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Duan J, Lee KP, Dogra V, Zhang S, Liu K, Caceres-Moreno C, Lv S, Xing W, Kato Y, Sakamoto W, Liu R, Macho AP, Kim C. Impaired PSII Proteostasis Promotes Retrograde Signaling via Salicylic Acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2182-2197. [PMID: 31160506 PMCID: PMC6670100 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photodamage of the PSII reaction center (RC) is an inevitable process in an oxygen-rich environment. The damaged PSII RC proteins (Dam-PSII) undergo degradation via the thylakoid membrane-bound FtsH metalloprotease, followed by posttranslational assembly of PSII. While the effect of Dam-PSII on gene regulation is described for cyanobacteria, its role in land plants is largely unknown. In this study, we reveal an intriguing retrograde signaling pathway by using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) yellow variegated2-9 mutant, which expresses a mutated FtsH2 (FtsH2G267D) metalloprotease, specifically impairing its substrate-unfolding activity. This lesion leads to the perturbation of PSII protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and the accumulation of Dam-PSII. Subsequently, this results in an up-regulation of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes, which is abrogated by inactivation of either an SA transporter in the chloroplast envelope membrane or extraplastidic SA signaling components as well as by removal of SA. These results suggest that the stress hormone SA, which is mainly synthesized via the chloroplast isochorismate pathway in response to the impaired PSII proteostasis, mediates the retrograde signaling. These findings reinforce the emerging view of chloroplast function toward plant stress responses and suggest SA as a potential plastid factor mediating retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Keun Pyo Lee
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaiwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Carlos Caceres-Moreno
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shanshan Lv
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Renyi Liu
- College of Horticulture and FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Dogra V, Duan J, Lee KP, Kim C. Impaired PSII proteostasis triggers a UPR-like response in the var2 mutant of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3075-3088. [PMID: 30989223 PMCID: PMC6598079 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is maintained through the balance between de novo synthesis and proteolysis. The unfolded/misfolded protein response (UPR) that is triggered by stressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also plays an important role in proteostasis in both plants and animals. Although ER-triggered UPR has been extensively studied in plants, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial and chloroplastic UPRs are largely uncharacterized despite the fact that these organelles are sites of production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that chloroplasts of the Arabidopsis yellow leaf variegation 2 (var2) mutant, which lacks the metalloprotease FtsH2, accumulate damaged chloroplast proteins and trigger a UPR-like response, namely the accumulation of a suite of chloroplast proteins involved in protein quality control (PQC). These PQC proteins include heat-shock proteins, chaperones, proteases, and ROS detoxifiers. Given that FtsH2 functions primarily in photosystem II proteostasis, the accumulation of PQC-related proteins may balance the FtsH2 deficiency. Moreover, the apparent up-regulation of the cognate transcripts indicates that the accumulation of PQC-related proteins in var2 is probably mediated by retrograde signaling, indicating the occurrence of a UPR-like response in var2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianli Duan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Keun Pyo Lee
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence:
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Dogra V, Li M, Singh S, Li M, Kim C. Oxidative post-translational modification of EXECUTER1 is required for singlet oxygen sensing in plastids. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2834. [PMID: 31249292 PMCID: PMC6597547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental information perceived by chloroplasts can be translated into retrograde signals that alter the expression of nuclear genes. Singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by photosystem II (PSII) can cause photo-oxidative damage of PSII but has also been implicated in retrograde signaling. We previously reported that a nuclear-encoded chloroplast FtsH2 metalloprotease coordinates 1O2-triggered retrograde signaling by promoting the degradation of the EXECUTER1 (EX1) protein, a putative 1O2 sensor. Here, we show that a 1O2-mediated oxidative post-translational modification of EX1 is essential for initiating 1O2-derived signaling. Specifically, the Trp643 residue in DUF3506 domain of EX1 is prone to oxidation by 1O2. Both the substitution of Trp643 with 1O2-insensitive amino acids and the deletion of the DUF3506 domain abolish the EX1-mediated 1O2 signaling. We thus provide mechanistic insight into how EX1 senses 1O2 via Trp643 located in the DUF3506 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Somesh Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengping Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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Montandon C, Friso G, Liao JYR, Choi J, van Wijk KJ. In Vivo Trapping of Proteins Interacting with the Chloroplast CLPC1 Chaperone: Potential Substrates and Adaptors. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2585-2600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Montandon
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Giulia Friso
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jui-Yun Rei Liao
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Junsik Choi
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Klaas J. van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Leister D. Piecing the Puzzle Together: The Central Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Hubs in Chloroplast Retrograde Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1206-1219. [PMID: 29092621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox regulation are established components of chloroplast-nucleus retrograde signaling. Recent Advances: In recent years, a complex array of putative retrograde signaling molecules and novel signaling pathways have emerged, including various metabolites, chloroplast translation, mobile transcription factors, calcium, and links to the unfolded protein response. This critical mass of information now permits us to fit individual pieces into a larger picture and outline a few important stimuli and pathways. