. Furthermore, the high porosity T2DM subgroup presents with higher regional mineralization heterogeneity and lower mineral maturity, whereas in the T2DM subgroup regional higher mineral-to-matrix ratio was observed. Both T2DM groups show significantly higher carboxymethyl-lysine accumulation. Our results show a dimorphic pattern of cortical bone reorganization in individuals afflicted with T2DM and hence provide new insight into the diabetic bone disease leading to increased fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Wölfel
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Jähn-Rickert
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix N Schmidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Wulff
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Mushumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Grazyna E Sroga
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petar Milovanovic
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Laboratory for Anthropology and Skeletal Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Graeme M Campbell
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Deepak Vashishth
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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81
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Zimmermann EA, Fiedler IAK, Busse B. Breaking new ground in mineralized tissue: Assessing tissue quality in clinical and laboratory studies. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104138. [PMID: 33157423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized tissues, such as bone and teeth, have extraordinary mechanical properties of both strength and toughness. This mechanical behavior originates from deformation and fracture resistance mechanisms in their multi-scale structure. The term quality describes the matrix composition, multi-scale structure, remodeling dynamics, water content, and micro-damage accumulation in the tissue. Aging and disease result in changes in the tissue quality that may reduce strength and toughness and lead to elevated fracture risk. Therefore, the capability to measure the quality of mineralized tissues provides critical information on disease progression and mechanical integrity. Here, we provide an overview of clinical and laboratory-based techniques to assess the quality of mineralized tissues in health and disease. Current techniques used in clinical settings include radiography-based (radiographs, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, EOS) and x-ray tomography-based methods (high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, cone beam computed tomography). In the laboratory, tissue quality can be investigated in ex vivo samples with x-ray imaging (micro and nano-computed tomography, x-ray microscopy), electron microscopy (scanning/transmission electron imaging (SEM/STEM), backscattered scanning electron microscopy, Focused Ion Beam-SEM), light microscopy, spectroscopy (Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and assessment of mechanical behavior (mechanical testing, fracture mechanics and reference point indentation). It is important for clinicians and basic science researchers to be aware of the techniques available in different types of research. While x-ray imaging techniques translated to the clinic have provided exceptional advancements in patient care, the future challenge will be to incorporate high-resolution laboratory-based bone quality measurements into clinical settings to broaden the depth of information available to clinicians during diagnostics, treatment and management of mineralized tissue pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imke A K Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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82
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Quantitative and qualitative bone imaging: A review of synchrotron radiation microtomography analysis in bone research. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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83
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Ma S, Goh EL, Tay T, Wiles CC, Boughton O, Churchwell JH, Wu Y, Karunaratne A, Bhattacharya R, Terrill N, Cobb JP, Hansen U, Abel RL. Nanoscale mechanisms in age-related hip-fractures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14208. [PMID: 32848149 PMCID: PMC7450077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale mineralized collagen fibrils may be important determinants of whole-bone mechanical properties and contribute to the risk of age-related fractures. In a cross-sectional study nano- and tissue-level mechanics were compared across trabecular sections from the proximal femora of three groups (n = 10 each): ageing non-fractured donors (Controls); untreated fracture patients (Fx-Untreated); bisphosphonate-treated fracture patients (Fx-BisTreated). Collagen fibril, mineral and tissue mechanics were measured using synchrotron X-Ray diffraction of bone sections under load. Mechanical data were compared across groups, and tissue-level data were regressed against nano. Compared to controls fracture patients exhibited significantly lower critical tissue strain, max strain and normalized strength, with lower peak fibril and mineral strain. Bisphosphonate-treated exhibited the lowest properties. In all three groups, peak mineral strain coincided with maximum tissue strength (i.e. ultimate stress), whilst peak fibril strain occurred afterwards (i.e. higher tissue strain). Tissue strain and strength were positively and strongly correlated with peak fibril and mineral strains. Age-related fractures were associated with lower peak fibril and mineral strain irrespective of treatment. Indicating earlier mineral disengagement and the subsequent onset of fibril sliding is one of the key mechanisms leading to fracture. Treatments for fragility should target collagen-mineral interactions to restore nano-scale strain to that of healthy bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocheng Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - En Lin Goh
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - Tabitha Tay
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - Crispin C Wiles
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Oliver Boughton
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - John H Churchwell
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Yong Wu
- Centre for Medicine, University of Leicester Medical School, Leicester, LE1 7HA, UK
| | - Angelo Karunaratne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, 10400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rajarshi Bhattacharya
- St. Mary's Hospital, North West London Major Trauma Centre, Imperial College, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Nick Terrill
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Justin P Cobb
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK
| | - Ulrich Hansen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Richard L Abel
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR, UK.
