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Jin Q, Yuan Z, Xu J, Wang Y, Shen Y, Lu W, Wang J, Liu H, Yang J, Yang F, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang G, Wu H, Qu D, Dong J, Sun L, Xue Y, Zhao A, Gao Y, Zhu J, Kan B, Ding K, Chen S, Cheng H, Yao Z, He B, Chen R, Ma D, Qiang B, Wen Y, Hou Y, Yu J. Genome sequence of Shigella flexneri 2a: insights into pathogenicity through comparison with genomes of Escherichia coli K12 and O157. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:4432-41. [PMID: 12384590 PMCID: PMC137130 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced the genome of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a, the most prevalent species and serotype that causes bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in man. The whole genome is composed of a 4 607 203 bp chromosome and a 221 618 bp virulence plasmid, designated pCP301. While the plasmid shows minor divergence from that sequenced in serotype 5a, striking characteristics of the chromosome have been revealed. The S.flexneri chromosome has, astonishingly, 314 IS elements, more than 7-fold over those possessed by its close relatives, the non-pathogenic K12 strain and enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 strain of Escherichia coli. There are 13 translocations and inversions compared with the E.coli sequences, all involve a segment larger than 5 kb, and most are associated with deletions or acquired DNA sequences, of which several are likely to be bacteriophage-transmitted pathogenicity islands. Furthermore, S.flexneri, resembling another human-restricted enteric pathogen, Salmonella typhi, also has hundreds of pseudogenes compared with the E.coli strains. All of these could be subjected to investigations towards novel preventative and treatment strategies against shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China.
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Weichuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hongtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Di Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Lilian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ailan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yishan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Junping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Keyue Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Shuxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hongsong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Zhijian Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Bingkun He
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Runsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Dalong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Boqin Qiang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yumei Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Yunde Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Beijing 100052, China, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing 102206, China, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China, National Center of Human Genome Research, Beijing 100176, China, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, Microbial Genome Center, Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Beijing 100052, China, Beijing Microbial Genome Research Center, Beijing 100052, China, HuaBei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 0500, China and Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College St Mary’s Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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