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we summarize how ROS and redox hubs directly (e.g., via hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]) and indirectly (e.g., by triggering the production of signaling metabolites) regulate chloroplast retrograde signaling. Indeed, evidence is accumulating that most of the presumptive signaling metabolites so far identified are produced directly by ROS (such as β-cyclocitral) or indirectly by redox- or ROS-mediated regulation of key enzymes in metabolic pathways, ultimately leading to the accumulation of certain precursors (e.g., methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate) with signal function. Of the ROS generated in the chloroplast, only H2O2 is likely to leave the organelle, and recent results suggest that efficient and specific transfer of information via H2O2 occurs through physical association of chloroplasts with the nucleus. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The impact of ROS and redox regulation on chloroplast-nucleus communication is even greater than previously thought, and it can be expected that further instances of control of retrograde signaling by ROS/redox regulation will be revealed in future, perhaps including the basis for the enigmatic GUN response and translation-dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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56
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Dietz KJ, Wesemann C, Wegener M, Seidel T. Toward an Integrated Understanding of Retrograde Control of Photosynthesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1186-1205. [PMID: 29463103 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of eukaryotes, which occupies a large portion of the photosynthetic cell. The chloroplast function and integrity depend on intensive material and signal exchange between all genetic compartments and conditionally secure efficient photosynthesis and high fitness. Recent Advances: During the last two decades, the concept of mutual control of plastid performance by extraplastidic anterograde signals acting on the chloroplast and the feedback from the chloroplast to the extraplastidic space by retrograde signals has been profoundly revised and expanded. It has become clear that a complex set of diverse signals is released from the chloroplast and exceeds the historically proposed small number of information signals. Thus, it is also recognized that redox compounds and reactive oxygen species play a decisive role in retrograde signaling. CRITICAL ISSUES The diversity of processes controlled or modulated by the retrograde network covers all molecular levels, including RNA fate and translation, and also includes subcellular heterogeneity, indirect gating of other organelles' metabolism, and specific signaling routes and pathways, previously not considered. All these processes must be integrated for optimal adjustment of the chloroplast processes. Thus, evidence is presented suggesting that retrograde signaling affects translation, stress granule, and processing body (P-body) dynamics. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Redundancy of signal transduction elements, parallelisms of pathways, and conditionally alternative mechanisms generate a robust network and system that only tentatively can be assessed by use of single-site mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Corinna Wesemann
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Melanie Wegener
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thorsten Seidel
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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57
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Hou Z, Yang Y, Hedtke B, Grimm B. Fluorescence in blue light (FLU) is involved in inactivation and localization of glutamyl-tRNA reductase during light exposure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:517-529. [PMID: 30362619 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent in blue light (FLU) is a negative regulator involved in dark repression of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthesis and interacts with glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), the rate-limiting enzyme of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated FLU's regulatory function in light-exposed FLU-overexpressing (FLUOE) Arabidopsis lines and under fluctuating light intensities in wild-type (WT) and flu seedlings. FLUOE lines suppress ALA synthesis in the light, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content, but more strongly in low and high light than in medium growth light. This situation indicates that FLU's impact on chlorophyll biosynthesis depends on light intensity. FLU overexpressors contain strongly increased amounts of mainly membrane-associated GluTR. These findings correlate with FLU-dependent localization of GluTR to plastidic membranes and concomitant inhibition, such that only the soluble GluTR fraction is active. The overaccumulation of membrane-associated GluTR indicates that FLU binding enhances GluTR stability. Interestingly, under fluctuating light, the leaves of flu mutants contain less chlorophyll compared with WT and become necrotic. We propose that FLU is basically required for fine-tuned ALA synthesis. FLU not only mediates dark repression of ALA synthesis, but functions also to control balanced ALA synthesis under variable light intensities to ensure the adequate supply of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hou
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanyu Yang
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, AG Pflanzenphysiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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58
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Kumazaki A, Suzuki N. Enhanced tolerance to a combination of heat stress and drought in Arabidopsis plants deficient in ICS1 is associated with modulation of photosynthetic reaction center proteins. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:232-246. [PMID: 30051471 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to multiple abiotic stresses that simultaneously occur under natural environmental conditions. Studies deciphering acclimation of plants to stress combinations are, however, still scarce. ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 (ICS1) is known as a crucial enzyme required for synthesis of salicylic acid and phylloquinone, one of the components of the photosystem I complex. Although the significance of ICS1 in the regulation of abiotic stress response and pathogen defense in plants has been evidenced in previous studies, the role of this enzyme in the acclimation of plants to stress combinations is still largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the enhanced tolerance of Arabidopsis salicylic acid induction deficient 2-1(sid2-1) mutant deficient in ICS1 to a combination of heat stress and drought. H2 O2 -dependent stomatal closure and accumulation of total soluble sugars are associated with the enhanced tolerance of sid2-1 plants to this stress combination. In addition, sid2-1 plants showed higher accumulation of reaction center proteins (D1 and D2) in photosystem II accompanied by enhanced expression of transcripts involved in repair of these reaction center proteins. Furthermore, investigation of chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that mechanisms for dissipating the excess energy might be activated in sid2-1 plants specifically under a combination of heat stress and drought. Taken together, our findings suggest that maintenance of photosynthetic apparatus as well as prevention of excess water loss might enhance the tolerance of sid2-1 plants deficient in ICS1 to a combination of heat stress and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Kumazaki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 102-8554 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 102-8554 Tokyo, Japan
