51
|
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans and matrix metalloproteinase-14: Key partners? Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:271-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
52
|
Jiang B, Xu F, Li L, Chen W, Hong S, Chen R. The inhibition of glycosaminoglycan incorporation influences the cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation in cultured embryonic mouse molars. J Mol Histol 2018; 50:11-19. [PMID: 30498999 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) contains a variety of complex macromolecules including proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). PG consists of a protein core with covalently attached carbohydrate side chains called GAGs. Several PGs, including versican, biglycan, decorin and syndecan are involved in odontogenesis while the role of GAGs in those PGs in this process remains unclarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of GAGs on tooth development. The mandibular first molars at early bell stage were cultivated with or without 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-xyloside (Xyl-MU). The cultured tooth germs were metabolically labelled with [35S] Na2SO4, then PGs in tooth germs and cultured medium were extracted separately and analyzed by gel filtration. Morphological changes were evaluated on days 2, 4, 6, and histological changes were examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Related proteins and genes of cytodifferentiation were further examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitive real-time PCR (qPCR) respectively. Meanwhile, BrdU incorporation assay was used to explore the effect of Xyl-MU on the cell proliferation of cultured tooth germs. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of GAGs to PGs in cultured tooth germs was heavily inhibited by Xyl-MU. Accompanied by the inhibition of GAGs incorporation, Xyl-MU altered tooth morphogenesis and delayed the differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Proliferation of inner enamel epithelium (IEE) was also inhibited. Therefore, we draw a conclusion that the inhibition of GAGs incorporation influences the cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation in cultured embryonic mouse molars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beizhan Jiang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Lefeng Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Weiting Chen
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shebin Hong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Rongmei Chen
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School & Hosipital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, 399 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Aggelidakis J, Berdiaki A, Nikitovic D, Papoutsidakis A, Papachristou DJ, Tsatsakis AM, Tzanakakis GN. Biglycan Regulates MG63 Osteosarcoma Cell Growth Through a LPR6/β-Catenin/IGFR-IR Signaling Axis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:470. [PMID: 30406034 PMCID: PMC6206209 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biglycan, a small leucine rich proteoglycan (SLRP), is an important participant in bone homeostasis and development as well as in bone pathology. In the present study biglycan was identified as a positive regulator of MG63 osteosarcoma cell growth (p ≤ 0.001). IGF-I was shown to increase biglycan expression (p ≤ 0.01), whereas biglycan-deficiency attenuated significantly both basal and IGF-I induced cell proliferation of MG63 cells (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.01, respectively). These effects were executed through the IGF-IR receptor whose activation was strongly attenuated (p ≤ 0.01) in biglycan-deficient MG63 cells. Biglycan, previously shown to regulate Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was demonstrated to induce a significant increase in β-catenin protein expression evident at cytoplasmic (p ≤ 0.01), membrane (p ≤ 0.01), and nucleus fractions in MG63 cells (p ≤ 0.05). As demonstrated by immunofluorescence, increase in β-catenin expression is attributed to co-localization of biglycan with the Wnt co-receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) resulting in attenuated β-catenin degradation. Furthermore, applying anti-β-catenin and anti-pIGF-IR antibodies to MG-63 cells demonstrated a cytoplasmic and to the membrane interaction between these molecules that increased upon exogenous biglycan treatment. In parallel, the downregulation of biglycan significantly inhibited both basal and IGF-I-dependent ERK1/2 activation, (p ≤ 0.001). In summary, we report a novel mechanism where biglycan through a LRP6/β-catenin/IGF-IR signaling axis enhances osteosarcoma cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Aggelidakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonis Papoutsidakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dionysios J Papachristou
- Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Grainger S, Willert K. Mechanisms of Wnt signaling and control. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 10:e1422. [PMID: 29600540 PMCID: PMC6165711 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved system that regulates complex biological processes across all metazoan species. At the cellular level, secreted Wnt proteins serve to break symmetry and provide cells with positional information that is critical to the patterning of the entire body plan. At the organismal level, Wnt signals are employed to orchestrate fundamental developmental processes, including the specification of the anterior-posterior body axis, induction of the primitive streak and ensuing gastrulation movements, and the generation of cell and tissue diversity. Wnt functions extend into adulthood where they regulate stem cell behavior, tissue homeostasis, and damage repair. Disruption of Wnt signaling activity during embryonic development or in adults results in a spectrum of abnormalities and diseases, including cancer. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the myriad of Wnt-regulated biological effects have been the subject of intense research for over three decades. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of how Wnt signals are generated and interpreted. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Grainger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla California
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Chen S, Guo D, Zhang W, Xie Y, Yang H, Cheng B, Wang L, Yang R, Bi J, Feng Z. Biglycan, a Nitric Oxide-Downregulated Proteoglycan, Prevents Nitric Oxide-Induced Neuronal Cell Apoptosis via Targeting Erk1/2 and p38 Signaling Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:68-76. [PMID: 30088173 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous signaling molecule, induces apoptosis and mediates neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. Biglycan (BGN), a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family, was demonstrated to exert anti-apoptosis function in various disease models. However, little is known about the effect of BGN on NO-induced neurotoxicity. Here, for the first time, we reported that BGN protects against NO-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-EP1 cells. This is supported by the finding that sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, triggered downregulation of BGN in SH-EP1 cells, and over-expression of BGN strikingly attenuated NO-induced nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis of neuronal cells. More importantly, BGN remarkably blocked NO-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38 signaling, but not JNK MAPK pathway in neuronal cells. Furthermore, inhibiting Erk1/2 by U0126 or p38 by SB203580 partially protected against NO-induced cell death. Conversely, downregulation of BGN by siRNA aggravated NO-induced neuronal cell death, which was not attenuated by U0126 or SB203580. These findings indicated that BGN, downregulated by NO, prevents NO-induced neuronal cell apoptosis via targeting Erk1/2 and p38 signaling pathways. Our results strongly suggest that BGN could be explored for the prevention of NO-induced neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Haijie Yang
- School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Binfeng Cheng
- School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Bi
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Vincent TL, Wann AKT. Mechanoadaptation: articular cartilage through thick and thin. J Physiol 2018; 597:1271-1281. [PMID: 29917242 DOI: 10.1113/jp275451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The articular cartilage is exquisitely sensitive to mechanical load. Its structure is largely defined by the mechanical environment and destruction in osteoarthritis is the pathophysiological consequence of abnormal mechanics. It is often overlooked that disuse of joints causes profound loss of volume in the articular cartilage, a clinical observation first described in polio patients and stroke victims. Through the 1980s, the results of studies exploiting experimental joint immobilisation supported this. Importantly, this substantial body of work was also the first to describe metabolic changes that resulted in decreased synthesis of matrix molecules, especially sulfated proteoglycans. The molecular mechanisms that underlie disuse atrophy are poorly understood despite the identification of multiple mechanosensing mechanisms in cartilage. Moreover, there has been a tendency to equate cartilage loss with osteoarthritic degeneration. Here, we review the historic literature and clarify the structural, metabolic and clinical features that clearly distinguish cartilage loss due to disuse atrophy and those due to osteoarthritis. We speculate on the molecular sensing pathways in cartilage that may be responsible for cartilage mechanoadaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L Vincent
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angus K T Wann
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Guilak F, Nims RJ, Dicks A, Wu CL, Meulenbelt I. Osteoarthritis as a disease of the cartilage pericellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:40-50. [PMID: 29800616 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a painful joint disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage as well as associated changes to the subchondral bone, synovium, and surrounding joint tissues. While the effects of osteoarthritis on the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) have been well recognized, it is now becoming apparent that in many cases, the onset of the disease may be initially reflected in the matrix region immediately surrounding the chondrocytes, termed the pericellular matrix (PCM). Growing evidence suggests that the PCM - which along with the enclosed chondrocytes are termed the "chondron" - acts as a critical transducer or "filter" of biochemical and biomechanical signals for the chondrocyte, serving to help regulate the homeostatic balance of chondrocyte metabolic activity in response to environmental signals. Indeed, it appears that alterations in PCM properties and cell-matrix interactions, secondary to genetic, epigenetic, metabolic, or biomechanical stimuli, could in fact serve as initiating or progressive factors for osteoarthritis. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the role of the PCM, with an emphasis on the reciprocity of changes that occur in this matrix region with disease, as well as how alterations in PCM properties could serve as a driver of ECM-based diseases such as osteoarthritis. Further study of the structure, function, and composition of the PCM in normal and diseased conditions may provide new insights into the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, and presumably new therapeutic approaches for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Robert J Nims
