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Miyadera H, Ohashi J, Lernmark Å, Kitamura T, Tokunaga K. Cell-surface MHC density profiling reveals instability of autoimmunity-associated HLA. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:275-91. [PMID: 25485681 DOI: 10.1172/jci74961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms within HLA gene loci are strongly associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disorders; however, it is not clear how genetic variations in these loci confer a disease risk. Here, we devised a cell-surface MHC expression assay to detect allelic differences in the intrinsic stability of HLA-DQ proteins. We found extreme variation in cell-surface MHC density among HLA-DQ alleles, indicating a dynamic allelic hierarchy in the intrinsic stability of HLA-DQ proteins. Using the case-control data for type 1 diabetes (T1D) for the Swedish and Japanese populations, we determined that T1D risk-associated HLA-DQ haplotypes, which also increase risk for autoimmune endocrinopathies and other autoimmune disorders, encode unstable proteins, whereas the T1D-protective haplotypes encode the most stable HLA-DQ proteins. Among the amino acid variants of HLA-DQ, alterations in 47α, the residue that is located on the outside of the peptide-binding groove and acts as a key stability regulator, showed strong association with T1D. Evolutionary analysis suggested that 47α variants have been the target of positive diversifying selection. Our study demonstrates a steep allelic hierarchy in the intrinsic stability of HLA-DQ that is associated with T1D risk and protection, suggesting that HLA instability mediates the development of autoimmune disorders.
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52
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Morel PA, Faeder JR, Hawse WF, Miskov-Zivanov N. Modeling the T cell immune response: a fascinating challenge. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:401-13. [PMID: 25155903 PMCID: PMC4210366 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is designed to protect the organism from infection and to repair damaged tissue. An effective response requires recognition of the threat, the appropriate effector mechanism to clear the pathogen and a return to homeostasis with minimal damage to self-tissues. T cells play a central role in orchestrating the immune response at all stages of the response and have been the subject of intense study by both experimental immunologists and modelers. This review examines some of the more critical questions in T cell biology and describes the latest attempts to address those questions using approaches that combine mathematical modeling and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1055, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,
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53
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Antigen affinity and antigen dose exert distinct influences on CD4 T-cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14852-7. [PMID: 25267612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403271111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative T-cell receptor signal strength and ensuing T-cell responses are affected by both antigen affinity and antigen dose. Here we examined the distinct contributions of these parameters to CD4 T-cell differentiation during infection. We found that high antigen affinity positively correlates with T helper (Th)1 differentiation at both high and low doses of antigen. In contrast, follicular helper T cell (TFH) effectors are generated after priming with high, intermediate, and low affinity ligand. Unexpectedly, memory T cells generated after priming with very low affinity antigen remain impaired in their ability to generate secondary Th1 effectors, despite being recalled with high affinity antigen. These data challenge the view that only strongly stimulated CD4 T cells are capable of differentiating into the TFH and memory T-cell compartments and reveal that differential strength of stimulation during primary T-cell activation imprints unique and long lasting T-cell differentiation programs.