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Dogra V, Kim C. Chloroplast protein homeostasis is coupled with retrograde signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1656037. [PMID: 31436121 PMCID: PMC6804725 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1656037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a potent oxidizing agent, principally generated by photosystem II (PSII) as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Hence, 1O2 damages PSII, especially the PSII reaction center (RC) proteins, promoting a process called PSII repair cycle. The hetero-hexameric FtsH protease, located in the thylakoid membrane, is essential in degrading these damaged PSII RC proteins, which defines the first step of the PSII repair. The loss of the central subunit of the FtsH protease, FtsH2 (VAR2), weakens the PSII repair, thereby impairing PSII proteostasis. A recent study demonstrated that the impaired proteostasis (or accumulation of damaged proteins) in the chloroplasts of the var2 mutant induces an unfolded/misfolded protein response (UPR)-like response, more appropriately referred to as a damaged protein response (DPR), as evident in the accumulation of proteins related to the protein quality control (PQC). Comparison of data from chloroplast proteomics data with RNA sequencing in the context of the UPR-like response suggests a plausible activation of retrograde signaling in the var2 mutant. Either through the enhanced level of 1O2 or by impairing the substrate-unfolding activity of FtsH2, the reinforced defect appears to induce stress-related genes via the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA). This finding suggests that impaired chloroplast proteostasis (specifically for PSII proteins) may activate the chloroplast-established isochorismate pathway to produce SA. If this assumption is correct, then SA serves as a retrograde signaling molecule. In this review, we will discuss the impact of chloroplast proteostasis on chloroplasts-to-nucleus communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CONTACT Chanhong Kim Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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60
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Wang L, Apel K. Dose-dependent effects of 1O2 in chloroplasts are determined by its timing and localization of production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:29-40. [PMID: 30272237 PMCID: PMC6939833 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) is known to inhibit photosynthesis and to damage the cell as a cytotoxin. However, more recent studies have also proposed 1O2 as a signal. In plants under stress, not only 1O2 but also other reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated simultaneously, thus making it difficult to link a particular response to the release of 1O2 and establish a signaling role for this ROS. This obstacle has been overcome by the identification of conditional mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that selectively generate 1O2 and trigger various 1O2-mediated responses. In chloroplasts of these mutants, chlorophyll or its biosynthetic intermediates may act as a photosensitizer and generate 1O2. These 1O2-mediated responses are not only dependent on the dosage of 1O2 but also are determined by the timing and suborganellar localization of its production. This spatial- and temporal-dependent variability of 1O2-mediated responses emphasizes the importance of 1O2 as a highly versatile and short-lived signal that acts throughout the life cycle of a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Wang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Klaus Apel
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
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Kim C. ROS-Driven Oxidative Modification: Its Impact on Chloroplasts-Nucleus Communication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1729. [PMID: 32038693 PMCID: PMC6990121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As a light-harvesting organelle, the chloroplast inevitably produces a substantial amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) primarily through the photosystems. These ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen, are potent oxidizing agents, thereby damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. On the other hand, it became increasingly clear that ROS act as beneficial tools under photo-oxidative stress conditions by stimulating chloroplast-nucleus communication, a process called retrograde signaling (RS). These ROS-mediated RS cascades appear to participate in a broad spectrum of plant physiology, such as acclimation, resistance, programmed cell death (PCD), and growth. Recent reports imply that ROS-driven oxidation of RS-associated components is essential in sensing and responding to an increase in ROS contents. ROS appear to activate RS pathways via reversible or irreversible oxidation of sensor molecules. This review provides an overview of the emerging perspective on the topic of "oxidative modification-associated retrograde signaling."
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Liu S, Zheng L, Jia J, Guo J, Zheng M, Zhao J, Shao J, Liu X, An L, Yu F, Qi Y. Chloroplast Translation Elongation Factor EF-Tu/SVR11 Is Involved in var2-Mediated Leaf Variegation and Leaf Development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:295. [PMID: 30915096 PMCID: PMC6423176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are semiautonomous organelles, retaining their own genomes and gene expression apparatuses but controlled by nucleus genome encoded protein factors during evolution. To analyze the genetic regulatory network of FtsH-mediated chloroplast development in Arabidopsis, a set of suppressor mutants of yellow variegated (var2) have been identified. In this research, we reported the identification of another new var2 suppressor locus, SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION11 (SVR11), which encodes a putative chloroplast-localized prokaryotic type translation elongation factor EF-Tu. SVR11 is likely essential to chloroplast development and plant survival. GUS activity reveals that SVR11 is abundant in the juvenile leaf tissue, lateral roots, and root tips. Interestingly, we found that SVR11 and SVR9 together regulate leaf development, including leaf margin development and cotyledon venation patterns. These findings reinforce the notion that chloroplast translation state triggers retrograde signals regulate not only chloroplast development but also leaf development.