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84
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Xi L, Song Y, Wu W, Qu Z, Wen J, Liao B, Tao R, Ge J, Fang D. Investigation of bone matrix composition, architecture and mechanical properties reflect structure-function relationship of cortical bone in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis. Bone 2020; 136:115334. [PMID: 32224161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common negative consequence of long-term glucocorticoid treatment, leading to increased fracture risk followed by loss of mobility and high mortality risk. These biologically induced changes in bone quality at molecular level lead to changes both in bone matrix architecture and bone matrix composition. However, the quantitative details of changes in bone quality - and especially their link to reduced macroscale mechanical properties are still largely missing. In this study, a mouse model for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) was used to investigate mechanical and material alterations in bone cortex (natural nanocomposite) at different scale. By combining quantitative backscattered electron (qBSE) imaging, nanoindentation and high brilliance synchrotron X-ray nanomechanical imaging on a genetically modified mouse model of GIOP, we were able to quantify the local indentation modulus, mineralization distribution and the alterations of nanoscale structures and deformation mechanisms in the mid-diaphysis of femur, and relate them to the macroscopic mechanical changes. Our results showed clear and significant changes in terms of material quality of bone at nanoscale and microscale, which manifests itself in development of spatial heterogeneities in mineralization and indentation moduli across the bone organ, with potential implications for increased fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xi
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Yu Song
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
| | - Wenwang Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Qu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
| | - Binbin Liao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Tao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingran Ge
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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85
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van Huizen NA, Ijzermans JNM, Burgers PC, Luider TM. Collagen analysis with mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:309-335. [PMID: 31498911 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based techniques can be applied to investigate collagen with respect to identification, quantification, supramolecular organization, and various post-translational modifications. The continuous interest in collagen research has led to a shift from techniques to analyze the physical characteristics of collagen to methods to study collagen abundance and modifications. In this review, we illustrate the potential of mass spectrometry for in-depth analyses of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A van Huizen
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Ijzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Burgers
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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86
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Zhou Y, Gong C, Hossaini-Zadeh M, Du J. 3D full-field strain in bone-implant and bone-tooth constructs and their morphological influential factors. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103858. [PMID: 32501222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics of bone-tooth and bone-implant interfaces affects the outcomes of several dental treatments, such as implant placement, because bone, tooth and periodontal ligament are living tissues that adapt to the changes in mechanical stimulations. In this work, mechanical testing coupled with micro-CT was performed on human cadaveric mandibular bone-tooth and bone-implant constructs. Using digital volume correlation, the 3D full-field strain in bone under implant loading and tooth loading was measured. Concurrently, bone morphology and bone-implant and bone-tooth contact were also measured through the analysis of micro-CT images. The results show that strain in bone increased when a tooth was replaced by a dental implant. Strain concentration was observed in peri-implant bone, as well as in the buccal bone plate, which is also the clinically-observed bone resorption area after implant placement. Decreasing implant stability measurements (resonance frequency analysis and torque test) indicated increased peri-implant strain, but their relationships may not be linear. Peri-implant bone strain linearly increased with decreasing bone-implant contact (BIC) ratio. It also linearly decreased with increasing bone-tooth/bone-implant contact ratio. The high strain in the buccal bone plate linearly increased with decreasing buccal bone plate thickness. The results of this study revealed 3D full-field strain in bone-tooth and bone-implant constructs, as well as their several morphological influential factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Chujie Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Mehran Hossaini-Zadeh
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, United States.
