51
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Novak T, Godrijan J, Pfannkuchen DM, Djakovac T, Medić N, Ivančić I, Mlakar M, Gašparović B. Global warming and oligotrophication lead to increased lipid production in marine phytoplankton. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:171-183. [PMID: 30852195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Earth temperature is rising and oligotrophication is becoming apparent even in coastal seas. In this changing environment, phytoplankton use carbon and nutrients to form important biomolecules, including lipids. However, the link between lipid production and changing environment is still unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the phytoplankton lipid production in the diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus cultures under controlled temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C and nutrient regimes mimicking oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. Results were compared to plankton community's lipid production in the northern Adriatic at two stations considered as oligotrophic and mesotrophic during an annual monthly sampling. In order to gain detailed information on the investigated system, we supplemented lipid data with chlorophyll a concentrations, phytoplankton taxonomy, cell abundances and nutrient concentration along with hydrographic parameters. We found enhanced particulate lipid production at higher temperatures, and substantially higher lipid production in oligotrophic conditions. Enhanced lipid production has two opposing roles in carbon sequestration; it can act as a retainer or a sinker. Lipid remodeling, including change in ratio of phospholipids and glycolipids, is more affected by the nutrient status, than the temperature increase. Triacylglycerol accumulation was observed under the nitrogen starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Novak
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 108, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Godrijan
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 108, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tamara Djakovac
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Nikola Medić
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Ivančić
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Marina Mlakar
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 108, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blaženka Gašparović
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, POB 108, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia
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52
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Diaz JM, Steffen R, Sanders JG, Tang Y, Duhamel S. Preferential utilization of inorganic polyphosphate over other bioavailable phosphorus sources by the model diatoms Thalassiosira spp. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2415-2425. [PMID: 30972877 PMCID: PMC6849833 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphates and phosphomonoesters are dominant components of marine dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Collectively, DOP represents an important nutritional phosphorus (P) source for phytoplankton growth in the ocean, but the contribution of specific DOP sources to microbial community P demand is not fully understood. In a prior study, it was reported that inorganic polyphosphate was not bioavailable to the model diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. However, in this study, we show that the previous finding was a misinterpretation based on a technical artefact of media preparation and that inorganic polyphosphate is actually widely bioavailable to Thalassiosira spp. In fact, orthophosphate, inorganic tripolyphosphate (3polyP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate supported equivalent growth rates and final growth yields within each of four strains of Thalassiosira spp. However, enzyme activity assays revealed in all cultures that cell-associated hydrolysis rates of 3polyP were typically more than ~10-fold higher than degradation of ATP and the model phosphomonoester compound 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate. These results build on prior work, which showed the preferential utilization of polyphosphates in the cell-free exudates of Thalassiosira spp., and suggest that inorganic polyphosphates may be a key bioavailable source of P for marine phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Diaz
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Rachel Steffen
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - James G Sanders
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Solange Duhamel
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Division of Biology and Paleo Environment, Palisades, NY, USA
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53
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Liefer JD, Garg A, Fyfe MH, Irwin AJ, Benner I, Brown CM, Follows MJ, Omta AW, Finkel ZV. The Macromolecular Basis of Phytoplankton C:N:P Under Nitrogen Starvation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:763. [PMID: 31057501 PMCID: PMC6479212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeochemical cycles in the ocean are strongly affected by the elemental stoichiometry (C:N:P) of phytoplankton, which largely reflects their macromolecular content. A greater understanding of how this macromolecular content varies among phytoplankton taxa and with resource limitation may strengthen physiological and biogeochemical modeling efforts. We determined the macromolecular basis (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acids, pigments) of C:N:P in diatoms and prasinophytes, two globally important phytoplankton taxa, in response to N starvation. Despite their differing cell sizes and evolutionary histories, the relative decline in protein during N starvation was similar in all four species studied and largely determined variations in N content. The accumulation of carbohydrate and lipid dominated the increase in C content and C:N in all species during N starvation, but these processes differed greatly between diatoms and prasinophytes. Diatoms displayed far greater accumulation of carbohydrate with N starvation, possibly due to their greater cell size and storage capacity, resulting in larger increases in C content and C:N. In contrast, the prasinophytes had smaller increases in C and C:N that were largely driven by lipid accumulation. Variation in C:P and N:P was species-specific and mainly determined by residual P pools, which likely represent intracellular storage of inorganic P and accounted for the majority of cellular P in all species throughout N starvation. Our findings indicate that carbohydrate and lipid accumulation may play a key role in determining the environmental and taxonomic variability in phytoplankton C:N. This quantitative assessment of macromolecular and elemental content spanning several marine phytoplankton species can be used to develop physiological models for ecological and biogeochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Liefer
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aneri Garg
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Matthew H. Fyfe
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Irwin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Ina Benner
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Brown
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Michael J. Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anne Willem Omta
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Zoe V. Finkel
- Department of Geography and Environment, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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54
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Wan L, Chen X, Deng Q, Yang L, Li X, Zhang J, Song C, Zhou Y, Cao X. Phosphorus strategy in bloom-forming cyanobacteria (Dolichospermum and Microcystis) and its role in their succession. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:46-55. [PMID: 31128812 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dolichospermum (formerly Anabaena) and Microcystis cause harmful cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Input reduction of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are commonly recognized as basic ways of controlling blooms, but little is known about the roles of nutrients and their using strategy among cyanobacteria in triggering the succession of diazotrophic to non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria. In this study, we investigated in situ responses of cyanobactria to ambient P status during the transition from Dolichospermum flos-aquae to Microcystis spp. in Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu. While dominant in phytoplankton community, D. flos-aquae experienced P deficiency as evidenced by qualitative detection of extracellular phosphatase via enzyme labeled fluorescence (ELF). The percentage of ELF-labelled D. flos-aquae cells was 33% when it dominated the phytoplankton community, and was 78% when it co-dominated with Microcystis spp., indicating an increase in P deficiency. Meanwhile, no ELF-labelled Microcystis cells were observed while polyphosphate body (PPB) were present, suggesting that Microcystis spp. were not P deficient. Additionally, the percentages of Microcystis cells containing PPB showed an inverted "U-shaped" relationship