51
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Darrigade L, Haghebaert M, Cherbuy C, Labarthe S, Laroche B. A PDMP model of the epithelial cell turn-over in the intestinal crypt including microbiota-derived regulations. J Math Biol 2022; 84:60. [PMID: 35737118 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human health and physiology is strongly influenced by interactions between human cells and intestinal microbiota in the gut. In mammals, the host-microbiota crosstalk is mainly mediated by regulations at the intestinal crypt level: the epithelial cell turnover in crypts is directly influenced by metabolites produced by the microbiota. Conversely, enterocytes maintain hypoxia in the gut, favorable to anaerobic bacteria which dominate the gut microbiota. We constructed an individual-based model of epithelial cells interacting with the microbiota-derived chemicals diffusing in the crypt lumen. This model is formalized as a piecewise deterministic Markov process (PDMP). It accounts for local interactions due to cell contact (among which are mechanical interactions), for cell proliferation, differentiation and extrusion which are regulated spatially or by chemicals concentrations. It also includes chemicals diffusing and reacting with cells. A deterministic approximated model is also introduced for a large population of small cells, expressed as a system of porous media type equations. Both models are extensively studied through numerical exploration. Their biological relevance is thoroughly assessed by recovering bio-markers of an healthy crypt, such as cell population distribution along the crypt or population turn-over rates. Simulation results from the deterministic model are compared to the PMDP model and we take advantage of its lower computational cost to perform a sensitivity analysis by Morris method. We finally use the crypt model to explore butyrate supplementation to enhance recovery after infections by enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Darrigade
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie Haghebaert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Micalis, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Simon Labarthe
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
- Inria, INRAE, Pléiade, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Beatrice Laroche
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRIA, Inria Saclay-Île-de-France, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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52
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Zhang Y, Yin L, Zeng X, Li J, Yin Y, Wang Q, Li J, Yang H. Dietary High Dose of Iron Aggravates the Intestinal Injury but Promotes Intestinal Regeneration by Regulating Intestinal Stem Cells Activity in Adult Mice With Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:870303. [PMID: 35782573 PMCID: PMC9240710 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.870303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of excessive dietary iron intake on the body have been an important topic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-dose iron on intestinal damage and regeneration in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model mice. A total of 72 8-week-old adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two dietary treatment groups: the basal diet supplemented with 45 (control) and 450 mg/kg iron (high-iron) from ferrous sulfate. The mice were fed different diets for 2 weeks, and then 2.5% DSS was orally administered to all mice for 7 days. Samples of different tissues were collected on days 0, 3, and 7 post administration (DPA). High-iron treatment significantly decreased the relative weight of the large intestine at 7 DPA but not at 0 DPA or 3 DPA. High dietary iron increased the jejunal villus width at 0 DPA, decreased the villus width and the crypt depth of the jejunum at 3 DPA, and decreased the number of colonic crypts at 7 DPA. Meanwhile, high dietary iron decreased the number of goblet cells in the jejunal villi and the Paneth cells in the jejunal crypts at 0 DPA, increased the number of goblet cells per crypt of the colon at 3 DPA, and the number of Paneth cells in the jejunal crypts, the goblet cells in the colon, the Ki67-positive proliferating cells in the colon, and the Sex-determining region Y-box transcription factor 9+ (SOX9) cells in the jejunum crypts and colon at 7 DPA. The organoid formation rate was increased by high-iron treatments at 3 DPA and 7 DPA. High dietary iron treatment decreased the mRNA level of jejunal jagged canonical Notch ligand 2 (Jag-2) at 0 DPA and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) and neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 8 (Nedd8) in the jejunum and colon at 7 DPA, whereas it increased the mRNA expression of the serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1) in the colon at 3 DPA. The results suggested that a high dose of iron aggravated intestinal injury but promoted intestinal repair by regulating intestinal epithelial cell renewal and intestinal stem cell activity in adult mice with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Zhang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lanmei Yin
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lanmei Yin
| | - Xianglin Zeng
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Yinxiang Group, Fujian Aonong BiologicaI Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Yinxiang Group, Fujian Aonong BiologicaI Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou, China
- Huansheng Yang
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53
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Palikuqi B, Rispal J, Klein O. Good Neighbors: The Niche that Fine Tunes Mammalian Intestinal Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040865. [PMID: 34580119 PMCID: PMC9159262 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous cellular turnover, making it an attractive model to study tissue renewal and regeneration. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) can both self-renew and differentiate along all epithelial cell lineages. Decisions about which fate to pursue are controlled by a balance between high Wnt signaling at the crypt bottom, where Lgr5 + ISCs reside, and increasing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) levels toward the villus, where differentiated cells are located. Under stress conditions, epithelial cells in the intestine are quite plastic, with dedifferentiation, the reversal of cell fate from a differentiated cell to a more stem-like cell, allowing for most mature epithelial cell types to acquire stem cell-like properties. The ISC niche, mainly made up of mesenchymal, immune, enteric neuronal, and endothelial cells, plays a central role in maintaining the physiological function of the intestine. Additionally, the immune system and the microbiome play an essential role in regulating intestinal renewal. The development of various mouse models, organoid co-cultures and single-cell technologies has led to advances in understanding signals emanating from the mesenchymal niche. Here, we review how intestinal regeneration is driven by stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, with an emphasis on the niche that fine tunes these processes in both homeostasis and injury conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Palikuqi
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
| | - Jérémie Rispal
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
| | - Ophir Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences
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54
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Hautefort I, Poletti M, Papp D, Korcsmaros T. Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Organoid-Based Models (and Never Dared to Ask). Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:311-331. [PMID: 35643188 PMCID: PMC9233279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic functions of a living tissue, such as the gastrointestinal tract, rely on highly sophisticated and finely tuned cell-to-cell interactions. These crosstalks evolve and continuously are refined as the tissue develops and give rise to specialized cells performing general and tissue-specific functions. To study these systems, stem cell-based in vitro models, often called organoids, and non-stem cell-based primary cell aggregates (called spheroids) appeared just over a decade ago. These models still are evolving and gaining complexity, making them the state-of-the-art models for studying cellular crosstalk in the gastrointestinal tract, and to investigate digestive pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and liver diseases. However, the use of organoid- or spheroid-based models to recapitulate in vitro the highly complex structure of in vivo tissue remains challenging, and mainly restricted to expert developmental cell biologists. Here, we condense the founding knowledge and key literature information that scientists adopting the organoid technology for the first time need to consider when using these models for novel biological questions. We also include information that current organoid/spheroid users could use to add to increase the complexity to their existing models. We highlight the current and prospective evolution of these models through bridging stem cell biology with biomaterial and scaffold engineering research areas. Linking these complementary fields will increase the in vitro mimicry of in vivo tissue, and potentially lead to more successful translational biomedical applications. Deepening our understanding of the nature and dynamic fine-tuning of intercellular crosstalks will enable identifying novel signaling targets for new or repurposed therapeutics used in many multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hautefort
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Papp
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Organisms and Ecosystems Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Gut Microbes and Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, London, United Kingdom.
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55
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Fink M, Wrana JL. Regulation of homeostasis and regeneration in the adult intestinal epithelium by the TGF-β superfamily. Dev Dyn 2022; 252:445-462. [PMID: 35611490 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The delicate balance between the homeostatic maintenance and regenerative capacity of the intestine makes this a fascinating tissue of study. The intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous homeostatic renewal but is also exposed to a diverse array of stresses that can range from physiological processes such as digestion, to exposure to infectious agents, drugs, radiation therapy, and inflammatory stimuli. The intestinal epithelium has thus evolved to efficiently maintain and reinstate proper barrier function that is essential for intestinal integrity and function. Factors governing homeostatic epithelial turnover are well described, however, the dynamic regenerative mechanisms that occur following injury are the subject of intense ongoing investigations. The TGF-β superfamily is a key regulator of both homeostatic renewal and regenerative processes of the intestine. Here we review the roles of TGF-β and BMP on the adult intestinal epithelium during self-renewal and injury to provide a framework for understanding how this major family of morphogens can tip the scale between intestinal health and disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi Fink
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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56
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Xie L, Fletcher RB, Bhatia D, Shah D, Phipps J, Deshmukh S, Zhang H, Ye J, Lee S, Le L, Newman M, Chen H, Sura A, Gupta S, Sanman LE, Yang F, Meng W, Baribault H, Vanhove GF, Yeh WC, Li Y, Lu C. Robust Colonic Epithelial Regeneration and Amelioration of Colitis via FZD-Specific Activation of Wnt Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:435-464. [PMID: 35569814 PMCID: PMC9305022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current management of inflammatory bowel disease leaves a clear unmet need to treat the severe epithelial damage. Modulation of Wnt signaling might present an opportunity to achieve histological remission and mucosal healing when treating IBD. Exogenous R-spondin, which amplifies Wnt signals by maintaining cell surface expression of Frizzled (Fzd) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptors, not only helps repair intestine epithelial damage, but also induces hyperplasia of normal epithelium. Wnt signaling may also be modulated with the recently developed Wnt mimetics, recombinant antibody-based molecules mimicking endogenous Wnts. METHODS We first compared the epithelial healing effects of RSPO2 and a Wnt mimetic with broad Fzd specificity in an acute dextran sulfate sodium mouse colitis model. Guided by Fzd expression patterns in the colon epithelium, we also examined the effects of Wnt mimetics with subfamily Fzd specificities. RESULTS In the DSS model, Wnt mimetics repaired damaged colon epithelium and reduced disease activity and inflammation and had no apparent effect on uninjured tissue. We further identified that the FZD5/8 and LRP6 receptor-specific Wnt mimetic, SZN-1326-p, was associated with the robust repair effect. Through a range of approaches including single-cell transcriptome analyses, we demonstrated that SZN-1326-p directly impacted epithelial cells, driving transient expansion of stem and progenitor cells, promoting differentiation of epithelial cells, histologically restoring the damaged epithelium, and secondarily to epithelial repair, reducing inflammation. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to design Wnt mimetics such as SZN-1326-p that impact damaged intestine epithelium specifically and restore its physiological functions, an approach that holds promise for treating epithelial damage in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenggang Lu
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Chenggang Lu, PhD, Surrozen, Inc., 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 400, South San Francisco, CA 94080.
