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van Gennip SJ, Popova EE, Yool A, Pecl GT, Hobday AJ, Sorte CJB. Going with the flow: the role of ocean circulation in global marine ecosystems under a changing climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2602-2617. [PMID: 27935174 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation and reduced productivity are widely considered to be the major stressors to ocean ecosystems induced by emissions of CO2 . However, an overlooked stressor is the change in ocean circulation in response to climate change. Strong changes in the intensity and position of the western boundary currents have already been observed, and the consequences of such changes for ecosystems are beginning to emerge. In this study, we address climatically induced changes in ocean circulation on a global scale but relevant to propagule dispersal for species inhabiting global shelf ecosystems, using a high-resolution global ocean model run under the IPCC RCP 8.5 scenario. The ¼ degree model resolution allows improved regional realism of the ocean circulation beyond that of available CMIP5-class models. We use a Lagrangian approach forced by modelled ocean circulation to simulate the circulation pathways that disperse planktonic life stages. Based on trajectory backtracking, we identify present-day coastal retention, dominant flow and dispersal range for coastal regions at the global scale. Projecting into the future, we identify areas of the strongest projected circulation change and present regional examples with the most significant modifications in their dominant pathways. Climatically induced changes in ocean circulation should be considered as an additional stressor of marine ecosystems in a similar way to ocean warming or acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J van Gennip
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Ekaterina E Popova
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Andrew Yool
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Gretta T Pecl
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, PO Box 49, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | | | - Cascade J B Sorte
- University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697-2525, USA
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Grant PR, Grant BR, Huey RB, Johnson MTJ, Knoll AH, Schmitt J. Evolution caused by extreme events. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160146. [PMID: 28483875 PMCID: PMC5434096 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme events can be a major driver of evolutionary change over geological and contemporary timescales. Outstanding examples are evolutionary diversification following mass extinctions caused by extreme volcanism or asteroid impact. The evolution of organisms in contemporary time is typically viewed as a gradual and incremental process that results from genetic change, environmental perturbation or both. However, contemporary environments occasionally experience strong perturbations such as heat waves, floods, hurricanes, droughts and pest outbreaks. These extreme events set up strong selection pressures on organisms, and are small-scale analogues of the dramatic changes documented in the fossil record. Because extreme events are rare, almost by definition, they are difficult to study. So far most attention has been given to their ecological rather than to their evolutionary consequences. We review several case studies of contemporary evolution in response to two types of extreme environmental perturbations, episodic (pulse) or prolonged (press). Evolution is most likely to occur when extreme events alter community composition. We encourage investigators to be prepared for evolutionary change in response to rare events during long-term field studies.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - B Rosemary Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Raymond B Huey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Johanna Schmitt
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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56
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Sgubin G, Swingedouw D, Drijfhout S, Mary Y, Bennabi A. Abrupt cooling over the North Atlantic in modern climate models. Nat Commun 2017; 8:ncomms14375. [PMID: 28198383 PMCID: PMC5330854 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations over the 20th century evidence no long-term warming in the subpolar North Atlantic (SPG). This region even experienced a rapid cooling around 1970, raising a debate over its potential reoccurrence. Here we assess the risk of future abrupt SPG cooling in 40 climate models from the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Contrary to the long-term SPG warming trend evidenced by most of the models, 17.5% of the models (7/40) project a rapid SPG cooling, consistent with a collapse of the local deep-ocean convection. Uncertainty in projections is associated with the models’ varying capability in simulating the present-day SPG stratification, whose realistic reproduction appears a necessary condition for the onset of a convection collapse. This event occurs in 45.5% of the 11 models best able to simulate the observed SPG stratification. Thus, due to systematic model biases, the CMIP5 ensemble as a whole underestimates the chance of future abrupt SPG cooling, entailing crucial implications for observation and adaptation policy. Concerns on climate change include the risk of abrupt cooling in the North Atlantic. Here, the authors analyse CMIP5 projections and show that a convection collapse in the subpolar gyre can cool this region by up to 3°C in 10 years, which is as likely to occur by 2100 as a continuous warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sgubin
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Environnements et Paleoenvironnements Oceaniques et Continenteaux (EPOC), UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Didier Swingedouw
- Environnements et Paleoenvironnements Oceaniques et Continenteaux (EPOC), UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Sybren Drijfhout
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3730AE De Bilt, The Netherlands.,National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Yannick Mary
- Environnements et Paleoenvironnements Oceaniques et Continenteaux (EPOC), UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Amine Bennabi