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Amanda Dicks
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States; Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Identification of the effector domain of biglycan that facilitates BMP-2 osteogenic function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7022. [PMID: 29728612 PMCID: PMC5935668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that recombinant biglycan (BGN) core protein accelerates bone formation in vivo by enhancing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 function. The purpose of the present study was to identify the specific domain (“effector”) within the BGN core protein that facilitates BMP-2 osteogenic function. Thus, we generated various recombinant and synthetic peptides corresponding to several domains of BGN, and tested their effects on BMP-2 functions in vitro. The results demonstrated that the leucine-rich repeats 2–3 domain (LRR2-3) of BGN significantly enhanced the BMP-2 induced Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation, osteogenic gene expression, and alkaline phosphatase activity in myogenic C2C12 cells. Furthermore, addition of LRR2-3 to osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells accelerated in vitro mineralization without compromising the quality of the mineral and matrix. These data indicate that LRR2-3 is, at least in part, responsible for BGN’s ability to enhance BMP-2 osteogenic function, and it could be useful for bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
59
|
Chan WL, Steiner M, Witkos T, Egerer J, Busse B, Mizumoto S, Pestka JM, Zhang H, Hausser I, Khayal LA, Ott CE, Kolanczyk M, Willie B, Schinke T, Paganini C, Rossi A, Sugahara K, Amling M, Knaus P, Chan D, Lowe M, Mundlos S, Kornak U. Impaired proteoglycan glycosylation, elevated TGF-β signaling, and abnormal osteoblast differentiation as the basis for bone fragility in a mouse model for gerodermia osteodysplastica. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007242. [PMID: 29561836 PMCID: PMC5880397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerodermia osteodysplastica (GO) is characterized by skin laxity and early-onset osteoporosis. GORAB, the responsible disease gene, encodes a small Golgi protein of poorly characterized function. To circumvent neonatal lethality of the GorabNull full knockout, Gorab was conditionally inactivated in mesenchymal progenitor cells (Prx1-cre), pre-osteoblasts (Runx2-cre), and late osteoblasts/osteocytes (Dmp1-cre), respectively. While in all three lines a reduction in trabecular bone density was evident, only GorabPrx1 and GorabRunx2 mutants showed dramatically thinned, porous cortical bone and spontaneous fractures. Collagen fibrils in the skin of GorabNull mutants and in bone of GorabPrx1 mutants were disorganized, which was also seen in a bone biopsy from a GO patient. Measurement of glycosaminoglycan contents revealed a reduction of dermatan sulfate levels in skin and cartilage from GorabNull mutants. In bone from GorabPrx1 mutants total glycosaminoglycan levels and the relative percentage of dermatan sulfate were both strongly diminished. Accordingly, the proteoglycans biglycan and decorin showed reduced glycanation. Also in cultured GORAB-deficient fibroblasts reduced decorin glycanation was evident. The Golgi compartment of these cells showed an accumulation of decorin, but reduced signals for dermatan sulfate. Moreover, we found elevated activation of TGF-β in GorabPrx1 bone tissue leading to enhanced downstream signalling, which was reproduced in GORAB-deficient fibroblasts. Our data suggest that the loss of Gorab primarily perturbs pre-osteoblasts. GO may be regarded as a congenital disorder of glycosylation affecting proteoglycan synthesis due to delayed transport and impaired posttranslational modification in the Golgi compartment. Gerodermia osteodysplastica (GO) is segmental progeroid disorder affecting connective tissues and bone, leading to extreme bone fragility. The cause are loss-of-function mutations in the Golgi protein GORAB, whose function has been only partially unravelled. Using several mouse models and patient-derived primary cells we elucidate that loss of Gorab elicits a defect in proteoglycan glycanation, which is associated with collagen disorganization in dermis and bone. We also found evidence for TGF-β upregulation and enhanced downstream signalling. If these changes occur in mesenchymal stem cells or early osteoblasts they impair osteoblast differentiation resulting in cortical thinning and spontaneous fractures. We thus match GO mechanistically with also phenotypically overlapping progeroid connective tissue disorders with glycanation defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Lee Chan
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Magdalena Steiner
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz Witkos
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Egerer
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Lab. of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jan M. Pestka
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hausser
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Layal Abo Khayal
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus-Eric Ott
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mateusz Kolanczyk
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong—Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU- SIRI), Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (UK); (SM)
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (UK); (SM)
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Marie PJ, Cohen-Solal M. The Expanding Life and Functions of Osteogenic Cells: From Simple Bone-Making Cells to Multifunctional Cells and Beyond. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:199-210. [PMID: 29206311 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades, important progress in bone cell biology and in human and mouse genetics led to major advances in our understanding of the life and functions of cells of the osteoblast lineage. Previously unrecognized sources of osteogenic cells have been identified. Novel cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling osteoblast differentiation and senescence have been determined. New mechanisms of communications between osteogenic cells, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes, as well as novel links between osteogenic cells and blood vessels have been identified. Additionally, cells of the osteoblast lineage were shown to be important components of the hematopoietic niche and to be implicated in hematologic dysfunctions and malignancy. Lastly, unexpected interactions were found between osteogenic cells and several soft tissues, including the central nervous system, gut, muscle, fat, and testis through the release of paracrine factors, making osteogenic cells multifunctional regulatory cells, in addition to their bone-making function. These discoveries considerably enlarged our vision of the life and functions of osteogenic cells, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutics with immediate applications in bone disorders. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- Inserm UMR-1132, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Inserm UMR-1132, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Subbarayan K, Leisz S, Wickenhauser C, Bethmann D, Massa C, Steven A, Seliger B. Biglycan-mediated upregulation of MHC class I expression in HER-2/neu-transformed cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1373233. [PMID: 29632715 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1373233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein biglycan (BGN) has oncogenic or tumor suppressive potential depending on the cellular origin. HER-2/neu overexpression in murine fibroblasts and human model systems is inversely correlated with BGN expression. Upon its restoration BGNhigh HER-2/neu+ fibroblasts were less tumorigenic in immune competent mice when compared to BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu+ cells, which was associated with enhanced immune cell responses and higher frequencies of immune effector cells in tumors and peripheral blood. The increased immunogenicity of BGNhigh HER-2/neu+ fibroblasts appears to be due to upregulated MHC class I surface antigens and reduced expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β isoforms and the TGF-β receptor 1 suggesting a link between BGN, TGF-β pathway and HER-2/neu-mediated downregulation of MHC class I antigens. Treatment of BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu+ cells with recombinant BGN or an inhibitor of TGF-β enhanced MHC class I surface antigens in BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu-overexpressing murine fibroblasts, which was mediated by a transcriptional upregulation of major MHC class I antigen processing components. Furthermore, BGN expression in HER-2/neu+ cells was accompanied by an increased expression of the proteoglycan decorin (DCN). Since recombinant DCN also elevated MHC class I surface expression in BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu+ cells, both proteoglycans might act synergistically. This was in accordance with in silico analyses of mRNA data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset available for breast cancer (BC) patients. Thus, our data provide for the first time evidence that proteoglycan signatures are modulated by HER-2/neu and linked to MHC class I-mediated immune escape associated with an altered TGF-β pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Subbarayan
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Sandra Leisz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Daniel Bethmann
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - André Steven
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Xie Y, Liao J, Yu Y, Guo Q, Yang Y, Ge J, Chen H, Chen R. Endothelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition in human idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:961-969. [PMID: 29115553 PMCID: PMC5780177 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by left ventricular dilation and cardiac fibrosis. Emerging evidence indicated that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (Endo-MT) is a crucial event during organ fibrosis. This study was performed to clarify whether Endo-MT contributed to the progression of cardiac fibrosis in DCM. Cardiac samples from patients with DCM and control were obtained. The presence of endothelial markers, cluster of differentiation (CD)31 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, and mesenchymal markers, α smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1) was performed using immunohistochemistry. Co-localization of endothelial markers and mesenchymal markers were identified using confocal immunofluorescence staining. Serum procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) and procollagen type III amino-terminal propeptide (PIIINP) were measured by ELISA. Protein levels of Wnt, β-catenin and Snail were determined using western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry and double-immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the expression of CD31 and VE-cadherin were significantly decreased in DCM samples, whereas the FSP-1, and αSMA were significantly increased. CD31 and VE-cadherin labeling indexes were respectively negatively correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (CD31 r=−0.82, P<0.01; VE-cadherin r=−0.73, P<0.01), while FSP-1 and αSMA were positively associated with LVEDD (αSMA r=0.65, P<0.01, FSP1 r=0.53, P<0.01) and left ventricular ejection fraction (αSMA r=−0.18, P<0.05; FSP1 r=−0.21, P<0.05). Furthermore, PICP and PIIINP levels were positively associated with the co-expression labeling indexes (CD31/SMA co-labeling index and PICP r=0.727, P<0.01; CD31/SMA co-labeling index and PIIINP r=0.741, P<0.01; VE-Cadherin/FSP-1 co-labeling index and PICP r=0.716, P<0.01; VE-cadherin/FSP-1 co-labeling index and PIIINP r=0.648, P<0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that proteins levels of Wnt signaling and snail were significantly increased in DCM samples. These results suggested that Endo-MT is potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling during the development of DCM, indicating a potential therapeutic target for DCM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jianquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yingzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Haozhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kirby DJ, Young MF. Isolation, production, and analysis of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in bone. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 143:281-296. [PMID: 29310783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are a unique class of proteins that exist in the extracellular matrix, playing key roles in cell proliferation and function. In bone, SLRPs such as biglycan and decorin affect osteogenesis and bone remodeling. Their essential role in this organ system has created the need to isolate these proteins for study. Bone presents unique obstacles to the study of proteins; however, through the use of demineralizing agents, efficient methods of the purification of proteoglycans have been developed. Additionally, methods have been developed that allow for the production and isolation of proteoglycans from conditioned media, which opens the door to a wide array of in vitro and in vivo assays. In stride with the purification and utilization of proteoglycans is the need to insure proteoglycan identity and purity, which is accomplished through enzymatic deglycosylation and blot analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Kirby
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marian F Young
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Pathophysiological Significance of Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycans Revealed by Human Genetic Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020034. [PMID: 28346368 PMCID: PMC5490391 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The indispensable roles of dermatan sulfate-proteoglycans (DS-PGs) have been demonstrated in various biological events including construction of the extracellular matrix and cell signaling through interactions with collagen and transforming growth factor-β, respectively. Defects in the core proteins of DS-PGs such as decorin and biglycan cause congenital stromal dystrophy of the cornea, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, and Meester-Loeys syndrome. Furthermore, mutations in human genes encoding the glycosyltransferases, epimerases, and sulfotransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of DS chains cause connective tissue disorders including Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility, and by severe skeletal disorders such as kyphoscoliosis, short trunk, dislocation, and joint laxity. Glycobiological approaches revealed that mutations in DS-biosynthetic enzymes cause reductions in enzymatic activities and in the amount of synthesized DS and also disrupt the formation of collagen bundles. This review focused on the growing number of glycobiological studies on recently reported genetic diseases caused by defects in the biosynthesis of DS and DS-PGs.
Collapse
|
65
|
Mizumoto S, Kosho T, Hatamochi A, Honda T, Yamaguchi T, Okamoto N, Miyake N, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Defect in dermatan sulfate in urine of patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome caused by a CHST14/D4ST1 deficiency. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:670-677. [PMID: 28238810 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dermatan sulfate (DS) plays a number of roles in a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling and tissue morphogenesis through interactions with various extracellular matrix proteins including collagen. Mutations in the carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 gene (CHST14) encoding CHST14/dermatan 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST1), which is responsible for the biosynthesis of DS, cause a recently delineated form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS, musculocontractural type 1), an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder characterized by congenital malformations (specific craniofacial features, and congenital multiple contractures) and progressive fragility-related complications (skin hyperextensibility, bruisability, and fragility with atrophic scars; recurrent dislocations; progressive talipes or spinal deformities; and large subcutaneous hematomas). In an attempt to develop a diagnostic screening method for this type of EDS, the amount of DS in the urine of patients was analyzed. METHODS Urinary DS was quantified by an anion-exchange chromatography after treatment with DS-specific degrading enzyme. RESULTS DS was not detected in the urine of patients with homo- or compound heterozygous mutations in CHST14. These results suggest that the quantification of DS in urine is applicable to an initial diagnosis of DS-defective EDS. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to perform a urinary disaccharide compositional analysis of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/DS chains in patients with EDS caused by a CHST14/D4ST1 deficiency, and demonstrated the absence of DS chains. This result suggests systemic DS depletion in this disorder, and also proposes the usefulness of a urinary disaccharide compositional analysis of CS/DS chains as a non-invasive screening method for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatamochi
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Tomoko Honda
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamaguchi
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Life Science Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Schaefer L, Tredup C, Gubbiotti MA, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan neofunctions: regulation of inflammation and autophagy in cancer biology. FEBS J 2017; 284:10-26. [PMID: 27860287 PMCID: PMC5226885 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and autophagy have emerged as prominent issues in the context of proteoglycan signaling. In particular, two small, leucine-rich proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, play pivotal roles in the regulation of these vital cellular pathways and, as such, are intrinsically involved in cancer initiation and progression. In this minireview, we will address novel functions of biglycan and decorin in inflammation and autophagy, and analyze new emerging signaling events triggered by these proteoglycans, which directly or indirectly modulate these processes. We will critically discuss the dual role of proteoglycan-driven inflammation and autophagy in tumor biology, and delineate the potential mechanisms through which soluble extracellular matrix constituents affect the microenvironment associated with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Tredup
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria A. Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Pickering RT, Lee MJ, Karastergiou K, Gower A, Fried SK. Depot Dependent Effects of Dexamethasone on Gene Expression in Human Omental and Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues from Obese Women. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167337. [PMID: 28005982 PMCID: PMC5179014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids promote fat accumulation in visceral compared to subcutaneous depots, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. To identify long-term changes in gene expression that are differentially sensitive or responsive to glucocorticoids in these depots, paired samples of human omental (Om) and abdominal subcutaneous (Abdsc) adipose tissues obtained from obese women during elective surgery were cultured with the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone (Dex, 0, 1, 10, 25 and 1000 nM) for 7 days. Dex regulated 32% of the 19,741 genes on the array, while 53% differed by Depot and 2.5% exhibited a Depot*Dex concentration interaction. Gene set enrichment analysis showed Dex regulation of the expected metabolic and inflammatory pathways in both depots. Cluster analysis of the 460 transcripts that exhibited an interaction of Depot and Dex concentration revealed sets of mRNAs for which the responses to Dex differed in magnitude, sensitivity or direction between the two depots as well as mRNAs that responded to Dex only in one depot. These transcripts were also clearly depot different in fresh adipose tissue and are implicated in processes that could affect adipose tissue distribution or functions (e.g. adipogenesis, triacylglycerol synthesis and storage, insulin action). Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the depot differences in the effect of Dex on the expression of specific genes and pathways that regulate adipose function may offer novel insights into understanding the biology of visceral adipose tissues and their links to metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Taylor Pickering
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kalypso Karastergiou
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Adam Gower
- Clinical Translational Sciences Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Fried
- Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Bae CH, Choi H, You HK, Cho ES. Wnt activity is associated with cementum-type transition. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:334-341. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.-H. Bae
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research; Institute of Oral Biosciences; Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry; Jeonju South Korea
| | - H. Choi
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research; Institute of Oral Biosciences; Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry; Jeonju South Korea
| | - H.-K. You
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Wonkwang University; Iksan South Korea
| | - E.-S. Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research; Institute of Oral Biosciences; Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry; Jeonju South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Cho SY, Bae JS, Kim NK, Forzano F, Girisha KM, Baldo C, Faravelli F, Cho TJ, Kim D, Lee KY, Ikegawa S, Shim JS, Ko AR, Miyake N, Nishimura G, Superti-Furga A, Spranger J, Kim OH, Park WY, Jin DK. BGN Mutations in X-Linked Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:1243-1248. [PMID: 27236923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasias (SEMDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive disorders. An apparent X-linked recessive (XLR) form of SEMD in a single Italian family was previously reported. We have been able to restudy this family together with a second family from Korea by segregating a severe SEMD in an X-linked pattern. Exome sequencing showed missense mutations in BGN c.439A>G (p.Lys147Glu) in the Korean family and c.776G>T (p.Gly259Val) in the Italian family; the c.439A>G (p.Lys147Glu) mutation was also identified in a further simplex SEMD case from India. Biglycan is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that can bind transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and thus regulate its free concentration. In 3-dimensional simulation, both altered residues localized to the concave arc of leucine-rich repeat domains of biglycan that interact with TGF-β. The observation of recurrent BGN mutations in XLR SEMD individuals from different ethnic backgrounds allows us to define "XLR SEMD, BGN type" as a nosologic entity.