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57
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Perez K, Ngollo M, Rabinowitz K, Hammoudi N, Seksik P, Xavier RJ, Daly MJ, Dotan I, Le Bourhis L, Allez M. Meta-Analysis of IBD Gut Samples Gene Expression Identifies Specific Markers of Ileal and Colonic Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:775-782. [PMID: 34928348 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue damages in limited segments of the digestive tract. Pathogenesis in the tissue and mucosal inflammation probably differs according to disease location. Our aim was to further analyze transcriptomic profiles in different locations of IBD, differentiating ulcerative colitis (UC), colonic Crohn's disease (CD), ileal CD, and pouchitis, with respect to normal colonic and ileal mucosa. We thus performed a meta-analysis focusing on specific transcriptomic signatures of ileal and colonic diseases. METHODS We identified 5 cohorts with available transcriptomic data in ileal or colonic samples from active IBD and non-IBD control samples. The meta-analysis was performed on 1047 samples. In each cohort separately, we compared gene expression in CD ileitis and normal ileum; in CD colitis, UC, and normal colon; and finally in pouchitis and normal ileum. RESULTS We identified specific markers of ileal (FOLH1, CA2) and colonic (REG3A) inflammation and showed that, with disease, some cells from the ileum start to express colonic markers. We confirmed by immunohistochemistry that these markers were specifically present in ileal or colonic diseases. We highlighted that, overall, colonic CD resembles UC and is distinct from ileal CD, which is in turn closer to pouchitis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that ileal and colonic diseases exhibit specific signatures, independent of their initial clinical classification. This supports molecular, rather than clinical, disease stratification, and may be used to design drugs specifically targeting ileal or colonic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Perez
- EMily (INSERM U1160), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marjolaine Ngollo
- EMily (INSERM U1160), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Keren Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nassim Hammoudi
- EMily (INSERM U1160), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Asisstance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Seksik
- Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Université de la Sorbonne, Asisstance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lionel Le Bourhis
- EMily (INSERM U1160), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Allez
- EMily (INSERM U1160), Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Asisstance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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58
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Širvinskas D, Omrani O, Lu J, Rasa M, Krepelova A, Adam L, Kaeppel S, Sommer F, Neri F. Single-cell atlas of the aging mouse colon. iScience 2022; 25:104202. [PMID: 35479413 PMCID: PMC9035718 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed massive single-cell sequencing in the aging mouse colonic epithelium and immune cells. We identified novel compartment-specific markers as well as dramatic aging-associated changes in cell composition and signaling pathways, including a shift from absorptive to secretory epithelial cells, depletion of naive lymphocytes, and induction of eIF2 signaling. Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of death within the western world, incidence of which increases with age. The colonic epithelium is a rapidly renewing tissue, tasked with water and nutrient absorption, as well as hosting intestinal microbes. The colonic submucosa is populated with immune cells interacting with and regulating the epithelial cells. However, it is unknown whether compartment-specific changes occur during aging and what impact this would cause. We show that both epithelial and immune cells differ significantly between colonic compartments and experience significant age-related changes in mice. We found a shift in the absorptive-secretory cell balance, possibly linked to age-associated intestinal disturbances, such as malabsorption. We demonstrate marked changes in aging immune cells: population shifts and interactions with epithelial cells, linking cytokines (Ifn-γ, Il1B) with the aging of colonic epithelium. Our results provide new insights into the normal and age-associated states of the colon. Mouse colon shows compartment-specific transcriptional and population differences Old animal colon switches to a pro-inflammatory state Changes in epithelium linked to changes in tissue-resident immune cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Omrani
- Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mahdi Rasa
- Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Krepelova
- Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Adam
- Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Kaeppel
- Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Francesco Neri
- Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Corresponding author
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59
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Duque-Correa MA, Goulding D, Rodgers FH, Gillis JA, Cormie C, Rawlinson KA, Bancroft AJ, Bennett HM, Lotkowska ME, Reid AJ, Speak AO, Scott P, Redshaw N, Tolley C, McCarthy C, Brandt C, Sharpe C, Ridley C, Moya JG, Carneiro CM, Starborg T, Hayes KS, Holroyd N, Sanders M, Thornton DJ, Grencis RK, Berriman M. Defining the early stages of intestinal colonisation by whipworms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1725. [PMID: 35365634 PMCID: PMC8976045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whipworms are large metazoan parasites that inhabit multi-intracellular epithelial tunnels in the large intestine of their hosts, causing chronic disease in humans and other mammals. How first-stage larvae invade host epithelia and establish infection remains unclear. Here we investigate early infection events using both Trichuris muris infections of mice and murine caecaloids, the first in-vitro system for whipworm infection and organoid model for live helminths. We show that larvae degrade mucus layers to access epithelial cells. In early syncytial tunnels, larvae are completely intracellular, woven through multiple live dividing cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing of infected mouse caecum, we reveal that progression of infection results in cell damage and an expansion of enterocytes expressing of Isg15, potentially instigating the host immune response to the whipworm and tissue repair. Our results unravel intestinal epithelium invasion by whipworms and reveal specific host-parasite interactions that allow the whipworm to establish its multi-intracellular niche. Whipworms are large parasites causing chronic disease in humans and other mammals. Here, the authors show how larvae create tunnels inside the gut lining and reveal the early host response to infection via Isg15 in mice and murine caecaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Duque-Correa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Faye H Rodgers
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Mogrify Ltd, 25 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0FW, UK
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Claire Cormie
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kate A Rawlinson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Allison J Bancroft
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hayley M Bennett
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Magda E Lotkowska
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul Scott
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nicholas Redshaw
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Charlotte Tolley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine McCarthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Catherine Sharpe
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,InstilBio, UMIC Bio-Incubator, Manchester, M13 9XX, UK
| | - Caroline Ridley
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Prime Global Medical Communications, Knutsford, WA16 8GP, UK
| | - Judit Gali Moya
- Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Claudia M Carneiro
- Immunopathology Laboratory, NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Universitario Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Tobias Starborg
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Kelly S Hayes
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Thornton
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Richard K Grencis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
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60
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Zhang T, Ding C, Chen H, Zhao J, Chen Z, Chen B, Mao K, Hao Y, Roulis M, Xu H, Kluger Y, Zou Q, Ye Y, Zhan M, Flavell RA, Li HB. m 6A mRNA modification maintains colonic epithelial cell homeostasis via NF-κB-mediated antiapoptotic pathway. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5723. [PMID: 35333576 PMCID: PMC8956260 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction is one of the major causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms underlying mucosal barrier dysfunction are poorly understood. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modification is an important modulator of epitranscriptional regulation of gene expression, participating in multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, the function of m6A modification in colonic epithelial cells and stem cells is unknown. Here, we show that m6A modification is essential for maintaining the homeostatic self-renewal in colonic stem cells. Specific deletion of the methyltransferase 14 (Mettl14) gene in mouse colon resulted in colonic stem cell apoptosis, causing mucosal barrier dysfunction and severe colitis. Mechanistically, we revealed that Mettl14 restricted colonic epithelial cell death by regulating the stability of Nfkbia mRNA and modulating the NF-κB pathway. Our results identified a previously unidentified role for m6A modification in colonic epithelial cells and stem cells, suggesting that m6A modification may be a potential therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine–Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chenbo Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine–Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huifang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine–Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
| | - Zhejun Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Baiwen Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kaiqiong Mao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine–Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yajuan Hao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine–Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Manolis Roulis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
| | - Qiang Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine–Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8055, USA
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61