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63
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Dogra V, Kim C. Singlet Oxygen Metabolism: From Genesis to Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1640. [PMID: 31969891 PMCID: PMC6960194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen with an electron spin shift in the molecular orbitals, which is extremely unstable and highly reactive. In plants, 1O2 is primarily generated as a byproduct of photosynthesis in the photosystem II reaction center (PSII RC) and the light-harvesting antenna complex (LHC) in the grana core (GC). This occurs upon the absorption of light energy when the excited chlorophyll molecules in the PSII transfer the excess energy to molecular oxygen, thereby generating 1O2. As a potent oxidant, 1O2 promotes oxidative damage. However, at sub-lethal levels, it initiates chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling to contribute to plant stress responses, including acclimation and cell death. The thylakoid membranes comprise two spatially separated 1O2 sensors: β-carotene localized in the PSII RC in the GC and the nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 (EX1) residing in the non-appressed grana margin (GM). Finding EX1 in the GM suggests the existence of an additional source of 1O2 in the GM and the presence of two distinct 1O2-signaling pathways. In this review, we mainly discuss the genesis and impact of 1O2 in plant physiology.
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64
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Schmied J, Hou Z, Hedtke B, Grimm B. Controlled Partitioning of Glutamyl-tRNA Reductase in Stroma- and Membrane-Associated Fractions Affects the Synthesis of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2204-2213. [PMID: 30032295 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) determines adequate amounts of metabolites for the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of ALA synthesis and was previously considered to be exclusively localized in the chloroplast stroma of light-exposed plants. To assess the intraplastidic localization of GluTR, we developed a fast separation protocol of soluble and membrane-bound proteins and reassessed the subplastidal allocation of GluTR in stroma and membrane fractions of Arabidopsis plants grown under different light regimes as well as during de-etiolation and dark incubations. Under the examined conditions, the amount of stroma-localized GluTR correlated with the ALA synthesis rate. The transfer to dark repression of ALA synthesis resulted in a loss of soluble GluTR. Arabidopsis mutants lacking one of the GluTR-interacting factors FLUORESCENT (FLU), the GluTR-binding protein (GBP) or ClpC, a chaperone of the Clp protease system, were applied to examine the amount of GluTR and its distribution to the stroma or membrane in darkness and light. Taking into consideration the different compartmental allocation of GluTR, its stability and ALA synthesis rates, the post-translational impact of these regulatory factors on GluTR activity and plastidic sublocalization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schmied
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhiwei Hou
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstr.13, Building 12, Berlin, Germany
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Wang J, Xia H, Zhao SZ, Hou L, Zhao CZ, Ma CL, Wang XJ, Li PC. A role of GUNs-Involved retrograde signaling in regulating Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:712-719. [PMID: 30292412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 2 (ACC2) is a nuclear DNA-encoded and plastid-targeted enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. ACC2 improves plant growth and development when chloroplast translation is impaired. However, little is known about the upstream signals that regulate ACC2. Here, through analyzing the transcriptome changes in brz-insensitive-pale green (bpg) 2-2, a pale-green mutant with impaired chloroplast gene expression resulting from loss of the BPG2 function, we found that the level of ACC2 was significantly up-regulated. Through performing genetic analysis, we further demonstrated that loss of the GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) or GUN5 function partly perturbed the up-regulation of ACC2 in the bpg2-2 mutant, whereas ABA INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4)-function-loss had no clear effect on the ACC2 expression. Furthermore, when plants were treated with plastid translation inhibitors, such as lincomycin and spectinomycin, the ACC2 transcriptional level was also markedly increased in a GUN-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results suggested that the GUN-involved plastid-to-nucleus retrograde communication played a role in regulating ACC2 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Han Xia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Shu-Zhen Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Lei Hou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Chuan-Zhi Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Chang-Le Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xing-Jun Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
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Foyer CH. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative signaling and the regulation of photosynthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 154:134-142. [PMID: 30283160 PMCID: PMC6105748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, in which electrons move from a donor to an acceptor, are the functional heart of photosynthesis. It is not surprising therefore that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in abundance by photosynthesis, providing a plethora of redox signals as well as functioning as essential regulators of energy and metabolic fluxes. Chloroplasts are equipped with an elaborate and multifaceted protective network that allows photosynthesis to function with high productivity even in resource-limited natural environments. This includes numerous antioxidants with overlapping functions that provide enormous flexibility in redox control. ROS are an integral part of the repertoire of chloroplast signals that are transferred to the nucleus to convey essential information concerning redox pressure within the electron transport chain. Current evidence suggests that there is specificity in the gene-expression profiles triggered by the different ROS signals, so that singlet oxygen triggers programs related to over excitation of photosystem (PS) II while superoxide and hydrogen peroxide promote the expression of other suites of genes that may serve to alleviate electron pressure on the reducing side of PSI. Not all chloroplasts are equal in their signaling functions, with some sub-populations appearing to have better contacts/access to the nucleus than others to promote genetic and epigenetic responses. While the concept that light-induced increases in ROS result in damage to PSII and photoinhibition is embedded in the photosynthesis literature, there is little consensus concerning the extent to which such oxidative damage happens in nature. Slowly reversible decreases in photosynthetic capacity are not necessarily the result of light-induced damage to PSII reaction centers.