with concentrations on soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). To validate the field observation, a laboratory study of the monocultures of the dominant cyanobacteria was conducted. Extracellular alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and PPB accumulation were regulated by P availability in monocultures of D. flos-aquae. Interestingly, no cell bound extracellular phosphatase was found on Microcystis aeruginasa even in the culture without P supply. Consistently, the expressions of phosphatase encoding gene phoX showed no differences among the treatments. The way in which PPB accumulation occurred in Microcystis spp. in response to P availability in the cultures was similar to that observed in the field, demonstrating a strategy of energy conservation over P accumulation. The competitive advantage of Microcystis spp. was displayed at low P concentrations: where it could rapidly uptake and store inorganic P, which also increased the P deficiency of the coexisting phytoplankton species. Responses of P-transport gene pstS confirmed this hypothesis. The physiological and molecular mechanisms mentioned above enable Microcystis to survive and proliferate in environment with low available P supply more efficiently. In conclusion, different cyanobacterial species have distinct ways of responding to P availability, suggesting that the control of cyanobacterial blooms by targeted nutrient reduction is largely dependent upon the dominant species. P reduction is more effective in controlling diazotrophic cyanobacteria than non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Qinghui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuxi, 214121, PR China
| | - Chunlei Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Xiuyun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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55
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Frischkorn KR, Haley ST, Dyhrman ST. Transcriptional and Proteomic Choreography Under Phosphorus Deficiency and Re-supply in the N 2 Fixing Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:330. [PMID: 30891009 PMCID: PMC6411698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The N2 fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is a critically important organism in oligotrophic marine ecosystems, supplying “new” nitrogen (N) to the otherwise N-poor tropical and subtropical regions where it occurs. Low concentrations of phosphorus (P) in these regions can constrain Trichodesmium distribution and N2 fixation rates. Physiological characterization of a single species in a mixed community can be challenging, and ‘omic approaches are increasingly important tools for tracking nutritional physiology in a taxon-specific manner. As such, studies examining the dynamics of gene and protein markers of physiology (e.g., nutrient stress) are critical for the application and interpretation of such ‘omic data in situ. Here we leveraged combined transcriptomics, proteomics, and enzyme activity assays to track the physiological response of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 to P deficiency and subsequent P re-supply over 72 h of sampling. P deficiency resulted in differential gene expression, protein abundance, and enzyme activity that highlighted a synchronous shift in P physiology with increases in the transcripts and corresponding proteins for hydrolyzing organic phosphorus, taking up phosphate with higher affinity, and modulating intracellular P demand. After P deficiency was alleviated, gene expression of these biomarkers was reduced to replete levels within 4 h of P amendment. A number of these gene biomarkers were adjacent to putative pho boxes and their expression patterns were similar to a sphR response regulator. Protein products of the P deficiency biomarkers were slow to decline, with 84% of the original P deficient protein set still significantly differentially expressed after 72 h. Alkaline phosphatase activity tracked with proteins for this enzyme. With the rapid turnover time of transcripts, they appear to be good biomarkers of a P stress phenotype, whereas proteins, with a slower turnover time, may better reflect cellular activities. These results highlight the importance of validating and pairing transcriptome and proteome data that can be applied to physiological studies of key species in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Frischkorn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States
| | - Sheean T Haley
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States
| | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States
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56
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Simultaneous Visualization of Enzymatic Activity in the Cytoplasm and at Polyphosphate Inclusions in Beggiatoa sp. Strain 35Flor Incubated with 18O-Labeled Water. mSphere 2018; 3:3/6/e00489-18. [PMID: 30567898 PMCID: PMC6300685 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00489-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on a new nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) approach based on enzyme-mediated oxygen isotope exchange, which combines the visualization of general metabolic activity in the cytoplasm with insights into the activity of enzymes related to polyphosphate (polyP) inclusions. The polyP-accumulating strain of the large sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa was used as a model organism. Beggiatoa cultures were grown under oxic and anoxic conditions when exposed to either low- or high-sulfide conditions, which are known to influence polyP metabolism in this strain. Subsequent incubation with 18O-labeled water led to high 18O enrichments above the natural background in the cytoplasm and polyP granules derived from enzymatically mediated oxygen isotope exchange. The relative importance of polyP under the different sulfide regimes became evident by an apparent continued metabolic activity at polyP inclusions under stressfully high sulfide concentrations, in contrast to a decreased general metabolic activity in the cytoplasm. This finding confirms the role of polyP as a critical component in bacterial stress response and maintenance of a survival metabolism.IMPORTANCE Microbial organisms exert a large influence on the environment as they directly affect the turnover of essential elements. This is particularly true for polyphosphate-accumulating large sulfur bacteria, which can either accumulate phosphate as polyphosphate or degrade it and release phosphate into the environment, depending on environmental conditions. This study presents a new approach to simultaneously visualize general metabolic activity and enzymatic activity at polyphosphate granules by incubation with 18O-labeled water as the only stable isotope tracer. For this purpose, the well-studied Beggiatoa sp. strain 35Flor was used as a model organism and was exposed to different stress regimes. General metabolic activity was strongly impaired during high-stress regimes. In contrast, intense intracellular polyP cycling was not restricted to favorable or stressful conditions, highlighting the importance of polyP for general cell physiology, especially during hostile conditions. The nanoSIMS approach adds a new tool to study microorganisms involved in phosphorus cycling in the environment together with the identification of general metabolic activity.
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57
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Li J, Dittrich M. Dynamic polyphosphate metabolism in cyanobacteria responding to phosphorus availability. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:572-583. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Maria Dittrich
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences; University of Toronto Scarborough; Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
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58
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Ismagulova T, Shebanova A, Gorelova O, Baulina O, Solovchenko A. A new simple method for quantification and locating P and N reserves in microalgal cells based on energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) elemental maps. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208830. [PMID: 30533056 PMCID: PMC6289464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a new simple approach to study phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) reserves at subcellular level potentially applicable to various types of cells capable of accumulating P- and/or N-rich inclusions. Here, we report on using this approach for locating and assessing the abundance of the P and N reserves in microalgal and cyanobacterial cells. The approach includes separation of the signal from P- or N-rich structures from noise on the energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) P- or N-maps. The separation includes (i) relative entropy estimation for each pixel of the map, (ii) binary thresholding of the map, and (iii) segmenting the image to assess the inclusion relative area and localization in the cell section. The separation is based on comparing the a posteriori probability that a pixel of the map contains information about the sample vs. Gaussian a priori probability that the pixel contains noise. The difference is expressed as relative entropy value for the pixel; positive values are characteristic of the pixels containing the payload information about the sample. This is the first known method for quantification and locating at a subcellular level P-rich and N-rich inclusions including tiny (< 180 nm) structures. We demonstrated the applicability of the proposed method both to the cells of eukaryotic green microalgae and cyanobacteria. Using the new method, we elucidated the heterogeneity of the studied cells in accumulation of P and N reserves across different species. The proposed approach will be handy for any cytological and microbiological study requiring a comparative assessment of subcellular distribution of cyanophycin, polyphosphates or other type of P- or N-rich inclusions. An added value is the potential of this approach for automation of the data processing and evaluation enabling an unprecedented increase of the EFTEM analysis throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ismagulova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anastasia Shebanova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Baulina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Eurasian Centre for Food Security, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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59