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Smith TRF, Verdeil G, Marquardt K, Sherman LA. Contribution of TCR signaling strength to CD8+ T cell peripheral tolerance mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3409-16. [PMID: 25156361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance mechanisms are in place to prevent T cells from mediating aberrant immune responses directed against self and environmental Ags. Mechanisms involved in the induction of peripheral tolerance include T cell-intrinsic pathways, such as anergy or deletion, or exogenous tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells. We have previously shown that the density of peptide-MHC class I recognized by the TCR determines whether CD8(+) T cells undergo anergy or deletion. Specifically, using a TCR-transgenic CD8(+) T cell model, we demonstrated that persistent peripheral exposure to low- or high-dose peptides in the absence of inflammatory signals resulted in clonal deletion or anergy of the T cell, respectively. In this study, by altering the affinity of the peptide-MHC tolerogen for TCR, we have confirmed that this mechanism is dependent on the level of TCR signaling that the CD8(+) T cell receives. Using altered peptide ligands (APLs) displaying high TCR affinities, we show that increasing the TCR signaling favors anergy induction. Conversely, using APLs displaying a decreased TCR affinity tilted our system in the direction of deletional tolerance. We demonstrate how differential peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance mechanisms are controlled by both the potency and density of MHC class I-peptide tolerogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor R F Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Gregory Verdeil
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Linda A Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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55
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Falconer J, Lowes K, Furmanski AL, Dyson J, Ng WF, Robinson JH. Intramolecular polyspecificity in CD4 T-cell recognition of Ad-restricted epitopes of proteoglycan aggrecan. Immunology 2014; 142:101-110. [PMID: 24843873 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell recognition of MHC–peptide complexes shows a high degree of polyspecificity extending to recognition of a large number of structurally unrelated peptides. Examples of polyspecificity reported to date are confined to recognition of epitopes from distinct proteins or synthetic peptide libraries. Here we describe intramolecular polyspecificity of CD4 T cells specific for several epitopes within proteoglycan aggrecan, a structural glycoprotein of cartilage and candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis. T-cell hybridomas from aggrecan-immunized mice recognized four structurally unrelated epitopes from the G1 domain of aggrecan, but not other aggrecan epitopes or a variety of other peptide epitopes restricted by the same MHC class II allele. We also showed that the hierarchy of cross-reactivity broadly correlated with the strength of peptide binding to MHC class II. Similar polyspecificity was observed in responses of lymph node cells from peptide-immunized mice, suggesting polyspecificity of a significant proportion of the in vivo aggrecan specific T-cell repertoire. Polyspecific recognition of several epitopes within the same autoantigen may provide a novel mechanism to reach the activation threshold of low-affinity autoreactive T cells in the initiation of autoimmune diseases.
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56
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Daëron
- Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France, and Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
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57
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Dasari V, Smith C, Schuessler A, Zhong J, Khanna R. Induction of innate immune signatures following polyepitope protein-glycoprotein B-TLR4&9 agonist immunization generates multifunctional CMV-specific cellular and humoral immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1064-77. [PMID: 24463331 PMCID: PMC4896525 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that a successful subunit human cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccine requires improved formulation to generate broad-based anti-viral immunity following immunization. Here we report the development of a non-live protein-based vaccine strategy for CMV based on a polyepitope protein and CMV glycoprotein B (gB) adjuvanted with TLR4 and/or TLR9 agonists. The polyepitope protein includes contiguous multiple MHC class I-restricted epitopes with an aim to induce CD8+ T cell immunity, while gB is an important target for CD4+ T cell immunity and neutralizing antibodies. Optimal immunogenicity of this bivalent non-live protein vaccine formulation was dependent upon the co-administration of both the TLR4 and TLR9 agonist, which was associated with the activation of innate immune signatures and the influx of different DC subsets including plasmacytoid DCs and migratory CD8-DEC205+CD103-CD326- langerin-negative dermal DCs into the draining lymph nodes. Furthermore these professional antigen presenting cells also expressed IL-6, IL-12p70, TNFα, and IFNα which play a crucial role in the activation of adaptive immunity. In summary, this study provides a novel platform technology in which broad-based anti-CMV immune responses upon vaccination can be maximized by co-delivery of viral antigens and TLR4 and 9 agonists which induce activation of innate immune signatures and promote potent antigen acquisition and cross-presentation by multiple DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Dasari
- Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory; Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Brisbane, Qld Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory; Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Brisbane, Qld Australia
| | - Andrea Schuessler
- Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory; Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Brisbane, Qld Australia