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Foyer CH. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative signaling and the regulation of photosynthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 154:134-142. [PMID: 30283160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.05.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions, in which electrons move from a donor to an acceptor, are the functional heart of photosynthesis. It is not surprising therefore that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in abundance by photosynthesis, providing a plethora of redox signals as well as functioning as essential regulators of energy and metabolic fluxes. Chloroplasts are equipped with an elaborate and multifaceted protective network that allows photosynthesis to function with high productivity even in resource-limited natural environments. This includes numerous antioxidants with overlapping functions that provide enormous flexibility in redox control. ROS are an integral part of the repertoire of chloroplast signals that are transferred to the nucleus to convey essential information concerning redox pressure within the electron transport chain. Current evidence suggests that there is specificity in the gene-expression profiles triggered by the different ROS signals, so that singlet oxygen triggers programs related to over excitation of photosystem (PS) II while superoxide and hydrogen peroxide promote the expression of other suites of genes that may serve to alleviate electron pressure on the reducing side of PSI. Not all chloroplasts are equal in their signaling functions, with some sub-populations appearing to have better contacts/access to the nucleus than others to promote genetic and epigenetic responses. While the concept that light-induced increases in ROS result in damage to PSII and photoinhibition is embedded in the photosynthesis literature, there is little consensus concerning the extent to which such oxidative damage happens in nature. Slowly reversible decreases in photosynthetic capacity are not necessarily the result of light-induced damage to PSII reaction centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Dogra V, Rochaix JD, Kim C. Singlet oxygen-triggered chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling pathways: An emerging perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1727-1738. [PMID: 29749057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) is a prime cause of photo-damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyll molecules in the photosystem II reaction center and in the light-harvesting antenna complex are major sources of 1 O2 generation. It has been thought that the generation of 1 O2 mainly takes place in the appressed regions of the thylakoid membranes, namely, the grana core, where most of the active photosystem II complexes are localized. Apart from being a toxic molecule, new evidence suggests that 1 O2 significantly contributes to chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling that primes acclimation and cell death responses. Interestingly, recent studies reveal that chloroplasts operate two distinct 1 O2 -triggered retrograde signalling pathways in which β-carotene and a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein EXECUTER1 play essential roles as signalling mediators. The coexistence of these mediators raises several questions: their crosstalk, source(s) of 1 O2 , downstream signalling components, and the perception and reaction mechanism of these mediators towards 1 O2 . In this review, we mainly discuss the molecular genetic basis of the mode of action of these two putative 1 O2 sensors and their corresponding retrograde signalling pathways. In addition, we also propose the possible existence of an alternative source of 1 O2 , which is spatially and functionally separated from the grana core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Rochaix JD, Kim C, Apel W. Klaus Apel (1942-2017): a pioneer of photosynthesis research. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:153-159. [PMID: 29453665 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present here a Tribute to Klaus Apel (1942-2017), a photosynthesis pioneer-an authority on plant molecular genetics-in five parts. The first section is a prologue. The second section deals with a chronological discussion of Apel's research life, prepared by the editor Govindjee; it is based on a website article at the Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) by Patricia Waldron ( https://btiscience.org/explore-bti/news/post/bti-says-goodbye-klaus-apel/ ), as approved for use here by Keith C. Hannon and David Stern of BTI. The third section, which focuses on Apel's pioneering work on singlet oxygen-mediated EXECUTER-dependent signaling in plants, is written by two of us (J-DR and CK). The fourth section includes three selected reminiscences, one from BTI and two from ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule). This tribute ends with section five, which is a very brief presentation of Klaus Apel's personal life, by Wiebke Apel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wiebke Apel
- Hegemann Lab, Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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70
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Issawi M, Sol V, Riou C. Plant Photodynamic Stress: What's New? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:681. [PMID: 29875786 PMCID: PMC5974538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the 1970's, an unconventional stressful photodynamic treatment applied to plants was investigated in two directions. Exogenous photosensitizer treatment underlies direct photodynamic stress while treatment mediating endogenous photosensitizer over-accumulation pinpoints indirect photodynamic stress. For indirect photodynamic treatment, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway was deregulated by 5-aminolevulenic acid or diphenyl ether. Overall, photodynamic stress involves the generation of high amount of reactive oxygen species leading to plant cell death. All these investigations were mainly performed to gain insight into new herbicide development but they were rapidly given up or limited due to the harmfulness of diphenyl ether and the high cost of 5-aminolevulinic acid treatment. Twenty years ago, plant photodynamic stress came back by way of crop transgenesis where for example protoporphyrin oxidases from human or bacteria were overexpressed. Such plants grew without dramatic effects of photodamage suggesting that plants tolerated induced photodynamic stress. In this review, we shed light on the occurrence of plant photodynamic stress and discuss challenging issues in the context of agriculture focusing on direct photodynamic modality. Indeed, we highlighted applications of exogenous PS especially porphyrins on plants, to further develop an emerged antimicrobial photodynamic treatment that could be a new strategy to kill plant pathogens without disturbing plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Riou
- Laboratoire Peirene (EA7500), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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71