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Schoffelen NJ, Mohr W, Ferdelman TG, Littmann S, Duerschlag J, Zubkov MV, Ploug H, Kuypers MMM. Single-cell imaging of phosphorus uptake shows that key harmful algae rely on different phosphorus sources for growth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17182. [PMID: 30464246 PMCID: PMC6249326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell measurements of biochemical processes have advanced our understanding of cellular physiology in individual microbes and microbial populations. Due to methodological limitations, little is known about single-cell phosphorus (P) uptake and its importance for microbial growth within mixed field populations. Here, we developed a nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS)-based approach to quantify single-cell P uptake in combination with cellular CO2 and N2 fixation. Applying this approach during a harmful algal bloom (HAB), we found that the toxin-producer Nodularia almost exclusively used phosphate for growth at very low phosphate concentrations in the Baltic Sea. In contrast, the non-toxic Aphanizomenon acquired only 15% of its cellular P-demand from phosphate and ~85% from organic P. When phosphate concentrations were raised, Nodularia thrived indicating that this toxin-producer directly benefits from phosphate inputs. The phosphate availability in the Baltic Sea is projected to rise and therefore might foster more frequent and intense Nodularia blooms with a concomitant rise in the overall toxicity of HABs in the Baltic Sea. With a projected increase in HABs worldwide, the capability to use organic P may be a critical factor that not only determines the microbial community structure, but the overall harmfulness and associated costs of algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Schoffelen
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Mohr
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Timothy G Ferdelman
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sten Littmann
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julia Duerschlag
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mikhail V Zubkov
- Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.,Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Helle Ploug
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcel M M Kuypers
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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60
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Fraser MW, Gleeson DB, Grierson PF, Laverock B, Kendrick GA. Metagenomic Evidence of Microbial Community Responsiveness to Phosphorus and Salinity Gradients in Seagrass Sediments. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1703. [PMID: 30105009 PMCID: PMC6077243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sediment microorganisms can have profound influence on productivity and functioning of marine ecosystems through their critical roles in regulating biogeochemical processes. However, the identity of sediment microorganisms that mediate organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling in seagrass sediments is only poorly understood. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to investigate shifts in the structure and functioning of the microbial community of seagrass sediments across a salinity and phosphorus (P) availability gradient in Shark Bay, WA, Australia. This iconic ecosystem is oligotrophic and hypersaline with abundant seagrass meadows that directly contribute Shark Bay's status as a World Heritage Site. We show that sediment phosphonate metabolism genes as well as enzyme activities increase in hypersaline conditions with lower soluble reactive phosphate in the water column. Given that sediment organic P content is also highest where P concentrations in the water column are low, we suggest that microbial processing of organic P can contribute to the P requirements of seagrasses at particularly oligotrophic sites. Seagrass meadows are often highly productive in oligotrophic waters, and our findings suggest that an increase in the functional capacity of microbial communities in seagrass sediments to break down organic P may contribute to the high productivity of seagrass meadows under oligotrophic conditions. When compared to soil and sediment metagenomes from other aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, we also show microbial communities in seagrass sediments have a disproportionately high abundance of putative phosphorus and sulfur metabolism genes, which may have played an important evolutionary role in allowing these angiosperms to recolonize the marine environment and prosper under oligotrophic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Deirdre B. Gleeson
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Pauline F. Grierson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Bonnie Laverock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gary A. Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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61
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Lipidomics of Thalassiosira pseudonana under Phosphorus Stress Reveal Underlying Phospholipid Substitution Dynamics and Novel Diglycosylceramide Substitutes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02034-17. [PMID: 29305510 PMCID: PMC5835749 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02034-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton replace phosphorus-containing lipids (P-lipids) with non-P analogues, boosting growth in P-limited oceans. In the model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, the substitution dynamics of lipid headgroups are well described, but those of the individual lipids, differing in fatty acid composition, are unknown. Moreover, the behavior of lipids outside the common headgroup classes and the relationship between lipid substitution and cellular particulate organic P (POP) have yet to be reported. We investigated these through the mass spectrometric lipidomics of P-replete (P+) and P-depleted (P-) T. pseudonana cultures. Nonlipidic POP was depleted rapidly by the initiation of P stress, followed by the cessation of P-lipid biosynthesis and per-cell reductions in the P-lipid levels of successive generations. Minor P-lipid degradative breakdown was observed, releasing P for other processes, but most P-lipids remained intact. This may confer an advantage on efficient heterotrophic lipid consumers in P-limited oceans. Glycerophosphatidylcholine (PC), the predominant P-lipid, was similar in composition to its betaine substitute lipid. During substitution, PC was less abundant per cell and was more highly unsaturated in composition. This may reflect underlying biosynthetic processes or the regulation of membrane biophysical properties subject to lipid substitution. Finally, levels of several diglycosylceramide lipids increased as much as 10-fold under P stress. These represent novel substitute lipids and potential biomarkers for the study of P limitation in situ, contributing to growing evidence highlighting the importance of sphingolipids in phycology. These findings contribute much to our understanding of P-lipid substitution, a powerful and widespread adaptation to P limitation in the oligotrophic ocean.IMPORTANCE Unicellular organisms replace phosphorus (P)-containing membrane lipids with non-P substitutes when P is scarce, allowing greater growth of populations. Previous research with the model diatom species Thalassiosira pseudonana grouped lipids by polar headgroups in their chemical structures. The significance of the research reported here is threefold. (i) We described the individual lipids within the headgroups during P-lipid substitution, revealing the relationships between lipid headgroups and hinting at the underlying biochemical processes. (ii) We measured total cellular P, placing P-lipid substitution in the context of the broader response to P stress and yielding insight into the implications of substitution in the marine environment. (iii) We identified lipids previously unknown in this system, revealing a new type of non-P substitute lipid, which is potentially useful as a biomarker for the investigation of P limitation in the ocean.