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Zindl CL, Witte SJ, Laufer VA, Gao M, Yue Z, Janowski KM, Cai B, Frey BF, Silberger DJ, Harbour SN, Singer JR, Turner H, Lund FE, Vallance BA, Rosenberg AF, Schoeb TR, Chen JY, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. A nonredundant role for T cell-derived interleukin 22 in antibacterial defense of colonic crypts. Immunity 2022; 55:494-511.e11. [PMID: 35263568 PMCID: PMC9126440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is central to immune defense at barrier sites. We examined the contributions of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and T cell-derived IL-22 during Citrobacter rodentium (C.r) infection using mice that both report Il22 expression and allow lineage-specific deletion. ILC-derived IL-22 activated STAT3 in C.r-colonized surface intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but only temporally restrained bacterial growth. T cell-derived IL-22 induced a more robust and extensive activation of STAT3 in IECs, including IECs lining colonic crypts, and T cell-specific deficiency of IL-22 led to pathogen invasion of the crypts and increased mortality. This reflected a requirement for T cell-derived IL-22 for the expression of a host-protective transcriptomic program that included AMPs, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, and mucin-related molecules, and it restricted IFNγ-induced proinflammatory genes. Our findings demonstrate spatiotemporal differences in the production and action of IL-22 by ILCs and T cells during infection and reveal an indispensable role for IL-22-producing T cells in the protection of the intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vincent A Laufer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karen M Janowski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Blake F Frey
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Singer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Henrietta Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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62
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Klingler S, Hsu KS, Hua G, Martin ML, Adileh M, Baslan T, Zhang Z, Paty PB, Fuks Z, Brown AM, Kolesnick R. Disruption of the crypt niche promotes outgrowth of mutated colorectal tumor stem cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153793. [PMID: 35260534 PMCID: PMC8983138 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data establish a logarithmic expansion of leucine rich repeat containing G protein coupled receptor 5–positive (Lgr5+) colonic epithelial stem cells (CESCs) in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Complementary studies using the murine 2-stage azoxymethane–dextran sulfate sodium (AOM-DSS) colitis-associated tumor model indicate early acquisition of Wnt pathway mutations drives CESC expansion during adenoma progression. Here, subdivision of the AOM-DSS model into in vivo and in vitro stages revealed DSS induced physical separation of CESCs from stem cell niche cells and basal lamina, a source of Wnt signals, within hours, disabling the stem cell program. While AOM delivery in vivo under non-adenoma-forming conditions yielded phenotypically normal mucosa and organoids derived thereof, niche injury ex vivo by progressive DSS dose escalation facilitated outgrowth of Wnt-independent dysplastic organoids. These organoids contained 10-fold increased Lgr5+ CESCs with gain-of-function Wnt mutations orthologous to human CRC driver mutations. We posit CRC originates by niche injury–induced outgrowth of normally suppressed mutated stem cells, consistent with models of adaptive oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klingler
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kuo-Shun Hsu
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guoqiang Hua
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maria Laura Martin
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohammad Adileh
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zvi Fuks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Anthony Mc Brown
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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63
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Yu S, Peng HR, Zhang YK, Yin YQ, Zhou JW. Central dopaminergic control of cell proliferation in the colonic epithelium. Neurosci Res 2022; 180:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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64
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Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires TH, Sollier K, Zamfirov L, Broders-Bondon F, Mitrossilis D, Bermeo S, Guerin CL, Chipont A, Champenois G, Leclère R, André N, Ranno L, Michel A, Ménager C, Meseure D, Demené C, Tanter M, Fernández-Sánchez ME, Farge E. Ret kinase-mediated mechanical induction of colon stem cells by tumor growth pressure stimulates cancer progression in vivo. Commun Biol 2022; 5:137. [PMID: 35177769 PMCID: PMC8854631 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How mechanical stress actively impacts the physiology and pathophysiology of cells and tissues is little investigated in vivo. The colon is constantly submitted to multi-frequency spontaneous pulsatile mechanical waves, which highest frequency functions, of 2 s period, remain poorly understood. Here we find in vivo that high frequency pulsatile mechanical stresses maintain the physiological level of mice colon stem cells (SC) through the mechanosensitive Ret kinase. When permanently stimulated by a magnetic mimicking-tumor growth analogue pressure, we find that SC levels pathologically increase and undergo mechanically induced hyperproliferation and tumorigenic transformation. To mimic the high frequency pulsatile mechanical waves, we used a generator of pulsed magnetic force stimulation in colonic tissues pre-magnetized with ultra-magnetic liposomes. We observed the pulsatile stresses using last generation ultra-wave dynamical high-resolution imaging. Finally, we find that the specific pharmacological inhibition of Ret mechanical activation induces the regression of spontaneous formation of SC, of CSC markers, and of spontaneous sporadic tumorigenesis in Apc mutated mice colons. Consistently, in human colon cancer tissues, Ret activation in epithelial cells increases with tumor grade, and partially decreases in leaking invasive carcinoma. High frequency pulsatile physiological mechanical stresses thus constitute a new niche that Ret-dependently fuels mice colon physiological SC level. This process is pathologically over-activated in the presence of permanent pressure due to the growth of tumors initiated by pre-existing genetic alteration, leading to mechanotransductive self-enhanced tumor progression in vivo, and repressed by pharmacological inhibition of Ret. Ho-Bouldoires, Sollier, Zamfirov and Broders-Bondon et al. show that high frequency pulsatile mechanical stresses maintain the physiological level of mice colon stem cells through the mechanosensitive Ret kinase and that Ret activation is elevated in human colon cancer tissue. They go on to show that the maintenance of such stimulation in the form of tumour growth pressure results in mechanically-induced hyperproliferation and tumorigenic transformation of stem cells, which can be prevented by Ret kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Huong Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Kévin Sollier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Laura Zamfirov
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.,Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Inserm U1273, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Florence Broders-Bondon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Démosthène Mitrossilis
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou St., 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Sebastian Bermeo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Chipont
- Cytometry Platform, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Champenois
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Leclère
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas André
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Ranno
- NEEL Institut, CNRS, Grenoble Alpes University, F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Aude Michel
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS UMR 8234, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christine Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire PHENIX Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS UMR 8234, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Charlie Demené
- Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Inserm U1273, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine Paris, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, Inserm U1273, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria Elena Fernández-Sánchez
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel Farge
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 168, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Curie, Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumoral Development team, INSERM, F-75005, Paris, France.
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65
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Brown MA, Ried T. Shifting the Focus of Signaling Abnormalities in Colon Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:784. [PMID: 35159051 PMCID: PMC8834070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer tumorigenesis occurs incrementally. The process involves the acquisition of mutations which typically follow an established pattern: activation of WNT signaling, activation of RAS signaling, and inhibition of TGF-β signaling. This arrangement recapitulates, to some degree, the stem cell niche of the intestinal epithelium, which maintains WNT and EGF activity while suppressing TGF-β. The resemblance between the intestinal stem cell environment and colon cancer suggests that the concerted activity of these pathways generates and maintains a potent growth-inducing stimulus. However, each pathway has a myriad of downstream targets, making it difficult to identify which aspects of these pathways are drivers. To address this, we utilize the cell cycle, the ultimate regulator of cell proliferation, as a foundation for cross-pathway integration. We attempt to generate an overview of colon cancer signaling patterns by integrating the major colon cancer signaling pathways in the context of cell replication, specifically, the entrance from G1 into S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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66
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Chewing the Fat with Microbes: Lipid Crosstalk in the Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030573. [PMID: 35276931 PMCID: PMC8840455 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly important for any project aimed at understanding the effects of diet on human health, to also consider the combined effect of the trillions of microbes within the gut which modify and are modified by dietary nutrients. A healthy microbiome is diverse and contributes to host health, partly via the production and subsequent host absorption of secondary metabolites. Many of the beneficial bacteria in the gut rely on specific nutrients, such as dietary fiber, to survive and thrive. In the absence of those nutrients, the relative proportion of good commensal bacteria dwindles while communities of opportunistic, and potentially pathogenic, bacteria expand. Therefore, it is unsurprising that both diet and the gut microbiome have been associated with numerous human diseases. Inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are associated with the presence of certain pathogenic bacteria and risk increases with consumption of a Western diet, which is typically high in fat, protein, and refined carbohydrates, but low in plant-based fibers. Indeed, despite increased screening and better care, colorectal cancer is still the 2nd leading cause of cancer death in the US and is the 3rd most diagnosed cancer among US men and women. Rates are rising worldwide as diets are becoming more westernized, alongside rising rates of metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes. Understanding how a modern diet influences the microbiota and how subsequent microbial alterations effect human health will become essential in guiding personalized nutrition and healthcare in the future. Herein, we will summarize some of the latest advances in understanding of the three-way interaction between the human host, the gut microbiome, and the specific class of dietary nutrients, lipids.