Collapse
|
70
|
Myren M, Kirby DJ, Noonan ML, Maeda A, Owens RT, Ricard-Blum S, Kram V, Kilts TM, Young MF. Biglycan potentially regulates angiogenesis during fracture repair by altering expression and function of endostatin. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:141-150. [PMID: 27072616 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The small proteoglycan biglycan (Bgn) is highly expressed in the organic matrix of bone and plays a role in bone formation. Previous work implicated Bgn in vessel growth during bone healing [1]. By infusing barium sulfate (BaSO4) into WT and Bgn-deficient mice we discovered the positive effect of Bgn in modulating angiogenesis during fracture healing. Using micro-computed tomography angiography we found significant differences in the vessel size and volume among other parameters. To further understand the mechanistic basis for this, we explored the relationship between Bgn and the anti-angiogenic protein endostatin. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed co-localization of Bgn and endostatin in regions of bone formation, with increased endostatin staining in Bgn-KO compared to WT at 14days post-fracture. To further elucidate the relationship between Bgn and endostatin, an endothelial cell tube formation assay was used. This study showed that endothelial cells treated with endostatin had significantly decreased vessel length and vessel branches compared to untreated cells, while cells treated with endostatin and Bgn at a 1:1M ratio had vessel length and vessel branches comparable to untreated cells. This indicated that Bgn was able to mitigate the inhibitory effect of endostatin on endothelial cell growth. In summary, these results suggest that Bgn is needed for proper blood vessel formation during fracture healing, and one mechanism by which Bgn impacts angiogenesis is through inhibition of endostatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Myren
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David J Kirby
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Megan L Noonan
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Azusa Maeda
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Rick T Owens
- Life Cell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ 08876, United States
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University of Lyon, UMR 5246 CNRS - University Lyon 1, ICBMS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vardit Kram
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Tina M Kilts
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Marian F Young
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Bejoy J, Song L, Li Y. Wnt-YAP interactions in the neural fate of human pluripotent stem cells and the implications for neural organoid formation. Organogenesis 2016; 12:1-15. [PMID: 26901039 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1140290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have shown the ability to self-organize into different types of neural organoids (e.g., whole brain organoids, cortical spheroids, midbrain organoids etc.) recently. The extrinsic and intrinsic signaling elicited by Wnt pathway, Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway, and extracellular microenvironment plays a critical role in brain tissue morphogenesis. This article highlights recent advances in neural tissue patterning from hPSCs, in particular the role of Wnt pathway and YAP activity in this process. Understanding the Wnt-YAP interactions should provide us the guidance to predict and modulate brain-like tissue structure through the regulation of extracellular microenvironment of hPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Liqing Song
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Yan Li
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhang H, Zhu NX, Huang K, Cai BZ, Zeng Y, Xu YM, Liu Y, Yuan YP, Lin CM. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Comparison of Early- and Late-Passage Human Dermal Papilla Cell Secretome in Relation to Inducing Hair Follicle Regeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167474. [PMID: 27907131 PMCID: PMC5132394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is an exceedingly prevalent problem that lacks effective therapy. Recently, research has focused on early-passage dermal papilla cells (DPCs), which have hair inducing activity both in vivo and in vitro. Our previous study indicated that factors secreted from early-passage DPCs contribute to hair follicle (HF) regeneration. To identify which factors are responsible for HF regeneration and why late-passage DPCs lose this potential, we collected 48-h-culture medium (CM) from both of passage 3 and 9 DPCs, and subcutaneously injected the DPC-CM into NU/NU mice. Passage 3 DPC-CM induced HF regeneration, based on the emergence of a white hair coat, but passage 9 DPC-CM did not. In order to identify the key factors responsible for hair induction, CM from passage 3 and 9 DPCs was analyzed by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic technology. We identified 1360 proteins, of which 213 proteins were differentially expressed between CM from early-passage vs. late-passage DPCs, including SDF1, MMP3, biglycan and LTBP1. Further analysis indicated that the differentially-expressed proteins regulated the Wnt, TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways, which directly and indirectly participate in HF morphogenesis and regeneration. Subsequently, we selected 19 proteins for further verification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) between the two types of CM. These results indicate DPC-secreted proteins play important roles in HF regeneration, with SDF1, MMP3, biglycan, and LTBP1 being potential key inductive factors secreted by dermal papilla cells in the regeneration of hair follicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning-Xia Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Keng Huang
- Emergency Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo-Zhi Cai
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Ping Yuan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang-Min Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Yan Y, Martin LM, Bosco DB, Bundy JL, Nowakowski RS, Sang QXA, Li Y. Differential effects of acellular embryonic matrices on pluripotent stem cell expansion and neural differentiation. Biomaterials 2015; 73:231-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
74
|
Salbach-Hirsch J, Samsonov SA, Hintze V, Hofbauer C, Picke AK, Rauner M, Gehrcke JP, Moeller S, Schnabelrauch M, Scharnweber D, Pisabarro MT, Hofbauer LC. Structural and functional insights into sclerostin-glycosaminoglycan interactions in bone. Biomaterials 2015; 67:335-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
75
|
Chen L, Liao J, Klineberg E, Leung VYL, Huang S. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs): characteristics and function in the intervertebral disc. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:602-608. [PMID: 26370612 DOI: 10.1002/term.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Research Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science; Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Eric Klineberg
- Department of Orthopaedics; University of California at Davis; Sacramento California USA
| | - Victor YL Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; West China Hospital; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Research Centre for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration; Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science; Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Hannesson KO, Ytteborg E, Takle H, Enersen G, Bæverfjord G, Pedersen ME. Sulphated glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in the developing vertebral column of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1029-1051. [PMID: 25963942 PMCID: PMC4495713 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the distribution of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the developing vertebral column of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at 700, 900, 1100 and 1400 d° was examined by light microscopy. The mineralization pattern was outlined by Alizarin red S and soft structures by Alcian blue. The temporal and spatial distribution patterns of different types of GAGs: chondroitin-4-sulphate/dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, chondroitin-0-sulphate and keratan sulphate were addressed by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against the different GAGs. The specific pattern obtained with the different antibodies suggests a unique role of the different GAG types in pattern formation and mineralization. In addition, the distribution of the different GAG types in normal and malformed vertebral columns from 15 g salmon was compared. A changed expression pattern of GAGs was found in the malformed vertebrae, indicating the involvement of these molecules during the pathogenesis. The molecular size of proteoglycans (PGs) in the vertebrae carrying GAGs was analysed with western blotting, and mRNA transcription of the PGs aggrecan, decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin and lumican by real-time qPCR. Our study reveals the importance of GAGs in development of vertebral column also in Atlantic salmon and indicates that a more comprehensive approach is necessary to completely understand the processes involved.