| | - Jie Zhong
- Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory; Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Brisbane, Qld Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory; Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Brisbane, Qld Australia
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58
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Sunshine JC, Perica K, Schneck JP, Green JJ. Particle shape dependence of CD8+ T cell activation by artificial antigen presenting cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:269-277. [PMID: 24099710 PMCID: PMC3902087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work developing particle-based acellular, artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) has focused exclusively on spherical platforms. To explore the role of shape, we generated ellipsoidal PLGA microparticles with varying aspect ratios (ARs) and synthesized aAPCs from them. The ellipsoidal biomimetic aAPCs with high-AR showed significantly enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity above spherical aAPCs with particle volume and antigen content held constant. Confocal imaging indicates that CD8+ T cells preferentially migrate to and are activated by interaction with the long axis of the aAPC. Importantly, enhanced activity of high-AR aAPCs was seen in a mouse melanoma model, with high-AR aAPCs improving melanoma survival compared to non-cognate aAPCs (p = 0.004) and cognate spherical aAPCs (p = 0.05). These findings indicate that particle geometry is a critical design criterion in the generation of aAPCs, and may offer insight into the essential role of geometry in the interaction between CD8+ T cells and biological APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C. Sunshine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
| | - Karlo Perica
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
- Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 21231
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59
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Morel PA. Dendritic cell subsets in type 1 diabetes: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2013; 4:415. [PMID: 24367363 PMCID: PMC3853773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by immune mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans. Dendritic cells (DC) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of T1D and are also used as immunotherapeutic agents. Plasmacytoid (p)DC have been shown to have both protective and pathogenic effects and a newly described merocytic DC population has been shown to break tolerance in the mouse model of T1D, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. We have used DC populations to prevent the onset of T1D in NOD mice and clinical trials of DC therapy in T1D diabetes have been initiated. In this review we will critically examine the recent published literature on the role of DC subsets in the induction and regulation of the autoimmune response in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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60
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Moreau HD, Bousso P. Visualizing how T cells collect activation signals in vivo. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:56-62. [PMID: 24556401 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago the first movies depicting T cell behavior in vivo with the help of two-photon microscopy were generated. These initial experiments revealed that T cells migrate rapidly and randomly in secondary lymphoid organs at steady state and profoundly alter their behavior during antigen recognition, establishing both transient and stable contacts with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Since then, in vivo imaging has continuously improved our understanding of T cell activation. In particular, recent studies uncovered how T cells may be guided in their search for the best APCs. Additionally, the development of more sophisticated fluorescent tools has permitted not only to visualize T cell-APC contacts but also to probe their functional impact on T cell activation. These recent progresses are providing new insights into how T cells sense antigen, collect activation signals during distinct types of interaction and integrate information over successive encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D Moreau
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75015 Paris, France; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75015 Paris, France.
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61
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Sim ACN, Too CT, Oo MZ, Lai J, Eio MY, Song Z, Srinivasan N, Tan DAL, Pang SW, Gan SU, Lee KO, Loh TKS, Chen J, Chan SH, MacAry PA. Defining the expression hierarchy of latent T-cell epitopes in Epstein-Barr virus infection with TCR-like antibodies. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3232. [PMID: 24240815 PMCID: PMC3831236 DOI: 10.1038/srep03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma herpesvirus that causes a life-long latent infection in human hosts. The latent gene products LMP1, LMP2A and EBNA1 are expressed by EBV-associated tumors and peptide epitopes derived from these can be targeted by CD8 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) lines. Whilst CTL-based methodologies can be utilized to infer the presence of specific latent epitopes, they do not allow a direct visualization or quantitation of these epitopes. Here, we describe the characterization of three TCR-like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the latent epitopes LMP1(125-133), LMP2A(426-434) or EBNA1(562-570) in association with HLA-A0201. These are employed to map the expression hierarchy of endogenously generated EBV epitopes. The dominance of EBNA1(562-570) in association with HLA-A0201 was consistently observed in cell lines and EBV-associated tumor biopsies. These data highlight the discordance between MHC-epitope density and frequencies of associated CTL with implications for cell-based immunotherapies and/or vaccines for EBV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Chong Nyi Sim