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67
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Markandey M, Bajaj A, Ilott NE, Kedia S, Travis S, Powrie F, Ahuja V. Gut microbiota: sculptors of the intestinal stem cell niche in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1990827. [PMID: 34747326 PMCID: PMC8583176 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1990827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium represents a dynamic and diverse cellular system that continuously interacts with gut commensals and external cues. Intestinal stem cells, which lie at the heart of epithelial renewal and turnover, proliferate to maintain a steady stem cell population and differentiate to form functional epithelial cell types. This rather sophisticated assembly-line is maintained by an elaborate micro-environment, sculpted by a myriad of host and gut microbiota-derived signals, forming an intestinal stem cell niche. This complex, yet crucial signaling niche undergoes dynamic changes during homeostasis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Inflammatory bowel disease refers to a chronic inflammatory response toward pathogenic or commensal microbiota, in a genetically susceptible host. Compositional and functional alterations in gut microbiota are pathognomonic of IBD.The present review highlights the modulatory role of gut microbiota on the intestinal stem cell niche during homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. We discuss the mechanisms of direct action of gut commensals (through microbiota-derived or microbiota-influenced metabolites) on ISCs, followed by their effects via other epithelial and immune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvini Markandey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,CONTACT Vineet Ahuja Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
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68
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Su X, Zhang M, Qi H, Gao Y, Yang Y, Yun H, Zhang Q, Yang X, Zhang Y, He J, Fan Y, Wang Y, Guo P, Zhang C, Yang R. Gut microbiota-derived metabolite 3-idoleacetic acid together with LPS induces IL-35 + B cell generation. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:13. [PMID: 35074011 PMCID: PMC8785567 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-35-producing Bregs and Treg cells critically regulate chronic illnesses worldwide via mechanisms related to disrupting the gut microbiota composition. However, whether the gut microbiota regulates these IL-35+ cells remains elusive. We herein investigated the regulatory effects of the gut microbiota on IL-35+ cells by using genetically modified mouse models of obesity. RESULTS We first found that gut Reg4 promoted resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Using 16S rRNA sequencing combined with LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry)/MS, we demonstrated that gut Reg4 associated with bacteria such as Lactobacillus promoted the generation of IL-35+ B cells through 3-idoleacetic acid (IAA) in the presence of LPS. HuREG4IECtg mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited marked IL-35+ cell accumulation in not only their adipose tissues but also their colons, whereas decreased IL-35+ cell accumulation was observed in the adipose and colon tissues of Reg4 knockout (KO) mice. We also found that Reg4 mediated HFD-induced obesity resistance via IL-35. Lower levels of IAA were also detected in the peripheral blood of individuals with obesity compared with nonobese subjects. Mechanistically, IAA together with LPS mediated IL-35+ B cells through PXR and TLR4. KO of PXR or TLR4 impaired the generation of IL-35+ B cells. CONCLUSION Together, IAA and LPS induce the generation of IL-35+ B cells through PXR and TLR4. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Minying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Houbao Qi
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhuan Gao
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yazheng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Huan Yun
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qianjing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiangshan He
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yaqi Fan
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuxue Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chunze Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Häfliger J, Morsy Y, Scharl M, Wawrzyniak M. From Patient Material to New Discoveries: a Methodological Review and Guide for Intestinal Stem Cell Researchers. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1309-1321. [PMID: 35038103 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are characterized by their ability to continuously self-renew and differentiate into various functionally distinct intestinal epithelial cell types. Impaired stem cell proliferation and differentiation can cause severe dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and lead to the development of several clinical disorders. Animal mouse models provide a valuable platform to study ISC function, disease mechanisms, and the intestinal epithelium's regenerative capacity upon tissue damage. However, advanced in vitro systems that are more relevant to human physiology are needed to understand better the diverse disease-triggering factors and the heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. Intestinal biopsies from patients might serve as potent starting material for such "gut-in-a-dish" approaches. While many promising tools for intestinal tissue processing, in vitro expansion, and downstream analysis have been developed in recent years, a comprehensive guide with recommendations to successfully launch or improve intestinal stem cell culture is missing. In this review, we present a selection of currently established methods, highlight recent publications and discuss the potential and limitations of those methodological approaches to facilitate and support the future design of novel and more personalized therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Häfliger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Sternwartstrasse 14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Das S, Feng Q, Balasubramanian I, Lin X, Liu H, Pellón-Cardenas O, Yu S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wei Z, Bonder EM, Verzi MP, Hsu W, Zhang L, Wang TC, Gao N. Colonic healing requires Wnt produced by epithelium as well as Tagln+ and Acta2+ stromal cells. Development 2022; 149:273689. [PMID: 34910127 PMCID: PMC8881740 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although Wnt signaling is clearly important for the intestinal epithelial homeostasis, the relevance of various sources of Wnt ligands themselves remains incompletely understood. Blocking the release of Wnt in distinct stromal cell types suggests obligatory functions of several stromal cell sources and yields different observations. The physiological contribution of epithelial Wnt to tissue homeostasis remains unclear. We show here that blocking epithelial Wnts affects colonic Reg4+ epithelial cell differentiation and impairs colonic epithelial regeneration after injury in mice. Single-cell RNA analysis of intestinal stroma showed that the majority of Wnt-producing cells were contained in transgelin (Tagln+) and smooth muscle actin α2 (Acta2+) expressing populations. We genetically attenuated Wnt production from these stromal cells using Tagln-Cre and Acta2-CreER drivers, and found that blockage of Wnt release from either epithelium or Tagln+ and Acta2+ stromal cells impaired colonic epithelial healing after chemical-induced injury. Aggregated blockage of Wnt release from both epithelium and Tagln+ or Acta2+ stromal cells drastically diminished epithelial repair, increasing morbidity and mortality. These results from two uncharacterized stromal populations suggested that colonic recovery from colitis-like injury depends on multiple Wnt-producing sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyashree Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Edward M. Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Wei Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 04642, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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A High-Fat Diet Activates the BAs-FXR Axis and Triggers Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Properties in the Colon. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1141-1159. [PMID: 34971821 PMCID: PMC8873938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dietary signals are known to modulate stemness and tumorigenicity of intestinal progenitors; however, the impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche and its association with colorectal cancer remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate how a HFD affects the ISC niche and its regulatory factors. METHODS Mice were fed a purified diet (PD) or HFD for 2 months. The expression levels of ISC-related markers, ISC-supportive signals, and Wnt2b were assessed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence staining. RNA sequencing and metabolic function were analyzed in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from PD- and HFD-fed mice. Fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16s rRNA sequencing. Bile salt hydrolase activity and bile acid (BA) levels were measured. RESULTS We found that expression of CD44 and Wnt signal-related genes was higher in the colonic crypts of HFD-fed mice than in those fed a PD. Within the ISC niche, MSCs were expanded and secreted predominant levels of Wnt2b in the colon of HFD-fed mice. Of note, increased energy metabolism and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like properties were found in the colonic MSCs of HFD-fed mice. Moreover, colonic MSCs from HFD-fed mice promoted the growth of tumorigenic properties and accelerated the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC)-related markers in colon organoids. In particular, production of primary and secondary BAs was increased through the expansion of bile salt hydrolase-encoding bacteria in HFD-fed mice. Most importantly, BAs-FXR interaction stimulated Wnt2b production in colonic CAF-like MSCs. CONCLUSIONS HFD-induced colonic CAF-like MSCs play an indispensable role in balancing the properties of CSCs through activation of the BAs-FXR axis.
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Meyer AR, Brown ME, McGrath PS, Dempsey PJ. Injury-Induced Cellular Plasticity Drives Intestinal Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:843-856. [PMID: 34915204 PMCID: PMC8803615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the intestine, particularly the stem cell compartment, is affected by harsh conditions in the luminal environment and also is susceptible to genotoxic agents such as radiation and chemotherapy. Therefore, the ability for intestinal epithelial cells to revert to a stem cell state is an important physiological damage response to regenerate the intestinal epithelium at sites of mucosal injury. Many signaling networks involved in maintaining the stem cell niche are activated as part of the damage response to promote cellular plasticity and regeneration. The relative contribution of each cell type and signaling pathway is a critical area of ongoing research, likely dependent on the nature of injury as well as the regional specification within the intestine. Here, we review the current understanding of the multicellular cooperation to restore the intestinal epithelium after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter J. Dempsey
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Peter J. Dempsey, PhD, Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1775 Aurora Court, Barbara Davis Center, M20–3306, Aurora, Colorado 80045. fax: (303) 724-6538.
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73
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Identifying key regulators of the intestinal stem cell niche. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2163-2176. [PMID: 34665221 PMCID: PMC8589435 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is lined by a single layer of epithelium that is one of the fastest regenerating tissues in the body and which therefore requires a very active and exquisitely controlled stem cell population. Rapid renewal of the epithelium is necessary to provide a continuous physical barrier from the intestinal luminal microenvironment that contains abundant microorganisms, whilst also ensuring an efficient surface for the absorption of dietary components. Specialised epithelial cell populations are important for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and are derived from adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Actively cycling ISCs divide by a neutral drift mechanism yielding either ISCs or transit-amplifying epithelial cells, the latter of which differentiate to become either absorptive lineages or to produce secretory factors that contribute further to intestinal barrier maintenance or signal to other cellular compartments. The mechanisms controlling ISC abundance, longevity and activity are regulated by several different cell populations and signalling pathways in the intestinal lamina propria which together form the ISC niche. However, the complexity of the ISC niche and communication mechanisms between its different components are only now starting to be unravelled with the assistance of intestinal organoid/enteroid/colonoid and single-cell imaging and sequencing technologies. This review explores the interaction between well-established and emerging ISC niche components, their impact on the intestinal epithelium in health and in the context of intestinal injury and highlights future directions and implications for this rapidly developing field.