Collapse
|
77
|
Neill T, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Decoding the Matrix: Instructive Roles of Proteoglycan Receptors. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4583-98. [PMID: 26177309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a dynamic repository harboring instructive cues that embody substantial regulatory dominance over many evolutionarily conserved intracellular activities, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, motility, and autophagy. The matrix also coordinates and parses hierarchical information, such as angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and immunological responses, typically providing the critical determinants driving each outcome. We provide the first comprehensive review focused on proteoglycan receptors, that is, signaling transmembrane proteins that use secreted proteoglycans as ligands, in addition to their natural ligands. The majority of these receptors belong to an exclusive subset of receptor tyrosine kinases and assorted cell surface receptors that specifically bind, transduce, and modulate fundamental cellular processes following interactions with proteoglycans. The class of small leucine-rich proteoglycans is the most studied so far and constitutes the best understood example of proteoglycan-receptor interactions. Decorin and biglycan evoke autophagy and immunological responses that deter, suppress, or exacerbate pathological conditions such as tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and chronic inflammatory disease. Basement membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans (perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII) represent a unique cohort and provide proteolytically cleaved bioactive fragments for modulating cellular behavior. The receptors that bind the genuinely multifactorial and multivalent proteoglycans represent a nexus in understanding basic biological pathways and open new avenues for therapeutic and pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- †Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- ‡Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- †Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
de Miranda de Araujo LB, Horgan CE, Aron A, Iozzo RV, Lechner BE. Compensatory fetal membrane mechanisms between biglycan and decorin in inflammation. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:387-96. [PMID: 25914258 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes (PPROM) is associated with infection, and is one of the most common causes of preterm birth. Abnormal expression of biglycan and decorin, two extracellular matrix proteoglycans, leads to preterm birth and aberrant fetal membrane morphology and signaling in the mouse. In humans and mice, decorin dysregulation is associated with inflammation in PPROM. We therefore investigated the link between biglycan and decorin and inflammation in fetal membranes using mouse models of intraperitoneal Escherichia coli injections superimposed on genetic biglycan and decorin deficiencies. We assessed outcomes in vivo as well as in vitro using quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Our results suggest that biglycan and decorin compensate for each other in the fetal membranes, but lose the ability to do so under inflammation, leading to decreased latency to preterm birth. Furthermore, our findings suggest that biglycan and decorin play discrete roles in fetal membrane signaling pathways during inflammation, leading to changes in the abundance of MMP8 and collagen α1VI, two components of the fetal membrane extracellular matrix that influence the pathophysiology of PPROM. In summary, these findings underline the importance of biglycan and decorin as targets for the manipulation of fetal membrane extracellular matrix stability in the context of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Batalha de Miranda de Araujo
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Casie E Horgan
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Abraham Aron
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beatrice E Lechner
- Departmentof Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Jing J, Wu XJ, Li YL, Cai SQ, Zheng M, Lu ZF. Expression of decorin throughout the murine hair follicle cycle: hair cycle dependence and anagen phase prolongation. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:486-91. [PMID: 24816226 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Decorin is a prototypical member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family, which is involved in numerous biological processes. The role of decorin, as a representative SLRP, in hair follicle morphogenesis has not been elucidated. We present our initial findings on decorin expression patterns during induced murine hair follicle (HF) cycles. It was found that decorin expression is exclusively restricted to the epidermis, outer root sheath and sebaceous glands during the anagen phase, which correlates with the upregulation of decorin mRNA and protein expression in depilated murine dorsal skin. Furthermore, we used a functional approach to investigate the effects of recombinant human decorin (rhDecorin) via cutaneous injection into HFs at various murine hair cycle stages. The local injection of rhDecorin (100 μg/ml) into the hypodermis of depilated C57BL/6 mice at anagen delayed catagen progression. In contrast, rhDecorin injection during the telogen phase caused the premature onset of anagen, as demonstrated by the assessment of the following parameters: (i) hair shaft length, (ii) follicular bulbar diameter, (iii) hair follicle cycling score and (iv) follicular phase percentage. Taken together, our results suggest that decorin may modulate follicular cycling and morphogenesis. In addition, this study also provides insight into the molecular control mechanisms governing hair follicular epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Neill T, Multhaupt HAB, Hubo M, Frey H, Gopal S, Gomes A, Afratis N, Lim HC, Couchman JR, Filmus J, Sanderson RD, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of proteoglycans in breast cancer biology and translational medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:276-300. [PMID: 25829250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans control numerous normal and pathological processes, among which are morphogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, vascularization and cancer metastasis. During tumor development and growth, proteoglycan expression is markedly modified in the tumor microenvironment. Altered expression of proteoglycans on tumor and stromal cell membranes affects cancer cell signaling, growth and survival, cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. Despite the high complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer, the rapid evolution in our knowledge that proteoglycans are among the key players in the breast tumor microenvironment suggests their potential as pharmacological targets in this type of cancer. It has been recently suggested that pharmacological treatment may target proteoglycan metabolism, their utilization as targets for immunotherapy or their direct use as therapeutic agents. The diversity inherent in the proteoglycans that will be presented herein provides the potential for multiple layers of regulation of breast tumor behavior. This review summarizes recent developments concerning the biology of selected proteoglycans in breast cancer, and presents potential targeted therapeutic approaches based on their novel key roles in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Hubo
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sandeep Gopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angélica Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos Afratis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hooi Ching Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Ave. S, WTI 602B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Heppner JM, Zaucke F, Clarke LA. Extracellular matrix disruption is an early event in the pathogenesis of skeletal disease in mucopolysaccharidosis I. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:146-55. [PMID: 25410057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Progressive skeletal and connective tissue disease represents a significant clinical burden in all of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Despite the introduction of enzyme replacement strategies for many of the mucopolysaccharidoses, symptomatology related to bone and joint disease appears to be recalcitrant to current therapies. In order to address these unmet medical needs a clearer understanding of skeletal and connective tissue disease pathogenesis is required. Historically the pathogenesis of the mucopolysaccharidoses has been assumed to directly relate to progressive storage of glycosaminoglycans. It is now apparent for many lysosomal storage disorders that more complex pathogenic mechanisms underlie patients' clinical symptoms. We have used proteomic and genome wide expression studies in the murine mucopolysaccharidosis I model to identify early pathogenic events occurring in micro-dissected growth plate tissue. Studies were conducted using 3 and 5-week-old mice thus representing a time at which no obvious morphological changes of bone or joints have taken place. An unbiased iTRAQ differential proteomic approach was used to identify candidates followed by validation with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. These studies reveal significant decreases in six key structural and signaling extracellular matrix proteins; biglycan, fibromodulin, PRELP, type I collagen, lactotransferrin, and SERPINF1. Genome-wide expression studies in embryonic day 13.5 limb cartilage and 5 week growth plate cartilage followed by specific gene candidate qPCR studies in the 5week growth plate identified fourteen significantly deregulated mRNAs (Adamts12, Aspn, Chad, Col2a1, Col9a1, Hapln4, Lum, Matn1, Mmp3, Ogn, Omd, P4ha2, Prelp, and Rab32). The involvement of biglycan, PRELP and fibromodulin; all members of the small leucine repeat proteoglycan family is intriguing, as this protein family is implicated in the pathogenesis of late onset osteoarthritis. Taken as a whole, our data indicates that alteration of the extracellular matrix represents a very early event in the pathogenesis of the mucopolysaccharidoses and implies that biomechanical failure of chondro-osseous tissue may underlie progressive bone and joint disease symptoms. These findings have important therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Heppner
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z-4H4, Canada; The Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z-4H4, Canada
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lorne A Clarke
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z-4H4, Canada; The Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z-4H4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Wang H, Sun W, Ma J, Pan Y, Wang L, Zhang WB. Biglycan mediates suture expansion osteogenesis via potentiation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. J Biomech 2015; 48:432-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
84
|
The small leucine-rich proteoglycan BGN accumulates in CADASIL and binds to NOTCH3. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:148-55. [PMID: 25578324 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited form of cerebral small vessel disease caused by mutations in conserved residues of NOTCH3. Affected arteries of CADASIL feature fibrosis and accumulation of NOTCH3. A variety of collagen subtypes (types I, III, IV, and VI) have been identified in fibrotic CADASIL vessels. Biglycan (BGN) and decorin (DCN) are class I members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family that regulate collagen fibril size. Because DCN has been shown to deposit in arteries in cerebral small vessel disease, we tested whether BGN accumulates in arteries of CADASIL brains. BGN was strongly expressed in both small penetrating and leptomeningeal arteries of CADASIL brain. BGN protein was localized to all three layers of arteries (intima, media, and adventitia). Substantially, more immunoreactivity was observed in CADASIL brains compared to controls. Immunoblotting of brain lysates showed a fourfold increase in CADASIL brains (compared to controls). Messenger RNA encoding BGN was also increased in CADASIL and was localized by in situ hybridization to all three vascular layers in CADASIL. Human cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells exposed to purified NOTCH3 ectodomain upregulated BGN, DCN, and COL4A1 through mechanisms that are sensitive to rapamycin, a potent mTOR inhibitor. In addition, BGN protein interacted directly with NOTCH3 protein in cell culture and in direct protein interaction assays. In conclusion, BGN is a CADASIL-enriched protein that potentially accumulates in vessels by mTOR-mediated transcriptional activation and/or post-translational accumulation via protein interactions with NOTCH3 and collagen.