- 1] Immunology Program, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore [2] NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore [3]
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62
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Miskov-Zivanov N, Turner MS, Kane LP, Morel PA, Faeder JR. The duration of T cell stimulation is a critical determinant of cell fate and plasticity. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra97. [PMID: 24194584 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variations in T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, as indicated by differential activation of downstream signaling pathways, determine the fate of naïve T cells after encounter with antigen. Low-strength signals favor differentiation into regulatory T (T(reg)) cells containing the transcription factor Foxp3, whereas high-strength signals favor generation of interleukin-2-producing T helper (T(H)) cells. We constructed a logic circuit model of TCR signaling pathways, a major feature of which is an incoherent feed-forward loop involving both TCR-dependent activation of Foxp3 and its inhibition by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), leading to the transient appearance of Foxp3(+) cells under T(H) cell-generating conditions. Experiments confirmed this behavior and the prediction that the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) could generate T(reg) cells even during continued Akt-mTOR signaling. We predicted that sustained mTOR activity could suppress FOXP3 expression upon TGF-β removal, suggesting a possible mechanism for the experimentally observed instability of Foxp3(+) cells. Our model predicted, and experiments confirmed, that transient stimulation of cells with high-dose antigen generated T(H), T(reg), and nonactivated cells in proportions depending on the duration of TCR stimulation. Experimental analysis of cells after antigen removal identified three populations that correlated with these T cell fates. Further analysis of simulations implicated a negative feedback loop involving Foxp3, the phosphatase PTEN, and Akt-mTOR in determining fate. These results suggest that there is a critical time after TCR stimulation during which heterogeneity in the differentiating population of cells leads to increased plasticity of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Miskov-Zivanov
- 1Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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63
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Xu XF, Xin Y, Zhang Y, Huang YM, Gu Y, Li N, Li WB, Zhou YJ, Zhang ZG. Expressional time phase of leukocyte molecules induced by allogenic cardiac antigen and cyclosporin A in rats' in vitro model. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013; 6:404-412. [PMID: 23724161 PMCID: PMC3664009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A has been proven to reduce the rejection rate and prolong the survival time of transplanted hearts. But some reports showed that cyclosporine A did not completely suppress the rejection. We performed in vitro studies to model a time course to observe the effect of cyclosporin A. METHODS The experiment was divided into a control group (group I), an antigen group (group II), a cyclosporin A group (group III) and an antigen + cyclosporin A group (group IV). After transplantation, at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, leukocyte molecules were monitored. RESULTS The expression of IL-2R peaked at 12 h in group II and at 6 h in group III. There was a gradual decline in the expression of the P59 gene in group I, positive expression at 2 h and between 12 h and 24 h in group II, in group IV, there was a decrease at 48 h. The expression of the CD4 gene was lowest at 2 h in group I and at 6 h in group II. CD4 expression then quickly increased to a maximum at 48 h in group III, at 2 h in group IV. There was a minimal expression was reached at 12 h in group I and IV and at 6 h in group III in the expression of the CD8 gene. CONCLUSIONS Alloantigen induced lymphocytes to release IL-2R and P59 and stimulated the induction of the CD4 gene' transcription for 6 h. Cyclosporin A stimulated the release of IL-2R for 2 h. These results provide an in vitro basis for describing the time phases of rejection inhibited by cyclosporin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Xin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing 100029, China
| | - Yi-Min Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing 100029, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing 100029, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing 100029, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen HospitalBeijing 100029, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel DiseasesBeijing 100029, China
| | - Zhao-Guang Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated with Beijing Anzhen HospitalBeijing 100029, China
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Engels B, Engelhard VH, Sidney J, Sette A, Binder DC, Liu RB, Kranz DM, Meredith SC, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. Relapse or eradication of cancer is predicted by peptide-major histocompatibility complex affinity. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:516-26. [PMID: 23597565 PMCID: PMC3658176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancers often relapse after adoptive therapy, even though specific T cells kill cells from the same cancer efficiently in vitro. We found that tumor eradication by T cells required high affinities of the targeted peptides for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. Affinities of at least 10 nM were required for relapse-free regression. Only high-affinity peptide-MHC interactions led to efficient cross-presentation of antigen, thereby stimulating cognate T cells to secrete cytokines. These findings highlight the importance of targeting peptides with high affinity for MHC class I when designing T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Engels