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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87
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Ailavajhala R, Querido W, Rajapakse CS, Pleshko N. Near infrared spectroscopic assessment of loosely and tightly bound cortical bone water. Analyst 2020; 145:3713-3724. [PMID: 32342066 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02491c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Water is an important component of bone and plays a key role in its mechanical and structural integrity. Water molecules in bone are present in different locations, including loosely or tightly bound to the matrix and/or mineral (biological apatite) phases. Identification of water location and interactions with matrix components impact bone function but have been challenging to assess. Here, we used near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to identify loosely and tightly bound water present in cortical bone. In hydrated samples, NIR spectra have two primary water absorption bands at frequencies of ∼5200 and 7000 cm-1. Using lyophilization and hydrogen-deuterium exchange assays, we showed that these absorption bands are primarily associated with loosely bound bone water. Using further demineralization assays, thermal denaturation, and comparison to standards, we found that these absorption bands have underlying components associated with water molecules tightly bound to bone. In dehydrated samples, the peak at ∼5200 cm-1 was assigned to a combination of water tightly bound to collagen and to mineral, whereas the peak at 7000 cm-1 was exclusively associated with tightly bound mineral water. We also found significant positive correlations between the NIR mineral absorption bands and the mineral content as determined by an established mid infrared spectroscopic parameter, phosphate/amide I. Moreover, the NIR water data showed correlation trends with tissue mineral density (TMD) in cortical bone tissues. These observations reveal the ability of NIR spectroscopy to non-destructively identify loosely and tightly bound water in bone, which could have further applications in biomineralization and biomedical studies.
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88
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Asgharzadeh P, Röhrle O, Willie BM, Birkhold AI. Decoding rejuvenating effects of mechanical loading on skeletal aging using in vivo μCT imaging and deep learning. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:193-207. [PMID: 32058080 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the process of aging, dynamic changes of bone material, micro- and macro-architecture result in a loss of strength and therefore in an increased likelihood of fragility fractures. To date, precise contributions of age-related changes in bone (re)modeling and (de)mineralization dynamics to this fragility increase are not completely understood. Here, we present an image-based deep learning approach to quantitatively describe the effects of short-term aging and adaptive response to cyclic loading applied to proximal mouse tibiae and fibulae. Our approach allowed us to perform an end-to-end age prediction based on μCT imaging to determine the dynamic biological process of aging during a two week period, therefore permitting short-term bone aging analysis with 95% accuracy in predicting time points. In a second application, our deep learning analysis reveals that two weeks of in vivo mechanical loading are associated with an underlying rejuvenating effect of 5 days. Additionally, by quantitatively analyzing the learning process, we could, for the first time, identify the localization of the age-relevant encoded information and demonstrate 89% load-induced similarity of these locations in the loaded tibia with younger control bones. These data therefore suggest that our method enables identifying a general prognostic phenotype of a certain skeletal age as well as a temporal and localized loading-treatment effect on this apparent skeletal age for the studied mouse tibia and fibula. Future translational applications of this method may provide an improved decision-support method for osteoporosis treatment at relatively low cost. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone is a highly complex and dynamic structure that undergoes changes during the course of aging as well as in response to external stimuli, such as loading. Automatic assessment of "age" and "state" of the bone may lead to early prognosis of deceases such as osteoporosis and enables evaluating the effects of certain treatments. Here, we present an artificial intelligence-based method capable of automatically predicting the skeletal age from μCT images with 95% accuracy. Additionally, we utilize it to demonstrate the rejuvenation effects of in-vivo loading treatment on bones. We further, for the first time, break down aging-related local changes in bone by quantitatively analyzing "what the age assessment model has learned" and use this information to investigate the structural details of rejuvenation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Asgharzadeh
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science (SC SimTech), Stuttgart, Germany. http://bit.ly/2Tqx_PA
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science (SC SimTech), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University, Canada
| | - Annette I Birkhold
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science (SC SimTech), Stuttgart, Germany