Collapse
|
85
|
Guo P, Zeng JJ, Zhou N. Nonvascular transport distraction osteogenesis in bone formation and regeneration. Is it an accidental phenomenon? J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 43:21-7. [PMID: 25457741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the osteogenic mechanism of nonvascular transport distraction osteogenesis (NTDO) by constructing mandibular defects in dogs. METHODS Sixty adult dogs were randomly divided into three groups with 20 dogs in each group. Canine mandibular defect models of NTDO were constructed. Animals were euthanized 1, 4 and 12 weeks after distraction, and the transport disc and surrounding tissue were collected and fixed. Histochemical staining using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and electron microscopic observations were used to examine bone regeneration. RESULTS Distraction bone regeneration was observed in the distraction gap and around the transport disc, and osseous connections had formed between new bone and the transport disc after one week. Osteoclasts gathered around the transport disc, and bone absorption pit formation could be seen. After 4 weeks of distraction, the new bone around the transport disc was close to maturity with thick sclerostin on the middle of the transport disc. After 12 weeks the new bone and the transport disc were fully integrated, and were difficult to distinguish by H&E staining and electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Canine mandibular defects were successfully repaired by NTDO resulting in ideal new bone formation and fully recovered mandibular physiological function. The surrounding tissues, including musculoskeletal tissues, the periosteum and other soft tissues and the nonvascular transport disc, together contribute to bone regeneration and neovascularization in NTDO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zeng
- College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China
| | - Nuo Zhou
- College of Stomatology, GuangXi Medical University, Nanning Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Hsieh LTH, Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Soluble biglycan as a biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:223-35. [PMID: 25091702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal inflammation is often associated with a progressive accumulation of various extracellular matrix constituents, including several members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) gene family. It is becoming increasingly evident that the matrix-unbound SLRPs strongly regulate the progression of inflammation and fibrosis. Soluble SLRPs are generated either via partial proteolytic processing of collagenous matrices or by de novo synthesis evoked by stress or injury. Liberated SLRPs can then bind to and activate Toll-like receptors, thus modulating downstream inflammatory signaling. Preclinical animal models and human studies have recently identified soluble biglycan as a key initiator and regulator of various inflammatory renal diseases. Biglycan, generated by activated macrophages, can enter the circulation and its elevated levels in plasma and renal parenchyma correlate with unfavorable renal function and outcome. In this review, we will focus on the critical role of soluble biglycan in inflammatory signaling in various renal disorders. Moreover, we will provide new data implicating proinflammatory effects of soluble decorin in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Finally, we will critically evaluate the potential application of soluble biglycan vis-à-vis other SLRPs (decorin, lumican and fibromodulin) as a promising target and novel biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tzung-Harn Hsieh
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Caliari SR, Harley BAC. Structural and biochemical modification of a collagen scaffold to selectively enhance MSC tenogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1086-96. [PMID: 24574180 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial approaches for engineering orthopedic interfaces such as the tendon-bone junction (TBJ) are limited by a lack of understanding of how insoluble (microstructure, composition) and soluble regulators of stem cell fate work in concert to promote bioactivity and differentiation. One strategy for regenerating the interface is to design biomaterials containing spatially graded structural properties sufficient to induce divergent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into multiple interface-specific phenotypes. This work explores the hypothesis that selective structural modification to a 3D collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffold combined with biochemical supplementation can drive human bone-marrow-derived MSC differentiation down tenogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Tenogenic differentiation is enhanced in geometrically anisotropic scaffolds versus a standard isotropic control. Notably, blebbistatin treatment abrogates this microstructurally driven effect. Further, enhanced osteogenic differentiation and new mineral synthesis are achieved by incorporation of a calcium phosphate mineral phase within the CG scaffold along with the use of osteogenic induction media. Finally, chondrogenic differentiation is optimally driven by combining chondrogenic induction media with a reduced density scaffold that promotes increased cellular condensation, significantly higher expression of chondrogenic genes, and increased GAG deposition. Together these data provide critical insight regarding design rules for elements of an integrated biomaterial platform for orthopedic interface regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Caliari
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 Roger Adams Laboratory; 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 Roger Adams Laboratory; 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Yamaguchi DT. “Ins” and “Outs” of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis in regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:94-110. [PMID: 24772237 PMCID: PMC3999785 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair and regeneration of bone requires mesenchymal stem cells that by self-renewal, are able to generate a critical mass of cells with the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts that can produce bone protein matrix (osteoid) and enable its mineralization. The number of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) diminishes with age and ex vivo replication of hMSCs has limited potential. While propagating hMSCs under hypoxic conditions may maintain their ability to self-renew, the strategy of using human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to allow for hMSCs to prolong their replicative lifespan is an attractive means of ensuring a critical mass of cells with the potential to differentiate into various mesodermal structural tissues including bone. However, this strategy must be tempered by the oncogenic potential of TERT-transformed cells, or their ability to enhance already established cancers, the unknown differentiating potential of high population doubling hMSCs and the source of hMSCs (e.g., bone marrow, adipose-derived, muscle-derived, umbilical cord blood, etc.) that may provide peculiarities to self-renewal, differentiation, and physiologic function that may differ from non-transformed native cells. Tissue engineering approaches to use hMSCs to repair bone defects utilize the growth of hMSCs on three-dimensional scaffolds that can either be a base on which hMSCs can attach and grow or as a means of sequestering growth factors to assist in the chemoattraction and differentiation of native hMSCs. The use of whole native extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by hMSCs, rather than individual ECM components, appear to be advantageous in not only being utilized as a three-dimensional attachment base but also in appropriate orientation of cells and their differentiation through the growth factors that native ECM harbor or in simulating growth factor motifs. The origin of native ECM, whether from hMSCs from young or old individuals is a critical factor in “rejuvenating” hMSCs from older individuals grown on ECM from younger individuals.