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Dai J, He Y, Jiang M, Niu M, Li B, Wu Z, Bao J, Wen L, Wang X, Hu G. Reg4 regulates pancreatic regeneration following pancreatitis via modulating the Notch signaling. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7565-7577. [PMID: 33899235 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic regeneration after acute pancreatitis is critical in the normal restoration of pancreatic exocrine function, the inhibition of which can cause severe complications including pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. However, the regulators of pancreatic regeneration and the underlying mechanisms remain uncovered. Here, using the inducible Tet-on system, we found that regenerating family member 4 (Reg4) knockdown significantly impaired pancreatic regeneration after pancreatitis. Both acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and the resolution of pancreatitis during regeneration were affected by Reg4 knockdown. Further investigations confirmed that Reg4 exerted its function through regulating Notch activation both in vitro and in vivo. Our study revealed Reg4 as a new regulator and potential therapeutic target for pancreatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Head and Neck, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengkai Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingpiao Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingpeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Modeling Intestinal Stem Cell Function with Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010912. [PMID: 34681571 PMCID: PMC8535974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are crucial for the digestive process and nutrient absorption. The intestinal epithelium is composed of the different cell types of the small intestine (mainly, enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, and tuft cells). The small intestine is characterized by the presence of crypt-villus units that are in a state of homeostatic cell turnover. Organoid technology enables an efficient expansion of intestinal epithelial tissue in vitro. Thus, organoids hold great promise for use in medical research and in the development of new treatments. At present, the cholinergic system involved in IECs and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are attracting a great deal of attention. Thus, understanding the biological processes triggered by epithelial cholinergic activation by acetylcholine (ACh), which is produced and released from neuronal and/or non-neuronal tissue, is of key importance. Cholinergic signaling via ACh receptors plays a pivotal role in IEC growth and differentiation. Here, we discuss current views on neuronal innervation and non-neuronal control of the small intestinal crypts and their impact on ISC proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance. Since technology using intestinal organoid culture systems is advancing, we also outline an organoid-based organ replacement approach for intestinal diseases.
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Capdevila C, Trifas M, Miller J, Anderson T, Sims PA, Yan KS. Cellular origins and lineage relationships of the intestinal epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G413-G425. [PMID: 34431400 PMCID: PMC8560372 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00188.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the development and hierarchical organization of tissues is key to understanding how they are perturbed in injury and disease, as well as how they may be therapeutically manipulated to restore homeostasis. The rapidly regenerating intestinal epithelium harbors diverse cell types and their lineage relationships have been studied using numerous approaches, from classical label-retaining and genetic lineage tracing methods to novel transcriptome-based annotations. Here, we describe the developmental trajectories that dictate differentiation and lineage specification in the intestinal epithelium. We focus on the most recent single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq)-based strategies for understanding intestinal epithelial cell lineage relationships, underscoring how they have refined our view of the development of this tissue and highlighting their advantages and limitations. We emphasize how these technologies have been applied to understand the dynamics of intestinal epithelial cells in homeostatic and injury-induced regeneration models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Capdevila
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria Trifas
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Troy Anderson
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Ara T, Hashimoto D. Novel Insights Into the Mechanism of GVHD-Induced Tissue Damage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713631. [PMID: 34512636 PMCID: PMC8429834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylaxis for and treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are essential for successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and mainly consist of immunosuppressants such as calcineurin inhibitors. However, profound immunosuppression can lead to tumor relapse and infectious complications, which emphasizes the necessity of developing novel management strategies for GVHD. Emerging evidence has revealed that tissue-specific mechanisms maintaining tissue homeostasis and promoting tissue tolerance to combat GVHD are damaged after allo-SCT, resulting in exacerbation and treatment refractoriness of GVHD. In the gastrointestinal tract, epithelial regeneration derived from intestinal stem cells (ISCs), a microenvironment that maintains healthy gut microbiota, and physical and chemical mucosal barrier functions against pathogens are damaged by conditioning regimens and/or GVHD. The administration of growth factors for cells that maintain intestinal homeostasis, such as interleukin-22 (IL-22) for ISCs, R-spondin 1 (R-Spo1) for ISCs and Paneth cells, and interleukin-25 (IL-25) for goblet cells, mitigates murine GVHD. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of GVHD-induced tissue damage and emerging strategies for the management of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Ara
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Leystra AA, Harvey KN, Kaunga E, Hensley H, Vanderveer LA, Devarajan K, Clapper ML. High Variability in Cellular Proliferation, Gene Expression, and Cytokine Production in the Nonneoplastic Colonic Epithelium of Young Apc+/Min-FCCC Mice. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705562. [PMID: 34513688 PMCID: PMC8429936 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An urgent need exists to identify efficacious therapeutic preventive interventions for individuals who are at high risk of developing colorectal cancer. To maximize the benefits of preventive intervention, it is vital to identify the time interval during which the initiation of a preventive intervention will lead to an optimal outcome. The goal of the present study was to determine if oncogenic events can be detected in the nonneoplastic colonic mucosa of Apc+/Min-FCCC mice prior to formation of the first adenoma, thus defining an earlier point of intervention along the cancer continuum. Tissues taken at three potential points of intervention were characterized: prior to Apc mutation (wild type Apc+/+-FCCC mice); after initiation but prior to colon adenoma formation (tumor-free Apc+/Min-FCCC mice); and after formation of the first colon adenoma (tumor-bearing Apc+/Min-FCCC mice). Experimentation focused on molecular processes that are dysregulated in early colon lesions: 1) cellular proliferation (proliferative index and size of the proliferative zone); 2) cellular stemness (expression of Ascl2, Grem1, Lgr5 and Muc2); 3) EGFR signaling (expression of Ereg); and 4) inflammation (expression of Mmp9, Ptsg2, and Reg4, as well as secretion of 18 cytokines involved in immune activation and response). Interestingly, the nonneoplastic colonic mucosa of wild type, tumor-free Apc+/Min-FCCC , and tumor-bearing Apc+/Min-FCCC mice did not display significant differences in average epithelial cell proliferation (fold change 0.8-1.3, p≥0.11), mucosal gene expression (fold change 0.8-1.4, p≥0.22), or secretion of specific cytokines from colonic mucosa (fold change 0.2-1.5, p≥0.06). However, the level of cytokine secretion was highly variable, with many (22% of wild type, 31% of tumor-free Apc+/Min-FCCC , and 31% of tumor-bearing Apc+/Min-FCCC ) mice categorized as outliers (> 1.5 x interquartile ranges below the first quartile or above the third quartile) due to elevated expression of at least one cytokine. In summary, no differences were observed in proliferation, stemness, and EGFR signaling in the colonic mucosa of wild type vs Apc+/Min-FCCC mice, with low baseline cytokine expression, prior to the formation of the first colon adenoma. The results of this study provide valuable baseline data to inform the design of future cancer prevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Leystra
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kristen N. Harvey
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Esther Kaunga
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Harvey Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa A. Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margie L. Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Mannino G, Russo C, Maugeri G, Musumeci G, Vicario N, Tibullo D, Giuffrida R, Parenti R, Lo Furno D. Adult stem cell niches for tissue homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:239-257. [PMID: 34435361 PMCID: PMC9291197 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are fundamental to maintain tissue homeostasis, growth, and regeneration. They reside in specialized environments called niches. Following activating signals, they proliferate and differentiate into functional cells that are able to preserve tissue physiology, either to guarantee normal turnover or to counteract tissue damage caused by injury or disease. Multiple interactions occur within the niche between stem cell‐intrinsic factors, supporting cells, the extracellular matrix, and signaling pathways. Altogether, these interactions govern cell fate, preserving the stem cell pool, and regulating stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Based on their response to body needs, tissues can be largely classified into three main categories: tissues that even in normal conditions are characterized by an impressive turnover to replace rapidly exhausting cells (blood, epidermis, or intestinal epithelium); tissues that normally require only a basal cell replacement, though able to efficiently respond to increased tissue needs, injury, or disease (skeletal muscle); tissues that are equipped with less powerful stem cell niches, whose repairing ability is not able to overcome severe damage (heart or nervous tissue). The purpose of this review is to describe the main characteristics of stem cell niches in these different tissues, highlighting the various components influencing stem cell activity. Although much has been done, more work is needed to further increase our knowledge of niche interactions. This would be important not only to shed light on this fundamental chapter of human physiology but also to help the development of cell‐based strategies for clinical therapeutic applications, especially when other approaches fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Horita N, Keeley TM, Hibdon ES, Delgado E, Lafkas D, Siebel CW, Samuelson LC. Delta-like 1-Expressing Cells at the Gland Base Promote Proliferation of Gastric Antral Stem Cells in Mouse. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:275-287. [PMID: 34438113 PMCID: PMC8599166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Notch pathway signaling maintains gastric epithelial cell homeostasis by regulating stem cell proliferation and differentiation. We previously identified NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 as the key Notch receptors controlling gastric stem cell function. Here, we identify the niche cells and critical Notch ligand responsible for regulating stem cell proliferation in the distal mouse stomach. METHODS Expression of Notch ligands in the gastric antrum was determined by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and cellular localization was determined by in situ hybridization and immunostaining. The contribution of specific Notch ligands to regulate epithelial cell proliferation in adult mice was determined by inducible gene deletion, or by pharmacologic inhibition using antibodies directed against specific Notch ligands. Mouse gastric organoid cultures were used to confirm that Notch ligand signaling was epithelial specific. RESULTS Delta-like 1 (DLL1) and Jagged 1 (JAG1) were the most abundantly expressed Notch ligands in the adult mouse stomach, with DLL1 restricted to the antral gland base and JAG1 localized to the upper gland region. Inhibition of DLL1 alone or in combination with other Notch ligands significantly reduced epithelial cell proliferation and the growth of gastric antral organoids, while inhibition of the other Notch ligands, DLL4, JAG1, and JAG2, did not affect proliferation or organoid growth. Similarly, DLL1, and not DLL4, regulated proliferation of LGR5+ antral stem cells, which express the NOTCH1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS DLL1 is the key Notch ligand regulating epithelial cell proliferation in the gastric antrum. We propose that DLL1-expressing cells at the gland base are Notch niche cells that signal to adjacent LGR5+ antral stem cells to regulate stem cell proliferation and epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukatsu Horita
