51
|
Lange J, Zickfeld JH. Emotions as Overlapping Causal Networks of Emotion Components: Implications and Methodological Approaches. EMOTION REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073920988787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A widespread perspective describes emotions as distinct categories bridged by fuzzy boundaries, indicating that emotions are distinct and dimensional at the same time. Theoretical and methodological approaches to this perspective still need further development. We conceptualize emotions as overlapping networks of causal relationships between emotion components—networks representing distinct emotions share components with and relate to each other. To investigate this conceptualization, we introduce network analysis to emotion research and apply it to the reanalysis of a data set on multiple positive emotions. Specifically, we describe the estimation of networks from data, and the detection of overlapping communities of nodes in these networks. The network perspective has implications for the understanding of distinct emotions, their co-occurrence, and their measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lange
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Popescu T, Widdess R, Rohrmeier M. Western listeners detect boundary hierarchy in Indian music: a segmentation study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3112. [PMID: 33542358 PMCID: PMC7862587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
How are listeners able to follow and enjoy complex pieces of music? Several theoretical frameworks suggest links between the process of listening and the formal structure of music, involving a division of the musical surface into structural units at multiple hierarchical levels. Whether boundaries between structural units are perceivable to listeners unfamiliar with the style, and are identified congruently between naïve listeners and experts, remains unclear. Here, we focused on the case of Indian music, and asked 65 Western listeners (of mixed levels of musical training; most unfamiliar with Indian music) to intuitively segment into phrases a recording of sitar ālāp of two different rāga-modes. Each recording was also segmented by two experts, who identified boundary regions at section and phrase levels. Participant- and region-wise scores were computed on the basis of "clicks" inside or outside boundary regions (hits/false alarms), inserted earlier or later within those regions (high/low "promptness"). We found substantial agreement-expressed as hit rates and click densities-among participants, and between participants' and experts' segmentations. The agreement and promptness scores differed between participants, levels, and recordings. We found no effect of musical training, but detected real-time awareness of grouping completion and boundary hierarchy. The findings may potentially be explained by underlying general bottom-up processes, implicit learning of structural relationships, cross-cultural musical similarities, or universal cognitive capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Popescu
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Medizinische Universität Wien, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Richard Widdess
- Department of Music, School of Arts, SOAS University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin Rohrmeier
- Centre for Music and Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Bainbridge CM, Bertolo M, Youngers J, Atwood S, Yurdum L, Simson J, Lopez K, Xing F, Martin A, Mehr SA. Infants relax in response to unfamiliar foreign lullabies. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:256-264. [PMID: 33077883 PMCID: PMC8220405 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Music is characterized by acoustic forms that are predictive of its behavioural functions. For example, adult listeners accurately identify unfamiliar lullabies as infant-directed on the basis of their musical features alone. This property could reflect a function of listeners' experiences, the basic design of the human mind, or both. Here, we show that US infants (N = 144) relax in response to eight unfamiliar foreign lullabies, relative to matched non-lullaby songs from other foreign societies, as indexed by heart rate, pupillometry and electrodermal activity. They do so consistently throughout the first year of life, suggesting that the response is not a function of their musical experiences, which are limited relative to those of adults. The infants' parents overwhelmingly chose lullabies as the songs that they would use to calm their fussy infant, despite their unfamiliarity. Together, these findings suggest that infants may be predisposed to respond to common features of lullabies found in different cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mila Bertolo
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Julie Youngers
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Atwood
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lidya Yurdum
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan Simson
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelsie Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Feng Xing
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alia Martin
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samuel A Mehr
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
- Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