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Huang R, Wan B, Hultz M, Diaz JM, Tang Y. Phosphatase-Mediated Hydrolysis of Linear Polyphosphates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1183-1190. [PMID: 29359927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphates are a group of phosphorus (P) containing molecules that are produced by a wide range of microorganisms and human activities. Although polyphosphates are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and are of environmental significance, little is known about their transformation and cycling. This study characterized the polyphopshate-hydrolysis mechanisms of several representative phosphatase enzymes and evaluated the effects of polyphosphate chain length, light condition, and calcium (Ca2+). 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to monitor the dynamic changes of P molecular configuration during polyphosphate hydrolysis and suggested a terminal-only degradation pathway by the enzymes. Such mechanism enabled the quantification of the hydrolysis rates by measuring orthophosphate production over time. At the same initial concentration of polyphosphate molecules, the hydrolysis rates were independent of chain length. The hydrolysis of polyphosphate was also unaffected by light condition, but was reduced by the presence of Ca2+. The released orthophosphates formed Ca-phosphate precipitates in the presence of Ca2+, likely in amorphous phases. Results from this study lay the foundation for better understanding the chemical processes governing polyphosphate transport and transformation in various environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixiang Huang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30324-0340, United States
| | - Biao Wan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30324-0340, United States
| | - Margot Hultz
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30324-0340, United States
| | - Julia M Diaz
- Department of Marine Sciences, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia , Savannah, Georgia 31411, United States
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30324-0340, United States
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Skouri-Panet F, Benzerara K, Cosmidis J, Férard C, Caumes G, De Luca G, Heulin T, Duprat E. In Vitro and in Silico Evidence of Phosphatase Diversity in the Biomineralizing Bacterium Ramlibacter tataouinensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2592. [PMID: 29375498 PMCID: PMC5768637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial phosphatase activity can trigger the precipitation of metal-phosphate minerals, a process called phosphatogenesis with global geochemical and environmental implications. An increasing diversity of phosphatases expressed by diverse microorganisms has been evidenced in various environments. However, it is challenging to link the functional properties of genomic repertoires of phosphatases with the phosphatogenesis capabilities of microorganisms. Here, we studied the betaproteobacterium Ramlibacter tataouinensis (Rta), known to biomineralize Ca-phosphates in the environment and the laboratory. We investigated the functional repertoire of this biomineralization process at the cell, genome and molecular level. Based on a mineralization assay, Rta is shown to hydrolyse the phosphoester bonds of a wide range of organic P molecules. Accordingly, its genome has an unusually high diversity of phosphatases: five genes belonging to two non-homologous families, phoD and phoX, were detected. These genes showed diverse predicted cis-regulatory elements. Moreover, they encoded proteins with diverse structural properties according to molecular models. Heterologously expressed PhoD and PhoX in Escherichia coli had different profiles of substrate hydrolysis. As evidenced for Rta cells, recombinant E. coli cells induced the precipitation of Ca-phosphate mineral phases, identified as poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite. The phosphatase genomic repertoire of Rta (containing phosphatases of both the PhoD and PhoX families) was previously evidenced as prevalent in marine oligotrophic environments. Interestingly, the Tataouine sand from which Rta was isolated showed similar P-depleted, but Ca-rich conditions. Overall, the diversity of phosphatases in Rta allows the hydrolysis of a broad range of organic P substrates and therefore the release of orthophosphates (inorganic phosphate) under diverse trophic conditions. Since the release of orthophosphates is key to the achievement of high saturation levels with respect to hydroxyapatite and the induction of phosphatogenesis, Rta appears as a particularly efficient driver of this process as shown experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fériel Skouri-Panet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IRD 206, Paris, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IRD 206, Paris, France
| | - Julie Cosmidis
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Céline Férard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IRD 206, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Caumes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IRD 206, Paris, France
| | - Gilles De Luca
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère et Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 7265, Aix Marseille Univ, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Thierry Heulin
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère et Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 7265, Aix Marseille Univ, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Elodie Duprat
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IRD 206, Paris, France
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Abstract
Marine plankton elemental stoichiometric ratios can deviate from the Redfield ratio (106C:16N:1P); here, we examine physiological and biogeochemical mechanisms that lead to the observed variation across lineages, regions, and seasons. Many models of ecological stoichiometry blend together acclimative and adaptive responses to environmental conditions. These two pathways can have unique molecular mechanisms and stoichiometric outcomes, and we attempt to disentangle the two processes. We find that interactions between environmental conditions and cellular growth are key to understanding stoichiometric regulation, but the growth rates of most marine plankton populations are poorly constrained. We propose that specific physiological mechanisms have a strong impact on plankton and community stoichiometry in nutrient-rich environments, whereas biogeochemical interactions are important for the stoichiometry of the oligotrophic gyres. Finally, we outline key areas with missing information that is needed to advance understanding of the present and future ecological stoichiometry of ocean plankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Moreno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697;
| | - Adam C Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697;
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Kaur A, Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Aguilo-Ferretjans MDM, Wellington EM, Christie-Oleza JA. 100 Days of marine Synechococcus-Ruegeria pomeroyi interaction: A detailed analysis of the exoproteome. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:785-799. [PMID: 29194907 PMCID: PMC5839243 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Marine phototroph and heterotroph interactions are vital in maintaining the nutrient balance in the oceans as essential nutrients need to be rapidly cycled before sinking to aphotic layers. The aim of this study was to highlight the molecular mechanisms that drive these interactions. For this, we generated a detailed exoproteomic time‐course analysis of a 100‐day co‐culture between the model marine picocyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH7803 and the Roseobacter strain Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS‐3, both in nutrient‐enriched and natural oligotrophic seawater. The proteomic data showed a transition between the initial growth phase and stable‐state phase that, in the case of the heterotroph, was caused by a switch in motility attributed to organic matter availability. The phototroph adapted to seawater oligotrophy by reducing its selective leakiness, increasing the acquisition of essential nutrients and secreting conserved proteins of unknown function. We also report a surprisingly high abundance of extracellular superoxide dismutase produced by Synechococcus and a dynamic secretion of potential hydrolytic enzyme candidates used by the heterotroph to cleave organic groups and hydrolase polymeric organic matter produced by the cyanobacterium. The time course dataset we present here will become a reference for understanding the molecular processes underpinning marine phototroph‐heterotroph interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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66
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Haley ST, Alexander H, Juhl AR, Dyhrman ST. Transcriptional response of the harmful raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo to nitrate and phosphate stress. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 68:258-270. [PMID: 28962986 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The marine eukaryotic alga Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) is known for forming ichthyotoxic harmful algal blooms (HABs). In the past 50 years, H. akashiwo blooms have increased, occurring globally in highly eutrophic coastal and estuarine systems. These systems often incur dramatic physicochemical changes, including macronutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) enrichment and depletion, on short timescales. Here, H. akashiwo cultures grown under nutrient replete, low N and low P growth conditions were examined for changes in biochemical and physiological characteristics in concert with transcriptome sequencing to provide a mechanistic perspective on the metabolic processes involved in responding to N and P stress. There was a marked difference in the overall transcriptional pattern between low N and low P transcriptomes. Both nutrient stresses led to significant changes in the abundance of thousands of contigs related to a wide diversity of metabolic pathways, with limited overlap between the transcriptomic responses to low N and low P. Enriched contigs under low N included many related to nitrogen metabolism, acquisition, and transport. In addition, metabolic modules like photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism changed significantly under low N, coincident with treatment-specific changes in photosynthetic efficiency and particulate carbohydrate content. P-specific contigs responsible for P transport and organic P use were more enriched in the low P treatment than in the replete control and low N treatment. These results provide new insight into the genetic mechanisms that distinguish how this HAB species responds to these two common nutrient stresses, and the results can inform future field studies, linking transcriptional patterns to the physiological ecology of H. akashiwo in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheean T Haley
- Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Harriet Alexander
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew R Juhl
- Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA; Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA; Columbia University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palisades, NY, USA.