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elise S Hibdon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel Lafkas
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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81
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Fazilaty H, Brügger MD, Valenta T, Szczerba BM, Berkova L, Doumpas N, Hausmann G, Scharl M, Basler K. Tracing colonic embryonic transcriptional profiles and their reactivation upon intestinal damage. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109484. [PMID: 34348153 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We lack a holistic understanding of the genetic programs orchestrating embryonic colon morphogenesis and governing damage response in the adult. A window into these programs is the transcriptomes of the epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations in the colon. Performing unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analyses of the developing mouse colon at different embryonic stages (embryonic day 14.5 [E14.5], E15.5, and E18.5), we capture cellular and molecular profiles of the stages before, during, and after the appearance of crypt structures, as well as in a model of adult colitis. The data suggest most adult lineages are established by E18.5. We find embryonic-specific gene expression profiles and cell populations that reappear in response to tissue damage. Comparison of the datasets from mice and human colitis suggests the processes are conserved. In this study, we provide a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the developing mouse colon and evidence for the reactivation of embryonic genes in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael David Brügger
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbara M Szczerba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linda Berkova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolaos Doumpas
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George Hausmann
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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82
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An unsupervised method for physical cell interaction profiling of complex tissues. Nat Methods 2021; 18:912-920. [PMID: 34253926 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular identity in complex multicellular organisms is determined in part by the physical organization of cells. However, large-scale investigation of the cellular interactome remains technically challenging. Here we develop cell interaction by multiplet sequencing (CIM-seq), an unsupervised and high-throughput method to analyze direct physical cell-cell interactions between cell types present in a tissue. CIM-seq is based on RNA sequencing of incompletely dissociated cells, followed by computational deconvolution into constituent cell types. CIM-seq estimates parameters such as number of cells and cell types in each multiplet directly from sequencing data, making it compatible with high-throughput droplet-based methods. When applied to gut epithelium or whole dissociated lung and spleen, CIM-seq correctly identifies known interactions, including those between different cell lineages and immune cells. In the colon, CIM-seq identifies a previously unrecognized goblet cell subtype expressing the wound-healing marker Plet1, which is directly adjacent to colonic stem cells. Our results demonstrate that CIM-seq is broadly applicable to unsupervised profiling of cell-type interactions in different tissue types.
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83
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The Potential Role of REG Family Proteins in Inflammatory and Inflammation-Associated Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137196. [PMID: 34281249 PMCID: PMC8268738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating gene (REG) family proteins serve as multifunctional secretory molecules with trophic, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and probably immuno-regulatory effects. Since their discovery, accumulating evidence has clarified the potential roles of the REG family in the occurrence, progression and development of a wide range of inflammatory and inflammation-associated diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, significant gaps still exist due to the undefined nature of certain receptors, regulatory signaling pathways and possible interactions among distinct Reg members. In this narrative review, we first describe the structural features, distribution pattern and purported regulatory mechanisms of REG family proteins. Furthermore, we summarize the established and proposed roles of REG proteins in the pathogenesis of various inflammation-associated pathologies of the GI tract and the body as a whole, focusing particularly on carcinogenesis in the ulcerative colitis—colitic cancer sequence and gastric cancer. Finally, the clinical relevance of REG products in the context of diagnosis, treatment and prognostication are also discussed in detail. The current evidence suggests a need to better understanding the versatile roles of Reg family proteins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory-associated diseases, and their broadened future usage as therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers is anticipated.
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84
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Mana MD, Hussey AM, Tzouanas CN, Imada S, Barrera Millan Y, Bahceci D, Saiz DR, Webb AT, Lewis CA, Carmeliet P, Mihaylova MM, Shalek AK, Yilmaz ÖH. High-fat diet-activated fatty acid oxidation mediates intestinal stemness and tumorigenicity. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109212. [PMID: 34107251 PMCID: PMC8258630 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for cancer in many tissues. In the mammalian intestine, a pro-obesity high-fat diet (HFD) promotes regeneration and tumorigenesis by enhancing intestinal stem cell (ISC) numbers, proliferation, and function. Although PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) nuclear receptor activity has been proposed to facilitate these effects, their exact role is unclear. Here we find that, in loss-of-function in vivo models, PPARα and PPARδ contribute to the HFD response in ISCs. Mechanistically, both PPARs do so by robustly inducing a downstream fatty acid oxidation (FAO) metabolic program. Pharmacologic and genetic disruption of CPT1A (the rate-controlling enzyme of mitochondrial FAO) blunts the HFD phenotype in ISCs. Furthermore, inhibition of CPT1A dampens the pro-tumorigenic consequences of a HFD on early tumor incidence and progression. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of a HFD-activated FAO program creates a therapeutic opportunity to counter the effects of a HFD on ISCs and intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyeko D Mana
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Amanda M Hussey
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Constantine N Tzouanas
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA; Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shinya Imada
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Dorukhan Bahceci
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominic R Saiz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Anna T Webb
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, and Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, P.R. China; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Maria M Mihaylova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139, USA; Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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85
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Organoids and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112657. [PMID: 34071313 PMCID: PMC8197877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids were first established as a three-dimensional cell culture system from mouse small intestine. Subsequent development has made organoids a key system to study many human physiological and pathological processes that affect a variety of tissues and organs. In particular, organoids are becoming very useful tools to dissect colorectal cancer (CRC) by allowing the circumvention of classical problems and limitations, such as the impossibility of long-term culture of normal intestinal epithelial cells and the lack of good animal models for CRC. In this review, we describe the features and current knowledge of intestinal organoids and how they are largely contributing to our better understanding of intestinal cell biology and CRC genetics. Moreover, recent data show that organoids are appropriate systems for antitumoral drug testing and for the personalized treatment of CRC patients.
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86
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Bonis V, Rossell C, Gehart H. The Intestinal Epithelium - Fluid Fate and Rigid Structure From Crypt Bottom to Villus Tip. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661931. [PMID: 34095127 PMCID: PMC8172987 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-layered, simple epithelium of the gastro-intestinal tract controls nutrient uptake, coordinates our metabolism and shields us from pathogens. Despite its seemingly simple architecture, the intestinal lining consists of highly distinct cell populations that are continuously renewed by the same stem cell population. The need to maintain balanced diversity of cell types in an unceasingly regenerating tissue demands intricate mechanisms of spatial or temporal cell fate control. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing, spatio-temporal profiling and organoid technology have shed new light on the intricate micro-structure of the intestinal epithelium and on the mechanisms that maintain it. This led to the discovery of unexpected plasticity, zonation along the crypt-villus axis and new mechanism of self-organization. However, not only the epithelium, but also the underlying mesenchyme is distinctly structured. Several new studies have explored the intestinal stroma with single cell resolution and unveiled important interactions with the epithelium that are crucial for intestinal function and regeneration. In this review, we will discuss these recent findings and highlight the technologies that lead to their discovery. We will examine strengths and limitations of each approach and consider the wider impact of these results on our understanding of the intestine in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Bonis
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rossell
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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87
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The role of mucosal barriers in human gut health. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:325-341. [PMID: 33890250 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is continuously exposed to a large number of commensal or pathogenic microbiota and foreign food antigens. The intestinal epithelium forms a dynamic physicochemical barrier to maintain immune homeostasis. To efficiently absorb nutrients from food, the epithelium in the small intestine has thin, permeable layers spread over a vast surface area. Epithelial cells are renewed from the crypt toward the villi, accompanying epithelial cell death and shedding, to control bacterial colonization. Tight junction and adherens junction proteins provide epithelial cell-cell integrity. Microbial signals are recognized by epithelial cells via toll-like receptors. Environmental signals from short-chain fatty acids derived from commensal microbiota metabolites, aryl hydrocarbon receptors, and hypoxia-induced factors fortify gut barrier function. Here we summarize recent findings regarding various environmental factors for gut barrier function. Further, we discuss the role of gut barriers in the pathogenesis of human intestinal disease and the challenges of therapeutic strategies targeting gut barrier restoration.