- Institut de Mecanique et d'Ingenierie (I2M), Université de Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
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57
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von der Heydt AS, Dijkstra HA, van de Wal RSW, Caballero R, Crucifix M, Foster GL, Huber M, Köhler P, Rohling E, Valdes PJ, Ashwin P, Bathiany S, Berends T, van Bree LGJ, Ditlevsen P, Ghil M, Haywood AM, Katzav J, Lohmann G, Lohmann J, Lucarini V, Marzocchi A, Pälike H, Baroni IR, Simon D, Sluijs A, Stap LB, Tantet A, Viebahn J, Ziegler M. Lessons on Climate Sensitivity From Past Climate Changes. CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS 2016; 2:148-158. [PMID: 32025471 PMCID: PMC6979625 DOI: 10.1007/s40641-016-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our understanding of climate sensitivity has improved considerably. The climate system shows variability on many timescales, is subject to non-stationary forcing and it is most likely out of equilibrium with the changes in the radiative forcing. Slow and fast feedbacks complicate the interpretation of geological records as feedback strengths vary over time. In the geological past, the forcing timescales were different than at present, suggesting that the response may have behaved differently. Do these insights constrain the climate sensitivity relevant for the present day? In this paper, we review the progress made in theoretical understanding of climate sensitivity and on the estimation of climate sensitivity from proxy records. Particular focus lies on the background state dependence of feedback processes and on the impact of tipping points on the climate system. We suggest how to further use palaeo data to advance our understanding of the currently ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. von der Heydt
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Dijkstra
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderik S. W. van de Wal
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Caballero
- Department of Meteorology and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michel Crucifix
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gavin L. Foster
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
| | - Matthew Huber
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03814 USA
| | - Peter Köhler
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), P.O. Box 12 01 61, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Eelco Rohling
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH UK
- Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601 Australia
| | - Paul J. Valdes
- Cabot Institute and School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS UK
| | - Peter Ashwin
- Centre for Systems, Dynamics and Control, Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
| | - Sebastian Bathiany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tijn Berends
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes G. J. van Bree
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ditlevsen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Michael Ghil
- Department of Geosciences and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75231 Paris Cedex, France
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-9567 USA
| | - Alan M. Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Joel Katzav
- School of Innovation Sciences, Philosophy Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eeuwsel 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Gerrit Lohmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (AWI), P.O. Box 12 01 61, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes Lohmann
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Valerio Lucarini
- CEN, Institute of Meteorology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alice Marzocchi
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Heiko Pälike
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni
- Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 9, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Simon
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Appy Sluijs
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lennert B. Stap
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexis Tantet
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Viebahn
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ziegler
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Virapongse A, Brooks S, Metcalf EC, Zedalis M, Gosz J, Kliskey A, Alessa L. A social-ecological systems approach for environmental management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 178:83-91. [PMID: 27131638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Urgent environmental issues are testing the limits of current management approaches and pushing demand for innovative approaches that integrate across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Practitioners, scholars, and policy-makers alike call for increased integration of natural and social sciences to develop new approaches that address the range of ecological and societal impacts of modern environmental issues. From a theoretical perspective, social-ecological systems (SES) science offers a compelling approach for improved environmental management through the application of transdisciplinary and resilience concepts. A framework for translating SES theory into practice, however, is lacking. In this paper, we define the key components of an SES-based environmental management approach. We offer recommendations for integrating an SES approach into existing environmental management practices. Results presented are useful for management professionals that seek to employ an SES environmental management approach and scholars aiming to advance the theoretical foundations of SES science for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arika Virapongse
- Center for Resilient Communities, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; Tropical Conservation and Development, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | | | - Morgan Zedalis
- Heritage Program, Payette National Forest, United States Forest Service, McCall, ID 83638, USA
| | - Jim Gosz
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Andrew Kliskey
- Center for Resilient Communities, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Lilian Alessa
- Center for Resilient Communities, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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