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67
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Harke MJ, Juhl AR, Haley ST, Alexander H, Dyhrman ST. Conserved Transcriptional Responses to Nutrient Stress in Bloom-Forming Algae. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1279. [PMID: 28769884 PMCID: PMC5513979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration and composition of bioavailable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the upper ocean shape eukaryotic phytoplankton communities and influence their physiological responses. Phytoplankton are known to exhibit similar physiological responses to limiting N and P conditions such as decreased growth rates, chlorosis, and increased assimilation of N and P. Are these responses similar at the molecular level across multiple species? To interrogate this question, five species from biogeochemically important, bloom-forming taxa (Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, and Haptophyta) were grown under similar low N, low P, and replete nutrient conditions to identify transcriptional patterns and associated changes in biochemical pools related to N and P stress. Metabolic profiles, revealed through the transcriptomes of these taxa, clustered together based on species rather than nutrient stressor, suggesting that the global metabolic response to nutrient stresses was largely, but not exclusively, species-specific. Nutrient stress led to few transcriptional changes in the two dinoflagellates, consistent with other research. An orthologous group analysis examined functionally conserved (i.e., similarly changed) responses to nutrient stress and therefore focused on the diatom and haptophytes. Most conserved ortholog changes were specific to a single nutrient treatment, but a small number of orthologs were similarly changed under both N and P stress in 2 or more species. Many of these orthologs were related to photosynthesis and may represent generalized stress responses. A greater number of orthologs were conserved across more than one species under low P compared to low N. Screening the conserved orthologs for functions related to N and P metabolism revealed increased relative abundance of orthologs for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and amino acid transporters under N stress, and increased relative abundance of orthologs related to acquisition of inorganic and organic P substrates under P stress. Although the global transcriptional responses were dominated by species-specific changes, the analysis of conserved responses revealed functional similarities in resource acquisition pathways among different phytoplankton taxa. This overlap in nutrient stress responses observed among species may be useful for tracking the physiological ecology of phytoplankton field populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Harke
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia UniversityPalisades, NY, United States
| | - Andrew R Juhl
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia UniversityPalisades, NY, United States.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia UniversityPalisades, NY, United States
| | - Sheean T Haley
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia UniversityPalisades, NY, United States
| | - Harriet Alexander
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia UniversityPalisades, NY, United States.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia UniversityPalisades, NY, United States
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68
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Ghaffar S, Stevenson RJ, Khan Z. Effect of phosphorus stress on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and phosphorus uptake. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174349. [PMID: 28328927 PMCID: PMC5362216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to advance understanding of phosphorus regulation of Microcystis aeruginosa growth, phosphorus uptake and storage in changing phosphorus (P) conditions as would occur in lakes. We hypothesized that Microcystis growth and nutrient uptake would fit classic models by Monod, Droop, and Michaelis-Menten in these changing conditions. Microcystis grown in luxury nutrient concentrations was transferred to treatments with phosphorus concentrations ranging from 0–256 μg P∙L-1 and luxury nitrogen. Dissolved phosphorus concentration, cell phosphorus quota, P uptake rate and cell densities were measured at day 3 and 6. Results showed little relationship to predicted models. Microcystis growth was asymptotically related to P treatment from day 0–3, fitting Monod model well, but negatively related to P treatment and cell quota from day 3–6. From day 0–3, cell quota was negatively related to P treatments at <2 μg∙L-1, but increased slightly at higher P. Cell quota decreased greatly in low P treatments from day 3–6, which may have enabled high growths in low P treatments. P uptake was positively and linearly related to P treatment during both periods. Negative uptake rates and increases in measured culture phosphorus concentrations to 5 μg∙L-1 in the lowest P treatments indicated P leaked from cells into culture medium. This leakage during early stages of the experiment may have been sufficient to stimulate metabolism and use of intracellular P stores in low P treatments for rapid growth. Our study shows P regulation of Microcystis growth can be complex as a result of changing P concentrations, and this complexity may be important for modeling Microcystis for nutrient and ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeela Ghaffar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (IESE-SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - R. Jan Stevenson
- Center for Water Sciences & Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan United States of America
| | - Zahiruddin Khan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (IESE-SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12 Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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69
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Baer SE, Lomas MW, Terpis KX, Mouginot C, Martiny AC. Stoichiometry of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus
, and small eukaryotic populations in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1568-1583. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Baer
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences; East Boothbay ME 04544 USA
| | - Michael W. Lomas
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences; East Boothbay ME 04544 USA
| | | | - Céline Mouginot
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Adam C. Martiny
- Department of Earth System Science; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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70
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Zhang SF, Yuan CJ, Chen Y, Chen XH, Li DX, Liu JL, Lin L, Wang DZ. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Novel Insights into the Adaptive Response of Skeletonema costatum to Changing Ambient Phosphorus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1476. [PMID: 27703451 PMCID: PMC5028394 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a limiting macronutrient for diatom growth and productivity in the ocean. Much effort has been devoted to the physiological response of marine diatoms to ambient P change, however, the whole-genome molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we utilized RNA-Seq to compare the global gene expression patterns of a marine diatom Skeletonema costatum grown in inorganic P-replete, P-deficient, and inorganic- and organic-P resupplied conditions. In total 34,942 unique genes were assembled and 20.8% of them altered significantly in abundance under different P conditions. Genes encoding key enzymes/proteins involved in P utilization, nucleotide metabolism, photosynthesis, glycolysis, and cell cycle regulation were significantly up-regulated in P-deficient cells. Genes participating in circadian rhythm regulation, such as circadian clock associated 1, were also up-regulated in P-deficient cells. The response of S. costatum to ambient P deficiency shows several similarities to the well-described responses of other marine diatom species, but also has its unique features. S. costatum has evolved the ability to re-program its circadian clock and intracellular biological processes in response to ambient P deficiency. This study provides new insights into the adaptive mechanisms to ambient P deficiency in marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
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71
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Phosphorus from wastewater to crops: An alternative path involving microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:550-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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72
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Shemi A, Schatz D, Fredricks HF, Van Mooy BAS, Porat Z, Vardi A. Phosphorus starvation induces membrane remodeling and recycling in Emiliania huxleyi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:886-898. [PMID: 27111716 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient availability is an important factor controlling phytoplankton productivity. Phytoplankton contribute c. 50% of the global photosynthesis and possess efficient acclimation mechanisms to cope with nutrient stress. We investigate the cellular response of the bloom-forming coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi to phosphorus (P) scarcity, which is often a limiting factor in marine ecosystems. We combined mass spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and gene expression analyses in order to assess diverse cellular features in cells exposed to P limitation and recovery. Early starvation-induced substitution of phospholipids in the cells' membranes with galacto- and betaine lipids. Lipid remodeling was rapid and reversible upon P resupply. The PI3K inhibitor wortmannin reduced phospholipid substitution, suggesting a possible involvement of PI3K- signaling in this process. In addition, P limitation enhanced the formation and acidification of membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm. Intracellular vesicles may facilitate the recycling of cytoplasmic content, which is engulfed in the vesicles and delivered to the main vacuole. Long-term starvation was characterized by a profound increase in cell size and morphological alterations in cellular ultrastructure. This study provides cellular and molecular basis for future ecophysiological assessment of natural E. huxleyi populations in oligotrophic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adva Shemi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Helen F Fredricks
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Benjamin A S Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Ziv Porat
- Biological Services Department, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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73
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Interactions between growth-dependent changes in cell size, nutrient supply and cellular elemental stoichiometry of marine Synechococcus. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2715-2724. [PMID: 27058506 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The factors that control elemental ratios within phytoplankton, like carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P), are key to biogeochemical cycles. Previous studies have identified relationships between nutrient-limited growth and elemental ratios in large eukaryotes, but little is known about these interactions in small marine phytoplankton like the globally important Cyanobacteria. To improve our understanding of these interactions in picophytoplankton, we asked how cellular elemental stoichiometry varies as a function of steady-state, N- and P-limited growth in laboratory chemostat cultures of Synechococcus WH8102. By combining empirical data and theoretical modeling, we identified a previously unrecognized factor (growth-dependent variability in cell size) that controls the relationship between nutrient-limited growth and cellular elemental stoichiometry. To predict the cellular elemental stoichiometry of phytoplankton, previous theoretical models rely on the traditional Droop model, which purports that the acquisition of a single limiting nutrient suffices to explain the relationship between a cellular nutrient quota and growth rate. Our study, however, indicates that growth-dependent changes in cell size have an important role in regulating cell nutrient quotas. This key ingredient, along with nutrient-uptake protein regulation, enables our model to predict the cellular elemental stoichiometry of Synechococcus across a range of nutrient-limited conditions. Our analysis also adds to the growth rate hypothesis, suggesting that P-rich biomolecules other than nucleic acids are important drivers of stoichiometric variability in Synechococcus. Lastly, by comparing our data with field observations, our study has important ecological relevance as it provides a framework for understanding and predicting elemental ratios in ocean regions where small phytoplankton like Synechococcus dominates.