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89
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Alania Y, Trevelin LT, Hussain M, Zamperini CA, Mustafa G, Bedran-Russo AK. On the bulk biomechanical behavior of densely cross-linked dentin matrix: The role of induced-glycation, regional dentin sites and chemical inhibitor. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103589. [PMID: 32090918 PMCID: PMC7042333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Collagen glycation takes place under physiological conditions during chronological aging, leading to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs accumulation induces non-enzymatic collagen cross-links increasing tissue stiffness and impairing function. Here, we focused on determining the cumulative effect of induced glycation on the mechanical behavior of highly collagen cross-linked dentin matrices and assess the topical inhibition potential of aminoguanidine. Bulk mechanical characterization suggests that early glycation cross-links significantly increase the tensile strength and stiffness of the dentin matrix and promote a brittle failure response. Histologically, glycation yielded a more mature type I collagen in a densely packed collagen matrix. The time-dependent effect of glycation indicates cumulative damage of dentin matrices that is partially inhibited by aminoguanidine. The regional dentin sites were differently affected by induced-glycation, revealing the crown dentin to be mechanically more affected by the glycation protocol. These findings in human dentin set the foundation for the proposed in vitro ribose-induced glycation model, which produces an early matrix stiffening mechanism by reducing tissue viscoelasticity and can be partially inhibited by topical aminoguanidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Alania
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Livia T Trevelin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Caetano Do Sul, Rua Santo Antônio 50, São Caetano Do Sul, São Paulo, 09521-160, Brazil
| | - Mohammad Hussain
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Camila A Zamperini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gresa Mustafa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ana K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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90
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Gauthier R, Follet H, Langer M, Peyrin F, Mitton D. What is the influence of two strain rates on the relationship between human cortical bone toughness and micro-structure? Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2020; 234:247-254. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411919884776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cortical bone fracture mechanisms are well studied under quasi-static loading. The influence of strain rate on crack propagation mechanisms needs to be better understood, however. We have previously shown that several aspects of the bone micro-structure are involved in crack propagation, such as the complete porosity network, including the Haversian system and the lacunar network, as well as biochemical aspects, such as the maturity of collagen cross-links. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of strain rate on the toughness of human cortical bone with respect to its microstructure and organic non-collagenous composition. Two strain rates will be considered: quasi-static loading (10−4 s−1), a standard condition, and a higher loading rate (10−1 s−1), representative of a fall. Cortical bone samples were extracted from eight female donors (age 50–91 years). Three-point bending tests were performed until failure. Synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography imaging was performed to assess bone microstructure including the Haversian system and the lacunar system. Collagen enzymatic cross-link maturation was measured using a high performance liquid chromatography column. Results showed that that under quasi-static loading, the elastic contribution of the fracture process is correlated to both the collagen cross-links maturation and the microstructure, while the plastic contribution is correlated only to the porosity network. Under fall-like loading, bone organization appears to be less linked to crack propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Gauthier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CREATIS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, Lyon, France
| | - Max Langer
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CREATIS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CREATIS, Villeurbanne, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - David Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, Lyon, France
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91