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Crawford T, Lehotai N, Strand Å. The role of retrograde signals during plant stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2783-2795. [PMID: 29281071 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast and mitochondria not only provide the energy to the plant cell but due to the sensitivity of organellar processes to perturbations caused by abiotic stress, they are also key cellular sensors of environmental fluctuations. Abiotic stresses result in reduced photosynthetic efficiency and thereby reduced energy supply for cellular processes. Thus, in order to acclimate to stress, plants must re-program gene expression and cellular metabolism to divert energy from growth and developmental processes to stress responses. To restore cellular energy homeostasis following exposure to stress, the activities of the organelles must be tightly co-ordinated with the transcriptional re-programming in the nucleus. Thus, communication between the organelles and the nucleus, so-called retrograde signalling, is essential to direct the energy use correctly during stress exposure. Stress-triggered retrograde signals are mediated by reactive oxygen species and metabolites including β-cyclocitral, MEcPP (2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate), PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate), and intermediates of the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. However, for the plant cell to respond optimally to environmental stress, these stress-triggered retrograde signalling pathways must be integrated with the cytosolic stress signalling network. We hypothesize that the Mediator transcriptional co-activator complex may play a key role as a regulatory hub in the nucleus, integrating the complex stress signalling networks originating in different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Crawford
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nóra Lehotai
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Strand
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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72
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Watson SJ, Sowden RG, Jarvis P. Abiotic stress-induced chloroplast proteome remodelling: a mechanistic overview. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2773-2781. [PMID: 29547945 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast houses photosynthesis in all green plants, and is therefore of fundamental importance to the viability and productivity of plants, ecosystems, and agriculture. Chloroplasts are, however, extremely vulnerable to environmental stress, on account of the inherent volatility of oxygenic photosynthesis. To counteract this sensitivity, sophisticated systems of chloroplast stress acclimation have evolved, and many of these involve broad proteome changes. Here, we provide an overview of the interlocking and mutually dependent mechanisms of abiotic stress-induced chloroplast proteome remodelling. Topics that are covered in this context include: nucleus to chloroplast signalling mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on the nuclear control of the chloroplast genome; chloroplast to nucleus signalling; and the roles of chloroplast pre-protein import regulation and chloroplast proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Watson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert G Sowden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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73
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Ties that bind: the integration of plastid signalling pathways in plant cell metabolism. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:95-107. [PMID: 29563221 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plastids are critical organelles in plant cells that perform diverse functions and are central to many metabolic pathways. Beyond their major roles in primary metabolism, of which their role in photosynthesis is perhaps best known, plastids contribute to the biosynthesis of phytohormones and other secondary metabolites, store critical biomolecules, and sense a range of environmental stresses. Accordingly, plastid-derived signals coordinate a host of physiological and developmental processes, often by emitting signalling molecules that regulate the expression of nuclear genes. Several excellent recent reviews have provided broad perspectives on plastid signalling pathways. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in our understanding of chloroplast signalling pathways. Our discussion focuses on new discoveries illuminating how chloroplasts determine life and death decisions in cells and on studies elucidating tetrapyrrole biosynthesis signal transduction networks. We will also examine the role of a plastid RNA helicase, ISE2, in chloroplast signalling, and scrutinize intriguing results investigating the potential role of stromules in conducting signals from the chloroplast to other cellular locations.
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Wang R, Zhao J, Jia M, Xu N, Liang S, Shao J, Qi Y, Liu X, An L, Yu F. Balance between Cytosolic and Chloroplast Translation Affects Leaf Variegation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:804-818. [PMID: 29142022 PMCID: PMC5761769 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of functional chloroplasts relies on the fine coordination of expressions of both nuclear and chloroplast genomes. We have been using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) yellow variegated (var2) leaf variegation mutant as a tool to dissect the regulation of chloroplast development. In this work, we screened for var2 genetic enhancer modifiers termed enhancer of variegation (evr) mutants and report the characterization of the first EVR locus, EVR1 We showed that EVR1 encodes the cytosolic 80S ribosome 40S small subunit protein RPS21B and the loss of EVR1 causes the enhancement of var2 leaf variegation. We further demonstrated that combined S21 activities from EVR1 and its close homolog, EVR1L1, are essential for Arabidopsis, and they act redundantly in regulating leaf development and var2 leaf variegation. Moreover, using additional cytosolic ribosomal protein mutants, we showed that although mutations in cytosolic ribosomal proteins all enhance var2 leaf variegation to varying degrees, the 40S subunit appears to have a more profound role over the 60S subunit in regulating VAR2-mediated chloroplast development. Comprehensive genetic analyses with var2 suppressors that are defective in chloroplast translation established that the enhancement of var2 leaf variegation by cytosolic ribosomal protein mutants is dependent on chloroplast translation. Based on our data, we propose a model that incorporates the suppression and enhancement of var2 leaf variegation, and hypothesize that VAR2/AtFtsH2 may be intimately involved in the balancing of cytosolic and chloroplast translation programs during chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Kato Y, Sakamoto W. FtsH Protease in the Thylakoid Membrane: Physiological Functions and the Regulation of Protease Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:855. [PMID: 29973948 PMCID: PMC6019477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis in the thylakoid membranes is dependent on protein quality control mechanisms, which are necessary to remove photodamaged and misfolded proteins. An ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease, FtsH, is the major thylakoid membrane protease. FtsH proteases in the thylakoid membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana form a hetero-hexameric complex consisting of four FtsH subunits, which are divided into two types: type A (FtsH1 and FtsH5) and type B (FtsH2 and FtsH8). An increasing number of studies have identified the critical roles of FtsH in the biogenesis of thylakoid membranes and quality control in the photosystem II repair cycle. Furthermore, the involvement of FtsH proteolysis in a singlet oxygen- and EXECUTER1-dependent retrograde signaling mechanism has been suggested recently. FtsH is also involved in the degradation and assembly of several protein complexes in the photosynthetic electron-transport pathways. In this minireview, we provide an update on the functions of FtsH in thylakoid biogenesis and describe our current understanding of the D1 degradation processes in the photosystem II repair cycle. We also discuss the regulation mechanisms of FtsH protease activity, which suggest the flexible oligomerization capability of FtsH in the chloroplasts of seed plants.