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74
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Tsiola A, Pitta P, Fodelianakis S, Pete R, Magiopoulos I, Mara P, Psarra S, Tanaka T, Mostajir B. Nutrient Limitation in Surface Waters of the Oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean Sea: an Enrichment Microcosm Experiment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:575-588. [PMID: 26626911 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth rates of planktonic microbes in the pelagic zone of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are nutrient limited, but the type of limitation is still uncertain. During this study, we investigated the occurrence of N and P limitation among different groups of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic (pico-, nano-, and micro-) plankton using a microcosm experiment during stratified water column conditions in the Cretan Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). Microcosms were enriched with N and P (either solely or simultaneously), and the PO4 turnover time, prokaryotic heterotrophic activity, primary production, and the abundance of the different microbial components were measured. Flow cytometric and molecular fingerprint analyses showed that different heterotrophic prokaryotic groups were limited by different nutrients; total heterotrophic prokaryotic growth was limited by P, but only when both N and P were added, changes in community structure and cell size were detected. Phytoplankton were N and P co-limited, with autotrophic pico-eukaryotes being the exception as they increased even when only P was added after a 2-day time lag. The populations of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus were highly competitive with each other; Prochlorococcus abundance increased during the first 2 days of P addition but kept increasing only when both N and P were added, whereas Synechococcus exhibited higher pigment content and increased in abundance 3 days after simultaneous N and P additions. Dinoflagellates also showed opportunistic behavior at simultaneous N and P additions, in contrast to diatoms and coccolithophores, which diminished in all incubations. High DNA content viruses, selective grazing, and the exhaustion of N sources probably controlled the populations of diatoms and coccolithophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsiola
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Ex American Base Gournes, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
- Biology Department, Marine Ecology Laboratory, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - P Pitta
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Ex American Base Gournes, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - S Fodelianakis
- Biology Department, Marine Ecology Laboratory, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R Pete
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers (ECOSYM), CNRS-Université Montpellier 2 & 1-Ifremer-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - I Magiopoulos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Ex American Base Gournes, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Biology Department, Marine Ecology Laboratory, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - P Mara
- Chemistry Department, Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - S Psarra
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Ex American Base Gournes, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - T Tanaka
- INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche sur Mer cedex, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Observatoire Océanologie de Villefranche, Villefranche sur Mer cedex, France
| | - B Mostajir
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers (ECOSYM), CNRS-Université Montpellier 2 & 1-Ifremer-IRD, Montpellier, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Marine Expérimentale MEDIMEER, Mediterranean Center for Marine Ecosystem Experimental Research, CNRS-Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, Sète, France
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IFREMER-IRD, Montpellier, France
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75
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Gómez-Lunar Z, Hernández-González I, Rodríguez-Torres MD, Souza V, Olmedo-Álvarez G. Microevolution Analysis of Bacillus coahuilensis Unveils Differences in Phosphorus Acquisition Strategies and Their Regulation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:58. [PMID: 26903955 PMCID: PMC4744853 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial genomes undergo numerous events of gene losses and gains that generate genome variability among strains of the same species (microevolution). Our aim was to compare the genomes and relevant phenotypes of three Bacillus coahuilensis strains from two oligotrophic hydrological systems in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (México), to unveil the environmental challenges that this species cope with, and the microevolutionary differences in these genotypes. Since the strains were isolated from a low P environment, we placed emphasis on the search of different phosphorus acquisition strategies. The three B. coahuilensis strains exhibited similar numbers of coding DNA sequences, of which 82% (2,893) constituted the core genome, and 18% corresponded to accessory genes. Most of the genes in this last group were associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) or were annotated as hypothetical proteins. Ten percent of the pangenome consisted of strain-specific genes. Alignment of the three B. coahuilensis genomes indicated a high level of synteny and revealed the presence of several genomic islands. Unexpectedly, one of these islands contained genes that encode the 2-keto-3-deoxymannooctulosonic acid (Kdo) biosynthesis enzymes, a feature associated to cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria. Some microevolutionary changes were clearly associated with MGEs. Our analysis revealed inconsistencies between phenotype and genotype, which we suggest result from the impossibility to map regulatory features to genome analysis. Experimental results revealed variability in the types and numbers of auxotrophies between the strains that could not consistently be explained by in silico metabolic models. Several intraspecific differences in preferences for carbohydrate and phosphorus utilization were observed. Regarding phosphorus recycling, scavenging, and storage, variations were found between the three genomes. The three strains exhibited differences regarding alkaline phosphatase that revealed that in addition to gene gain and loss, regulation adjustment of gene expression also has contributed to the intraspecific diversity of B. coahuilensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Gómez-Lunar
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-González
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, Mexico
| | - María-Dolores Rodríguez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Valeria Souza
- Laboratorio de Evolución Molecular y Experimental, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Olmedo-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Irapuato, Mexico