Collapse
|
89
|
Marastoni S, Andreuzzi E, Paulitti A, Colladel R, Pellicani R, Todaro F, Schiavinato A, Bonaldo P, Colombatti A, Mongiat M. EMILIN2 down-modulates the Wnt signalling pathway and suppresses breast cancer cell growth and migration. J Pathol 2014; 232:391-404. [PMID: 24374807 DOI: 10.1002/path.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
EMILIN2 is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that exerts contradictory effects within the tumour microenvironment: it induces apoptosis in a number of tumour cells, but it also enhances tumour neo-angiogenesis. In this study, we describe a new mechanism by which EMILIN2 attenuates tumour cell viability. Based on sequence homology with the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of the Frizzled receptors, we hypothesized that EMILIN2 could affect Wnt signalling activation and demonstrate direct interaction with the Wnt1 ligand. This physical binding leads to decreased LRP6 phosphorylation and to the down-modulation of β-catenin, TAZ and their target genes. As a consequence, EMILIN2 negatively affects the viability, migration and tumourigenic potential of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a number of two- and three-dimensional in vitro assays. EMILIN2 does not modulate Wnt signalling downstream of the Wnt-Frizzled interaction, since it does not affect the activation of the pathway following treatment with the GSK3 inhibitors LiCl and CHIR99021. The interaction with Wnt1 and the subsequent biological effects require the presence of the EMI domain, as there is no effect with a deletion mutant lacking this domain. Moreover, in vivo experiments show that the ectopic expression of EMILIN2, as well as treatment with the recombinant protein, significantly reduce tumour growth and dissemination of cancer cells in nude mice. Accordingly, the tumour samples are characterized by a significant down-regulation of the Wnt signalling pathway. Altogether, these findings provide further evidence of the complex regulations governed by EMILIN2 in the tumour microenvironment, and they identify a key extracellular regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marastoni
- Department of Translational Research, Experimental Oncology Division 2, CRO, Aviano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Nastase MV, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Key roles for the small leucine-rich proteoglycans in renal and pulmonary pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2460-70. [PMID: 24508120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are molecules that have signaling roles in a multitude of biological processes. In this respect, SLRPs play key roles in the evolution of a variety of diseases throughout the human body. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will critically review current developments in the roles of SLRPs in several types of disease of the kidney and lungs. Particular emphasis will be given to the roles of decorin and biglycan, the best characterized members of the SLRP gene family. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In both renal and pulmonary disorders, SLRPs are essential elements that regulate several pathophysiological processes including fibrosis, inflammation and tumor progression. Decorin has remarkable antifibrotic and antitumorigenic properties and is considered a valuable potential treatment of these diseases. Biglycan can modulate inflammatory processes in lung and renal inflammation and is a potential target in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE SLRPs can serve as either treatment targets or as potential treatment in renal or lung disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Go GW, Srivastava R, Hernandez-Ono A, Gang G, Smith SB, Booth CJ, Ginsberg HN, Mani A. The combined hyperlipidemia caused by impaired Wnt-LRP6 signaling is reversed by Wnt3a rescue. Cell Metab 2014; 19:209-20. [PMID: 24506864 PMCID: PMC3920193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The underlying molecular genetic basis of combined hyperlipidemia, the most common atherogenic lipid disorder, is poorly characterized. Rare, nonconservative mutations in the Wnt coreceptor, LRP6, underlie autosomal dominant atherosclerosis, combined hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver disease. Mice with LRP6(R611C) mutation similarly developed elevated plasma LDL and TG levels and fatty liver. Further investigation showed that LRP6(R611C) mutation triggers hepatic de novo lipogenesis, lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis, and apoB secretion by an Sp1-dependent activation of IGF1, AKT, and both mTORC1 and mTORC2. These pathways were normalized after in vitro treatment of primary hepatocytes from LRP6(R611C) mice with either the IGF1R antagonist PPP, rapamycin, or rmWnt3a. Strikingly, in vivo administration of rmWnt3a to LRP6(R611C) mice normalized the altered expression of enzymes of DNL and cholesterol biosynthesis, and restored plasma TG and LDL levels to normal. These findings identify Wnt signaling as a regulator of plasma lipids and a target for treatment of hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwang-Woong Go
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roshni Srivastava
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Ono
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gyoungok Gang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Carmen J Booth
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Miguez PA, Terajima M, Nagaoka H, Ferreira JAR, Braswell K, Ko CC, Yamauchi M. Recombinant biglycan promotes bone morphogenetic protein-induced osteogenesis. J Dent Res 2014; 93:406-11. [PMID: 24482033 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514521237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of glutathione-S-transferase-fused recombinant biglycan (GST-BGN) on craniofacial bone regeneration. We recently demonstrated a positive effect of tissue-derived BGN on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) function, which is exerted likely via the BGN core protein. Here, we investigated the effects of GST-BGN lacking any posttranslational modifications on BMP-2 function in vitro and in vivo. In the C2C12 cell culture system, BMP-2-induced Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation and alkaline phosphatase activity were both enhanced by the addition of GST-BGN. For the in vivo effect, we employed a Sprague-Dawley rat mandible defect model utilizing 1 µg (optimal) or 0.1 µg (suboptimal) of BMP-2 combined with 0, 2, 4, or 8 µg of GST-BGN. At 2 weeks post-surgery, newly formed bone was evaluated by microcomputed tomography and histologic analyses. The results revealed that the greatest amounts of bone within the defect were formed in the groups of suboptimal BMP-2 combined with 4 or 8 µg of GST-BGN. Also, bone was well organized versus that formed by the optimal dose of BMP. These results indicate that recombinant BGN is an efficient substrate to promote low-dose BMP-induced osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Miguez
- North Carolina Oral Health Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Interclass small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan interactions regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and corneal stromal assembly. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:103-11. [PMID: 24447998 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The corneal stroma is enriched in small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), including both class I (decorin and biglycan) and class II (lumican, keratocan and fibromodulin). Transparency is dependent on the assembly and maintenance of a hierarchical stromal organization and SLRPs are critical regulatory molecules. We hypothesize that cooperative interclass SLRP interactions are involved in the regulation of stromal matrix assembly. We test this hypothesis using a compound Bgn(-/0)/Lum(-/-) mouse model and single Lum(-/-) or Bgn(-/0) mouse models and wild type controls. SLRP expression was investigated using immuno-localization and immuno-blots. Structural relationships were defined using ultrastructural and morphometric approaches while transparency was analyzed using in vivo confocal microscopy. The compound Bgn(-/0)/Lum(-/-) corneas demonstrated gross opacity that was not seen in the Bgn(-/0) or wild type corneas and greater than that in the Lum(-/-) mice. The Bgn(-/0)/Lum(-/-) corneas exhibited significantly increased opacity throughout the stroma compared to posterior opacity in the Lum(-/-) and no opacity in Bgn(-/0) or wild type corneas. In the Bgn(-/0)/Lum(-/-) corneas there were abnormal lamellar and fibril structures consistent with the functional deficit in transparency. Lamellar structure was disrupted across the stroma with disorganized fibrils, and altered fibril packing. In addition, fibrils had larger and more heterogeneous diameters with an abnormal structure consistent with abnormal fibril growth. This was not observed in the Bgn(-/0) or wild type corneas and was restricted to the posterior stroma in Lum(-/-) mice. The data demonstrate synergistic interclass regulatory interactions between lumican and biglycan. These interactions are involved in regulating both lamellar structure as well as collagen fibrillogenesis and therefore, corneal transparency.
Collapse
|
94
|
Borbely AU, Daher S, Ishigai MM, Mattar R, Sun SY, Knöfler M, Bevilacqua E, Oliveira SF. Decorin and biglycan immunolocalization in non-villous structures of healthy and pathological human placentas. Histopathology 2014; 64:616-25. [PMID: 24117774 DOI: 10.1111/his.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Decorin and biglycan are members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family, and constituents of both the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cell surface. They are recognized as important factors in the control of proliferation, migration and invasion in vivo and in vitro. In this study, the localization patterns of decorin and biglycan were determined in healthy placentas and in highly invasive placental pathologies. METHODS AND RESULTS The study included immunolocalization of decorin and biglycan in samples of first-trimester and term placentas, placenta accreta, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. Extravillous cytotrophoblast (EVT) cells were positive for both proteoglycans in all pathologies and in first-trimester placentas, although not in term placentas. Biglycan was immunolocalized in the ECM of all healthy and pathological placentas, whereas decorin was observed only in term placenta ECM. CONCLUSIONS The expression of both proteoglycans was cell-specific and gestation time-dependent in healthy placentas, and was associated with invasive EVT cells in pathological placentas. In view of the biological properties of these molecules, it is possible that the biglycan pattern found here is intrinsically implicated in the invasive activity of EVT cells in both healthy and disordered placentas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre U Borbely
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Wu Z, Horgan CE, Carr O, Owens RT, Iozzo RV, Lechner BE. Biglycan and decorin differentially regulate signaling in the fetal membranes. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:266-75. [PMID: 24373743 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is the leading cause of newborn mortality in the United States and about one third of cases are caused by preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes, a complication that is frequently observed in patients with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Notably, a subtype of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is caused by expression of abnormal biglycan and decorin proteoglycans. As compound deficiency of these two small leucine-rich proteoglycans is a model of preterm birth, we investigated the fetal membranes of Bgn(-/-); Dcn(-/-) double-null and single-null mice. Our results showed that biglycan signaling supported fetal membrane remodeling during early gestation in the absence of concomitant changes in TGFβ levels. In late gestation, biglycan signaling acted in a TGFβ-dependent manner to aid in membrane stabilization. In contrast, decorin signaling supported fetal membrane remodeling at early stages of gestation in a TGFβ-dependent manner, and fetal membrane stabilization at later stages of gestation without changes in TGFβ levels. Furthermore, exogenous soluble decorin was capable of rescuing the TGFβ signaling pathway in fetal membrane mesenchymal cells. Collectively, these findings provide novel targets for manipulation of fetal membrane extracellular matrix stability and could represent novel targets for research on preventive strategies for preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Casie E Horgan
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Olivia Carr
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Rick T Owens
- Lifecell Corporation, 1 Millennium Way, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Beatrice E Lechner
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Biglycan modulates angiogenesis and bone formation during fracture healing. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:223-31. [PMID: 24373744 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix proteoglycans such as biglycan (Bgn) dominate skeletal tissue and yet its exact role in regulating bone function is still unclear. In this paper we describe the potential role of (Bgn) in the fracture healing process. We hypothesized that Bgn could regulate fracture healing because of previous work showing that it can affect normal bone formation. To test this hypothesis, we created fractures in femurs of 6-week-old male wild type (WT or Bgn+/0) and Bgn-deficient (Bgn-KO or Bgn-/0) mice using a custom-made standardized fracture device, and analyzed the process of healing over time. The formation of a callus around the fracture site was observed at both 7 and 14 days post-fracture in WT and Bgn-deficient mice and immunohistochemistry revealed that Bgn was highly expressed in the fracture callus of WT mice, localizing within woven bone and cartilage. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis of the region surrounding the fracture line showed that the Bgn-deficient mice had a smaller callus than WT mice. Histology of the same region also showed the presence of less cartilage and woven bone in the Bgn-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Picrosirius red staining of the callus visualized under polarized light showed that there was less fibrillar collagen in the Bgn-deficient mice, a finding confirmed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to type I collagen. Interestingly, real time RT-PCR of the callus at 7 days post-fracture showed a significant decrease in relative vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) gene expression by Bgn-deficient mice as compared to WT. Moreover, VEGF was shown to bind directly to Bgn through a solid-phase binding assay. The inability of Bgn to directly enhance VEGF-induced signaling suggests that Bgn has a unique role in regulating vessel formation, potentially related to VEGF storage or stabilization in the matrix. Taken together, these results suggest that Bgn has a regulatory role in the process of bone formation during fracture healing, and further, that reduced angiogenesis could be the molecular basis.