- Department of Pathology, Committee on Immunology and Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Gilchuk P, Spencer CT, Conant SB, Hill T, Gray JJ, Niu X, Zheng M, Erickson JJ, Boyd KL, McAfee KJ, Oseroff C, Hadrup SR, Bennink JR, Hildebrand W, Edwards KM, Crowe JE, Williams JV, Buus S, Sette A, Schumacher TNM, Link AJ, Joyce S. Discovering naturally processed antigenic determinants that confer protective T cell immunity. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1976-87. [PMID: 23543059 DOI: 10.1172/jci67388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells (TCD8) confer protective immunity against many infectious diseases, suggesting that microbial TCD8 determinants are promising vaccine targets. Nevertheless, current T cell antigen identification approaches do not discern which epitopes drive protective immunity during active infection - information that is critical for the rational design of TCD8-targeted vaccines. We employed a proteomics-based approach for large-scale discovery of naturally processed determinants derived from a complex pathogen, vaccinia virus (VACV), that are presented by the most frequent representatives of four major HLA class I supertypes. Immunologic characterization revealed that many previously unidentified VACV determinants were recognized by smallpox-vaccinated human peripheral blood cells in a variegated manner. Many such determinants were recognized by HLA class I-transgenic mouse immune TCD8 too and elicited protective TCD8 immunity against lethal intranasal VACV infection. Notably, efficient processing and stable presentation of immune determinants as well as the availability of naive TCD8 precursors were sufficient to drive a multifunctional, protective TCD8 response. Our approach uses fundamental insights into T cell epitope processing and presentation to define targets of protective TCD8 immunity within human pathogens that have complex proteomes, suggesting that this approach has general applicability in vaccine sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Kulpa DA, Lawani M, Cooper A, Peretz Y, Ahlers J, Sékaly RP. PD-1 coinhibitory signals: the link between pathogenesis and protection. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:219-27. [PMID: 23548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of HIV-1 infected individuals, the adaptive immune response drives virus escape resulting in persistent viremia and a lack of immune-mediated control. The expression of negative regulatory molecules such as PD-1 during chronic HIV infection provides a useful marker to differentiate functional memory T cell subsets and the frequency of T cells with an exhausted phenotype. In addition, cell-based measurements of virus persistence equate with activation markers and the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing PD-1. High-level expression of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are found on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and are upregulated by chronic antigen stimulation, Type 1 and Type II interferons (IFNs), and homeostatic cytokines. In HIV infected subjects, PD-1 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells continue to remain high following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). System biology approaches have begun to elucidate signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets that become dysfunctional through chronic TCR activation and PD-1 signaling. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of transcriptional signatures and signal transduction pathways associated with immune exhaustion with a focus on recent work in our laboratory characterizing the role of PD-1 in T cell dysfunction and HIV pathogenesis. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking PD-1-PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints for activating potent cellular immune responses against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
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Hebeisen M, Baitsch L, Presotto D, Baumgaertner P, Romero P, Michielin O, Speiser DE, Rufer N. SHP-1 phosphatase activity counteracts increased T cell receptor affinity. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1044-56. [PMID: 23391724 DOI: 10.1172/jci65325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-self/tumor T cell function can be improved by increasing TCR-peptide MHC (pMHC) affinity within physiological limits, but paradoxically further increases (K(d) < 1 μM) lead to drastic functional declines. Using human CD8(+) T cells engineered with TCRs of incremental affinity for the tumor antigen HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this high-affinity-associated loss of function. As compared with cells expressing TCR affinities generating optimal function (K(d) = 5 to 1 μM), those with supraphysiological affinity (K(d) = 1 μM to 15 nM) showed impaired gene expression, signaling, and surface expression of activatory/costimulatory receptors. Preferential expression of the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) was limited to T cells with the highest TCR affinity, correlating with full functional recovery upon PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade. In contrast, upregulation of the Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1/PTPN6) was broad, with gradually enhanced expression in CD8(+) T cells with increasing TCR affinities. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of SHP-1 with sodium stibogluconate augmented the function of all engineered T cells, and this correlated with the TCR affinity-dependent levels of SHP-1. These data highlight an unexpected and global role of SHP-1 in regulating CD8(+) T cell activation and responsiveness and support the development of therapies inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatases to enhance T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hebeisen
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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68