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88
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Pourvali K, Monji H. Obesity and intestinal stem cell susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:37. [PMID: 33827616 PMCID: PMC8028194 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a top public health problem associated with an increase in colorectal cancer incidence. Stem cells are the chief cells in tissue homeostasis that self-renew and differentiate into other cells to regenerate the organ. It is speculated that an increase in stem cell pool makes cells susceptible to carcinogenesis. In this review, we looked at the recent investigations linking obesity/high-fat diet-induced obesity to intestinal carcinogenesis with regard to intestinal stem cells and their niche. Findings High-fat diet-induced obesity may rise intestinal carcinogenesis by increased Intestinal stem cells (ISC)/progenitor’s population, stemness, and niche independence through activation of PPAR-δ with fatty acids, hormonal alterations related to obesity, and low-grade inflammation. However, these effects may possibly relate to the interaction between fats and carbohydrates, and not a fatty acid per se. Nonetheless, literature studies are inconsistency in their results, probably due to the differences in the diet components and limitations of genetic models used. Conclusion High-fat diet-induced obesity affects carcinogenesis by changing ISC proliferation and function. However, a well-matched diet and the reliable colorectal cancer models that mimic human carcinogenesis is necessary to clearly elucidate the influence of high-fat diet-induced obesity on ISC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Pourvali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1981619573, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Monji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1981619573, Tehran, Iran.
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89
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Lee J, Mohsen A, Banerjee A, McCullough LD, Mizuguchi K, Shimaoka M, Kiyono H, Park EJ. Distinct Age-Specific miRegulome Profiling of Isolated Small and Large Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3544. [PMID: 33805523 PMCID: PMC8036635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves as a dynamic barrier to protect the host tissue from exposure to a myriad of inflammatory stimuli in the luminal environment. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) encompass differentiated and specialized cell types that are equipped with regulatory genes, which allow for sensing of the luminal environment. Potential inflammatory cues can instruct IECs to undergo a diverse set of phenotypic alterations. Aging is a primary risk factor for a variety of diseases; it is now well-documented that aging itself reduces the barrier function and turnover of the intestinal epithelium, resulting in pathogen translocation and immune priming with increased systemic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to provide an effective epigenetic and regulatory outlook that examines age-associated alterations in the intestines through the profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs) on isolated mouse IECs. Our microarray analysis revealed that with aging, there is dysregulation of distinct clusters of miRNAs that was present to a greater degree in small IECs (22 miRNAs) compared to large IECs (three miRNAs). Further, miRNA-mRNA interaction network and pathway analyses indicated that aging differentially regulates key pathways between small IECs (e.g., toll-like receptor-related cascades) and large IECs (e.g., cell cycle, Notch signaling and small ubiquitin-related modifier pathway). Taken together, current findings suggest novel gene regulation pathways by epithelial miRNAs in aging within the gastrointestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneyoung Lee
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.L.); (H.K.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.B.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Attayeb Mohsen
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (A.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.B.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.B.); (L.D.M.)
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (A.M.); (K.M.)
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.L.); (H.K.)
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC 0063, San Diego, CA 92093-0063, USA
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.L.); (H.K.)
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
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Functional States in Tumor-Initiating Cell Differentiation in Human Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051097. [PMID: 33806447 PMCID: PMC7961698 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Different types of cells with tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and resistance to anti-cancer treatment. In this study, we aimed to understand whether different cell types exist within a patient-derived tumor culture, distinguishable by different patterns of their gene expression. By mRNA sequencing of patient-derived CRC cultures at the single-cell level, we defined expression programs that closely resemble differentiated cell populations of the normal intestine. Here, cell type-associated subpopulations showed differences in functional properties such as cell growth and energy metabolism. Subsequent functional analyses in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that metabolic states are linked to TIC activity in primary CRC cultures. We also show that TIC activity is dependent on oxidative phosphorylation, which may therefore represent a target for novel therapies. Abstract Intra-tumor heterogeneity of tumor-initiating cell (TIC) activity drives colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and therapy resistance. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing of patient-derived CRC models to decipher distinct cell subpopulations based on their transcriptional profiles. Cell type-specific expression modules of stem-like, transit amplifying-like, and differentiated CRC cells resemble differentiation states of normal intestinal epithelial cells. Strikingly, identified subpopulations differ in proliferative activity and metabolic state. In summary, we here show at single-cell resolution that transcriptional heterogeneity identifies functional states during TIC differentiation. Furthermore, identified expression signatures are linked to patient prognosis. Targeting transcriptional states associated to cancer cell differentiation might unravel novel vulnerabilities in human CRC.
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91
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Gao L, Wu X, Zhang L, Dai Y, Zhu Z, Zhi Y, Wang K. REG4 is a Potential Biomarker for Radiochemotherapy Sensitivity in Colorectal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1605-1611. [PMID: 33688207 PMCID: PMC7936684 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s296031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of malignancies, and radiochemotherapy (RCT) followed by surgery is the recommended approach for CRC treatment. However, some cases do not respond to first-line conventional chemotherapy or even progress further after treatment. Moreover, there is a risk of severe side effects, such as radiodermatitis. Therefore, identifying predictors for RCT sensitivity is an essential step toward predicting and eventually overcoming resistance. Materials and Methods We used integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation to show that regenerating family member 4 (REG4) may be a potential biomarker for RCT sensitivity in CRC. Results REG4, whose expression is upregulated in some CRC tissues and downregulated in RCT-sensitive CRC cells, was identified as a potential genetic marker for RCT sensitivity in CRC. Immunohistochemistry-based tissue microarray of human CRC was used to experimentally validate REG4 data obtained from the bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion Collectively, these results indicate that REG4 may be a potential biomarker for RCT sensitivity in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjun Wu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Taizhou NO. 2 People Hospital, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqing Zhi
- Department of Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijing Wang
- Department of Hepatological Surgery, General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China
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Marzano M, Fosso B, Piancone E, Defazio G, Pesole G, De Robertis M. Stem Cell Impairment at the Host-Microbiota Interface in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:996. [PMID: 33673612 PMCID: PMC7957811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation is believed to result from the conversion of normal intestinal stem cells (ISCs) into cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Hence, CRC evolves through the multiple acquisition of well-established genetic and epigenetic alterations with an adenoma-carcinoma sequence progression. Unlike other stem cells elsewhere in the body, ISCs cohabit with the intestinal microbiota, which consists of a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The gut microbiota communicates closely with ISCs and mounting evidence suggests that there is significant crosstalk between host and microbiota at the ISC niche level. Metagenomic analyses have demonstrated that the host-microbiota mutually beneficial symbiosis existing under physiologic conditions is lost during a state of pathological microbial imbalance due to the alteration of microbiota composition (dysbiosis) and/or the genetic susceptibility of the host. The complex interaction between CRC and microbiota is at the forefront of the current CRC research, and there is growing attention on a possible role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of CRC through ISC niche impairment. Here we primarily review the most recent findings on the molecular mechanism underlying the complex interplay between gut microbiota and ISCs, revealing a possible key role of microbiota in the aberrant reprogramming of CSCs in the initiation of CRC. We also discuss recent advances in OMICS approaches and single-cell analyses to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and ISC/CSC niche biology leading to a desirable implementation of the current precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (B.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (B.F.); (G.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Piancone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (G.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Defazio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (G.D.)
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (B.F.); (G.P.)
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (G.D.)
| | - Mariangela De Robertis
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70126 Bari, Italy; (E.P.); (G.D.)
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93
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Sphyris N, Hodder MC, Sansom OJ. Subversion of Niche-Signalling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer: What Makes and Breaks the Intestinal Stem Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1000. [PMID: 33673710 PMCID: PMC7957493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium fulfils pleiotropic functions in nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and immune surveillance while also forming a barrier against luminal toxins and gut-resident microbiota. Incessantly barraged by extraneous stresses, the intestine must continuously replenish its epithelial lining and regenerate the full gamut of specialized cell types that underpin its functions. Homeostatic remodelling is orchestrated by the intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche: a convergence of epithelial- and stromal-derived cues, which maintains ISCs in a multipotent state. Following demise of homeostatic ISCs post injury, plasticity is pervasive among multiple populations of reserve stem-like cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and/or fully differentiated cell types, all of which can contribute to regeneration and repair. Failure to restore the epithelial barrier risks seepage of toxic luminal contents, resulting in inflammation and likely predisposing to tumour formation. Here, we explore how homeostatic niche-signalling pathways are subverted in tumorigenesis, enabling ISCs to gain autonomy from niche restraints ("ISC emancipation") and transform into cancer stem cells capable of driving tumour initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. We further consider the implications of the pervasive plasticity of the intestinal epithelium for the trajectory of colorectal cancer, the emergence of distinct molecular subtypes, the propensity to metastasize, and the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sphyris
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Michael C. Hodder
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (N.S.); (M.C.H.)