George M, Ilavarasu J. Development and Psychometric Validation of the Music Receptivity Scale. Front Psychol 2021; 11:585891. [PMID: 33488453 PMCID: PMC7820675 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new construct, termed music receptivity, is introduced and discussed in this work. Music receptivity can be defined as a measure of the extent of internalization that an individual has, to a given piece of music, as measured at the point of listening. Through three studies, we demonstrate the psychometric properties of the construct—the Music Receptivity Scale (MRS). Exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 313 revealed good psychometric validity, with a four-factor solution (emotional experience, interest, attention, and hurdles), with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89, and a two-factor solution (emotion experience and attention), with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87. The tool also had a good test–retest reliability (r = 0.87 for a 15 day interval and r = 0.91 for 1 month interval). Overall, the tool had 20 items in the long form and 12 items in the short version. The MRS could distinguish musicians and non-musicians supporting its discriminant validity. We have also discussed the implication of the MRS in the field of music psychology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh George
- Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| | - Judu Ilavarasu
- Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Semantic Space Theory: A Computational Approach to Emotion. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 25:124-136. [PMID: 33349547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Within affective science, the central line of inquiry, animated by basic emotion theory and constructivist accounts, has been the search for one-to-one mappings between six emotions and their subjective experiences, prototypical expressions, and underlying brain states. We offer an alternative perspective: semantic space theory. This computational approach uses wide-ranging naturalistic stimuli and open-ended statistical techniques to capture systematic variation in emotion-related behaviors. Upwards of 25 distinct varieties of emotional experience have distinct profiles of associated antecedents and expressions. These emotions are high-dimensional, categorical, and often blended. This approach also reveals that specific emotions, more than valence, organize emotional experience, expression, and neural processing. Overall, moving beyond traditional models to study broader semantic spaces of emotion can enrich our understanding of human experience.
Collapse
|
56
|
The effects of background music on neural responses during reading comprehension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18651. [PMID: 33122745 PMCID: PMC7596708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of background speech or noise on visually based cognitive tasks has been widely investigated; however, little is known about how the brain works during such cognitive tasks when music, having a powerful function of evoking emotions, is used as the background sound. The present study used event-related potentials to examine the effects of background music on neural responses during reading comprehension and their modulation by musical arousal. Thirty-nine postgraduates judged the correctness of sentences about world knowledge without or with background music (high-arousal music and low-arousal music). The participants’ arousal levels were reported during the experiment. The results showed that the N400 effect, elicited by world knowledge violations versus correct controls, was significantly smaller for silence than those for high- and low-arousal music backgrounds, with no significant difference between the two musical backgrounds. This outcome might have occurred because the arousal levels of the participants were not affected by the high- and low-arousal music throughout the experiment. These findings suggest that background music affects neural responses during reading comprehension by increasing the difficulty of semantic integration, and thus extend the irrelevant sound effect to suggest that the neural processing of visually based cognitive tasks can also be affected by music.
Collapse
|
57
|
Jonauskaite D, Abu-Akel A, Dael N, Oberfeld D, Abdel-Khalek AM, Al-Rasheed AS, Antonietti JP, Bogushevskaya V, Chamseddine A, Chkonia E, Corona V, Fonseca-Pedrero E, Griber YA, Grimshaw G, Hasan AA, Havelka J, Hirnstein M, Karlsson BSA, Laurent E, Lindeman M, Marquardt L, Mefoh P, Papadatou-Pastou M, Pérez-Albéniz A, Pouyan N, Roinishvili M, Romanyuk L, Salgado Montejo A, Schrag Y, Sultanova A, Uusküla M, Vainio S, Wąsowicz G, Zdravković S, Zhang M, Mohr C. Universal Patterns in Color-Emotion Associations Are Further Shaped by Linguistic and Geographic Proximity. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:1245-1260. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797620948810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of us “see red,” “feel blue,” or “turn green with envy.” Are such color-emotion associations fundamental to our shared cognitive architecture, or are they cultural creations learned through our languages and traditions? To answer these questions, we tested emotional associations of colors in 4,598 participants from 30 nations speaking 22 native languages. Participants associated 20 emotion concepts with 12 color terms. Pattern-similarity analyses revealed universal color-emotion associations (average similarity coefficient r = .88). However, local differences were also apparent. A machine-learning algorithm revealed that nation predicted color-emotion associations above and beyond those observed universally. Similarity was greater when nations were linguistically or geographically close. This study highlights robust universal color-emotion associations, further modulated by linguistic and geographic factors. These results pose further theoretical and empirical questions about the affective properties of color and may inform practice in applied domains, such as well-being and design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nele Dael