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Torres AJ, Contento RL, Gordo S, Wucherpfennig KW, Love JC. Functional single-cell analysis of T-cell activation by supported lipid bilayer-tethered ligands on arrays of nanowells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:90-9. [PMID: 23070211 PMCID: PMC3522575 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40869d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers are an important biomolecular tool for characterizing immunological synapses. Immobilized bilayers presenting tethered ligands on planar substrates have yielded both spatio-temporal and structural insights into how T cell receptors (TCRs) reorganize during the initial formation of synapses upon recognition of peptide antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The prototypical configuration of these assays, however, limits the extent to which the kinetics and structure of the supramolecular activation clusters of the synapse (that occur in seconds or minutes) can be related to subsequent complex cellular responses, such as cytokine secretion and proliferation, occurring over hours to days. Here we describe a new method that allows correlative measures of both attributes with single-cell resolution by using immobilized lipid bilayers and tethered ligands on the surface of dense arrays of subnanoliter wells. This modification allows each nanowell to function as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (APC), and the synapses formed upon contact can be imaged by fluorescence microscopy. We show that the lipid bilayers remain stable and mobile on the surface of the PDMS, and that modifying the ligands tethered to the bilayer alters the structure of the resulting synapses in expected ways. Finally, we demonstrate that this approach allows the subsequent characterization of secreted cytokines from the activated human T cell clones by microengraving in both antigen- and pan-specific manners. This new technique should allow detailed investigations on how biophysical and structural aspects of the synapse influence the activation of individual T cells and their complex functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Rita Lucia Contento
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Susana Gordo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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69
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Tkach K, Altan-Bonnet G. T cell responses to antigen: hasty proposals resolved through long engagements. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 25:120-5. [PMID: 23276422 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells discriminate between peptide-MHC complexes on the surfaces of antigen presenting cells to enact appropriate downstream responses. Great progress has been made over the last 15 years in understanding varied aspects of T cell activation on short timescales (minutes), yet the mechanics and significance of long term T cell receptor signaling (hours or days) remain unclear. Furthermore, there remain some controversies regarding the correlation of the biophysical parameters of ligand-receptor interactions with the scaling of downstream effector functions. Here we review recent studies that emphasize the importance of long-term engagement of antigens to fine-tuning the activation of T cells over the duration of the complete immune response. We discuss how T cells dynamically regulate T cell receptor signaling via antigen crosstalk, competition and consumption to accurately counter antigenic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tkach
- ImmunoDynamics Group, Programs in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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70
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Pace L, Tempez A, Arnold-Schrauf C, Lemaitre F, Bousso P, Fetler L, Sparwasser T, Amigorena S. Regulatory T cells increase the avidity of primary CD8+ T cell responses and promote memory. Science 2012; 338:532-6. [PMID: 23112334 DOI: 10.1126/science.1227049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although regulatory T cells (T(regs)) are known to suppress self-reactive autoimmune responses, their role during T cell responses to nonself antigens is not well understood. We show that T(regs) play a critical role during the priming of immune responses in mice. T(reg) depletion induced the activation and expansion of a population of low-avidity CD8(+) T cells because of overproduction of CCL-3/4/5 chemokines, which stabilized the interactions between antigen-presenting dendritic cells and low-avidity T cells. In the absence of T(regs), the avidity of the primary immune response was impaired, which resulted in reduced memory to Listeria monocytogenes. These results suggest that T(regs) are important regulators of the homeostasis of CD8(+) T cell priming and play a critical role in the induction of high-avidity primary responses and effective memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Pace
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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71
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Zarnitsyna V, Zhu C. T cell triggering: insights from 2D kinetics analysis of molecular interactions. Phys Biol 2012; 9:045005. [PMID: 22871794 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/4/045005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with pathogen-derived peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule is central to adaptive immunity as it initiates intracellular signaling to trigger T cell response to infection. Kinetic parameters of this interaction have been under intensive investigation for more than two decades using soluble pMHCs and/or TCRs with at least one of them in the solution (three-dimensional (3D) methods). Recently, several techniques have been developed to enable kinetic analysis on live T cells with pMHCs presented by surrogate antigen presenting cells (APCs) or supported planar lipid bilayers (two-dimensional (2D) methods). Comparison of 2D versus 3D parameters reveals drastic differences with broader ranges of 2D affinities and on-rates and orders of magnitude faster 2D off-rates for functionally distinct pMHCs. Here we review new 2D data and discuss how it may impact previously developed models of T cell discrimination between pMHCs of different potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zarnitsyna
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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