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76
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Chloroplast signaling and quality control. Essays Biochem 2017; 62:13-20. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although chloroplasts contain their own genetic system and are semi-autonomous cell organelles, plastid biogenesis and homeostasis are heavily dependent on the nucleo-cytosolic compartment. These two cellular compartments are closely co-ordinated through a complex signaling network comprising both anterograde and retrograde signaling chains. Developmental changes or any perturbation in the chloroplast system induced by a particular stress resulting from changes in environmental conditions such as excess light, elevated temperature, nutrient limitation, pathogen infection, give rise to specific signals. They migrate out of the chloroplast and are perceived by the nucleus where they elicit changes in expression of particular genes that allow for the maintenance of plastid homeostasis toward environmental cues. These genes mainly include those of photosynthesis-associated proteins, chaperones, proteases, nucleases and immune/defense proteins. Besides this transcriptional response, a chloroplast quality control system exists that is involved in the repair and turnover of damaged plastid proteins. This system degrades aggregated or damaged proteins and it can even remove entire chloroplasts when they have suffered heavy damage. This response comprises several processes such as plastid autophagy and ubiquitin–proteasome mediated proteolysis that occurs on the plastid envelope through the action of the ubiquitin–proteasome system.
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77
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Fristedt R, Trotta A, Suorsa M, Nilsson AK, Croce R, Aro EM, Lundin B. PSB33 sustains photosystem II D1 protein under fluctuating light conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4281-4293. [PMID: 28922769 PMCID: PMC5853261 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
On Earth, solar irradiance varies as the sun rises and sets over the horizon, and sunlight is thus in constant fluctuation, following a slow dark-low-high-low-dark curve. Optimal plant growth and development are dependent on the capacity of plants to acclimate and regulate photosynthesis in response to these changes of light. Little is known of regulative processes for photosynthesis during nocturnal events. The nucleus-encoded plant lineage-specific protein PSB33 has been described as stabilizing the photosystem II complex, especially under light stress conditions, and plants lacking PSB33 have a dysfunctional state transition. To clarify the localization and function of this protein, we used phenomic, biochemical and proteomics approaches in the model plant Arabidopsis. We report that PSB33 is predominantly located in non-appressed thylakoid regions and dynamically associates with a thylakoid protein complex in a light-dependent manner. Moreover, plants lacking PSB33 show an accelerated D1 protein degradation in nocturnal periods, and show severely stunted growth when challenged with fluctuating light. We further show that the function of PSB33 precedes the STN7 kinase to regulate or balance the excitation energy of photosystems I and II in fluctuating light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Fristedt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Björn Lundin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kohara R, Yuyama KI, Shigeri Y, Biju V. Blue-Emitting Electron-Donor/Acceptor Dyads for Naked-Eye Fluorescence Detection of Singlet Oxygen. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kohara
- Research Institute for Electronic Science and Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University, N20-W10, Sapporo; Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yuyama
- Research Institute for Electronic Science and Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University, N20-W10, Sapporo; Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - Yasushi Shigeri
- Health Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Takamatsu 761-0395 Japan
| | - Vasudevanpillai Biju
- Research Institute for Electronic Science and Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University, N20-W10, Sapporo; Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
- Health Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Takamatsu 761-0395 Japan
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79
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Fristedt R. Chloroplast function revealed through analysis of GreenCut2 genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2111-2120. [PMID: 28369575 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the green plastids responsible for light-powered photosynthetic reactions and carbon assimilation in the plant cell. Our knowledge of chloroplast functions is constantly increasing and we now know this plastid is predicted to house around 3000 proteins. However, even with generous estimates, we do not know the function of more than 10-15% of these proteins. The next frontier in chloroplast research is to identify and characterize the function of the whole chloroplast proteome, a challenging task due to the inherent complexity a proteome possesses. A logical starting point is to identify and study proteins that have been determined experimentally to be localized in the chloroplast, conserved only among the photosynthetic lineage. These are the proteins with the most probable and important roles in chloroplast function. This review gives an introduction to the GreenCut2, a collection of proteins present only in photosynthetic organisms. By using recent large scale proteomics data, this cut was narrowed to include only those proteins experimentally verified to be localized in the chloroplast, and more specifically to the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane. By using highly informative bioinformatic approaches, the theoretical functional prediction for several of these uncharacterized GreenCut2 proteins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Fristedt
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam,Amsterdam,the Netherlands
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80