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Xi L, De Falco P, Barbieri E, Karunaratne A, Bentley L, Esapa CT, Davis GR, Terrill NJ, Cox RD, Pugno NM, Thakker RV, Weinkamer R, Wu WW, Fang DN, Gupta HS. Reduction of fibrillar strain-rate sensitivity in steroid-induced osteoporosis linked to changes in mineralized fibrillar nanostructure. Bone 2020; 131:115111. [PMID: 31726107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As bone is used in a dynamic mechanical environment, understanding the structural origins of its time-dependent mechanical behaviour - and the alterations in metabolic bone disease - is of interest. However, at the scale of the mineralized fibrillar matrix (nanometre-level), the nature of the strain-rate dependent mechanics is incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the fibrillar- and mineral-deformation behaviour in a murine model of Cushing's syndrome, used to understand steroid induced osteoporosis, using synchrotron small- and wide-angle scattering/diffraction combined with in situ tensile testing at three strain rates ranging from 10-4 to 10-1 s-1. We find that the effective fibril- and mineral-modulus and fibrillar-reorientation show no significant increase with strain-rate in osteoporotic bone, but increase significantly in normal (wild-type) bone. By applying a fibril-lamellar two-level structural model of bone matrix deformation to fit the results, we obtain indications that altered collagen-mineral interactions at the nanoscale - along with altered fibrillar orientation distributions - may be the underlying reason for this altered strain-rate sensitivity. Our results suggest that an altered strain-rate sensitivity of the bone matrix in osteoporosis may be one of the contributing factors to reduced mechanical competence in such metabolic bone disorders, and that increasing this sensitivity may improve biomechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xi
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - P De Falco
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - E Barbieri
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology (MAT), Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences (YES) 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-city, Japan.
| | - A Karunaratne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
| | - L Bentley
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - C T Esapa
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK; Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - G R Davis
- Dental Physical Sciences Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - N J Terrill
- Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - R D Cox
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - N M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123, Trento, Italy; School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK; Ket Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7JL, UK.
| | - R Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - W W Wu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - D N Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - H S Gupta
- School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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92
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Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Benavides-Reyes C, Torres C, Dominguez-Gasca N, Garcia-Ruiz AI, Gonzalez-Lopez S, Rodriguez-Navarro AB. Changes with age (from 0 to 37 D) in tibiae bone mineralization, chemical composition and structural organization in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5215-5225. [PMID: 31265108 PMCID: PMC6771771 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens have an extreme physiology (rapid growth rates) that challenges the correct bone mineralization, being an interesting animal model for studying the development of bone pathologies. This work studies in detail how the mineralization, chemistry, and structural organization of tibiae bone in broiler chickens change with age during the first 5 wk (37 D) from hatching until acquiring the final weight for slaughter. During the early growth phase (first 2 wk), the rapid addition of bone tissue does not allow for bone organic matrix to fully mineralize and mature, and seems to be a critical period for bone development at which bone mineralization cannot keep pace with the rapid growth of bones. The low degree of bone mineralization and large porosity of cortical bone at this period might be responsible of leg deformation and/or other skeletal abnormalities commonly observed in these birds. Later, cortical bone porosity gradually decreases and the cortical bone became fully mineralized (65%) at 37 D of age. At the same time, bone mineral acquires the composition of mature bone tissue (decreased amount of carbonate, higher crystallinity, Ca/P = 1.68). However, the mineral part was still poorly organized even at 37 D. The oriented fraction was about 0.45 which means that more than half of apatite crystals within the mineral are randomly oriented. Mineral organization (crystal orientation) had an important contribution to bone-breaking strength. Nevertheless, locally determined (at tibia mid-shaft) bone properties (i.e., cortical thickness, crystal orientation) has only a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.33) with bone breaking strength probably due to large and highly heterogeneous porosity of bone that acts as structural defects. On the other hand, the total amount of mineral (a global property) measured by total ash content was the best predictor for breaking strength (R2 = 0.49). Knowledge acquired in this study could help in designing strategies to improve bone quality and reduce the incidence of skeletal problems in broiler chickens that have important welfare and economic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18002, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavides-Reyes
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18002, Spain.,Departamento de Estomatología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Cibele Torres
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM 4004, km 10.5, Casarrubios del Monte, Toledo 45950, Spain