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne
- Department of Organizational Behavior, University of Lausanne
| | - Daniel Oberfeld
- Institute of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
| | | | | | | | - Victoria Bogushevskaya
- Department of Linguistic Sciences and Foreign Literatures, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
| | - Amer Chamseddine
- School of Computer and Communication Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University
| | - Violeta Corona
- Escuela de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad Panamericana
- Business Management Department, Universitat Politècnica de València
| | | | - Yulia A. Griber
- Department of Sociology and Philosophy, Smolensk State University
| | - Gina Grimshaw
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington
| | - Aya Ahmed Hasan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University
| | | | - Marco Hirnstein
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen
| | - Bodil S. A. Karlsson
- Division of Built Environment, Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eric Laurent
- Laboratory of Psychology, University Bourgogne Franche–Comté
- Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de l’Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and University of Franche-Comté
| | | | - Lynn Marquardt
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen
| | | | - Marietta Papadatou-Pastou
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Biomedical Research Foundation (BRFaa), Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Maya Roinishvili
- Laboratory of Vision Physiology, I. Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, T’bilisi, Georgia
| | - Lyudmyla Romanyuk
- Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
- Department of Psychology, V. I. Vernadsky Taurida National University
- Department of Psychology, Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts
| | - Alejandro Salgado Montejo
- Escuela Internacional de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, Universidad de La Sabana
- Center for Multisensory Marketing, BI Norwegian Business School
- Neurosketch, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yann Schrag
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne
| | - Aygun Sultanova
- National Mental Health Centre, Ministry of Health, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Suvi Vainio
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki
| | | | - Sunčica Zdravković
- Department of Psychology, University of Novi Sad
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, University of Belgrade
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Peng-Li D, Chan RCK, Byrne DV, Wang QJ. The Effects of Ethnically Congruent Music on Eye Movements and Food Choice-A Cross-Cultural Comparison between Danish and Chinese Consumers. Foods 2020; 9:E1109. [PMID: 32806790 PMCID: PMC7466238 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Musical fit refers to the congruence between music and attributes of a food or product in context, which can prime consumer behavior through semantic networks in memory. The vast majority of research on this topic dealing with musical fit in a cultural context has thus far been limited to monocultural groups in field studies, where uncontrolled confounds can potentially influence the study outcome. To overcome these limitations, and in order to explore the effects of ethnically congruent music on visual attention and food choice across cultures, the present study recruited 199 participants from China (n = 98) and Denmark (n = 101) for an in-laboratory food choice paradigm with eye-tracking data collection. For each culture group, the study used a between-subject design with half of the participants listening to only instrumental "Eastern" music and the other half only listening to instrumental "Western" music, while both groups engaged in a food choice task involving "Eastern" and "Western" food. Chi-square tests revealed a clear ethnic congruency effect between music and food choice across culture, whereby Eastern (vs. Western) food was chosen more during the Eastern music condition, and Western (vs. Eastern) food was chosen more in the Western music condition. Furthermore, results from a generalized linear mixed model suggested that Chinese participants fixated more on Western (vs. Eastern) food when Western music was played, whereas Danish participants fixated more on Eastern (vs. Western) food when Eastern music was played. Interestingly, no such priming effects were found when participants listened to music from their own culture, suggesting that music-evoked visual attention may be culturally dependent. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ambient music can have a significant impact on consumers' explicit and implicit behaviors, while at the same time highlighting the importance of culture-specific sensory marketing applications in the global food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danni Peng-Li
- Food Quality Perception and Society, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (D.V.B.); (Q.J.W.)