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Lin S, Litaker RW, Sunda WG. Phosphorus physiological ecology and molecular mechanisms in marine phytoplankton. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:10-36. [PMID: 26987085 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton and indeed all life forms. Current data show that P availability is growth-limiting in certain marine systems and can impact algal species composition. Available P occurs in marine waters as dissolved inorganic phosphate (primarily orthophosphate [Pi]) or as a myriad of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds. Despite numerous studies on P physiology and ecology and increasing research on genomics in marine phytoplankton, there have been few attempts to synthesize information from these different disciplines. This paper is aimed to integrate the physiological and molecular information on the acquisition, utilization, and storage of P in marine phytoplankton and the strategies used by these organisms to acclimate and adapt to variations in P availability. Where applicable, we attempt to identify gaps in our current knowledge that warrant further research and examine possible metabolic pathways that might occur in phytoplankton from well-studied bacterial models. Physical and chemical limitations governing cellular P uptake are explored along with physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt and acclimate to temporally and spatially varying P nutrient regimes. Topics covered include cellular Pi uptake and feedback regulation of uptake systems, enzymatic utilization of DOP, P acquisition by phagotrophy, P-limitation of phytoplankton growth in oceanic and coastal waters, and the role of P-limitation in regulating cell size and toxin levels in phytoplankton. Finally, we examine the role of P and other nutrients in the transition of phytoplankton communities from early succession species (diatoms) to late succession ones (e.g., dinoflagellates and haptophytes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Richard Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
| | - William G Sunda
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516, USA
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Harke MJ, Davis TW, Watson SB, Gobler CJ. Nutrient-Controlled Niche Differentiation of Western Lake Erie Cyanobacterial Populations Revealed via Metatranscriptomic Surveys. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:604-615. [PMID: 26654276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although toxic cyanobacterial blooms in western Lake Erie threaten drinking water supplies and are promoted by nutrient loading, the precise nutrient regime that selects specific cyanobacteria populations is poorly understood. Here, we assess shifts in cyanobacterial abundances and global gene-expression patterns in response to natural and manipulated gradients in nitrogen and phosphorus to identify gene pathways that facilitate dominance by different cyanobacteria. Gradients in soluble reactive phosphorus shaped cyanobacterial communities and elicited the largest transcriptomic responses. Under high-P conditions (closest to the mouth of the Maumee River), Anabaena and Planktothrix were the dominant cyanobacterial populations, and experimental P and ammonium enrichment promoted nitrogen fixation gene (nifH) expression in Anabaena. For Microcystis, experimental additions of P up-regulated genes involved in phage defense, genomic rearrangement, and nitrogen acquisition but led to lower abundances. Within offshore, low-P regions of the western basin of Lake Erie, Microcystis up-regulated genes associated with P scavenging (pstSCAB, phoX) and dominated cyanobacterial communities. Experimental additions of ammonium and urea did not alter Microcystis abundances but did up-regulate protease inhibitors (aer and mcn gene sets) and microcystin synthetase genes (mcy), with urea enrichment yielding significant increases in microcystin concentrations. Our findings suggest that management plans that reduce P loads alone may not significantly reduce the risk of cyanobacterial blooms in western Lake Erie but rather may promote a shift among cyanobacterial populations (Microcystis, Anabaena, and Planktothrix) toward a greater dominance by toxic strains of Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Harke
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Timothy W Davis
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory , 4840 S. State Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, United States
| | - Susan B Watson
- Canadian Centre for Inland Waters, Environment Canada , Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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78
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Hille-Rehfeld A. Polyphosphate im marinen Phosphorkreislauf. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201590035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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79
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Abstract
Phytoplankton inhabiting oligotrophic ocean gyres actively reduce their phosphorus demand by replacing polar membrane phospholipids with those lacking phosphorus. Although the synthesis of nonphosphorus lipids is well documented in some heterotrophic bacterial lineages, phosphorus-free lipid synthesis in oligotrophic marine chemoheterotrophs has not been directly demonstrated, implying they are disadvantaged in phosphate-deplete ecosystems, relative to phytoplankton. Here, we show the SAR11 clade chemoheterotroph Pelagibacter sp. str. HTCC7211 renovates membrane lipids when phosphate starved by replacing a portion of its phospholipids with monoglucosyl- and glucuronosyl-diacylglycerols and by synthesizing new ornithine lipids. Lipid profiles of cells grown with excess phosphate consisted entirely of phospholipids. Conversely, up to 40% of the total lipids were converted to nonphosphorus lipids when cells were starved for phosphate, or when growing on methylphosphonate. Cells sequentially limited by phosphate and methylphosphonate transformed >75% of their lipids to phosphorus-free analogs. During phosphate starvation, a four-gene cluster was significantly up-regulated that likely encodes the enzymes responsible for lipid renovation. These genes were found in Pelagibacterales strains isolated from a phosphate-deficient ocean gyre, but not in other strains from coastal environments, suggesting alternate lipid synthesis is a specific adaptation to phosphate scarcity. Similar gene clusters are found in the genomes of other marine α-proteobacteria, implying lipid renovation is a common strategy used by heterotrophic cells to reduce their requirement for phosphorus in oligotrophic habitats.
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80
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81
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Van Mooy BAS, Krupke A, Dyhrman ST, Fredricks HF, Frischkorn KR, Ossolinski JE, Repeta DJ, Rouco M, Seewald JD, Sylva SP. Major role of planktonic phosphate reduction in the marine phosphorus redox cycle. Science 2015; 348:783-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Phosphorus sequestration in the form of polyphosphate by microbial symbionts in marine sponges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4381-6. [PMID: 25713351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423768112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are major habitat-forming organisms in coastal benthic communities and have an ancient origin in evolution history. Here, we report significant accumulation of polyphosphate (polyP) granules in three common sponge species of the Caribbean coral reef. The identity of the polyP granules was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and by the fluorescence properties of the granules. Microscopy images revealed that a large proportion of microbial cells associated with sponge hosts contained intracellular polyP granules. Cyanobacterial symbionts cultured from sponges were shown to accumulate polyP. We also amplified polyphosphate kinase (ppk) genes from sponge DNA and confirmed that the gene was expressed. Based on these findings, we propose here a potentially important phosphorus (P) sequestration pathway through symbiotic microorganisms of marine sponges. Considering the widespread sponge population and abundant microbial cells associated with them, this pathway is likely to have a significant impact on the P cycle in benthic ecosystems.