| | - Nazaret Dominguez-Gasca
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18002, Spain
| | - Ana I Garcia-Ruiz
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM 4004, km 10.5, Casarrubios del Monte, Toledo 45950, Spain
| | - Santiago Gonzalez-Lopez
- Departamento de Estomatología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
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93
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Creecy A, Uppuganti S, Girard MR, Schlunk SG, Amah C, Granke M, Unal M, Does MD, Nyman JS. The age-related decrease in material properties of BALB/c mouse long bones involves alterations to the extracellular matrix. Bone 2020; 130:115126. [PMID: 31678497 PMCID: PMC6885131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One possibility for the disproportionate increase in fracture risk with aging relative to the decrease in bone mass is an accumulation of changes to the bone matrix which deleteriously affect fracture resistance. In order to effectively develop new targets for osteoporosis, a preclinical model of the age-related loss in fracture resistance needs to be established beyond known age-related decreases in bone mineral density and bone volume fraction. To that end, we examined long bones of male and female BALB/c mice at 6-mo. and 20-mo. of age and assessed whether material and matrix properties of cortical bone significantly differed between the age groups. The second moment of area of the diaphysis (minimum and maximum principals for femur and radius, respectively) as measured by ex vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) was higher at 20-mo. than at 6-mo. for both males and females, but ultimate moment as measured by three-point bending tests did not decrease with age. Cortical thickness was lower with age for males, but higher for old females. Partially accounting for differences in structure, material estimates of yield, ultimate stress, and toughness (left femur) were 12.6%, 11.1%, and 40.9% lower, respectively, with age for both sexes. The ability of the cortical bone to resist crack growth (right femur) was also 18.1% less for the old than for the young adult mice. These decreases in material properties were not due to changes in intracortical porosity as pore number decreased with age. Rather, age-related alterations in the matrix were observed for both sexes: enzymatic and non-enzymatic crosslinks by high performance liquid chromatography increased (femur), volume fraction of bound water by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry decreased (femur), cortical tissue mineral density by μCT increased (femur and radius), and an Amide I sub-peak ratio I1670/I1640 by Raman spectroscopy increased (tibia). Overall, there are multiple matrix changes to potentially target that could prevent the age-related decrease in fracture resistance observed in BALB/c mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Madeline R Girard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Siegfried G Schlunk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Chidi Amah
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - Mathilde Granke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Mustafa Unal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, 70100, Turkey
| | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
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94
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A finite element study evaluating the influence of mineralization distribution and content on the tensile mechanical response of mineralized collagen fibril networks. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 100:103361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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95
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Herrmann M, Jakob F. Bone Marrow Niches for Skeletal Progenitor Cells and their Inhabitants in Health and Disease. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:305-319. [PMID: 30674266 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190123161447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow hosts skeletal progenitor cells which have most widely been referred to as Mesenchymal Stem or Stromal Cells (MSCs), a heterogeneous population of adult stem cells possessing the potential for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. A consensus agreement on minimal criteria has been suggested to define MSCs in vitro, including adhesion to plastic, expression of typical surface markers and the ability to differentiate towards the adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages but they are critically discussed since the differentiation capability of cells could not always be confirmed by stringent assays in vivo. However, these in vitro characteristics have led to the notion that progenitor cell populations, similar to MSCs in bone marrow, reside in various tissues. MSCs are in the focus of numerous (pre)clinical studies on tissue regeneration and repair. Recent advances in terms of genetic animal models enabled a couple of studies targeting skeletal progenitor cells in vivo. Accordingly, different skeletal progenitor cell populations could be identified by the expression of surface markers including nestin and leptin receptor. While there are still issues with the identity of, and the overlap between different cell populations, these studies suggested that specific microenvironments, referred to as niches, host and maintain skeletal progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Dynamic mutual interactions through biological and physical cues between niche constituting cells and niche inhabitants control dormancy, symmetric and asymmetric cell division and lineage commitment. Niche constituting cells, inhabitant cells and their extracellular matrix are subject to influences of aging and disease e.g. via cellular modulators. Protective niches can be hijacked and abused by metastasizing tumor cells, and may even be adapted via mutual education. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bone marrow skeletal progenitor cell niches in physiology and pathophysiology. We discuss the plasticity and dynamics of bone marrow niches as well as future perspectives of targeting niches for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Herrmann
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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96
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Pendleton MM, Emerzian SR, Liu J, Tang SY, O'Connell GD, Alwood JS, Keaveny TM. Effects of ex vivo ionizing radiation on collagen structure and whole-bone mechanical properties of mouse vertebrae. Bone 2019; 128:115043. [PMID: 31445224 PMCID: PMC6813909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone can become brittle when exposed to ionizing radiation across a wide range of clinically relevant doses that span from radiotherapy (accumulative 50 Gy) to sterilization (~35,000 Gy). While irradiation-induced embrittlement has been attributed to changes in the collagen molecular structure, the relative role of collagen fragmentation versus non-enzymatic collagen crosslinking remains unclear. To better understand the effects of radiation on the bone material without cellular activity, we conducted an ex vivo x-ray radiation experiment on excised mouse lumbar vertebrae. Spinal tissue from twenty-week old, female, C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a single x-ray radiation dose of either 0 (control), 50, 1000, 17,000, or 35,000 Gy. Measurements were made for collagen fragmentation, non-enzymatic collagen crosslinking, and both monotonic and cyclic-loading compressive mechanical properties. We found that the group differences for mechanical properties were more consistent with those for collagen fragmentation than for non-enzymatic collagen crosslinking. Monotonic strength at 17,000 and 35,000 Gy was lower than that of the control by 50% and 73% respectively, (p < 0.001) but at 50 and 1000 Gy was not different than the control. Consistent with those trends, collagen fragmentation only occurred at 17,000 and 35,000 Gy. By contrast, non-enzymatic collagen crosslinking was greater than control for all radiation doses (p < 0.001). All results were consistent both for monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. We conclude that the reductions in bone compressive monotonic strength and fatigue life due to ex vivo ionizing radiation are more likely caused by fragmentation of the collagen backbone than any increases in non-enzymatic collagen crosslinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Pendleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shannon R Emerzian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simon Y Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Material Science & Mechanical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Tony M Keaveny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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97
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Burr DB. Stress concentrations and bone microdamage: John Currey's contributions to understanding the initiation and arrest of cracks in bone. Bone 2019; 127:517-525. [PMID: 31344476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The microarchitecture of bone tissue presents many features that could act as stress concentrators for the initiation of bone microdamage. This was first identified by John Currey in a seminal paper in 1962 in which he presented the mechanical and biological evidence for stress concentrations at the bone surface, within the bone through the action of stiffness differentials between architectural features including between lamellae, and at the level of the lacunar and canalicular walls. Those early observations set the stage to consider how microscopic damage to bone tissue might affect the properties of bone at a time when most in the scientific community dismissed microcracks in bone as artifact. Evidence collected in the nearly 60 years since those important initial observations suggest that some of these architectural features in bone tissue are more effective as crack arrestors than as crack initiators. Sites of higher mineralization in the bone matrix, particularly interstitial sites in both cortical and trabecular bone, may serve preferentially as locations for crack initiation, whereas those boundaries identified by Currey as both stress concentrators and stress arrestors are more effective at stopping cracks than at initiating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Burr
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
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98