Collapse
|
97
|
De novo expression of circulating biglycan evokes an innate inflammatory tissue response via MyD88/TRIF pathways. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:132-42. [PMID: 24361484 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-bound constituents, such as the small leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan, can act as powerful signaling molecules when released by limited proteolysis of the extracellular matrix or de novo synthesized by macrophages in the circulation and body fluids. Specifically, biglycan acts as an endogenous ligand of innate immunity by directly engaging the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and -4. In this study, we generated a transient transgenic mouse model where biglycan was de novo overproduced by hepatocytes driven by the albumin promoter. Transgenic biglycan was rapidly and abundantly synthesized by hepatocytes and released into the bloodstream. Notably, we found that circulating biglycan accumulated in the kidneys where it caused recruitment of leukocytes infiltrating the renal parenchyma concurrent with abnormal renal levels of chemoattractants CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL2 and CCL5. Using mice deficient in either TLR adapter proteins MyD88 or TRIF we discovered that MyD88 deficiency drastically reduced neutrophil and macrophage infiltration in the kidney, whereas TRIF deficiency decreased T cell infiltrates. Production of CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2 required MyD88, whereas the levels of T cell and macrophage attractant CCL5 required TRIF. Thus, we provide robust genetic evidence for circulating biglycan as a powerful pro-inflammatory mediator targeting the renal parenchyma. Furthermore, our results provide the first evidence that biglycan differentially triggers chemoattraction of leukocytes via two independent pathways, both under the control of TLR2/4, utilizing either MyD88 or TRIF adaptor proteins. As aberrant expression of biglycan occurs in several inflammatory diseases, this transient transgenic mouse model could serve as a valuable research tool in investigating the effects of increased biglycan expression in vivo and for the development of therapeutic strategies in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
98
|
Niedworok C, Röck K, Kretschmer I, Freudenberger T, Nagy N, Szarvas T, vom Dorp F, Reis H, Rübben H, Fischer JW. Inhibitory role of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80084. [PMID: 24223213 PMCID: PMC3819308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urothelial bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer. Despite surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment the prognosis is still poor once bladder cancer progresses to a muscle-invasive state. Discovery of new diagnostic markers and pathophysiologic effectors might help to contribute to novel diagnostic and therapeutic options. The extracellular matrix microenvironment shaped by the extracellular matrix critically affects tumor cell and stroma cell functions. Therefore, aim of the present study was to assess the possible implication of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan in progression of human urothelial bladder cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS For this purpose tumor biopsies of 76 bladder cancer patients with different tumor stages (pTa, pT1-T4) were investigated with respect to biglycan expression and correlated with a long-term (10 years) clinical follow-up. Interestingly, higher biglycan mRNA expression was associated with higher tumor stages and muscle invasiveness. In vitro knock-down of endogenous biglycan in human urothelial carcinoma cells (J82 cells) increased proliferation, whereas addition of recombinant biglycan and overexpression of biglycan inhibited tumor cell proliferation. In line with this growth-inhibitory effect of biglycan, transplantation of J82 cells after knock-down of biglycan resulted in significantly increased growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice in vivo. Furthermore, treatment with two anti-proliferative, multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors-sunitinib and sorafenib-strongly upregulated biglycan expression. Collectively, the experimental data suggest that high biglycan expression is associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation. In accordance, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed higher 10-year survival in patients with high biglycan mRNA expression in tumor biopsies. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present data suggest that biglycan is an endogenous inhibitor of bladder cancer cell proliferation that is upregulated in response to anti-proliferative tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In addition, high biglycan expression is associated with favorable prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Niedworok
- Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Röck
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Inga Kretschmer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Till Freudenberger
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna General, Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank vom Dorp
- Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Department of Pathology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Herbert Rübben
- Department of Urology, Essen Medical School, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens W. Fischer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Zhu YH, Yang F, Zhang SS, Zeng TT, Xie X, Guan XY. High expression of biglycan is associated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:2497-2505. [PMID: 24228112 PMCID: PMC3816819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biglycan (BGN), an extracellular matrix component, has been reported to play a crucial role in the tumor progression of various cancers. However, the relation between the expression of BGN and clinical prognosis has not been studied yet. We therefore carry out the present study to elucidate the role of BGN in predicting outcomes of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, the expression of BGN in 170 cases of ESCC tissues and matched 46 adjacent non-tumorous tissues was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Upregulation of BGN occurred in approximately 60% of primary ESCCs compared with their non-tumor counterparts. In addition, high expression of BGN was significantly associated with clinical stage (P = 0.009), tumor invasion (P = 0.006) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.046). The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) in high expression of BGN group is poorer than that in low level expression group (36.8% VS 57.4%, P = 0.006). Stratified analysis according to the pathological stage revealed its discernibility on DSS was only pronounced in patients with advanced clinical stage (P = 0.010). Cox multivariate analysis revealed that pathologic N category (P < 0.001; hazard ratio, 2.482, 95% CI, 1.576-3.909) and BGN expression (P = 0.019; hazard ratio, 1.713, 95% CI, 1.092-2.688) were two independent prognostic factors. The findings of the present study provide evidence that BGN represents a potential novel prognostic biomarker for resected ESCC patients in advanced clinical stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Fu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Shui-Shen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Pedersen ME, Ytteborg E, Kohler A, Baeverfjord G, Enersen G, Ruyter B, Takle H, Hannesson KO. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans in the vertebrae of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 106:57-68. [PMID: 24062553 DOI: 10.3354/dao02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the distribution and expression of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) decorin, biglycan and lumican in vertebral columns of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. with and without radiographically detectable deformities. Vertebral deformities are a reoccurring problem in salmon and other intensively farmed species, and an understanding of the components involved in the pathologic development of the vertebrae is important in order to find adequate solutions to this problem. Using immunohistology and light microscopy, we found that in non-deformed vertebrae biglycan, lumican and decorin were all expressed in osteoblasts at the vertebral growth zones and at the ossification front of the chondrocytic arches. Hence, the SLRPs are expressed in regions where intramembranous and endochondral ossification take place. In addition, mRNA expression of biglycan, decorin and lumican was demonstrated in a primary osteoblast culture established from Atlantic salmon, supporting the in vivo findings. Transcription of the SLRPs increased during differentiation of the osteoblasts in vitro and where lumican mRNA expression increased later in the differentiation compared with decorin and biglycan. Intriguingly, in vertebral fusions, biglycan, decorin and lumican protein expression was extended to trans-differentiating cells at the border between arch centra and osteoblast growth zones. In addition, mRNA expression of biglycan, decorin and lumican differed between non-deformed and fused vertebrae, as shown by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Western blotting revealed an additional band of biglycan in fused vertebrae which had a higher molecular weight than in non-deformed vertebrae. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed more spectral focality in the endplates of vertebral fusions and significantly more non-reducible collagen crosslinks compared with non-deformed vertebrae, thus identifying differences in bone structure.
Collapse
|