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83
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Seasonal abundance and diversity of culturable heterotrophic bacteria in relation to environmental factors in the Gulf of Antalya, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:569-82. [PMID: 25663240 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of culturable heterotropic bacteria studied on and according to depth levels and seasons in the Gulf of Antalya. Environmental factors were compared regarding culturable heterotrophic bacteria abundance and diversities of bacteria. During the study period (between August 2009 and April 2010, seasonally in the Gulf of Antalya, at six stations and six depth levels (0-20 cm, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 m). The bacterial isolates were identified in the automated micro identification system VITEK 2 Compact 30 (Biomereux, France). The mean abundance was higher in Sts. D, E and F than Sts. A, B and C, located in the eastern part of the gulf. The mean abundance decreased as the depth level increased. The mean abundance of CHB ranged between 8.15 × 10(6) and 2.54 × 10(8) CFU ml(-1) throughout the year. Abundance of CHB differed according to the variations of biotic and abiotic factors. A total of 27 taxa of bacteria including six bacterial classes were reported in this study as the first records for the Gulf of Antalya. Six bacterial classes: Gamma Proteobacteria (46.81 %), Bacilli (27.66 %), Beta Proteobacteria (12.77 %), Alfa Proteobacteria (6.38 %), Actinobacteria (4.26 %) and Flavobacteria (2.13 %) were determined. The study resulted in increased knowledge on the composition and biochemical response of bacteria isolated from eutrophic and oligotrophic areas. 23 bacteria species belonging to 16 families were reported.
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84
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Abida H, Dolch LJ, Meï C, Villanova V, Conte M, Block MA, Finazzi G, Bastien O, Tirichine L, Bowler C, Rébeillé F, Petroutsos D, Jouhet J, Maréchal E. Membrane glycerolipid remodeling triggered by nitrogen and phosphorus starvation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:118-36. [PMID: 25489020 PMCID: PMC4281014 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms constitute a major phylum of phytoplankton biodiversity in ocean water and freshwater ecosystems. They are known to respond to some chemical variations of the environment by the accumulation of triacylglycerol, but the relative changes occurring in membrane glycerolipids have not yet been studied. Our goal was first to define a reference for the glycerolipidome of the marine model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a necessary prerequisite to characterize and dissect the lipid metabolic routes that are orchestrated and regulated to build up each subcellular membrane compartment. By combining multiple analytical techniques, we determined the glycerolipid profile of P. tricornutum grown with various levels of nitrogen or phosphorus supplies. In different P. tricornutum accessions collected worldwide, a deprivation of either nutrient triggered an accumulation of triacylglycerol, but with different time scales and magnitudes. We investigated in depth the effect of nutrient starvation on the Pt1 strain (Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa no. 1055/3). Nitrogen deprivation was the more severe stress, triggering thylakoid senescence and growth arrest. By contrast, phosphorus deprivation induced a stepwise adaptive response. The time scale of the glycerolipidome changes and the comparison with large-scale transcriptome studies were consistent with an exhaustion of unknown primary phosphorus-storage molecules (possibly polyphosphate) and a transcriptional control of some genes coding for specific lipid synthesis enzymes. We propose that phospholipids are secondary phosphorus-storage molecules broken down upon phosphorus deprivation, while nonphosphorus lipids are synthesized consistently with a phosphatidylglycerol-to-sulfolipid and a phosphatidycholine-to-betaine lipid replacement followed by a late accumulation of triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heni Abida
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Lina-Juana Dolch
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Coline Meï
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Valeria Villanova
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Melissa Conte
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Maryse A Block
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Olivier Bastien
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Leïla Tirichine
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Chris Bowler
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Dimitris Petroutsos
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Environmental and Evolutionary Genomics Section, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1024, 75005 Paris, France (H.A., L.T., C.B.);Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (L.-J.D., C.M., M.C., M.A.B., G.F., O.B., F.R., D.P., J.J., E.M.); andFermentalg SA, F-33500 Libourne, France (V.V.)
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85
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Bogé G, Lespilette M, Jamet D, Jamet JL. Analysis of the role of DOP on the particulate phosphatase activity in Toulon Bay (N.W. Mediterranean Sea, France). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 86:342-348. [PMID: 25073743 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was studied on homogenates of particulate material in relation to the concentrations of AP-hydrolysable (DOPpa) and AP-non hydrolysable (DOPr) phosphorus. AP activity had high and low Km components. The high affinity activity came from ectoenzymes. It was negatively and significantly correlated with DOPr as with the sum of DIP and DOPr, but not with DOPpa. However negative correlations with DOPpa existed when DIP concentrations decreased. Significant correlations with the sum of DIP and DOPpa attest of additive effects of DIP and DOPpa. The low affinity activity came from "endoenzymes". This activity was also negatively correlated with DOP (DOPpa and DOPr). DOPpa and to a lesser extent DOPr influenced also positively the protein and/or Chlorophyll biomasses of the particulate material. We hypothesize that the correlations of the AP activity with DOP come from regenerated phosphate sequestered in cells and not released in the environment with DIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Bogé
- Laboratoire PROTEE-EBMA (EA 3819), Université de TOULON, Avenue de l'Université, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France.
| | - Magali Lespilette
- Laboratoire PROTEE-EBMA (EA 3819), Université de TOULON, Avenue de l'Université, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France.
| | - Dominique Jamet
- Laboratoire PROTEE-EBMA (EA 3819), Université de TOULON, Avenue de l'Université, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Jamet
- Laboratoire PROTEE-EBMA (EA 3819), Université de TOULON, Avenue de l'Université, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France.
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86
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Frischkorn KR, Harke MJ, Gobler CJ, Dyhrman ST. De novo assembly of Aureococcus anophagefferens transcriptomes reveals diverse responses to the low nutrient and low light conditions present during blooms. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:375. [PMID: 25104951 PMCID: PMC4109616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling was performed on the harmful algal bloom-forming pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens strain CCMP 1850 to assess responses to common stressors for dense phytoplankton blooms: low inorganic nitrogen concentrations, low inorganic phosphorus concentrations, low light levels, and a replete control. The de novo assemblies of pooled reads from all treatments reconstructed ~54,000 transcripts using Trinity, and ~31,000 transcripts using ABySS. Comparison to the strain CCMP 1984 genome showed that the majority of the gene models were present in both de novo assemblies and that roughly 95% of contigs from both assemblies mapped to the genome, with Trinity capturing slightly more genome content. Sequence reads were mapped back to the de novo assemblies as well as the gene models and differential expression was analyzed using a Bayesian approach called Analysis of Sequence Counts (ASC). On average, 93% of significantly upregulated transcripts recovered by genome mapping were present in the significantly upregulated pool from both de novo assembly methods. Transcripts related to the transport and metabolism of nitrogen were upregulated in the low nitrogen treatment, transcripts encoding enzymes that hydrolyze organic phosphorus or relieve arsenic toxicity were upregulated in the low phosphorus treatment, and transcripts for enzymes that catabolize organic compounds, restructure lipid membranes, or are involved in sulfolipid biosynthesis were upregulated in the low light treatment. A comparison of this transcriptome to the nutrient regulated transcriptional response of CCMP 1984 identified conserved responses between these two strains. These analyses reveal the transcriptional underpinnings of physiological shifts that could contribute to the ecological success of this species in situ: organic matter processing, metal detoxification, lipid restructuring, and photosynthetic apparatus turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Frischkorn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Harke
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University Southampton, NY, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University Southampton, NY, USA
| | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University Palisades, NY, USA
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87
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Polyphosphate goes from pedestrian to prominent in the marine P-cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7890-1. [PMID: 24911005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407195111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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