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Heveran CM, Schurman CA, Acevedo C, Livingston EW, Howe D, Schaible EG, Hunt HB, Rauff A, Donnelly E, Carpenter RD, Levi M, Lau AG, Bateman TA, Alliston T, King KB, Ferguson VL. Chronic kidney disease and aging differentially diminish bone material and microarchitecture in C57Bl/6 mice. Bone 2019; 127:91-103. [PMID: 31055118 PMCID: PMC6760860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease of aging and increases fracture risk over advanced age alone. Aging and CKD differently impair bone turnover and mineralization. We thus hypothesize that the loss of bone quality would be greatest with the combination of advanced age and CKD. We evaluated bone from young adult (6 mo.), middle-age (18 mo.), and old (24 mo.) male C57Bl/6 mice three months following either 5/6th nephrectomy, to induce CKD, or Sham procedures. CKD exacerbated losses of cortical and trabecular microarchitecture associated with aging. Aging and CKD each resulted in thinner, more porous cortices and fewer and thinner trabeculae. Bone material quality was also reduced with CKD, and these changes to bone material were distinct from those due to age. Aging reduced whole-bone flexural strength and modulus, micrometer-scale nanoindentation modulus, and nanometer-scale tissue and collagen strain (small-angle x-ray scattering [SAXS]. By contrast, CKD reduced work to fracture and variation in bone tissue modulus and composition (Raman spectroscopy), and increased percent collagen strain. The increased collagen strain burden was associated with loss of toughness in CKD. In addition, osteocyte lacunae became smaller, sparser, and more disordered with age for Sham mice, yet these age-related changes were not clearly observed in CKD. However, for CKD, larger lacunae positively correlated with increased serum phosphate levels, suggesting that osteocytes play a role in systemic mineral homeostasis. This work demonstrates that CKD reduces bone quality, including microarchitecture and bone material properties, and that loss of bone quality with age is compounded by CKD. These findings may help reconcile why bone mass does not consistently predict fracture in the CKD population, as well as why older individuals with CKD are at high risk of fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Heveran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Charles A Schurman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Claire Acevedo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Eric W Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Danielle Howe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States of America
| | - Eric G Schaible
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Heather B Hunt
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Adam Rauff
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - R Dana Carpenter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Anthony G Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ted A Bateman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Karen B King
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America.
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99
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Al Saedi A, Bermeo S, Plotkin L, Myers DE, Duque G. Mechanisms of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in osteocytes. Bone 2019; 127:353-359. [PMID: 31226530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipotoxicity is defined as cellular toxicity observed in the presence of an abnormal accumulation of fat and adipocyte-derived factors in non-fat tissues. Palmitic acid (PA), an abundant fatty acid in the bone marrow and particularly in osteoporotic bones, affects osteoblastogenesis and osteoblast function, decreasing their survival through induction of apoptosis and dysfunctional autophagy. In this study, we hypothesized that PA also has a lipotoxic effect on osteocytes in vitro. METHODS Initially, we tested the effect of PA on osteocyte-derived factors DKK1, sclerostin and RANKL. Then, we tested whether PA affects survival and causes apoptosis in osteocytes. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of PA on autophagy by detecting the membrane component LC3-II (Western blot) and staining it and lysosomes with Lysotracker Red dye. RESULTS PA decreases RANKL, DKK1 and sclerostin expression in osteocytes. In addition, we found that PA induces apoptosis and reduces osteocyte survival. PA also caused autophagy failure identified by a significant increase in LC3-II and a reduced number of autophagosomes/lysosomes in the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION In addition to the effects of PA on RANKL, DKK1 and sclerostin expression, which could have significant deleterious impact on bone cell coupling and bone turnover, PA also induced apoptosis and reduced autophagy in osteocytes. Considering that apoptosis and cell dysfunction are two common changes occurring in the osteocytes of osteoporotic bone, our findings suggest that PA could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Suppression of these effects could bring new potential targets for therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Bermeo
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Lilian Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Damian E Myers
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
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100
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Gustafsson A, Wallin M, Isaksson H. Age-related properties at the microscale affect crack propagation in cortical bone. J Biomech 2019; 95:109326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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