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Dogra V, Duan J, Lee KP, Lv S, Liu R, Kim C. FtsH2-Dependent Proteolysis of EXECUTER1 Is Essential in Mediating Singlet Oxygen-Triggered Retrograde Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1145. [PMID: 28706530 PMCID: PMC5489589 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II reaction center (PSII RC) and light-harvesting complex inevitably generate highly reactive singlet oxygen (1O2) that can impose photo-oxidative damage, especially when the rate of generation exceeds the rate of detoxification. Besides being toxic, 1O2 has also been ascribed to trigger retrograde signaling, which leads to nuclear gene expression changes. Two distinctive molecular components appear to regulate 1O2 signaling: a volatile signaling molecule β-cyclocitral (β-CC) generated upon oxidation of β-carotene by 1O2 in PSII RC assembled in grana core, and a thylakoid membrane-bound FtsH2 metalloprotease that promotes 1O2-triggered signaling through the proteolysis of EXECUTER1 (EX1) proteins associated with PSII in grana margin. The role of FtsH2 protease in 1O2 signaling was established recently in the conditional fluorescent (flu) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that generates 1O2 upon dark-to-light shift. The flu mutant lacking functional FtsH2 significantly impairs 1O2-triggered and EX1-mediated cell death. In the present study, the role of FtsH2 in the induction of 1O2 signaling was further clarified by analyzing the FtsH2-dependent nuclear gene expression changes in the flu mutant. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed that the inactivation of FtsH2 repressed the majority (85%) of the EX1-dependent 1O2-responsive genes (SORGs), providing direct connection between FtsH2-mediated EX1 degradation and 1O2-triggered gene expression changes. Furthermore, the overlap between β-CC-induced genes and EX1-FtsH2-dependent genes was very limited, further supporting the coexistence of two distinctive 1O2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Stress Signaling, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Jianli Duan
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Stress Signaling, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Keun Pyo Lee
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Stress Signaling, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Lv
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Stress Signaling, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chanhong Kim,
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81
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Pospíšil P. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Photosystem II as a Response to Light and Temperature Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1950. [PMID: 28082998 PMCID: PMC5183610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of various abiotic stresses on photosynthetic apparatus is inevitably associated with formation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, recent progress on ROS production by photosystem II (PSII) as a response to high light and high temperature is overviewed. Under high light, ROS production is unavoidably associated with energy transfer and electron transport in PSII. Singlet oxygen is produced by the energy transfer form triplet chlorophyll to molecular oxygen formed by the intersystem crossing from singlet chlorophyll in the PSII antennae complex or the recombination of the charge separated radical pair in the PSII reaction center. Apart to triplet chlorophyll, triplet carbonyl formed by lipid peroxidation transfers energy to molecular oxygen forming singlet oxygen. On the PSII electron acceptor side, electron leakage to molecular oxygen forms superoxide anion radical which dismutes to hydrogen peroxide which is reduced by the non-heme iron to hydroxyl radical. On the PSII electron donor side, incomplete water oxidation forms hydrogen peroxide which is reduced by manganese to hydroxyl radical. Under high temperature, dark production of singlet oxygen results from lipid peroxidation initiated by lipoxygenase, whereas incomplete water oxidation forms hydrogen peroxide which is reduced by manganese to hydroxyl radical. The understanding of molecular basis for ROS production by PSII provides new insight into how plants survive under adverse environmental conditions.
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Pospíšil P. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Photosystem II as a Response to Light and Temperature Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1950. [PMID: 28082998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01950/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of various abiotic stresses on photosynthetic apparatus is inevitably associated with formation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, recent progress on ROS production by photosystem II (PSII) as a response to high light and high temperature is overviewed. Under high light, ROS production is unavoidably associated with energy transfer and electron transport in PSII. Singlet oxygen is produced by the energy transfer form triplet chlorophyll to molecular oxygen formed by the intersystem crossing from singlet chlorophyll in the PSII antennae complex or the recombination of the charge separated radical pair in the PSII reaction center. Apart to triplet chlorophyll, triplet carbonyl formed by lipid peroxidation transfers energy to molecular oxygen forming singlet oxygen. On the PSII electron acceptor side, electron leakage to molecular oxygen forms superoxide anion radical which dismutes to hydrogen peroxide which is reduced by the non-heme iron to hydroxyl radical. On the PSII electron donor side, incomplete water oxidation forms hydrogen peroxide which is reduced by manganese to hydroxyl radical. Under high temperature, dark production of singlet oxygen results from lipid peroxidation initiated by lipoxygenase, whereas incomplete water oxidation forms hydrogen peroxide which is reduced by manganese to hydroxyl radical. The understanding of molecular basis for ROS production by PSII provides new insight into how plants survive under adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Czechia
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