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Derek V. Byrne
- Food Quality Perception and Society, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (D.V.B.); (Q.J.W.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Janice Wang
- Food Quality Perception and Society, iSENSE Lab, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (D.V.B.); (Q.J.W.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cowen AS, Keltner D. Universal facial expressions uncovered in art of the ancient Americas: A computational approach. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb1005. [PMID: 32875109 PMCID: PMC7438103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Central to the study of emotion is evidence concerning its universality, particularly the degree to which emotional expressions are similar across cultures. Here, we present an approach to studying the universality of emotional expression that rules out cultural contact and circumvents potential biases in survey-based methods: A computational analysis of apparent facial expressions portrayed in artwork created by members of cultures isolated from Western civilization. Using data-driven methods, we find that facial expressions depicted in 63 sculptures from the ancient Americas tend to accord with Western expectations for emotions that unfold in specific social contexts. Ancient American sculptures tend to portray at least five facial expressions in contexts predicted by Westerners, including "pain" in torture, "determination"/"strain" in heavy lifting, "anger" in combat, "elation" in social touch, and "sadness" in defeat-supporting the universality of these expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Horikawa T, Cowen AS, Keltner D, Kamitani Y. The Neural Representation of Visually Evoked Emotion Is High-Dimensional, Categorical, and Distributed across Transmodal Brain Regions. iScience 2020; 23:101060. [PMID: 32353765 PMCID: PMC7191651 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to our subjective lives is the experience of different emotions. Recent behavioral work mapping emotional responses to 2,185 videos found that people experience upward of 27 distinct emotions occupying a high-dimensional space, and that emotion categories, more so than affective dimensions (e.g., valence), organize self-reports of subjective experience. Here, we sought to identify the neural substrates of this high-dimensional space of emotional experience using fMRI responses to all 2,185 videos. Our analyses demonstrated that (1) dozens of video-evoked emotions were accurately predicted from fMRI patterns in multiple brain regions with different regional configurations for individual emotions; (2) emotion categories better predicted cortical and subcortical responses than affective dimensions, outperforming visual and semantic covariates in transmodal regions; and (3) emotion-related fMRI responses had a cluster-like organization efficiently characterized by distinct categories. These results support an emerging theory of the high-dimensional emotion space, illuminating its neural foundations distributed across transmodal regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Horikawa
- Department of Neuroinformatics, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Hikaridai, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan.
| | - Alan S Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1500, USA
| | - Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1500, USA
| | - Yukiyasu Kamitani
- Department of Neuroinformatics, ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Hikaridai, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan; Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Reply to Bowling: How specific emotions are primary in subjective experience. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9694-9695. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003626117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
62
|
Mattek AM, Burr DA, Shin J, Whicker CL, Kim MJ. Identifying the representational structure of affect using fMRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:42-56. [PMID: 34337429 PMCID: PMC8323657 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-020-00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The events we experience day to day can be described in terms of their affective quality: some are rewarding, others are upsetting, and still others are inconsequential. These natural distinctions reflect an underlying representational structure used to classify affective quality. In affective psychology, many experiments model this representational structure with two dimensions, using either the dimensions of valence and arousal, or alternatively, the dimensions of positivity and negativity. Using fMRI, we show that it is optimal to use all four dimensions to examine the data. Our findings include (1) a gradient representation of valence that is anatomically organized along the fusiform gyrus and (2) distinct sub-regions within bilateral amygdala that track arousal versus negativity. Importantly, these results would have remained concealed had either of the commonly used 2-dimensional approaches been adopted a priori, demonstrating the utility of our approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisy A Burr
- Duke University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience
| | - Jin Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
| | - Cady L Whicker
- Dartmouth College, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences
| | - M Justin Kim
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Psychology
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Claims of categorical primacy for musical affect are confounded by using language as a measure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9692-9693. [PMID: 32291344 PMCID: PMC7211928 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001689117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|