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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94
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Citrobacter rodentium Infection Induces Persistent Molecular Changes and Interferon Gamma-Dependent Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Expression in the Colonic Epithelium. mBio 2021; 13:e0323321. [PMID: 35100877 PMCID: PMC8805023 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of infections at mucosal surfaces have focused on the acute phase of the disease. Consequently, little is known about the molecular processes that underpin tissue recovery and the long-term consequences postinfection. Here, we conducted temporal deep quantitative proteomic analysis of colonic intestinal epithelial cells (cIECs) from mice infected with the natural mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium over time points corresponding to the late steady-state phase (10 days postinfection [DPI]), the clearance phase (13 to 20 DPI), and 4 weeks after the pathogen has been cleared (48 DPI). C. rodentium, which relies on a type III secretion system to infect, is used to model infections with enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. We observe a strong upregulation of inflammatory signaling and nutritional immunity responses during the clearance phase of the infection. Despite morphological tissue recovery, chromogranin B (ChgB)-positive endocrine cells remained significantly below baseline levels at 48 DPI. In contrast, we observed an increased abundance of proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation 4 weeks after pathogen clearance. In particular, long-term changes were characterized by a persistent interferon gamma (IFN-γ) response and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules in 60% of the EpCAM+ cIECs, which were not seen in Ifnγ-/- mice. Nonetheless, both wild-type and Ifnγ-/- mice mounted similar systemic and colonic IgG responses to C. rodentium and were equally protected from rechallenge, suggesting that cIEC MHCII is not necessary for protective immunity against C. rodentium. IMPORTANCE Mucosal surfaces respond to infection by mounting an array of metabolic, inflammatory, and tissue repair responses. While these have been well studied during acute infection, less is known about tissue recovery after pathogen clearance. We employ the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, which binds colonic intestinal epithelial cells (cIECs), to investigate the long-term effects of bacterial infection on gut physiology. Using global proteomic analysis, we study cIEC temporal responses during and after the clearance phase of infection. While the overall tissue morphology recovered, cIECs showed persistent signs of infection 4 weeks after pathogen clearance. These were characterized by a strong IFN-γ signature, including the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation proteins, suggesting that the tissue remains on "high alert" for weeks after the acute insult is resolved. However, we demonstrate that cIEC MHCII expression, which is induced by IFN-γ, is not required for protective IgG-mediated immunity against C. rodentium; instead, it may play a role in mucosal recovery.
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95
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Sninsky JA, Bishnupuri KS, González I, Trikalinos NA, Chen L, Dieckgraefe BK. Reg4 and its downstream transcriptional activator CD44ICD in stage II and III colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2021; 12:278-291. [PMID: 33659040 PMCID: PMC7899555 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reg4 is highly expressed in gastrointestinal malignancies and acts as a mitogenic and pro-invasive factor. Our recent works suggest that Reg4 binds with CD44 and induces its proteolytic cleavage to release intra-cytoplasmic domain of CD44 (CD44ICD). The goal of this study is to demonstrate clinical significance of the Reg4-CD44/CD44ICD pathway in stage II/III colon cancer and its association with clinical parameters of aggression. We constructed a tissue microarray (TMA) of 93 stage II/III matched colon adenocarcinoma patients, 23 with recurrent disease. The TMA was immunohistochemically stained for Reg4, CD44, and CD44ICD proteins and analyzed to identify associations with tumor characteristics, recurrence and overall survival. The TMA data analysis showed a significant correlation between Reg4 and CD44 (r2 = 0.23, P = 0.028), CD44 and CD44ICD (r2 = 0.36, p = 0.0004), and Reg4 and CD44ICD (r2 = 0.45, p ≤ 0.0001). Reg4 expression was associated with larger tumor size (r2 = 0.23, p = 0.026). Although, no association was observed between Reg4, CD44, or CD44ICD expression and disease recurrence, Reg4-positive patients had a median survival of 4 years vs. 7 years for Reg4-negative patients (p = 0.04) in patients who recurred. Inhibition of the Reg4-CD44/CD44ICD pathway may be a future therapeutic target for colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Sninsky
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kumar S Bishnupuri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Iván González
- Division of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nikolaos A Trikalinos
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian K Dieckgraefe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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96
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Hageman JH, Heinz MC, Kretzschmar K, van der Vaart J, Clevers H, Snippert HJG. Intestinal Regeneration: Regulation by the Microenvironment. Dev Cell 2021; 54:435-446. [PMID: 32841594 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the intestinal stem cell niche can result from mechanical stress, infections, chronic inflammation or cytotoxic therapies. Progenitor cells can compensate for insults to the stem cell population through dedifferentiation. The microenvironment modulates this regenerative response by influencing the activity of signaling pathways, including Wnt, Notch, and YAP/TAZ. For instance, mesenchymal cells and immune cells become more abundant after damage and secrete signaling molecules that promote the regenerative process. Furthermore, regeneration is influenced by the nutritional state, microbiome, and extracellular matrix. Here, we review how all these components cooperate to restore epithelial homeostasis in the intestine after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H Hageman
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Heinz
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Mildred-Scheel Early Career Centre (MSNZ) for Cancer Research, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jelte van der Vaart
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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97
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Hou Q, Huang J, Ayansola H, Masatoshi H, Zhang B. Intestinal Stem Cells and Immune Cell Relationships: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 11:623691. [PMID: 33584726 PMCID: PMC7874163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.623691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is the largest immune organ that contains the intestinal stem cells (ISC), differentiated epithelial cells (enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, tuft cells, etc.), and gut resident-immune cells (T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cell, etc.). Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by mucosa damage and inflammation, threatens the integrity of the intestine. The continuous renewal and repair of intestinal mucosal epithelium after injury depend on ISCs. Inflamed mucosa healing could be a new target for the improvement of clinical symptoms, disease recurrence, and resection-free survival in IBD treated patients. The knowledge about the connections between ISC and immune cells is expanding with the development of in vitro intestinal organoid culture and single-cell RNA sequencing technology. Recent findings implicate that immune cells such as T cells, ILCs, dendritic cells, and macrophages and cytokines secreted by these cells are critical in the regeneration of ISCs and intestinal epithelium. Transplantation of ISC to the inflamed mucosa may be a new therapeutic approach to reconstruct the epithelial barrier in IBD. Considering the links between ISC and immune cells, we predict that the integration of biological agents and ISC transplantation will revolutionize the future therapy of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hammed Ayansola
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hori Masatoshi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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98
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Xie Z, Wang Y, Yang G, Han J, Zhu L, Li L, Zhang S. The role of the Hippo pathway in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:79. [PMID: 33436549 PMCID: PMC7804279 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder that primarily comprises Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Owing to its increasing prevalence in Eastern countries and the intractable challenges faced during IBD treatment, extensive research on IBD has been carried out over the last few years. Although the precise aetiology of IBD is undefined, the currently accepted hypothesis for IBD pathogenesis considers it to be a combination of environment, genetic predisposition, gut microbiota, and abnormal immunity. A recently emerged signalling pathway, the Hippo pathway, acts as a key regulator of cell growth, tissue homoeostasis, organ size, and has been implicated in several human cancers. In the past few years, studies have revealed the importance of the Hippo pathway in gastrointestinal tract physiology and gastrointestinal diseases, such as colorectal cancer and IBD. However, the role of the Hippo pathway and its exact impact in IBD remains to be elucidated. This review summarises the latest scientific literature on the involvement of this pathway in IBD from the following perspectives that account for the IBD pathogenesis: intestinal epithelial cell regeneration, immune regulation, gut microbiota, and angiogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the specific role of the Hippo pathway in IBD will provide novel insights into future research directions and clinical implications of the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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99
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Han H, Jayaraman A, Safe S, Chapkin RS. Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in stem cells to improve the use of food as medicine. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2021; 6:109-118. [PMID: 34395177 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-020-00184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Intestinal stem cells, the most rapidly proliferating adult stem cells, are exquisitely sensitive to extrinsic dietary factors. Uncontrolled regulation of intestinal stem cells is closely linked to colon tumorigenesis. This review focuses on how dietary and microbial derived cues regulate intestinal stem cell functionality and colon tumorigenesis in mouse models by targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Recent findings AhR, a ligand activated transcription factor, can integrate environmental, dietary and microbial cues to modulate intestinal stem cell proliferation, differentiation and their microenvironment, affecting colon cancer risk. Modulation of AhR activity is associated with many chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases where AhR expression is protective. Summary AhR signaling controls the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells, influences local niche factors, and plays a protective role in colon tumorigenesis. Mounting evidence suggests that extrinsic nutritional/dietary cues which modulate AhR signaling may be a promising approach to colon cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Han
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
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100
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Zhu G, Hu J, Xi R. The cellular niche for intestinal stem cells: a team effort. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:1. [PMID: 33385259 PMCID: PMC7775856 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly self-renewing epithelium in the mammalian intestine is maintained by multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the bottom of the intestinal crypt that are interspersed with Paneth cells in the small intestine and Paneth-like cells in the colon. The ISC compartment is also closely associated with a sub-epithelial compartment that contains multiple types of mesenchymal stromal cells. With the advances in single cell and gene editing technologies, rapid progress has been made for the identification and characterization of the cellular components of the niche microenvironment that is essential for self-renewal and differentiation of ISCs. It has become increasingly clear that a heterogeneous population of mesenchymal cells as well as the Paneth cells collectively provide multiple secreted niche signals to promote ISC self-renewal. Here we review and summarize recent advances in the regulation of ISCs with a main focus on the definition of niche cells that sustain ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiulong Hu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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